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Erwin P, Donington J. Oncologic endpoints and implication of trial design in the era of immunotherapy for resectable non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2022; 165:1949-1953. [PMID: 36528434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2022.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Kent J, Erwin P, Haraf D, Liao CY, Durham J, Angelos P, Agrawal N, Baird BJ, Madariaga MLL. Laryngotracheal resection after B-Raf proto-oncogene inhibition for anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Ann Thorac Surg 2022; 115:e117-e120. [PMID: 35504360 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2022.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is a rare but aggressive neoplasm that often presents as advanced inoperable disease. Patients with B-Raf proto-oncogene (BRAF) v600e mutated ATC who receive neoadjuvant Dabrafenib/Trametinib have improved rates of microscopically margin negative resection and durable locoregional control. However, this has not been evaluated in the setting of tracheal resection and primary reconstruction. Here we demonstrate the safety and efficacy of laryngotracheal resection and reconstruction after Dabrafenib/Trametinib for locoregionally advanced BRAF v600e mutated ATC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan Kent
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
| | - Philip Erwin
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Daniel Haraf
- Department of Radiation & Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Chih-Yi Liao
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Joseph Durham
- Ingalls Hyperbaric and Wound Care Center, Harvey, Illinois
| | - Peter Angelos
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Nishant Agrawal
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Erwin P, Ham PB, Mentzer CJ, Hatley RM, Pipkin WL, Howell CG, Walters KC. Familial Intussusception—Younger Age at Presentation, Male Predisposition, More Difficult to Reduce Radiographically, and More Likely to Recur. Am Surg 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/000313481708300920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Erwin
- Department of Surgery Augusta University Augusta, Georgia
| | - P. Benson Ham
- Department of Surgery Augusta University Augusta, Georgia
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Erwin P, Ham PB, Mentzer CJ, Hatley RM, Pipkin WL, Howell CG, Walters KC. Familial Intussusception-Younger Age at Presentation, Male Predisposition, More Difficult to Reduce Radiographically, and More Likely to Recur. Am Surg 2017; 83:e392-e395. [PMID: 30454365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Erwin
- Department of Surgery, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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Singh Ospina N, Maraka S, Rodriguez-Gutierrez R, Espinosa de Ycaza AE, Jasim S, Gionfriddo M, Castaneda-Guarderas A, Brito JP, Al Nofal A, Erwin P, Wermers R, Montori V. Comparative efficacy of parathyroidectomy and active surveillance in patients with mild primary hyperparathyroidism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int 2016; 27:3395-3407. [PMID: 27562567 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-016-3715-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Counseling for patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) and mild hypercalcemia without indications for surgical intervention requires accurate estimates of the potential benefits of parathyroidectomy. We aim to summarize the available evidence regarding the benefits of parathyroidectomy that patients with mild PHPT without indications for surgery experience compared to observation. We searched multiple databases from inception to August 2015. We included randomized controlled trials (RCT) and observational studies that evaluated changes in bone health, quality of life or neuropsychiatric symptoms, or in the risk of nephrolithiasis, cardiovascular events, or death between patients undergoing parathyroidectomy or active surveillance. Eight studies were eligible. Risk differences were not significant, in part due to lack of events (fractures, nephrolithiasis, cardiovascular events, or deaths). No significant differences were observed across measures of bone health, quality of life, and neuropsychiatric symptoms. A single RCT evaluating bone mineral density (BMD) changes at 5 years found a small statistically significant effect favoring parathyroidectomy. Patients with mild PHPT without indications for surgery experience a limited number of adverse consequences during short-term follow-up limiting our ability to estimate the benefit of surgery during this timeframe. This information is helpful as these patients consider surgery versus active surveillance. Long-term data is warranted to determine who benefits in the long run from surgical intervention and the extent to which this benefit affects outcomes that matter to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Singh Ospina
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - S Maraka
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - R Rodriguez-Gutierrez
- Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Endocrinology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Dr. Jose E. Gonzalez, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - A E Espinosa de Ycaza
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - S Jasim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - M Gionfriddo
- Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - A Castaneda-Guarderas
- Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Unidad de Conocimiento y Evidencia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - J P Brito
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - A Al Nofal
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Sanford Children's specialty Clinic, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - P Erwin
- Mayo Medical Libraries, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - R Wermers
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - V Montori
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
- Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Anderson J, Puls H, Gilani W, Barrionuevo P, Hess E, Erwin P, Murad M, Bellolio M. 324 Pediatric Laryngospasm and Airway Interventions During Ketamine Procedural Sedation in the Emergency Department. Ann Emerg Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2015.07.360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Davies RI, Maciejewski W, Hicks EKS, Emsellem E, Erwin P, Burtscher L, Dumas G, Lin M, Malkan MA, Müller-Sánchez F, Orban de Xivry G, Rosario DJ, Schnorr-Müller A, Tran A. FUELING ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI. II. SPATIALLY RESOLVED MOLECULAR INFLOWS AND OUTFLOWS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1088/0004-637x/792/2/101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Shin A, Camilleri M, Kolar G, Erwin P, West CP, Murad MH. Systematic review with meta-analysis: highly selective 5-HT4 agonists (prucalopride, velusetrag or naronapride) in chronic constipation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014; 39:239-53. [PMID: 24308797 DOI: 10.1111/apt.12571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Highly selective 5-HT4 agonists have been suggested for the treatment of chronic constipation (CC). AIM To assess the effects of highly selective 5-HT4 agonists (prucalopride, velusetrag or naronapride) on patient-important clinical efficacy outcomes and safety in adults with CC. METHODS We searched the medical literature in January 2013 using MEDLINE/Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science/Scopus for randomised, controlled trials of highly selective 5-HT4 agonists in adults with CC, with no minimum duration of therapy (maximum 12 weeks) or date limitations. Data were extracted from intention-to-treat analyses, pooled using a random-effects model, and reported as relative risk (RR), mean differences, or standardised mean differences with 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS Main outcomes included stool frequency, Patient-Assessment of Constipation Quality of Life (PAC-QOL), PAC of symptoms (PAC-SYM) and adverse events. Thirteen eligible trials were identified: 11 prucalopride, 1 velusetrag, 1 naronapride. Relative to control, treatment with highly selective 5-HT4 agonists was superior for all outcomes: mean ≥3 spontaneous complete bowel movements (SCBM)/week (RR = 1.85; 95% CI 1.23-2.79); mean ≥1 SCBM over baseline (RR = 1.57; 95% CI 1.19, 2.06); ≥1 point improvement in PAC-QOL and PAC-SYM scores. The only active comparator trial of prucalopride and PEG3350 suggested PEG3350 is more efficacious for some end points. Adverse events were more common with highly selective 5-HT4 agonists, but were generally minor; headache was the most frequent. Most trials studied prucalopride. CONCLUSION Demonstration of efficacy on patient-important outcomes and a favourable safety profile support the continued use and development of highly selective 5-HT4 agonists in the treatment of chronic constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Shin
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Schöller B, Erwin P, Brandenburg U, Penzel T. ERFASSUNG VON ATEMFLUß- UND SCHNARCHSIGNAL MIT NASALBRILLE UND DRUCKSENSOR ZUR BEURTEILUNG DES OBSTRUKTIVEN SCHLAF-APNOE-SYNDROMS. BIOMED ENG-BIOMED TE 2009. [DOI: 10.1515/bmte.2000.45.s1.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Hellerstein
- Section of Nephrology, Children’s Mercy Hospital, University of Missouri School of Medicine at Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - M. Berenbom
- Section of Nephrology, Children’s Mercy Hospital, University of Missouri School of Medicine at Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - P. Erwin
- Section of Nephrology, Children’s Mercy Hospital, University of Missouri School of Medicine at Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - N. Wilson
- Section of Nephrology, Children’s Mercy Hospital, University of Missouri School of Medicine at Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - S. DiMaggio
- Section of Nephrology, Children’s Mercy Hospital, University of Missouri School of Medicine at Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
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Parks RW, Halliday MI, McCrory DC, Erwin P, Smye M, Diamond T, Rowlands BJ. Host immune responses and intestinal permeability in patients with jaundice. Br J Surg 2003; 90:239-45. [PMID: 12555304 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.4029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic endotoxaemia is implicated in the development of complications associated with obstructive jaundice. The aims of these studies were to assess the systemic immune response to intervention in patients with jaundice and to compare the effects of surgical and non-surgical biliary drainage on host immune function and gut barrier function. METHODS In the first study, 18 jaundiced and 12 control patients were studied to assess systemic immune responses before and after intervention. In the second study, immune responses and gut barrier function were assessed following surgical and non-operative biliary decompression in 45 patients with jaundice. RESULTS Endotoxin antibody concentrations fell significantly in patients with jaundice immediately after surgical intervention, but not after non-operative biliary drainage. This decrease was associated with a significant increase in serum P(55) soluble tumour necrosis factor (sTNF) receptor concentration (5.3 versus 10.5 ng/ml; P < 0.001), urinary excretion of P(55) TNF receptors (21.4 versus 78.8 ng/ml; P = 0.002) and intestinal permeability (lactulose : mannitol ratio 0.032 versus 0.082; P = 0.048). Intestinal permeability was significantly increased in patients with jaundice compared with controls (0.033 versus 0.015; P = 0.002). CONCLUSION These data suggest that obstructive jaundice is associated with impaired gut barrier function and activation of host immune function that is exacerbated by intervention. Surgery causes an exaggerated pathophysiological disturbance not seen with non-operative biliary drainage procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Parks
- Department of Surgery, Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.
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Abstract
A total of 637 timed-urine collections for creatinine excretion rates obtained from 295 children over 14 years have been analyzed. The children ranged in age from 2.8 to 21.7 years at the time of the clearance study. The data analyzed included only one study from a child during any 6-month period. The objective is to provide data defining the expected range of creatinine excretion for renal clearance studies. One hundred forty-two studies were conducted on children not pretreated with cimetidine and 495 on those pretreated with cimetidine. Analysis showed that pretreatment with cimetidine for creatinine clearance studies does not alter creatinine excretion rates (P=0.080; 95% CI -0.03 to 1.61). Creatinine excretion rates in urine collections obtained at home (roughly 24-h collections) were compared with 2-h supervised collections in the Children's Kidney Center. The supervised urine collections resulted in creatinine excretion rates 1.38 mg/kg/24 h greater than home collections (P=0.001; 95% CI 0.76-2.00). Using regression equations for creatinine excretion rate with age, tables have been prepared showing the expected rate of creatinine excretion for renal clearance studies in children 3-21 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hellerstein
- Section of Nephrology, The Children's Mercy Hospital, The University of Missouri at Kansas City School of Medicine, 64108, USA
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Wellik KE, Larsen KE, Erwin P. MAVEN at the Mayo Clinic. Med Ref Serv Q 2001; 18:57-68. [PMID: 11299531 DOI: 10.1300/j115v18n04_06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K E Wellik
- Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Endotoxaemia is implicated in the pathophysiology of obstructive jaundice. The EndoCab enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a novel assay which measures endogenous antibody (IgG) to the inner core region of circulating endotoxins (ACGA). AIMS To investigate the significance of endotoxaemia in biliary obstruction using the EndoCab assay and assess the specificity of the humoral response to endotoxin compared with an exogenous antigenic challenge (tetanus toxoid, TT). METHODS Three groups of adult male Wistar rats were studied: no operation, sham operation, and bile duct ligation for 21 days (BDL). In the second study, rats rats received prior immunisation with TT. RESULTS In the preliminary experiment, plasma ACGA was significantly increased in the BDL group (306.6 (18.3)% versus 119.9 (6.7)% and 105.2 (4.6)% in the sham and no operation groups, respectively; p < 0.001). Although the mean endotoxin concentration in the BDL group was greater than that in the control groups this was not significant. There was a strong positive correlation between ACGA and endotoxin concentrations (p = 0.0021). In the second study mean ACGA after 21 days of BDL was significantly elevated (267.1 (31.2)% versus 101.6 (21.2)% at baseline, p < 0.0001). ACGA was unaffected in the other two groups. TT antibody concentrations fell in all three groups; only in the BDL group was the fall significant (97.6 (5.3)% versus 78.8 (4.2)% at baseline, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The specific rise in ACGA supports the hypothesis that endotoxin has an integral role in the pathophysiology of obstructive jaundice. The production of anticore glycolipid antibodies specifically reflects systemic endotoxaemia in this model. The EndoCab assay provides a novel, sensitive, and specific method for endotoxin detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- W D Clements
- Department of Surgery, Queen's University of Belfast
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Gram negative septic events are the commonest source of morbidity and mortality as a result of surgery in jaundiced patients. The large intestine provides the major source of Gram negative bacteria in mammals and is implicated in the pathogenesis of systemic endotoxaemia in obstructive jaundice. Bile salts have an important part in maintaining indigenous microecological homeostasis through their emulsifying properties. AIMS The aim was to investigate the effects of biliary obstruction and isolated external biliary diversion on gastro-intestinal structure and caecal bacterial flora in relation to bacterial translocation. METHOD Six groups of adult male Wistar rats were studied (no operation, sham operated, and bile duct ligated (BDL) for one and three weeks and a choledocho-vesical fistula (CDVF) for one week). At the end of the study period plasma was assayed for evidence of endotoxaemia and the animals were tested for bacterial translocation to the mesenteric lymph node complex (MLNC), liver, lungs, and spleen. Quantitative and qualitative bacteriological studies were performed on the caecal contents and segments of colon and terminal ileum were washed and prepared for histological assessment. RESULTS Bacterial translocation was significantly increased in the BDL1 (68.8%) and BDL3 (60%) groups compared with the sham1 (6.3%), sham3 (9.1%), No operation (0%), and CDVF1 (16.7%) groups. Although translocation was more pronounced in the BDL1 group, this was almost exclusively to the MLNC compared with the more widespread translocation to other organs in the BDL3 group. The BDL3 group was the only group with significantly raised concentrations of endotoxin and anticore glycolipid. The caecal Gram negative aerobic counts were significantly increased in the BDL1 and CDVF1 groups compared with all other groups. There was evidence of structural abnormalities in the terminal ileum of rats jaundiced for three weeks, but not in the other groups. CONCLUSIONS Biliary obstruction for one and three weeks promotes bacterial translocation although the mechanisms may be different. Absence of intralumenal bile results in a significant but self limiting increase in the Gram negative aerobic population, which may account for translocation in the early stages of biliary obstruction. As the duration of biliary obstruction increases systemic endotoxaemia is a consistent feature which, combined with factors such as immunological depression and physical disruption of gut barrier function, may promote bacterial translocation perpetuating systemic sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W D Clements
- Department of Surgery, Queens University of Belfast, UK
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Jaundiced patients undergoing surgical procedures have an increased risk of Gram negative sepsis with potential morbidity and mortality. Depressed Kupffer cell clearance capacity (KCCC) predisposes jaundiced patients to endotoxaemia and its sequelae. Biliary decompression remains the main therapeutic strategy in obstructive jaundice. AIMS This study investigates the efficacy of internal (ID) and external biliary drainage (ED) on KCCC in an experimental model of extrahepatic biliary obstruction. METHODS Adult male Wistar rats (250-300 g) were assigned to one of six groups: sham operated, where the bile duct was mobilised but not divided; bile duct ligation (BDL) for three weeks, and sham operated or BDL for three weeks followed by a second laparotomy and further 21 days of ID or ED, by way of choledochoduodenostomy or choledochovesical fistula respectively. KCCC was measured using an isolated hepatic perfusion technique with FITC labelled latex particles (0.75 mu) as the test probe. Plasma was assayed for bilirubin, endotoxin, and anticore glycolipid antibody (ACGA) concentrations. RESULTS Jaundiced rats had reduced KCCC (p < 0.001), increased concentrations of ACGA (p < 0.001), and endotoxin (p < 0.001) compared with controls. Biliary drainage for three weeks produced a recovery in KCCC and normalisation of endotoxin and ACGA concentrations, however, external drainage was less effective than ID (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS These data support the hypothesis that endotoxaemia and its mediated effects are integral in the pathophysiology of jaundice. Furthermore, a short period of internal biliary drainage is a useful therapeutic strategy in restoring Kupffer cell function and negating systemic endotoxaemia and consequent complications in biliary obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- W D Clements
- Department of Surgery, Queen's University of Belfast
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Clements WDB, McCaigue M, Erwin P, Halliday I, Rowlands BJ. 5. Biliary decompression promotes Kupffer cell recovery in obstructive jaundice. Am J Surg 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0002-9610(94)90137-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Erwin P. The heterogeneity of antibodies with respect to equilibrium constants Calculation by a new method using delta functions, and analysis of the results. Mol Immunol 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/0161-5890(76)90123-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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