1
|
Pefanis A, McRae J, Bongoni A, Ierino F, Cowan P. 422.7: Necroptosis Plays a Role in Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) and the Progression to Renal Fibrosis Following Ischemia Reperfusion Injury (IRI). Transplantation 2022. [DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000887916.73229.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
2
|
Adam I, Motyka B, Cowan P, West LJ. ABO SELF-TOLERANCE IN A MOUSE MODEL: EVIDENCE OF TOLERANCE AT B CELL BUT NOT T CELL LEVEL. Transplantation 2020. [DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000698488.52969.c9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
3
|
Lundell-Creagh R, Cowan C, Cowan P, Sweeney C, Zedeck S. RETIREMENT TRANSITIONS AMONG EMERITI AND THEIR PARTNERS: IMPLICATIONS FOR PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT. Innov Aging 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igy031.3679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - C Cowan
- University of California, Berkeley, Psychology Department
| | - P Cowan
- University of California, Berkeley, Psychology Department
| | | | - S Zedeck
- University of California, Berkeley, Psychology Department
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cooper DKC, Cowan P, Fishman JA, Hering BJ, Mohiuddin MM, Pierson RN, Sachs DH, Schuurman HJ, Dennis JU, Tönjes RR. Joint FDA‐IXA Symposium, September 20, 2017. Xenotransplantation 2017; 24. [PMID: 29193342 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David K C Cooper
- Xenotransplantation Program, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Peter Cowan
- Immunology Research Centre, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jay A Fishman
- Infectious Disease Division and MGH Transplant Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bernhard J Hering
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Muhammad M Mohiuddin
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richard N Pierson
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David H Sachs
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, NY, USA.,Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - John U Dennis
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ralf R Tönjes
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Division of Medical Biotechnology, Langen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cozzi E, Pierson RN, Wallwork J, Cooper DKC, Friend PJ, Azimzadeh A, Buhler L, Cowan P. David J. G. White, PhD, FRCPath. Xenotransplantation 2017; 24. [PMID: 28891166 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
6
|
Affiliation(s)
- P. Cowan
- Serco, The ANSWERS Software Service, A32, Winfrith Technology Centre Dorchester, Dorset DT2 8DH, United Kingdom
| | - G. Dobson
- Serco, The ANSWERS Software Service, A32, Winfrith Technology Centre Dorchester, Dorset DT2 8DH, United Kingdom
| | - G. A. Wright
- Serco, The ANSWERS Software Service, A32, Winfrith Technology Centre Dorchester, Dorset DT2 8DH, United Kingdom
| | - A. Cooper
- Sellafield Ltd., Risley, Warrington, Cheshire WA3 6A5, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Affiliation(s)
- P Cowan
- Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Beausoleil NJ, Fisher P, Littin KE, Warburton B, Mellor DJ, Dalefield RR, Cowan P. A systematic approach to evaluating and ranking the relative animal welfare impacts of wildlife control methods: poisons used for lethal control of brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) in New Zealand. Wildl Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1071/wr16041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Context
Control of unwanted wildlife (‘pest’ animals) is undertaken for conservation and economic reasons, and when such animals are considered a nuisance. Such control should be undertaken using approaches that minimise, as far as possible, detrimental impacts on the welfare of the animals. Using a scientific framework based on the Five Domains model, the relative welfare impacts of pest control methods can be compared across methods and pest species.
Aims
We demonstrate the application of a modified version of this framework to evaluate the relative impacts of seven Vertebrate Toxic Agents (VTAs) used to control brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) in New Zealand. The evaluation is used to produce a ranking of the seven VTAs based on their relative impacts on possum welfare.
Methods
Scientific literature describing mode of toxic action, specific effects in possums or other animals and reports from human poisonings was collated as reference material for a panel of six experts. The panel produced a median welfare impact score (‘none’ to ‘extreme’) for each of the Five Domains. The ‘Overall Grade’ (1 to 8) reflected the intensity and duration of all impacts of a VTA on possums.
Key results
All VTAs evaluated have at least moderate impacts on possum welfare, lasting for at least minutes. Cyanide was assessed as having the lowest welfare impacts (median grade 4), and cholecalciferol and the anticoagulants the highest impacts (7.5 to 8). Zinc phosphide was assigned an intermediate grade (6) with high confidence. While the overall impacts of sodium fluoroacetate (1080) and phosphorus were also assessed as intermediate (6), the panel’s confidence in these scores was low.
Conclusions
From an animal welfare perspective, anticoagulant poisons and cholecalciferol should be the least preferred options for controlling possums in New Zealand, as VTAs with less severe welfare impacts are available.
Implications
The results of such assessments allow animal welfare impacts to be integrated with other factors in wildlife management decision-making and policy development, and are thus useful for managers, researchers, regulators and operators. Evaluation of welfare impacts aligns with the goals and mandates of ethical wildlife control and may also be valuable in wider wildlife research and management activities.
Collapse
|
9
|
Fang D, Lu B, Hayward S, de Kretser D, Cowan P, Dwyer K. FP178FOLLISTATIN, AN ACTIVIN-BINDING PROTEIN, ATTENUATES RENAL ISCHAEMIA-REPERFUSION INJURY IN MICE. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfv172.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
|
10
|
Cui Y, Xie X, Jia F, He J, Li Z, Fu M, Hao H, Liu Y, Liu J, Cowan P, Zhu H, Sun Q, Liu Z. Ambient fine particulate matter induces endothelial progenitor cells apoptosis via reactive oxygen species formation. FASEB J 2015. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.411.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Cui
- Davis Heart and Lung Research InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUnited States
| | - Xiaoyun Xie
- Davis Heart and Lung Research InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUnited States
| | - Fengpeng Jia
- Davis Heart and Lung Research InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUnited States
| | - Jianfeng He
- Davis Heart and Lung Research InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUnited States
| | - Zhihong Li
- Davis Heart and Lung Research InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUnited States
| | - Minghuan Fu
- Davis Heart and Lung Research InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUnited States
| | - Hong Hao
- Davis Heart and Lung Research InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUnited States
| | - Ying Liu
- Davis Heart and Lung Research InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUnited States
| | - Jason Liu
- Davis Heart and Lung Research InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUnited States
| | - Peter Cowan
- Department of MedicineUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Hua Zhu
- Davis Heart and Lung Research InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUnited States
| | - Qinghua Sun
- Davis Heart and Lung Research InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUnited States
| | - Zhenguo Liu
- Davis Heart and Lung Research InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu D, Cui Y, Liu J, Narasimhulu C, He G, Cowan P, Parthasarathy S, Zhu H. Oxidized low‐density lipoprotein decreases endothelial progenitor cell populations in bone marrow and peripheral circulation independent of ROS production. FASEB J 2015. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.1046.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Liu
- Department of SurgeryDavis Heart and Lung Research InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityWexner Medical CenterColumbusOhioUnited States
- Department of Internal MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityWexner Medical CenterColumbusOhioUnited States
| | - Yuqi Cui
- Department of SurgeryDavis Heart and Lung Research InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityWexner Medical CenterColumbusOhioUnited States
- Department of Internal MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityWexner Medical CenterColumbusOhioUnited States
| | - Jason Liu
- Department of SurgeryDavis Heart and Lung Research InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityWexner Medical CenterColumbusOhioUnited States
| | - Chandrakala Narasimhulu
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences University of Central FloridaCollege of MedicineUnited States
| | - Guanglong He
- Department of Internal MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityWexner Medical CenterColumbusOhioUnited States
| | - Peter Cowan
- Department of Internal MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityWexner Medical CenterColumbusOhioUnited States
| | - Sampath Parthasarathy
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences University of Central FloridaCollege of MedicineUnited States
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of SurgeryDavis Heart and Lung Research InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityWexner Medical CenterColumbusOhioUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Porter R, Batten L, Burton J, Collinson JM, Cowan P, Kennerley P, Kirwan GM, Newell RG, Pearson D, Riddington R, Salim M, Sheldon R, Scott D, Woodcock M. Towards a better understanding of Basra Reed WarblerAcrocephalus griseldis(Aves: Passeriformes: Acrocephalidae) ecology? A comment on Al-Sheikhlyet al.(2013). Zoology in the Middle East 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/09397140.2015.1023424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
13
|
Porter R, Batten L, Burton J, Collinson JM, Cowan P, Kennerley P, Kirwan GM, Newell RG, Pearson D, Riddington R, Salim M, Sheldon R, Scott D, Woodcock M. Rejoinder to the Response of Al-Sheikhlyet al. Zoology in the Middle East 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/09397140.2015.1023426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
14
|
Hawthorne W, Hawkes J, Salvaris E, Liuwantara D, Barlow H, Phillips P, Robson S, Brady J, Lew A, Mark N, OʼConnell P, Cowan P. Survival of Genetically Modified Porcine Neonatal Islet Xenografts in Baboons. Transplantation 2014. [DOI: 10.1097/00007890-201407151-01368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
15
|
Cowan P, Forrester G, Warburton B. Short-term welfare implications of capture-mark-recapture trapping of medium-sized mammals: the brushtail possum ( Trichosurus vulpecula) as a case study. Anim Welf 2013. [DOI: 10.7120/09627286.22.4.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
16
|
Bertolino P, Tay S, Lu B, Benseler V, Sierro F, Roediger B, Vo M, McGuffog C, McCaughan G, Bishop A, Cowan P, Dwyer K, Bowen D. Both passenger leucocytes and hepatic parenchyma contribute to activation and deletion of graft-reactive CD8 T cells in liver transplantation (P2130). The Journal of Immunology 2013. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.190.supp.69.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Unlike most solid organs, liver transplants are spontaneously accepted across MHC mismatch and induce donor-specific tolerance. The mechanisms and site of tolerance induction remain unclear. Both recipient lymphoid tissues (RLT) where donor passenger leukocytes (PL) migrate, and the liver parenchyma itself are thought to contribute to this process by inducing abortive activation of alloreactive T cells. To determine the relative contribution of these compartments to alloreactive T cell fate, we developed a murine liver transplant model in which we traced the fate of PL and a naïve alloreactive CD8 T cell reporter population specific for donor MHC. Ly5.2+C57BL/6 livers were transplanted into allogeneic Ly5.1+B10.BR recipients. Directly allograft reactive Des-TCR transgenic T cells specific for donor H-2Kb were adoptively transferred as a reporter population. Donor and recipient leukocyte location and fate were traced by flow cytometry and radiolabelling. All Des T cells were rapidly activated in RLT and liver but numbers dropped dramatically within 48h, with cells resident in RLT predominantly dying in situ, while most circulating Des T cells were deleted in the liver. Intrahepatic clearance was associated with degradation of Des T cells in hepatocyte lysosomal compartments. In conclusion, these results show that both PL and the hepatic parenchyma contribute to deletion of graft reactive T cells, and reveal a novel mechanism of tolerance induction within the hepatic allograft.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Bertolino
- 1Liver Immunology group, Centenary Institute, Newtown, NSW, Australia
| | - Szun Tay
- 1Liver Immunology group, Centenary Institute, Newtown, NSW, Australia
| | - Bo Lu
- 2Immunology Research Centre, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Volker Benseler
- 3Department of Surgery, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Frederic Sierro
- 1Liver Immunology group, Centenary Institute, Newtown, NSW, Australia
| | - Ben Roediger
- 1Liver Immunology group, Centenary Institute, Newtown, NSW, Australia
| | - Michelle Vo
- 1Liver Immunology group, Centenary Institute, Newtown, NSW, Australia
| | - Claire McGuffog
- 1Liver Immunology group, Centenary Institute, Newtown, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Alex Bishop
- 4Collaborative Transplantation Research Group, Bosch Institute, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and University of Syd, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Cowan
- 2Immunology Research Centre, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Karen Dwyer
- 2Immunology Research Centre, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David Bowen
- 2Immunology Research Centre, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Broggio D, Bento J, Caldeira M, Cardenas-Mendez E, Farah J, Fonseca T, Konvalinka C, Liu L, Perez B, Capello K, Cowan P, Cruzate JA, Freire L, Gómez-Ros JM, Gossio S, Heide B, Huikari J, Hunt J, Kinase S, Kramer G, Kurihara O, Kyrieleis A, Lebacq AL, Leone D, Li C, Li J, Mihailescu LC, Moraleda M, Navarro JF, Oliveira C, Puerta N, Reichelt U, Simões C, Sommer D, Takahashi M, Teles P, Vanhavere F, Vrba T, Franck D, Gualdrini G, Lopez MA. Monte Carlo modelling for the in vivo lung monitoring of enriched uranium: Results of an international comparison. RADIAT MEAS 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2012.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
18
|
Warburton B, Tompkins DM, Choquenot D, Cowan P. Minimising number killed in long-term vertebrate pest management programmes, and associated economic incentives. Anim Welf 2012. [DOI: 10.7120/096272812x13345905674123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
19
|
Künzli BM, Berberat PO, Dwyer K, Deaglio S, Csizmadia E, Cowan P, d'Apice A, Moore G, Enjyoji K, Friess H, Robson SC. Variable impact of CD39 in experimental murine colitis. Dig Dis Sci 2011; 56:1393-403. [PMID: 20936356 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-010-1425-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysregulation of immune responses in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) results in intestinal inflammation and vascular injury while exacerbating systemic disease. CD39 is an ectonucleotidase, expressed by T regulatory cells and dendritic cells, that hydrolyzes extracellular nucleotides to modify those cellular immune responses implicated in IBD. Genetic polymorphisms of CD39 have been linked to Crohn's disease while gene deletion in mice exacerbates dextran sodium sulphate-induced colitis. AIM The aim of this study was to test how global deletion of CD39 in mice impacts other models of experimental colitis. METHODS Colitis was induced in CD39-null and -wt mice, using trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS, 125 mg/kg) administered intrarectally. Oxazolone colitis (1.5% oxazolone in 50% alcohol) was induced in comparable groups. Morphology, clinical and molecular parameters, and FACS analyses of lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMC) were examined in CD39-null mice. CD39 expression was analyzed in human IBD biopsies. RESULTS Paradoxically, TNBS colitis in CD39-null mice was characterized by improved survival, favorable clinical scores, and decreased MPO activity, when compared to wt mice (P < 0.05). LPMC from TNBS colitis contained significantly increased amounts of T-cells (CD3(+) and CD4(+)) and TNF-α mRNA expression were increased over those in CD39 null mice (P < 0.05). In contrast, oxazolone treated CD39-null and wt mice had comparable outcomes. In both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, CD39 is present at high levels in intestinal tissue biopsies. CONCLUSIONS TNBS colitis was attenuated in CD39-null mice whereas oxazolone-induced colitis was not impacted. Impaired adaptive cellular immune reactivity in the CD39-null environment appears protective in hapten-mediated Th1-type colitis. CD39 is expressed at high levels in clinical IBD tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beat M Künzli
- Transplant Institute and Gastroenterology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre/Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Künzli BM, Bernlochner MI, Rath S, Käser S, Csizmadia E, Enjyoji K, Cowan P, d'Apice A, Dwyer K, Rosenberg R, Perren A, Friess H, Maurer CA, Robson SC. Impact of CD39 and purinergic signalling on the growth and metastasis of colorectal cancer. Purinergic Signal 2011; 7:231-41. [PMID: 21484085 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-011-9228-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2010] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite improvements in prevention and management of colorectal cancer (CRC), uncontrolled tumor growth with metastatic spread to distant organs remains an important clinical concern. Genetic deletion of CD39, the dominant vascular and immune cell ectonucleotidase, has been shown to delay tumor growth and blunt angiogenesis in mouse models of melanoma, lung and colonic malignancy. Here, we tested the influence of CD39 on CRC tumor progression and metastasis by investigating orthotopic transplanted and metastatic cancer models in wild-type BALB/c, human CD39 transgenic and CD39 deficient mice. We also investigated CD39 and P2 receptor expression patterns in human CRC biopsies. Murine CD39 was expressed by endothelium, stromal and mononuclear cells infiltrating the experimental MC-26 tumors. In the primary CRC model, volumes of tumors in the subserosa of the colon and/or rectum did not differ amongst the treatment groups at day 10, albeit these tumors rarely metastasized to the liver. In the dissemination model, MC-26 cell line-derived hepatic metastases grew significantly faster in CD39 over-expressing transgenics, when compared to CD39 deficient mice. Murine P2Y2 was significantly elevated at both mRNA and protein levels, within the larger liver metastases obtained from CD39 transgenic mice where changes in P2X7 levels were also noted. In clinical samples, lower levels of CD39 mRNA in malignant CRC tissues appeared associated with longer duration of survival and could be linked to less invasive tumors. The modulatory effects of CD39 on tumor dissemination and differential levels of CD39, P2Y2 and P2X7 expression in tumors suggest involvement of purinergic signalling in these processes. Our studies also suggest potential roles for purinergic-based therapies in clinical CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beat M Künzli
- Liver and Transplantation Centers, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, USA,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Westall G, Levvey B, Gooi J, Silvana M, McEgan R, Mennen M, Rosenfeldt F, Snell G, Cowan P. 294 Prolonged Ex-Vivo Pulmonary Xenograft Function Using Genetically-Modified Porcine Donor Lungs. J Heart Lung Transplant 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2011.01.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
22
|
Khanna D, Kreider RB, Tonkin P, Cowan P, Rasmussen C. Relationship Between Exercise Capacity And Heart Rate Variability In Trained And Untrained Individuals. FASEB J 2011. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.25.1_supplement.lb471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - P Tonkin
- KinesiologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTX
| | - P Cowan
- KinesiologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTX
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gock H, Nottle M, Lew AM, d'Apice AJ, Cowan P. Genetic modification of pigs for solid organ xenotransplantation. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2011; 25:9-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
24
|
Freeman JA, Gear M, Pauli A, Cowan P, Finnigan C, Hunter H, Mobberley C, Nock A, Sims R, Thain J. The effect of core stability training on balance and mobility in ambulant individuals with multiple sclerosis: a multi-centre series of single case studies. Mult Scler 2010; 16:1377-84. [PMID: 20699285 DOI: 10.1177/1352458510378126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Core stability training is popular in the management of people with multiple sclerosis (MS); however, scientific evidence to support its effectiveness is scarce. OBJECTIVE To explore the effectiveness of core stability training on balance and mobility. METHOD A multi-centre series of eight single case studies was undertaken. Eight ambulant individuals with stable MS participated in 16 face-to-face core stability training sessions, delivered by a neurophysiotherapist, plus a daily home exercise programme. A range of outcomes were measured: 10-m timed walk, 12-item MS walking scale, timed get up and go, functional reach tests, timed single leg stance, visual analogue scales of two activities, and the Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale. RESULTS Visual analysis of trend, level and slope demonstrated improvement in five subjects (62%) in seven measures. This was confirmed by the two standard deviation band method of analysis for six measures. Analysis of group data (repeated measures within subjects analysis of variance) indicated significant improvement between baseline and intervention phases for timed walk (p = 0.019), MSWS-12 Scale (p = 0.041), forward (p = 0.015) and lateral reach (p = 0.012). In general, no further improvements were made following withdrawal of the intervention. CONCLUSIONS This study provides preliminary evidence of the effectiveness of an 8-week core stability training programme in improving balance and mobility in ambulant people with MS. Variations in response to intervention are evident. Assessor-blinded randomized controlled studies are required to confirm these findings and determine patient characteristics which identify those who benefit most from this intervention.
Collapse
|
25
|
Gómez-Ros J, de Carlan L, Franck D, Gualdrini G, Lis M, López M, Moraleda M, Zankl M, Badal A, Capello K, Cowan P, Ferrari P, Heide B, Henniger J, Hooley V, Hunt J, Kinase S, Kramer G, Löhnert D, Lucas S, Nuttens V, Packer L, Reichelt U, Vrba T, Sempau J, Zhang B. Monte Carlo modelling of Germanium detectors for the measurement of low energy photons in internal dosimetry: Results of an international comparison. RADIAT MEAS 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2007.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
26
|
|
27
|
Cowan P. Postgraduate training options in dentistry--the RCSI roadmap. Surgeon 2007; 5:90-3; quiz 93, 121. [PMID: 17450690 DOI: 10.1016/s1479-666x(07)80060-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the RCSI roadmap for postgraduate training in dentistry. The importance of an approved training element is stressed in all aspects of this pathway to ensure that the trainee is provided with the best teaching and will emerge with the highest standards. It is critical in today's world that all healthcare professionals enter into lifelong learning in order to maintain the best level of care for our patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Cowan
- Faculty of Dentistry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Sykes M, Pierson RN, O'Connell P, D'Apice A, Cowan P, Cozzi E, Dorling A, Hering B, Leventhal J, Soulillou JP. Reply to 'Critics slam Russian trial to test pig pancreas for diabetes'. Nat Med 2007; 13:662-3. [PMID: 17554327 DOI: 10.1038/nm0607-662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
29
|
Sykes M, Cozzi E, D'Apice AJF, Pierson RN, O'Connell P, Cowan P, Dorling A, Hering B, Soulillou JP, Sandrin M. Response to Valdes-Gonzalez ''Clinical trial of islet xenotransplantation in Mexico''. Xenotransplantation 2007; 14:90-1. [PMID: 17214710 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2006.00373.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
30
|
Sykes M, Cozzi E, d'Apice A, Pierson R, O'Connell P, Cowan P, Dorling A, Hering B, Leventhal J, Rees M, Sandrin M. Clinical trial of islet xenotransplantation in Mexico. Xenotransplantation 2006; 13:371-2. [PMID: 16925658 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2006.00347.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
31
|
Ramírez P, Montoya MJ, Ríos A, García Palenciano C, Majado M, Chávez R, Muñoz A, Fernández OM, Sánchez A, Segura B, Sansano T, Acosta F, Robles R, Sánchez F, Fuente T, Cascales P, González F, Ruiz D, Martínez L, Pons JA, Rodríguez JI, Yélamos J, Cowan P, d'Apice A, Parrilla P. Prevention of hyperacute rejection in a model of orthotopic liver xenotransplantation from pig to baboon using polytransgenic pig livers (CD55, CD59, and H-transferase). Transplant Proc 2006; 37:4103-6. [PMID: 16386637 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2005.09.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The search for alternative sources for transplant organs leads us to the search for animals as an inexhaustible source of organs. The objective of this study was to analyze whether livers from polytransgenic pigs expressing the human complement regulatory proteins CD55 (hDAF), CD59, and alfa alpha1,2-fucosyltransferase (H-transferase), protected against hyperacute rejection after orthotopic liver xenotransplantation to a baboon and also to study pig liver function in a nonhuman primate. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nine liver transplants from pig to baboon were divided into two groups: a control group (n = 4) of genetically unmodified pigs and an experimental group (n = 5) of pigs transgenic for CD55, CD59, and H-transferase as donors. All the donating piglets obtained through hysterectomy were maintained in specific pathogen-free conditions. The selection of transgenic pig donors followed demonstration of transgene expression using monoclonal antibodies (antiCD55, antiCD59) and immunohistological studies on liver biopsies. RESULTS All animals in the control group developed hyperacute rejection with survival rates less than 16 hours without function of transplanted livers. In the experimental group none of the animals suffered hyperacute rejection. Survival in this group was between 13 and 24 hours. The livers were functional, producing bile and maintaining above 35% prothrombin activity. Only in one case was there primary dysfunction of the xenograft. CONCLUSION Polytransgenic livers for complement regulatory proteins prevent hyperacute rejection when xenotransplanted into a baboon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Ramírez
- Liver Transplant Unit, Department of Surgery, Virgen Arrixaca University Hospital, Murcia, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Cowan P. Treatment of third molar teeth--surgery. J Ir Dent Assoc 2006; 51:221-5. [PMID: 16617937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The indications for removal of third molar teeth along with the pre-operative assessment of the patient have been outlined. This article reviews the surgical options and identifies the possible post-operative sequelae and potential complications of treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Cowan
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, St Stephen's Green, Dublin.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Cowan P. JIDA article on third molar teeth. J Ir Dent Assoc 2006; 52:7. [PMID: 16830833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
|
34
|
Harrison S, Boquest A, Grupen C, Faast R, Guildolin A, Giannakis C, Crocker L, McIlfatrick S, Ashman R, Wengle J, Lyons I, Tolstoshev P, Cowan P, Robins A, O'Connell P, D'Apice AJF, Nottle M. An efficient method for producing alpha(1,3)-galactosyltransferase gene knockout pigs. Stem Cells Cloning 2005; 6:327-31. [PMID: 15671659 DOI: 10.1089/clo.2004.6.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have reported relatively efficient methods for somatic cell nuclear transfer and for knocking out the alpha(1,3)-galactosyltransferase (alpha1,3-GT) gene in porcine fetal fibroblasts using a nonisogenic promoterless construct approach. Here we report the production of alpha1,3-GT gene knockout pigs using these procedures. Seven alpha1,3-GT gene knockout cell clones were identified by long-range PCR from 108 neomycin resistant (neo(R)) colonies, giving a 6.5% targeting efficiency. Three cell clones were used for nuclear transfer. Nuclear transfer was performed using a fusion before activation protocol using in vitro-matured adult oocytes. Between 51 and 110 fused couplets were transferred to 10 recipients synchronized 1 day behind the embryos. Parturition was induced on day 115, and piglets were delivered by caesarean section. Four recipients gave birth to a total of 18 live piglets. All pigs were female, and all three clones resulted in the birth of live pigs. alpha1,3-GT gene knockout pigs were identified by long-range PCR and confirmed by Southern blot analysis. The efficiency (embryos transferred/piglets born) of our cloning protocol was 1.9% for all transfers and 4.6% for animals that gave birth.
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
MCBEND 10 is the latest release of the general radiation transport Monte Carlo code from the ANSWERS Software Service of Serco Assurance. MCBEND is developed within a Nuclear Code Development (NCD) partnership between Serco Assurance and BNFL. The ANSWERS vision is 'to provide easy-to-use software that meets the current and emerging needs of the user community'. In the case of MCBEND, this vision focuses on the key areas of accuracy, understanding of uncertainties, efficiency and user-friendliness. MCBEND 10 is a major launch of the code with many new and enhanced features. New developments in MCBEND 10 include automatic splitting mesh generation, point energy adjoint for neutrons, calculation of uncertainty in the results due to material cross section uncertainties and a unified source facility. Enhanced features include improved temperature treatment, extended scoring of sensitivity to geometry perturbations, geometry improvements, extensions to formulae and improved user guide image. The user-friendliness of the MCBEND code has been further enhanced by recent developments to the visualisation tools, VISAGE and VISTA-RAY. Developments have been made to the three-dimensional visualisation tool, VISTA-RAY, to simplify the detailed checking of a model, with the option to use a mouse-pointer to select regions of interest for further detail and to visually highlight incorrectly defined areas. A further development to VISTA-RAY is the inclusion of the capability to overlay a representation of a user-designated set of results from a MCBEND analysis on the model. Improvements have also been made to the graphical user interface LaunchPad for submitting and controlling calculation submission, with a common user-image across all the systems. Recent enhancements to LaunchPad include a job-scheduler to simplify processing multiple tasks. A selection of the new developments in MCBEND 10, VISTA-RAY and LaunchPad will be described in this paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Cowan
- The ANSWERS Software Service, Serco Assurance, Winfrith, Dorchester, Dorset, DT2 8DH, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Cowan P. Treatment of third molar teeth assessment. J Ir Dent Assoc 2005; 51:166-72. [PMID: 16358676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This first article will discuss the indications for removal of third molars and the initial assessment of the patient. The importance of good communication will be highlighted.
Collapse
|
37
|
Gock H, Murray-Segal L, Salvaris E, Cowan P, D'Apice AJF. Allogeneic sensitization is more effective than xenogeneic sensitization in eliciting gal-mediated skin graft rejection1. Transplantation 2004; 77:751-3. [PMID: 15021840 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000116420.17173.e4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The generation of Gal knockout (KO) pigs is likely to be an important advance in xenotransplantation. However, recent reports suggesting that expression of Gal may not be completely eliminated raise the possibility of a continuing anti-Gal immune response. The authors used a Gal-mismatched skin graft model to study cell-mediated anti-Gal rejection. Gal KO mice on a BALB/c or C57BL/6 background were sensitized with allogeneic or xenogeneic (rat) Gal-positive skin grafts and underwent transplantation with a secondary skin graft solely mismatched for Gal 21 days later. Most allograft-sensitized recipients rejected the secondary graft (n=26 [96%]) compared with less than half of xenograft-sensitized recipients (n=25 [44%]). An immunoglobulin (Ig) M response was detected in some xenograft-sensitized but not allograft-sensitized recipients. No recipients developed detectable anti-Gal IgG. The authors' findings contrast with previous reports that xenografts are more potent than allografts in eliciting an anti-Gal response and suggest that a predominantly cell-mediated response can mediate rejection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hilton Gock
- Immunology Research Centre, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
AIM To describe the mortality rate and movements of brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) with clinical tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) from a site in native podocarp/hardwood forest, in the Orongorongo Valley, Wellington. METHODS Possums with clinical tuberculosis (Tb) were identified through routine trapping on live capture grids and were fitted with radio-collars, and located at approximately monthly intervals for 2.5 years. The survival times of radio-collared tuberculous and non-diseased possums were used to estimate the instantaneous additional mortality rate due to clinical Tb. The spatial behaviour of clinically tuberculous possums was compared with that of non-diseased possums, using both den and trap locations. The frequency of long-distance movements of both tuberculous and non-diseased possums was also determined. A possum was defined as having undertaken along-distance movement when it moved at least 200 m from the centre of its activity range and then returned to its established activity range or died. RESULTS The mean survival time of clinically tuberculous possums was 4.7 (SE 0.79) months. The instantaneous additional mortality rate due to clinical Tb was estimated to be between 1.08 year-1 and 2.38 year-1, with the lower figure including an unknown portion of the incubation period in the estimate. Estimates of denning and activity ranges of tuberculous possums were approximately 22-30% larger, on average, than the ranges of non-diseased possums, but the differences were not significant. Both tuberculous and non-diseased possums undertook long-distance movements up to 700 m from the centre of their activity range. However, the majority of tuberculous possums died within or near their established activity range. CONCLUSIONS This study estimated the mortality rate during the clinical stages of Tb and, as such, did not represent a true estimate of the disease-induced mortality rate (alpha) used in most epidemiological models of possums and Tb. However, the lower estimate of the additional mortality rate due to clinical disease could be considered an approximation to alpha. The movement patterns of clinically tuberculous possums were, overall, not substantially different from non-diseased possums. The occurrence of long-distance movements by tuberculous possums sometimes coincided with the advanced stage of clinical disease. However, the majority of tuberculous possums died within their established activity area. Long-distance movements by resident possums during the terminal stages of disease represent a direct risk for transmission of Tb to livestock on farms within approximately 1 km of infected possum populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Ramsey
- Landcare Research, Private Bag 11052, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Shokouh-Amiri MH, Grewal HP, Vera SR, Stratta RJ, Riely CA, Fleckenstein JF, Cowan P, Gaber AO. Eighteen years of experience with adult and pediatric liver transplantation at the University of Tennessee, Memphis. Clin Transpl 2001:255-61. [PMID: 11512319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
1. Since its inception, the liver program at UT Memphis has been striving to serve its population by stressing access, technical innovation, and by its focus on quality of life. The results for both adult and pediatric transplants over the past 18 years demonstrate that small and medium-sized programs can function efficiently and are valuable for their local communities. 2. Patient and graft survival rates exceeded 85% in the pediatric population in the first year with the 5-, 10-, and 15-year results above 75%. 3. Patient and graft survival rates in adults were 83% at one year, 68% at 5 years, and 60% at 10 years. 4. Innovative techniques in liver transplantation have had a dramatic impact on accessibility of pediatric recipients to liver transplantation and recently are becoming crucial for select populations of adults requiring expedited transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M H Shokouh-Amiri
- Transplantation Program, University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Meikle M, Barnard D, Reed R, Cowan P. Statement of intent--MFDS/MFD new regulations 2001. Br Dent J 2001; 190:674. [PMID: 11453158 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.4801072a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
41
|
Abstract
The large number of patients with faecal retention and/or incontinence in continuing care wards and rehabilitation units presents a considerable challenge. In order to maintain dignity and minimize the unpleasant odour so commonly associated with these wards and units, effective bowel management should be planned for individual patients. For an effective bowel management regime a team approach should be adopted, involving, where possible, the patient and carer as well as all the health professionals administering the care. Two case studies illustrate the use of assessment and management of bowel problems in patients with severe complex neurodisability. Bowel dysfunction in this patient population, in general, is poorly covered in the literature. The present article, by relating theory to practice, offers information and guidance for nurses working with patients who have bowel-related problems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Pierce
- Royal Hospital for Neurodisability, West Hill, London, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Gock H, Salvaris E, Han W, Murray-Segal L, Mottram P, Cowan P, Goodman DJ, d'Apice AJ. Anti-alpha1,3-galactose-mediated hyperacute rejection of vascularized transplants in a small animal model. Transplant Proc 2000; 32:2075. [PMID: 11120073 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(00)01574-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Gock
- Immunology Research Centre, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Salvaris E, Gock H, Han W, Murray-Segal L, Barlow H, Mottram P, Pearse M, Cowan P, Goodman D, d'Apice AJ. Naturally acquired anti-alpha Gal antibodies in a murine allograft model similar to delayed xenograft rejection. Xenotransplantation 2000; 7:42-7. [PMID: 10809056 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3089.2000.00040.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies directed against galactose-alpha1,3-galactose (alphaGal) are believed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of delayed xenograft rejection (DXR). This study was designed to determine whether alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase-deficient (Gal KO) mice can naturally acquire a sufficient anti-alphaGal titre to cause the delayed type rejection of alphaGal-expressing hearts. Gal KO mice of various ages were assessed for anti-alphaGal antibody levels. alphaGal-expressing hearts were transplanted heterotopically into these mice and monitored daily. Rejecting and surviving hearts were evaluated histologically. In Gal KO mice greater than 6-month-old, 64% had an anti-alphaGal antibody titre above the background level. When wild-type alphaGal-expressing hearts were transplanted into this group, 45% of grafts rejected within 5 to 13 days. Histological examination of the rejected hearts displayed marked tissue damage and an inflammatory infiltrate of predominantly macrophage/monocytes. Surviving grafts showed preserved morphology. Like humans, Gal KO mice naturally develop anti-alphaGal antibodies with age. The titre in these mice was sufficient to cause a "delayed-type" rejection of a significant proportion of alphaGal-expressing cardiac grafts. This model thus provides an opportunity to investigate the role of naturally acquired anti-alphaGal antibodies in the pathogenesis of DXR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Salvaris
- Immunology Research Center, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Charreau B, Ménoret S, Tesson L, Azimzadeh A, Audet M, Wolf P, Marquet R, Verbakel C, Ijzermans J, Cowan P, Pearse M, d'Apice A, Soulillou JP, Anegon I. Protection against hyperacute xenograft rejection of transgenic rat hearts expressing human decay accelerating factor (DAF) transplanted into primates. Mol Med 1999; 5:617-30. [PMID: 10551903 PMCID: PMC2230462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Production of transgenic pigs for multiple transgenes is part of a potential strategy to prevent immunological events involved in xenograft rejection. Use of a genetically engineerable rodent as a donor in primates could allow testing in vivo of the effects of different transgenes on controlling xenograft rejection. As a first step in the development of a donor containing multiple transgenes, transgenic rats for human decay-accelerating factor (DAF) were used as heart donors to test their resistance against complement (C)-mediated rejection by non-human primates. MATERIALS AND METHODS Transgenic rats were generated by using a construct containing the human DAF cDNA under the transcriptional control of the endothelial cell (EC)-specific human ICAM-2 promoter. DAF expression was evaluated by immunohistology and by FACS analysis of purified ECs. Resistance of transgenic hearts against C-mediated damage was evaluated by ex vivo perfusion with human serum and by transplantation into cynomolgus monkeys. RESULTS Immunohistological analysis of DAF expression in several organs from two transgenic lines showed uniform expression on the endothelium of all blood vessels. ECs purified from transgenic hearts showed 50% DAF expression compared to human ECs and >70% reduction of C-dependent cell lysis compared to control rat ECs. Hemizygous transgenic hearts perfused with human serum showed normal function for >60 min vs. 11. 2 +/- 1.7 min in controls. Hemi- or homozygous transgenic hearts transplanted into cynomolgus monkeys showed longer survival (15.2 +/- 7 min and >4.5 hr, respectively) than controls (5.5 +/- 1.4 min). In contrast to hyperacutely rejected control hearts, rejected homozygous DAF hearts showed signs of acute vascular rejection (AVR) characterized by edema, hemorrhage, and an intense PMN infiltration. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that endothelial-specific DAF expression increased heart transplant survival in a rat-to-primate model of xenotransplantation. This will aid in the analysis of AVR and of new genes that may inhibit this form of rejection, thus helping to define strategies for the production of transgenic pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Charreau
- INSERM U437 "Immunointervention en Allo et Xénotransplantation" and Institut de Transplantation et de Recherche en Transplantation, Nantes, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Charreau B, Ménoret S, Tesson L, Azimzadeh A, Audet M, Wolf P, Marquet R, Verbakel C, Ijzermans J, Cowan P, Pearse M, d’Apice A, Soulillou JP, Anegon I. Protection Against Hyperacute Xenograft Rejection of Transgenic Rat Hearts Expressing Human Decay Accelerating Factor (DAF) Transplanted into Primates. Mol Med 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03402074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
|
46
|
Cowan P. "Special care" for dementia patients. Can Nurse 1999; 95:49-50. [PMID: 10624221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
|
47
|
|
48
|
Le TH, Wu T, Robertson A, Bulach D, Cowan P, Goodge K, Tribe D. Genetically variable triplet repeats in a RING-finger ORF of Helicoverpa species baculoviruses. Virus Res 1997; 49:67-77. [PMID: 9178498 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(97)01454-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide sequence analysis of the Helicoverpa zea S-type nucleopolyhedrovirus (HzSNPV) genomic interval between the polh and iel genes has revealed an open reading frame (HOAR ORF) that contains a complex A 1-T rich triplet repeat region (RAT-repeats). HOAR ORF is predicted to encode an acidic, arginine residue rich. 712 aa protein, with a C3HC4 (RING-finger) zinc binding motif. RAT-repeats, distributed over 450 bp. consist of GAT. AAT, and GTT codons, correspond to Asp, Asn and Val residues which display an extreme codon bias not seen with nine other genes of this virus. A survey of four other (field) isolates of Helicoverpa sp. NPVs confirms a high incidence of mutation in the RAT-repeat region. A 158-bp conserved block, homologous to the pe38-ien promoter of AcMNPV, was identified upstream of HOAR ORF. The sub-region of the genome in which HOAR ORF is located is susceptible to rearrangement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T H Le
- Department of Microbiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Beck A, Scott J, Williams P, Robertson B, Jackson D, Gade G, Cowan P. A randomized trial of group outpatient visits for chronically ill older HMO members: the Cooperative Health Care Clinic. J Am Geriatr Soc 1997; 45:543-9. [PMID: 9158573 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1997.tb03085.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the impact of group outpatient visits to traditional "physician-patient dyad" care among older chronically ill HMO members on health services utilization and cost, self-reported health status, and patient and physician satisfaction. DESIGN A 1-year randomized trial. SETTING A group model HMO in the Denver Metropolitan area. PARTICIPANTS Three hundred twenty-one members aged 65 and older, randomized to a group visit intervention (n = 160) or to usual care (n = 161). INTERVENTION Patients with high health services utilization and one or more chronic conditions had monthly group visits with their primary care physician and nurse. Visits included health education, prevention measures, opportunities for socialization, mutual support, and for one-to-one consultations with their physician, where necessary. MEASUREMENTS Health services utilization and associated cost, health status, and patient and physician satisfaction. RESULTS Outcome measures obtained after a 1-year follow-up period showed that group participants had fewer emergency room visits (P = .009), visits to subspecialists (P = .028), and repeat hospital admissions per patient (P = .051). Group participants made more visits (P = .021) and calls (P = .038) to nurses than control group patients and fewer calls to physicians (P = .019). In addition, a greater percentage of group participants received influenza and pneumonia vaccinations (P < .001). Group participants had greater overall satisfaction with care (P = .019), and participating physicians reported higher levels of satisfaction with the groups than with individual care. No differences were observed between groups on self-reported health and functional status. Cost of care per member per month was $14.79 less for the group participants. CONCLUSIONS Group visits for chronically ill patients reduce repeat hospital admissions and emergency care use, reduce cost of care, deliver certain preventive services more effectively, and increase patient and physician satisfaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Beck
- Department of Research and Development, Colorado Permanente Medical Care Program, Denver, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Stankiewicz M, Jowett GH, Roberts MG, Heath DD, Cowan P, Clark JM, Jowett J, Charleston WAG. Internal and external parasites of possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) from forest and farmland, Wanganui, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 1996. [DOI: 10.1080/03014223.1996.9518094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|