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Patel MR, Zhang G, Heisler M, Song PX, Piette JD, Shi X, Choe HM, Smith A, Resnicow K. Measurement and Validation of the Comprehensive Score for Financial Toxicity (COST) in a Population With Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2022; 45:2535-2543. [PMID: 36048837 PMCID: PMC9679256 DOI: 10.2337/dc22-0494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Comprehensive Score for Financial Toxicity-Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (COST-FACIT) is a validated instrument measuring financial distress among people with cancer. The reliability and construct validity of the 11-item COST-FACIT were examined in adults with diabetes and high A1C. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We examined the factor structure (exploratory factor analysis), internal consistency reliability (Cronbach α), floor/ceiling effects, known-groups validity, and predictive validity among a sample of 600 adults with diabetes and high A1C. RESULTS COST-FACIT demonstrated a two-factor structure with high internal consistency: general financial situation (7-items, α = 0.86) and impact of illness on financial situation (4-items, α = 0.73). The measure demonstrated a ceiling effect for 2% of participants and floor effects for 7%. Worse financial toxicity scores were observed among adults who were women, were below the poverty line, had government-sponsored health insurance, were middle-aged, were not in the workforce, and had less educational attainment (P < 0.01). Worse financial toxicity was observed for those engaging in cost coping behaviors, such as taking less or skipping medicines, delaying care, borrowing money, "maxing out" the limit on credit cards, and not paying bills (P < 0.01). In regression models for the full measure and its two factors, worse financial toxicity was correlated with higher A1C (P < 0.01), higher levels of diabetes distress (P < 0.01), more chronic conditions (P < 0.01), and more depressive symptoms (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Findings support both the reliability and validity of the COST-FACIT tool among adults with diabetes and high A1C levels. More research is needed to support the use of the COST-FACIT tool as a clinically relevant patient-centered instrument for diabetes care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minal R. Patel
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Guanghao Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Michele Heisler
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Peter X.K. Song
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - John D. Piette
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Xu Shi
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Hae Mi Choe
- College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- University of Michigan Medical Group, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Alyssa Smith
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Kenneth Resnicow
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI
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Grandjean P, Hu H, Till C, Green R, Bashash M, Flora D, Tellez-Rojo MM, Song PX, Lanphear B, Budtz-Jørgensen E. A Benchmark Dose Analysis for Maternal Pregnancy Urine-Fluoride and IQ in Children. Risk Anal 2022; 42:439-449. [PMID: 34101876 PMCID: PMC9831700 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
As a guide to establishing a safe exposure level for fluoride exposure in pregnancy, we applied benchmark dose modeling to data from two prospective birth cohort studies. We included mother-child pairs from the Early Life Exposures in Mexico to Environmental Toxicants (ELEMENT) cohort in Mexico and the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) cohort in Canada. Maternal urinary fluoride concentrations (U-F, in mg/L, creatinine-adjusted) were measured in urine samples obtained during pregnancy. Children were assessed for intelligence quotient (IQ) at age 4 (n = 211) and between six and 12 years (n = 287) in the ELEMENT cohort, and three to four years (n = 407) in the MIREC cohort. We calculated covariate-adjusted regression coefficients and their standard errors to assess the association of maternal U-F concentrations with children's IQ measures. Assuming a benchmark response of 1 IQ point, we derived benchmark concentrations (BMCs) and benchmark concentration levels (BMCLs). No deviation from linearity was detected in the dose-response relationships, but boys showed lower BMC values than girls. Using a linear slope for the joint cohort data, the BMC for maternal U-F associated with a 1-point decrease in IQ scores was 0.31 mg/L (BMCL, 0.19 mg/L) for the youngest boys and girls in the two cohorts, and 0.33 mg/L (BMCL, 0.20 mg/L) for the MIREC cohort and the older ELEMENT children. Thus, the joint data show a BMCL in terms of the adjusted U-F concentrations in the pregnant women of approximately 0.2 mg/L. These results can be used to guide decisions on preventing excess fluoride exposure in pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Grandjean
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Address correspondence to Philippe Grandjean, Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winslows vej 17A, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; tel: +45 6550 3769; fax: +45 6591 1458;
| | - Howard Hu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Rivka Green
- Faculty of Health, York University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Morteza Bashash
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David Flora
- Faculty of Health, York University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martha Maria Tellez-Rojo
- Centro de Investigacion en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Peter X.K. Song
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Bruce Lanphear
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, British Columbia, Canada
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Wang L, Zhou Y, He J, Zhu B, Wang F, Tang L, Kleinsasser M, Barker D, Eisenberg MC, Song PX. An epidemiological forecast model and software assessing interventions on the COVID-19 epidemic in China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.6339/jds.202007_18(3).0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Song PX, Yao SH, Yao Y, Zhou J, Li QF, Cao YH, He SY. Epitope Analysis and Efficacy Evaluation of Phosphatase 2C (PP2C) DNA Vaccine Against Toxoplasma gondii Infection. J Parasitol 2021; 106:513-521. [PMID: 32791522 DOI: 10.1645/18-210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii infects almost all warm-blooded animals and negatively affects the health of a wide range of these animals, including humans. Protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C) is a T. gondii protein secreted by rhoptry organelles during host cell invasion. However, very little is known about whether this protein can induce protective immunity against T. gondii. In this study, bioinformatics analysis of PP2C revealed some useful information in the context of anti-toxoplasmosis treatments and vaccine research. In addition, the PP2C gene was amplified, and a eukaryotic expression vector (pEGFP-PP2C) was successfully constructed to express PP2C. Finally, the constructed pEGFP-PP2C was injected into mice to evaluate whether it could induce immunoprotection. Compared with the control groups, we found that immunizations with the pEGFP-PP2C plasmid could elicit specific IgG antibodies and cytokines against T. gondii infection. The survival of mice immunized with the pEGFP-PP2C plasmid was significantly prolonged compared with that of the control group mice. Based on the ability of pEGFP-PP2C to induce specific immune responses against T. gondii, we propose that PP2C merits consideration as a potential vaccine candidate against toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P X Song
- Department of Medicine, Quzhou College of Technology, Quzhou, Zhejiang 324000, People's Republic of China.,Department of Parasitology, Shandong University School of Basic Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - S H Yao
- Department of Medicine, Quzhou College of Technology, Quzhou, Zhejiang 324000, People's Republic of China
| | - Y Yao
- Department of Medical Test, Shandong Medical College, Linyi, Shandong 276000, People's Republic of China
| | - J Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Q F Li
- Department of Medicine, Quzhou College of Technology, Quzhou, Zhejiang 324000, People's Republic of China
| | - Y H Cao
- Department of Medicine, Quzhou College of Technology, Quzhou, Zhejiang 324000, People's Republic of China
| | - S Y He
- Department of Parasitology, Shandong University School of Basic Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
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Patel MR, Heisler M, Piette JD, Resnicow K, Song PX, Choe HM, Shi X, Tobi J, Smith A. Corrigendum to “Study protocol: CareAvenue program to improve unmet social risk factors and diabetes outcomes - A randomized controlled trial” [Contemporary Clinical Trials 89 (2020) 105933]. Contemp Clin Trials 2020; 91:106025. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2020.106025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Jansen EC, Dunietz GL, Dababneh A, Peterson KE, Chervin RD, Baek J, O’Brien L, Song PX, Cantoral A, Hu H, Téllez-Rojo MM. Cumulative Childhood Lead Levels in Relation to Sleep During Adolescence. J Clin Sleep Med 2019; 15:1443-1449. [PMID: 31596209 PMCID: PMC6778356 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.7972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Lead exposure has been linked to adverse cognitive outcomes among children, and sleep disturbances could potentially mediate these relationships. As a first step, whether childhood lead levels are linked to sleep disturbances must be ascertained. Prior studies of lead and sleep are scarce and rely on parent-reported sleep data. METHODS The study population included 395 participants from the Early Life Exposure in Mexico to Environmental Toxicants project, a group of sequentially enrolled birth cohorts from Mexico City. Blood lead levels measured from ages 1 to 4 years were used to calculate a cumulative measure of early childhood lead levels. Average sleep duration, sleep fragmentation, and movement index were assessed once between the ages of 9 and 18 years with wrist actigraphs worn for a continuous 7-day interval. Linear regression models were fit with average sleep duration, fragmentation, or movement as the outcome and cumulative lead levels divided into quartiles as the exposure, adjusted for age, sex, and maternal education. RESULTS Mean (standard deviation) age at follow-up was 13.8 (1.9) years, and 48% of participants were boys. Median (interquartile range) cumulative childhood lead level was 13.7 (10.8, 18.0) μg/dL. Patients in the highest quartile of the cumulative childhood lead group had on average 23 minutes less sleep than those in the first quartile in adolescence (95% confidence interval [7, 39]; P, trend = .02). Higher cumulative lead level was associated with higher sleep fragmentation in younger adolescents (younger than 14 years) only (P, interaction = .02). CONCLUSIONS Shorter sleep duration may represent an as-yet unrecognized adverse consequence of lead exposure in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica C. Jansen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Galit Levi Dunietz
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Aleena Dababneh
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Karen E. Peterson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ronald D. Chervin
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jonggyu Baek
- Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Louise O’Brien
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Peter X.K. Song
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Howard Hu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington
| | - Martha M. Téllez-Rojo
- Center for Research on Nutrition and Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
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Perng W, Hector EC, Song PX, Rojo MMT, Raskind S, Kachman M, Cantoral A, Burant CF, Peterson KE. Metabolomic Determinants of Metabolic Risk in Mexican Adolescents. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2017; 25:1594-1602. [PMID: 28758362 PMCID: PMC5573626 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to identify metabolites associated with metabolic risk, separately by sex, in Mexican adolescents. METHODS Untargeted metabolomic profiling was carried out on fasting serum of 238 youth aged 8 to 14 years, and metabolites associated with a metabolic syndrome risk z-score (MetRisk z-score) were identified separately for boys and girls, using the simulation and extrapolation algorithm. Associations of each metabolite with MetRisk z-score were examined using linear regression models that accounted for maternal education, child's age, and pubertal status. RESULTS Of the 938 features identified in metabolomics analysis, 7 named compounds (of 27 identified metabolites) were associated with MetRisk z-score in girls, and 3 named compounds (of 14 identified) were associated with MetRisk z-score in boys. In girls, diacylglycerol (DG) 16:0/16:0, 1,3-dielaidin, myo-inositol, and urate corresponded with higher MetRisk z-score, whereas N-acetylglycine, thymine, and dodecenedioic acid were associated with lower MetRisk z-score. For example, each z-score increment in DG 16:0/16:0 corresponded with 0.60 (95% CI: 0.47-0.74) units higher MetRisk z-score. In boys, positive associations of DG 16:0/16:0, tyrosine, and 5'-methylthioadenosine with MetRisk z-score were found. CONCLUSIONS Metabolites on lipid, amino acid, and carbohydrate metabolism pathways are associated with metabolic risk in girls. Compounds on lipid and DNA pathways correspond with metabolic risk in boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Perng
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Emily C. Hector
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Peter X.K. Song
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Martha Maria Tellez Rojo
- Center for Research on Nutrition and Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Sasha Raskind
- Michigan Regional Comprehensive Metabolomics Resource Core, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Maureen Kachman
- Michigan Regional Comprehensive Metabolomics Resource Core, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alejandra Cantoral
- Center for Research on Nutrition and Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Charles F. Burant
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Michigan Regional Comprehensive Metabolomics Resource Core, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Karen E. Peterson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Lu G, Wang L, Zhou AH, Han YL, Zhou J, Guo JJ, Song PX, Zhou HY, Cong H, Hou M, He SY. Structural and antigenic analysis and cloning of surface antigen protein 5 in Toxoplasma gondii. Trop Biomed 2016; 33:675-688. [PMID: 33579064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is identified as an obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasite that infects warm blooded animals and humans worldwide. SAG5 protein includes SAG5A, -5B, -5C, -5D, and -5E five subtypes. SAG5A, -5B, -5C, and -5D are expressed on the surface of Toxoplasma gondii. In this study, we used online T-Coffee tool to analyze SAG5 proteins sequence alignment. SMART software was used to predict secondary structures of SAG5A, -5B, -5C, and -5D. The 3D models of SAG5 proteins were constructed and analyzed with SWISS-MODEL server and VMD software. Results indicated that SAG5A, -5B, -5C, and -5D are highly homologous proteins. Furthermore, liner-B cell epitopes and Th-cell epitopes of the four proteins were predicted using DNAMAN software and Epitope Database online service. The bioinformatics analysis of SAG5A, -5B, -5C, and -5D proteins could provide valuable information on prevention and treatment of toxoplasmosis. In addition, the four genes were obtained by PCR and inserted into an eukaryotic expression vector pEGFP-C1 respectively. Identified by restriction enzyme digestion, the four recombinant plasmids were transfected into HEK 293-T cells and tested by RT-PCR. Results showed that the constructed plasmids were all transfected to HEK 293-T cells successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lu
- Department of Parasitology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, Peoples Republic of China
| | - L Wang
- Department of Ji Nan Children's Hospital, 250022, Jinan, Shandong Province, Peoples Republic of China
| | - A H Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong University School of Medicine, 250021, Jinan, Shandong Province, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Y L Han
- Department of Parasitology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, Peoples Republic of China
| | - J Zhou
- Department of Parasitology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, Peoples Republic of China
| | - J J Guo
- Department of Parasitology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, Peoples Republic of China
| | - P X Song
- Department of Parasitology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, Peoples Republic of China
| | - H Y Zhou
- Department of Parasitology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, Peoples Republic of China
| | - H Cong
- Department of Parasitology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, Peoples Republic of China
| | - M Hou
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, China
| | - S Y He
- Department of Parasitology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, Peoples Republic of China
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Wang XX, Song PX, Wu H, Xue JX, Zhong X, Zhang LY. Effects of Graded Levels of Isomaltooligosaccharides on the Performance, Immune Function and Intestinal Status of Weaned Pigs. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2016; 29:250-6. [PMID: 26732450 PMCID: PMC4698705 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.15.0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of graded levels of isomaltooligosaccharides (IMO) on the performance, immune function and intestinal microflora and intestinal mucosal morphology of weaned pigs. In a 28-day experiment, one hundred eighty, twenty eight-day-old, crossbred (Duroc×Large White×Landrace), weaned pigs, with an initial body weight of 8.19±1.45 kg, were fed either an unsupplemented corn-soybean meal based diet or similar diets supplemented with 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, or 0.8% IMO added at the expense of corn. Each treatment was replicated six times with six pigs (three barrows and three gilts) per pen. From day 0 to 14, weight gain was linearly increased (p<0.05), while gain:feed (p<0.05) was linearly improved and diarrhea rate (p = 0.05) linearly declined as the IMO level increased. On d 14, the level of the immunoglobulins IgA, IgM, and IgG in the serum of pigs were linearly increased (p<0.05) with increasing IMO supplementation. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) was linearly (p<0.05) and quadratically (p<0.05) decreased as IMO intake increased. From day 15 to 28, there was a trend for weight gain to be linearly increased, and IL-2 was linearly (p<0.05) increased as IMO supplementation increased on d 28. Over the entire experiment, weight gain was linearly increased (p<0.05), while gain:feed (p<0.05) was linearly improved and diarrhea rate (p<0.05) was linearly decreased as the IMO level increased. Supplementation with IMO had no effect on the intestinal microflora of pigs in the ileum and cecum of pigs, as well as the villus height and crypt depth in the ileum and jejunum (p>0.05). These results indicate that dietary inclusion of IMO increases weight gain, gain:feed and enhanced the immune status of pigs, and could be a valuable feed additive for use in weaned pigs, particularly during the period immediately after weaning.
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Abstract
Incomplete repeated measurement data often arise in medical studies. A problem that has recently drawn much attention in the literature in this situation is that the incompleteness or missingness is informative or related to the underlying variable of interest. In this paper we propose a non-parametric global test for treatment comparison in the presence of informative incompleteness. A semi-parametric regression model is also presented for assessing conditional treatment effects given the drop-out patterns, adopting the idea similar to that behind the pattern-mixture modelling approach and discussed in Shih and Quan. The proposed methods can be easily implemented and are conceptually simple and similar too, but can be applied to more general cases than those given in Yao et al. They are evaluated by numerical studies and applied to data from a clinical trial of adult schizophrenics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sun
- Department of Statistics, University of Missouri-Columbia, 222 Math Sciences Building, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Abstract
Continuous proportional data arise when the response of interest is a percentage between zero and one, e.g., the percentage of decrease in renal function at different follow-up times from the baseline. In this paper, we propose methods to directly model the marginal means of the longitudinal proportional responses using the simplex distribution of Barndorff-Nielsen and Jørgensen that takes into account the fact that such responses are percentages restricted between zero and one and may as well have large dispersion. Parameters in such a marginal model are estimated using an extended version of the generalized estimating equations where the score vector is a nonlinear function of the observed response. The method is illustrated with an ophthalmology study on the use of intraocular gas in retinal repair surgeries.
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Affiliation(s)
- P X Song
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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