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Nick HJ, Johnson CA, Stewart AR, Christeson SE, Bloomquist LA, Appel AS, Donkor AB, Veress LA, Logue BA, Bratcher PE, White CW. Mesna Improves Outcomes of Sulfur Mustard Inhalation Toxicity in an Acute Rat Model. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 388:576-585. [PMID: 37541763 PMCID: PMC10801720 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhalation of high levels of sulfur mustard (SM), a potent vesicating and alkylating agent used in chemical warfare, results in acutely lethal pulmonary damage. Sodium 2-mercaptoethane sulfonate (mesna) is an organosulfur compound that is currently Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved for decreasing the toxicity of mustard-derived chemotherapeutic alkylating agents like ifosfamide and cyclophosphamide. The nucleophilic thiol of mesna is a suitable reactant for the neutralization of the electrophilic group of toxic mustard intermediates. In a rat model of SM inhalation, treatment with mesna (three doses: 300 mg/kg intraperitoneally 20 minutes, 4 hours, and 8 hours postexposure) afforded 74% survival at 48 hours, compared with 0% survival at less than 17 hours in the untreated and vehicle-treated control groups. Protection from cardiopulmonary failure by mesna was demonstrated by improved peripheral oxygen saturation and increased heart rate through 48 hours. Additionally, mesna normalized arterial pH and pACO2 Airway fibrin cast formation was decreased by more than 66% in the mesna-treated group at 9 hour after exposure compared with the vehicle group. Finally, analysis of mixtures of a mustard agent and mesna by a 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) assay and high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry demonstrate a direct reaction between the compounds. This study provides evidence that mesna is an efficacious, inexpensive, FDA-approved candidate antidote for SM exposure. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Despite the use of sulfur mustard (SM) as a chemical weapon for over 100 years, an ideal drug candidate for treatment after real-world exposure situations has not yet been identified. Utilizing a uniformly lethal animal model, the results of the present study demonstrate that sodium 2-mercaptoethane sulfonate is a promising candidate for repurposing as an antidote, decreasing airway obstruction and improving pulmonary gas exchange, tissue oxygen delivery, and survival following high level SM inhalation exposure, and warrants further consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi J Nick
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado (H.J.N., S.E.C., P.E.B.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (H.J.N., C.A.J., A.R.S., S.E.C., L.A.B., L.A.V., P.E.B., C.W.W.); and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota (A.S.A., A.B.D., B.A.L.)
| | - Carly A Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado (H.J.N., S.E.C., P.E.B.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (H.J.N., C.A.J., A.R.S., S.E.C., L.A.B., L.A.V., P.E.B., C.W.W.); and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota (A.S.A., A.B.D., B.A.L.)
| | - Amber R Stewart
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado (H.J.N., S.E.C., P.E.B.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (H.J.N., C.A.J., A.R.S., S.E.C., L.A.B., L.A.V., P.E.B., C.W.W.); and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota (A.S.A., A.B.D., B.A.L.)
| | - Sarah E Christeson
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado (H.J.N., S.E.C., P.E.B.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (H.J.N., C.A.J., A.R.S., S.E.C., L.A.B., L.A.V., P.E.B., C.W.W.); and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota (A.S.A., A.B.D., B.A.L.)
| | - Leslie A Bloomquist
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado (H.J.N., S.E.C., P.E.B.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (H.J.N., C.A.J., A.R.S., S.E.C., L.A.B., L.A.V., P.E.B., C.W.W.); and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota (A.S.A., A.B.D., B.A.L.)
| | - Amanda S Appel
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado (H.J.N., S.E.C., P.E.B.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (H.J.N., C.A.J., A.R.S., S.E.C., L.A.B., L.A.V., P.E.B., C.W.W.); and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota (A.S.A., A.B.D., B.A.L.)
| | - Abigail B Donkor
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado (H.J.N., S.E.C., P.E.B.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (H.J.N., C.A.J., A.R.S., S.E.C., L.A.B., L.A.V., P.E.B., C.W.W.); and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota (A.S.A., A.B.D., B.A.L.)
| | - Livia A Veress
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado (H.J.N., S.E.C., P.E.B.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (H.J.N., C.A.J., A.R.S., S.E.C., L.A.B., L.A.V., P.E.B., C.W.W.); and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota (A.S.A., A.B.D., B.A.L.)
| | - Brian A Logue
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado (H.J.N., S.E.C., P.E.B.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (H.J.N., C.A.J., A.R.S., S.E.C., L.A.B., L.A.V., P.E.B., C.W.W.); and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota (A.S.A., A.B.D., B.A.L.)
| | - Preston E Bratcher
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado (H.J.N., S.E.C., P.E.B.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (H.J.N., C.A.J., A.R.S., S.E.C., L.A.B., L.A.V., P.E.B., C.W.W.); and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota (A.S.A., A.B.D., B.A.L.)
| | - Carl W White
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado (H.J.N., S.E.C., P.E.B.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (H.J.N., C.A.J., A.R.S., S.E.C., L.A.B., L.A.V., P.E.B., C.W.W.); and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota (A.S.A., A.B.D., B.A.L.)
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Hinds DM, Nick HJ, Vallin TM, Bloomquist LA, Christeson S, Bratcher PE, Cooper EH, Brinton JT, Bosco-Lauth A, White CW. Acute vaping in a golden Syrian hamster causes inflammatory response transcriptomic changes. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2022; 323:L525-L535. [PMID: 36041220 PMCID: PMC9602905 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00162.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
E-cigarette vaping is a major aspect of nicotine consumption, especially for children and young adults. Although it is branded as a safer alternative to cigarette smoking, murine and rat models of subacute and chronic e-cigarette vaping exposure have shown many proinflammatory changes in the respiratory tract. An acute vaping exposure paradigm has not been demonstrated in the golden Syrian hamster, and the hamster is a readily available small animal model that has the unique benefit of becoming infected with and transmitting respiratory viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, without genetic alteration of the animal or virus. Using a 2-day, whole body vaping exposure protocol in male golden Syrian hamsters, we evaluated serum cotinine, bronchoalveolar lavage cells, lung, and nasal histopathology, and gene expression in the nasopharynx and lung through reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Depending on the presence of nonnormality or outliers, statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis tests. For tests that were statistically significant (P < 0.05), post hoc Tukey-Kramer and Dunn's tests, respectively, were performed to make pairwise comparisons between groups. In nasal tissue, RT-qPCR analysis revealed nicotine-dependent increases in gene expression associated with type 1 inflammation (CCL-5 and CXCL-10), fibrosis [transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)], nicotine-independent increase oxidative stress response (SOD-2), and a nicotine-independent decrease in vasculogenesis/angiogenesis (VEGF-A). In the lung, nicotine-dependent increases in the expression of genes involved in the renin-angiotensin pathway [angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), ACE2], coagulation (tissue factor, Serpine-1), extracellular matrix remodeling (MMP-2, MMP-9), type 1 inflammation (IL-1β, TNF-α, and CXCL-10), fibrosis (TGF-β and Serpine-1), oxidative stress response (SOD-2), neutrophil extracellular traps release (ELANE), and vasculogenesis and angiogenesis (VEGF-A) were identified. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that the Syrian hamster is a viable model of e-cigarette vaping. In addition, this is the first report that e-cigarette vaping with nicotine can increase tissue factor gene expression in the lung. Our results show that even an acute exposure to e-cigarette vaping causes significant upregulation of mRNAs in the respiratory tract from pathways involving the renin-angiotensin system, coagulation, extracellular matrix remodeling, type 1 inflammation, fibrosis, oxidative stress response, neutrophil extracellular trap release (NETosis), vasculogenesis, and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M. Hinds
- 1Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Heidi J. Nick
- 2Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado,3Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Tessa M. Vallin
- 2Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Leslie A. Bloomquist
- 2Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Sarah Christeson
- 2Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Preston E. Bratcher
- 2Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado,3Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Emily H. Cooper
- 2Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - John T. Brinton
- 2Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado,4Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Angela Bosco-Lauth
- 5Biomedical Sciences Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Carl W. White
- 2Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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Kotas ME, Moore CM, Gurrola JG, Pletcher SD, Goldberg AN, Alvarez R, Yamato S, Bratcher PE, Shaughnessy CA, Zeitlin PL, Zhang IH, Li Y, Montgomery MT, Lee K, Cope EK, Locksley RM, Seibold MA, Gordon ED. IL-13-programmed airway tuft cells produce PGE2, which promotes CFTR-dependent mucociliary function. JCI Insight 2022; 7:e159832. [PMID: 35608904 PMCID: PMC9310525 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.159832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic type 2 (T2) inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract are characterized by mucus overproduction and disordered mucociliary function, which are largely attributed to the effects of IL-13 on common epithelial cell types (mucus secretory and ciliated cells). The role of rare cells in airway T2 inflammation is less clear, though tuft cells have been shown to be critical in the initiation of T2 immunity in the intestine. Using bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing of airway epithelium and mouse modeling, we found that IL-13 expanded and programmed airway tuft cells toward eicosanoid metabolism and that tuft cell deficiency led to a reduction in airway prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) concentration. Allergic airway epithelia bore a signature of PGE2 activation, and PGE2 activation led to cystic fibrosis transmembrane receptor-dependent ion and fluid secretion and accelerated mucociliary transport. These data reveal a role for tuft cells in regulating epithelial mucociliary function in the allergic airway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya E. Kotas
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Camille M. Moore
- Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jose G. Gurrola
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Steven D. Pletcher
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Surgical Service, ENT Section, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Andrew N. Goldberg
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Raquel Alvarez
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sheyla Yamato
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Preston E. Bratcher
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Pamela L. Zeitlin
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Irene H. Zhang
- Center for Applied Microbiome Sciences, Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Yingchun Li
- Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Michael T. Montgomery
- Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Keehoon Lee
- Center for Applied Microbiome Sciences, Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Emily K. Cope
- Center for Applied Microbiome Sciences, Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Richard M. Locksley
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Max A. Seibold
- Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Erin D. Gordon
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Shaughnessy CA, Yadav S, Bratcher PE, Zeitlin PL. Receptor-mediated activation of CFTR via prostaglandin signaling pathways in the airway. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2022; 322:L305-L314. [PMID: 35020527 PMCID: PMC8858663 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00388.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease caused by mutations of the gene encoding a cAMP-activated Cl- channel, the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). CFTR modulator therapies consist of small-molecule drugs that rescue mutant CFTR. Regimens of single or combinations of CFTR modulators still rely on endogenous levels of cAMP to regulate CFTR activity. We investigated CFTR activation by the natural mediator prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and lubiprostone (a Food and Drug Administration-approved drug known to target prostaglandin receptors) and tested the hypothesis that receptor-mediated CFTR activators can be used in combination with currently available CFTR modulators to increase function of mutant CFTR. Primary-cultured airway epithelia were assayed in Ussing chambers. Experimental CFTR activators and established CFTR modulators were applied for 24 h and/or acutely and analyzed for their effect on CFTR activity as measured by changes in short-circuit current (ISC). In non-CF airway epithelia, acute application of lubiprostone and PGE2 activated CFTR to the levels comparable to forskolin (Fsk). Pretreatment (24 h) with antagonists to prostaglandin receptors EP2 and EP4 abolished the ability of lubiprostone to acutely activate CFTR. In F508del homozygous airway epithelia pretreated with the triple combination of elexacaftor, tezacaftor, and ivacaftor (ELEXA/TEZ/IVA; i.e., Trikafta), acute application of lubiprostone was able to maximally activate CFTR. Prolonged (24 h) cotreatment of F508del homozygous epithelia with ELEXA/TEZ/IVA and lubiprostone increased acute CFTR activation by ∼60% compared with the treatment with ELEXA/TEZ/IVA alone. This work establishes the feasibility of targeting prostaglandin receptors to activate CFTR on the airway epithelia and demonstrates that cotreatment with lubiprostone can further restore modulator-rescued CFTR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sangya Yadav
- 1Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Preston E. Bratcher
- 1Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado,2Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Pamela L. Zeitlin
- 1Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado,2Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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Shaughnessy CA, Zeitlin PL, Bratcher PE. Net benefit of ivacaftor during prolonged tezacaftor/elexacaftor exposure in vitro. J Cyst Fibros 2022; 21:637-643. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2022.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Shaughnessy CA, Zeitlin PL, Bratcher PE. Author Correction: Elexacaftor is a CFTR potentiator and acts synergistically with ivacaftor during acute and chronic treatment. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21295. [PMID: 34697341 PMCID: PMC8546072 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00539-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pamela L Zeitlin
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Preston E Bratcher
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
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Shaughnessy CA, Zeitlin PL, Bratcher PE. Elexacaftor is a CFTR potentiator and acts synergistically with ivacaftor during acute and chronic treatment. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19810. [PMID: 34615919 PMCID: PMC8494914 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99184-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), which lead to early death due to progressive lung disease. The development of small-molecule modulators that directly interact with CFTR to aid in protein folding (“correctors”) and/or increase channel function (“potentiators”) have proven to be highly effective in the therapeutic treatment of CF. Notably, incorporation of the next-generation CFTR corrector, elexacaftor, into a triple combination therapeutic (marketed as Trikafta) has shown tremendous clinical promise in treating CF caused by F508del-CFTR. Here, we report on a newly-described role of elexacaftor as a CFTR potentiator. We explore the acute and chronic actions, pharmacology, and efficacy of elexacaftor as a CFTR potentiator in restoring function to multiple classes of CFTR mutations. We demonstrate that the potentiating action of elexacaftor exhibits multiplicative synergy with the established CFTR potentiator ivacaftor in rescuing multiple CFTR class defects, indicating that a new combination therapeutic of ivacaftor and elexacaftor could have broad impact on CF therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pamela L Zeitlin
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Preston E Bratcher
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
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Bratcher PE, Yadav S, Shaughnessy CA, Thornell IM, Zeitlin PL. Effect of apical chloride concentration on the measurement of responses to CFTR modulation in airway epithelia cultured from nasal brushings. Physiol Rep 2021; 8:e14603. [PMID: 33038073 PMCID: PMC7547589 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION One method for assessing the in vitro response to CFTR-modulating compounds is by analysis of epithelial monolayers in an Ussing chamber, where the apical and basolateral surfaces are isolated and the potential difference, short-circuit current, and transepithelial resistance can be monitored. The effect of a chloride ion gradient across airway epithelia on transepithelial chloride transport and the magnitude of CFTR modulator efficacy were examined. METHODS CFTR-mediated changes in the potential difference and transepithelial currents of primary human nasal epithelial cell cultures were quantified in Ussing chambers with either symmetrical solutions or reduced chloride solutions in the apical chamber. CFTR activity in homozygous F508del CFTR epithelia was rescued by treatment with VX-661, C4/C18, 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA) for 24 hr at 37°C or by incubation at 29°C for 48 hr. RESULTS Imposing a chloride gradient increased CFTR-mediated and CaCC-mediated ion transport. Treatment of F508del CFTR homozygous cells with CFTR modulating compounds increased CFTR activity, which was significantly more evident in the presence of a chloride gradient. This observation was recapitulated with temperature-mediated F508del CFTR correction. CONCLUSIONS Imposing a chloride gradient during Ussing chamber measurements resulted in increased CFTR-mediated ion transport in expanded non-CF and F508del CFTR homozygous epithelia. In F508del CFTR homozygous epithelia, the magnitude of response to CFTR modulating compounds or low temperature was greater when assayed with a chloride gradient compared to symmetrical chloride, resulting in an apparent increase in measured efficacy. Future work may direct which methodologies utilized to quantify CFTR modulator response in vitro are most appropriate for the estimation of in vivo efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preston E Bratcher
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Anschutz Medical Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sangya Yadav
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | | | - Ian M Thornell
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Pamela L Zeitlin
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Anschutz Medical Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
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Yadav S, Shaughnessy CA, Zeitlin PL, Bratcher PE. Downregulation of epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) activity in human airway epithelia after low temperature incubation. BMJ Open Respir Res 2021; 8:8/1/e000861. [PMID: 33622672 PMCID: PMC7907861 DOI: 10.1136/bmjresp-2020-000861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The incubation of airway epithelia cells at low temperatures is a common in vitro experimental approach used in the field of cystic fibrosis (CF) research to thermo-stabilise F508del-CFTR and increase its functional expression. Given that the airway epithelium includes numerous ion transporters other than CFTR, we hypothesised that there was an impact of low temperature incubation on CFTR-independent ionoregulatory mechanisms in airway epithelia derived from individuals with and without CF. Methods After differentiation at the air–liquid interface, nasal epithelia were incubated at either 37°C or 29°C (low temperature) for 48 hours prior to analysis in an Ussing chamber. Results While F508del-CFTR activity was increased after low temperature incubation, activity of CFTR in non-CF epithelia was unchanged. Importantly, cultures incubated at 29°C demonstrated decreased transepithelial potential difference (TEPD) and short-circuit currents (Isc) at baseline. The predominant factor contributing to the reduced baseline TEPD and Isc in 29°C cultures was the reduced activity of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), evidenced by a reduced responsiveness to amiloride. This effect was observed in cells derived from both non-CF and CF donors. Discussion Significant transcriptional downregulation of ENaC subunits β and γ were observed, which may partially explain the decreased ENaC activity. We speculate that low temperature incubation may be a useful experimental paradigm to reduce ENaC activity in in vitro epithelial cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangya Yadav
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Pamela L Zeitlin
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Preston E Bratcher
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Roda MA, Xu X, Abdalla TH, Sadik M, Szul T, Bratcher PE, Viera L, Solomon GM, Wells JM, McNicholas CM, Redegeld FA, Folkerts G, Blalock JE, Gaggar A. Proline-Glycine-Proline Peptides Are Critical in the Development of Smoke-induced Emphysema. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 61:560-566. [PMID: 30958968 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2018-0216oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of mortality worldwide and is characterized by an excessive airway neutrophilic response. The neutrophil chemoattractant proline-glycine-proline (PGP) and its more potent acetylated form (acPGP) have been found to be elevated in patients with COPD and act via CXCR2. Here, we investigated the impact of neutralizing PGP peptides in a murine model for emphysema. The PGP-neutralizing peptide l-arginine-threonine-arginine (RTR) was used first in a 6-week model of cigarette smoke exposure, where it attenuated lung inflammation. Then, in a model of chronic smoke exposure, mice were exposed to cigarette smoke and RTR treatment was initiated after 10 weeks of smoke exposure. This treatment was continued together with smoke exposure for another 13 weeks, for a total of 23 weeks of smoke exposure. RTR significantly inhibited neutrophil and macrophage influx into the lungs in the 6-week model of exposure. RTR also attenuated the development of emphysema, normalized lung volumes, and reduced right ventricular hypertrophy in the chronic exposure model. Murine epithelia expressed CXCR2, and this expression was increased after smoke exposure. In vitro, human bronchial epithelial cells also demonstrated robust expression of CXCR2, and stimulation of primary human bronchial epithelial cells with acPGP led to increased release of MMP-9 and IL-8. Overall, these results provide evidence that acPGP plays a critical role during the development of emphysema in cigarette smoke-induced injury, and highlight a new epithelial mechanism by which acPGP augments neutrophilic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Abdul Roda
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and.,Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Xin Xu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and.,Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Tarek H Abdalla
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and.,Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Mariam Sadik
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Tomasz Szul
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and.,Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Preston E Bratcher
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and.,Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado; and
| | - Liliana Viera
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and.,Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - George M Solomon
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - J Michael Wells
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and.,Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Medical Service, Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Carmel M McNicholas
- Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Frank A Redegeld
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - J Edwin Blalock
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and.,Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Amit Gaggar
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and.,Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Medical Service, Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
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11
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Nick HJ, Rioux JS, Veress LA, Bratcher PE, Bloomquist LA, Anantharam P, Croutch CR, Tuttle RS, Peters E, Sosna W, White CW. Alleviation of methyl isocyanate-induced airway obstruction and mortality by tissue plasminogen activator. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1479:134-147. [PMID: 32233099 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Methyl isocyanate (MIC, "Bhopal agent") is a highly reactive, toxic industrial chemical. Inhalation of high levels (500-1000 ppm) of MIC vapor is almost uniformly fatal. No therapeutic interventions other than supportive care have been described that can delay the onset of illness or death due to MIC. Recently, we found that inhalation of MIC caused the appearance of activated tissue factor in circulation with subsequent activation of the coagulation cascade. Herein, we report that MIC exposure (500 ppm for 30 min, nose-only) caused deposition of fibrin-rich casts in the conducting airways resulting in respiratory failure and death within 24 h in a rat model (LC90-100 ). We thus investigated the effect of airway delivery of the fibrinolytic agent tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) on mortality and morbidity in this model. Intratracheal administration of tPA was initiated 11 h post MIC exposure and repeated every 4 h for the duration of the study. Treatment with tPA afforded nearly 60% survival at 24 h post MIC exposure and was associated with decreased airway fibrin casts, stabilization of hypoxemia and respiratory distress, and improved acidosis. This work supports the potential of airway-delivered tPA therapy as a useful countermeasure in stabilizing victims of high-level MIC exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi J Nick
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jacqueline S Rioux
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Livia A Veress
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Preston E Bratcher
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.,Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Leslie A Bloomquist
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Carl W White
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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12
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Day BJ, Bratcher PE, Chandler JD, Kilgore MB, Min E, LiPuma JJ, Hondal RJ, Nichols DP. The thiocyanate analog selenocyanate is a more potent antimicrobial pro-drug that also is selectively detoxified by the host. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 146:324-332. [PMID: 31740228 PMCID: PMC6951815 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A hallmark of cystic fibrosis (CF) lung pathology is an increased susceptibility to pulmonary infections. Thiocyanate (-SCN) is an endogenous component of the innate immunity's peroxidase system that converts -SCN to the antimicrobial agent hypothiocyanite (HOSCN). We have previously shown that the host thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), but not the pathogen's TrxR, can selectively detoxify HOSCN thereby decreasing inflammation and oxidative stress. We tested whether the -SCN analog selenocyanate (-SeCN) shares these properties against several clinical CF bacterial isolates. We examined oxidant production from a lactoperoxidase (LPO) system using -SeCN as a potential substrate. The LPO system generated an oxidant similar in nature to HOSCN and consistent with being HOSeCN. The rate of oxidant generation using -SeCN was significantly less than seen for -SCN. An LPO system was used to generate HOSCN or HOSeCN and compared for antimicrobial activity during in situ exposure of clinical CF isolates of P. aeruginosa (PA), B. cepacia complex (BCC), and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) obtained from CF sputum samples. Bacterial viability was assessed by colony forming units. Selective detoxification of HOSeCN was determined by comparing its metabolism by mammalian thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) to bacterial TrxR following the consumption of NADPH. We also assessed potential toxicity of equivalent HOSeCN generation, which demonstrated in situ antimicrobial activity, in human bronchial epithelial cells with a cell viability assay. The -SeCN/HOSeCN system was much more potent than -SCN/HOSCN system at killing PA, BCC and MRSA isolates. The -SeCN/HOSeCN system was more effective at killing -SCN/HOSCN resistant isolates. Mammalian TrxR selectively detoxified HOSeCN whereas the bacterial TrxR enzyme showed little activity. Human bronchial epithelial cells exposed to equivalent flux of HOSeCN that killed several CF pathogens showed no decrease in viability. -SeCN may be an effective therapeutic for the treatment of CF lung pathogens that are difficult to treat with current antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Day
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, 80206, USA; Department of Medicine University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Preston E Bratcher
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
| | - Joshua D Chandler
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA; Center for CF and Airways Disease Research, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Matthew B Kilgore
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA; Center for CF and Airways Disease Research, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Elysia Min
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
| | - John J LiPuma
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Robert J Hondal
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - David P Nichols
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
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13
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Genschmer KR, Russell DW, Lal C, Szul T, Bratcher PE, Noerager BD, Abdul Roda M, Xu X, Rezonzew G, Viera L, Dobosh BS, Margaroli C, Abdalla TH, King RW, McNicholas CM, Wells JM, Dransfield MT, Tirouvanziam R, Gaggar A, Blalock JE. Activated PMN Exosomes: Pathogenic Entities Causing Matrix Destruction and Disease in the Lung. Cell 2019; 176:113-126.e15. [PMID: 30633902 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Here, we describe a novel pathogenic entity, the activated PMN (polymorphonuclear leukocyte, i.e., neutrophil)-derived exosome. These CD63+/CD66b+ nanovesicles acquire surface-bound neutrophil elastase (NE) during PMN degranulation, NE being oriented in a configuration resistant to α1-antitrypsin (α1AT). These exosomes bind and degrade extracellular matrix (ECM) via the integrin Mac-1 and NE, respectively, causing the hallmarks of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Due to both ECM targeting and α1AT resistance, exosomal NE is far more potent than free NE. Importantly, such PMN-derived exosomes exist in clinical specimens from subjects with COPD but not healthy controls and are capable of transferring a COPD-like phenotype from humans to mice in an NE-driven manner. Similar findings were observed for another neutrophil-driven disease of ECM remodeling (bronchopulmonary dysplasia [BPD]). These findings reveal an unappreciated role for exosomes in the pathogenesis of disorders of ECM homeostasis such as COPD and BPD, providing a critical mechanism for proteolytic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher R Genschmer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Lung Health Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Derek W Russell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Lung Health Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Charitharth Lal
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Translational Research in Disordered and Normal Development Program, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Tomasz Szul
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Preston E Bratcher
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | | | - Mojtaba Abdul Roda
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Gabriel Rezonzew
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Translational Research in Disordered and Normal Development Program, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Liliana Viera
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Lung Health Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Brian S Dobosh
- Department of Pediatrics, Center of CF and Airways Disease Research, and Program in Immunology and Molecular Pathogenesis, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Camilla Margaroli
- Department of Pediatrics, Center of CF and Airways Disease Research, and Program in Immunology and Molecular Pathogenesis, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tarek H Abdalla
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Robert W King
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Carmel M McNicholas
- Lung Health Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - J Michael Wells
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Lung Health Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Medical Service, Birmingham VA Medical Center Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Mark T Dransfield
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Lung Health Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Medical Service, Birmingham VA Medical Center Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Rabindra Tirouvanziam
- Department of Pediatrics, Center of CF and Airways Disease Research, and Program in Immunology and Molecular Pathogenesis, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amit Gaggar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Lung Health Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Medical Service, Birmingham VA Medical Center Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - J Edwin Blalock
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Lung Health Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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14
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Pohl K, Nichols DP, Taylor-Cousar JL, Saavedra MT, Strand MJ, Nick JA, Bratcher PE. Corticosteroid use and increased CXCR2 levels on leukocytes are associated with lumacaftor/ivacaftor discontinuation in cystic fibrosis patients homozygous for the F508del CFTR mutation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209026. [PMID: 30540818 PMCID: PMC6291130 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common life-shortening genetic disease and is caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. Several current therapies aim at improving availability and/or function of the mutant CFTR proteins. The combination therapeutic lumacaftor/ivacaftor (Orkambi, luma/iva) partially corrects folding and potentiates CFTR function impaired by the F508del mutation. Despite the potential for clinical benefit, a substantial number of patients discontinue treatment due to intolerable adverse effects. The aim of the present study is to identify differences between individuals who continued treatment and those who discontinued due to adverse respiratory effects to potentially inform treatment decisions. Clinical data from the year prior to treatment initiation were analyzed from 82 patients homozygous for the F508del mutation treated at the Colorado Adult CF Program. Blood samples were collected from 30 of these subjects before initiation of treatment to examine expression of circulating leukocyte surface antigens and cytokines. Clinical and demographic characteristics were analyzed along with inflammatory markers to determine biomarkers of drug discontinuation. The use of oral prednisone and/or nasal budesonide in the year prior to luma/iva initiation was more prevalent in CF subjects who did not tolerate luma/iva (82% vs. 43%). Increased age, but not gender or initial lung function, was associated with higher probability of discontinuing treatment due to side effects overall. Worse lung function (lower ppFEV1, ppFEF25-75 ≤ 60%) was associated with higher incidence of discontinuing treatment due to pulmonary adverse effects. In a nested cohort of patients, increased surface levels of CXCR2 on CD14+CD16- monocytes were associated with discontinuation. Overall, the patients who tolerated luma/iva were distinguishable from those who did not tolerate the drug based on clinical and cellular markers obtained prior to treatment initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Pohl
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - David P. Nichols
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Taylor-Cousar
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States of America
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Milene T. Saavedra
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States of America
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Matthew J. Strand
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - Jerry A. Nick
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States of America
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Preston E. Bratcher
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenneth C. Malcolm
- Department of MedicineNational Jewish HealthDenver, Coloradoand
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Colorado DenverDenver, Colorado
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16
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Bratcher PE, Hunt KC, Pickard K, Taylor-Cousar JL. Positive clinical response to ivacaftor treatment in an individual with the CFTR genotype F508del/V456A. J Cyst Fibros 2018; 18:e9-e10. [PMID: 30348612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Preston E Bratcher
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, United States
| | - Kenneth C Hunt
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, United States
| | - Kyle Pickard
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, United States
| | - Jennifer L Taylor-Cousar
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, United States.
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17
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Xu X, Abdalla T, Bratcher PE, Jackson PL, Sabbatini G, Wells JM, Lou XY, Quinn R, Blalock JE, Clancy JP, Gaggar A. Doxycycline improves clinical outcomes during cystic fibrosis exacerbations. Eur Respir J 2017; 49:49/4/1601102. [PMID: 28381428 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01102-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloprotease-9 (MMP-9) plays a role in progression of cystic fibrosis, and doxycycline can reduce MMP-9 in vitro Here, we explore the effect of doxycycline during cystic fibrosis exacerbation treatment on MMP-9 related readouts and clinical end-points.This randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study enrolled hospitalised patients with cystic fibrosis undergoing exacerbation. In total, 20 participants were given doxycycline and 19 participants were given placebo over an 8-day period during hospitalisation. Biospecimens were collected at the beginning and the end of the study period. Primary end-points were total MMP-9 levels in the sputum and safety/tolerability. Secondary end-points included change in lung function, time to next exacerbation, and markers of MMP-9-related protease activity (active MMP-9 and TIMP-1). Nonparametric testing was used for within-group and between-group analyses.Doxycycline was well tolerated, with no treatment discontinuations or serious adverse events. Doxycycline reduced total sputum MMP-9 levels by 63.2% (p<0.05), and was also associated with a 56.5% reduction in active MMP-9 levels (p<0.05), a 1.6-fold increase in sputum TIMP-1 (p<0.05), improvement in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (p<0.05), and an increase in time to next exacerbation (p<0.01).Adjunctive use of doxycycline improved dysregulated MMP-9 levels in sputum, along with biomarkers consistent with a reduced proteolytic pulmonary environment. Improvement in clinical outcome measures suggests an important therapeutic benefit of doxycycline for individuals with cystic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- Dept of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Lung Health Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Medical Service at Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Tarek Abdalla
- Dept of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Preston E Bratcher
- Dept of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Patricia L Jackson
- Dept of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Lung Health Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Medical Service at Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Gina Sabbatini
- Physician Assistant Studies Program, Christian Brothers University, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - J Michael Wells
- Dept of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Lung Health Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Medical Service at Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Xiang-Yang Lou
- Dept of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Biostatistics Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Rebecca Quinn
- Dept of Pharmacy, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - J Edwin Blalock
- Dept of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Lung Health Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Dept of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - J P Clancy
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Amit Gaggar
- Dept of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA .,Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Lung Health Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Medical Service at Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Dept of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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18
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Matsye P, Zheng L, Si Y, Kim S, Luo W, Crossman DK, Bratcher PE, King PH. HuR promotes the molecular signature and phenotype of activated microglia: Implications for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other neurodegenerative diseases. Glia 2017; 65:945-963. [PMID: 28300326 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), chronic activation of microglia contributes to disease progression. Activated microglia produce cytokines, chemokines, and other factors that normally serve to clear infection or damaged tissue either directly or through the recruitment of other immune cells. The molecular program driving this phenotype is classically linked to the transcription factor NF-κB and characterized by the upregulation of proinflammatory factors such as IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6. Here, we investigated the role of HuR, an RNA-binding protein that regulates gene expression through posttranscriptional pathways, on the molecular and cellular phenotypes of activated microglia. We performed RNA sequencing of HuR-silenced microglia and found significant attenuation of lipopolysaccharide-induced IL-1β and TNF-α inflammatory pathways and other factors that promote microglial migration and invasion. RNA kinetics and luciferase reporter studies suggested that the attenuation was related to altered promoter activity rather than a change in RNA stability. HuR-silenced microglia showed reduced migration, invasion, and chemotactic properties but maintained viability. MMP-12, a target exquisitely sensitive to HuR knockdown, participates in the migration/invasion phenotype. HuR is abundantly detected in the cytoplasmic compartment of activated microglia from ALS spinal cords consistent with its increased activity. Microglia from ALS-associated mutant SOD1 mice demonstrated higher migration/invasion properties which can be blocked with HuR inhibition. These findings underscore an important role for HuR in sculpting the molecular signature and phenotype of activated microglia, and as a possible therapeutic target in ALS and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Matsye
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama.,Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama.,Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Ying Si
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama.,Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Soojin Kim
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Wenyi Luo
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - David K Crossman
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Preston E Bratcher
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Peter H King
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama.,Department of Genetics, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado.,Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
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19
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Nichols DP, Happoldt CL, Bratcher PE, Caceres SM, Chmiel JF, Malcolm KC, Saavedra MT, Saiman L, Taylor-Cousar JL, Nick JA. Impact of azithromycin on the clinical and antimicrobial effectiveness of tobramycin in the treatment of cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 2016; 16:358-366. [PMID: 28025037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concomitant use of oral azithromycin and inhaled tobramycin occurs in approximately half of US cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Recent data suggest that this combination may be antagonistic. METHODS Test the hypothesis that azithromycin reduces the clinical benefits of tobramycin by analyses of clinical trial data, in vitro modeling of P. aeruginosa antibiotic killing, and regulation of the MexXY efflux pump. RESULTS Ongoing administration of azithromycin associates with reduced ability of inhaled tobramycin, as compared with aztreonam, to improve lung function and quality of life in a completed clinical trial. In users of azithromycin FEV1 (L) increased 0.8% during a 4-week period of inhaled tobramycin and an additional 6.4% during a subsequent 4-week period of inhaled aztreonam (P<0.005). CFQ-R respiratory symptom score decreased 1.8 points during inhaled tobramycin and increased 8.3 points during subsequent inhaled aztreonam (P<0.001). A smaller number of trial participants not using azithromycin had similar improvement in lung function and quality of life scores during inhaled tobramycin and inhaled aztreonam. In vitro, azithromycin selectively reduced the bactericidal effects tobramycin in cultures of clinical strains of P. aeruginosa, while up regulating antibiotic resistance through MexXY efflux. CONCLUSIONS Azithromycin appears capable of reducing the antimicrobial benefits of tobramycin by inducing adaptive bacterial stress responses in P. aeruginosa, suggesting that these medications together may not be optimal chronic therapy for at least some patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave P Nichols
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States.
| | - Carrie L Happoldt
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Preston E Bratcher
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Silvia M Caceres
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - James F Chmiel
- Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Kenneth C Malcolm
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Milene T Saavedra
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Lisa Saiman
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jennifer L Taylor-Cousar
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States; Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jerry A Nick
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
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20
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Szul T, Bratcher PE, Fraser KB, Kong M, Tirouvanziam R, Ingersoll S, Sztul E, Rangarajan S, Blalock JE, Xu X, Gaggar A. Toll-Like Receptor 4 Engagement Mediates Prolyl Endopeptidase Release from Airway Epithelia via Exosomes. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2016. [PMID: 26222144 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0108oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteases are important regulators of pulmonary remodeling and airway inflammation. Recently, we have characterized the enzyme prolyl endopeptidase (PE), a serine peptidase, as a critical protease in the generation of the neutrophil chemoattractant tripeptide Pro-Gly-Pro (PGP) from collagen. However, PE has been characterized as a cytosolic enzyme, and the mechanism mediating PE release extracellularly remains unknown. We examined the role of exosomes derived from airway epithelia as a mechanism for PE release and the potential extracellular signals that regulate the release of these exosomes. We demonstrate a specific regulatory pathway of exosome release from airway epithelia and identify PE as novel exosome cargo. LPS stimulation of airway epithelial cells induces release of PE-containing exosomes, which is significantly attenuated by small interfering RNA depletion of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). These differences were recapitulated upon intratracheal LPS administration in mice competent versus deficient for TLR4 signaling. Finally, sputum samples from subjects with cystic fibrosis colonized with Pseudomonas aeruginosa demonstrate elevated exosome content and increased PE levels. This TLR4-based mechanism highlights the first report of nonstochastic release of exosomes in the lung and couples TLR4 activation with matrikine generation. The increased quantity of these proteolytic exosomes in the airways of subjects with chronic lung disease highlights a new mechanism of injury and inflammation in the pathogenesis of pulmonary disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Szul
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine.,2 Program in Protease and Matrix Biology
| | - Preston E Bratcher
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine.,2 Program in Protease and Matrix Biology
| | | | - Michele Kong
- 4 Pediatrics.,5 Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center
| | - Rabindra Tirouvanziam
- 2 Program in Protease and Matrix Biology.,6 Department of Pediatrics and Emory+Children's Center for Cystic Fibrosis and Airways Disease Research, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Sarah Ingersoll
- 6 Department of Pediatrics and Emory+Children's Center for Cystic Fibrosis and Airways Disease Research, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Elizabeth Sztul
- 7 Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, and
| | - Sunil Rangarajan
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine
| | - J Edwin Blalock
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine.,2 Program in Protease and Matrix Biology.,5 Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center.,8 University of Alabama at Birmingham Lung Health Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Xin Xu
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine.,2 Program in Protease and Matrix Biology
| | - Amit Gaggar
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine.,2 Program in Protease and Matrix Biology.,5 Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center.,7 Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, and.,8 University of Alabama at Birmingham Lung Health Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,9 Medicine Service, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
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21
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Abstract
Background Extensive variations in human surfactant protein D (SP-D) levels in circulation as measured by ELISA exist in the published literature. In order to determine the source of these variations, factors influencing the measurement by ELISA were explored. Materials and Methods Peripheral blood from healthy individuals was collected into various vacutainers during the same blood draw. Recombinant SP-D was diluted into different matrices and used for a standard curve. Samples were analyzed by capture ELISA using one of two distinct detection antibodies. Results The type of matrix had some effects on detection of recombinant SP-D. The type of anticoagulant used and dilution factor had very little effect, except for in plasma collected in EDTA vacutainers. The extent of variation in published values seemed to be due to the ELISA configuration employed, and, in agreement with this, we found that by switching the detection antibody, there was a 50% decrease in the extrapolated SP-D value of serum and plasma samples. Storage of samples resulted in slight changes in measured SP-D levels. Conclusions The ELISA configuration employed to measure circulating levels of SP-D has a significant effect on the extrapolated values. In both configurations tested, the use of EDTA as a coagulant resulted in inconsistent values, and we, therefore, suggest the avoidance of this anticoagulant when assaying for SP-D by ELISA. While the demonstrated effects of several factors on measurement of SP-D may not account for all the disparities amongst the previous studies, they stress that variations in methodologies for measuring the same protein can result in very inconsistent results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preston E. Bratcher
- Department of Medicine and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Amit Gaggar
- Department of Medicine and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, UAB Lung Health Center, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Medicine Service, United States Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
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22
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Abstract
Significant airway remodelling is a major component of the increased morbidity and mortality observed in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. These airways feature ongoing leukocytic inflammation and unrelenting bacterial infection. In contrast to acute bacterial pneumonia, CF infection is not cleared efficiently and the ensuing inflammatory response causes tissue damage. This structural damage is mainly a result of free proteolytic activity released by infiltrated neutrophils and macrophages. Major proteases in this disease are serine and matrix metalloproteases (MMPs). While the role of serine proteases, such as elastase, has been characterised in detail, there is emerging evidence that MMPs could play a key role in the pathogenesis of CF lung disease. This review summarises studies linking MMPs with CF lung disease and discusses the potential value of MMPs as future therapeutic targets in CF and other chronic lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gaggar
- Dept of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35244, USA.
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23
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Bratcher PE, Park IH, Oliver MB, Hortal M, Camilli R, Hollingshead SK, Camou T, Nahm MH. Evolution of the capsular gene locus of Streptococcus pneumoniae serogroup 6. Microbiology (Reading) 2010; 157:189-198. [PMID: 20929956 PMCID: PMC3068628 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.043901-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae expressing serogroup 6 capsules frequently causes pneumococcal infections and the evolutionary origins of the serogroup 6 strains have been extensively studied. However, these studies were performed when serogroup 6 had only two known members (serotypes 6A and 6B) and before the two new members (serotypes 6C and 6D) expressing wciNβ were found. We have therefore reinvestigated the evolutionary origins of serogroup 6 by examining the profiles of the capsule gene loci and the multilocus sequence types (MLSTs) of many serogroup 6 isolates from several continents. We confirmed that there are two classes of cps locus sequences for serogroup 6 isolates. In our study, class 2 cps sequences were limited to a few serotype 6B isolates. Neighbour-joining analysis of cps sequence profiles showed a distinct clade for 6C and moderately distinct clades for class 1 6A and 6B sequences. The serotype 6D cps profile was found within the class 1 6B clade, suggesting that it was created by recombination between 6C and 6B cps loci. Interestingly, all 6C isolates also had a unique wzy allele with a 6 bp deletion. This suggests that serotype switching to 6C involves the transfer of a large (>4 kb) gene segment that includes both the wciNβ allele and the ‘short’ wzy allele. The MLST studies of serotype 6C isolates suggest that the 6C cps locus is incorporated into many different pneumococcal genomic backgrounds but that, interestingly, 6C cps may have preferentially entered strains of the same genomic backgrounds as those of serotype 6A.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Bratcher
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - I H Park
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - M B Oliver
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - M Hortal
- Maternal and Child Health Department, Ministry of Public Health Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - R Camilli
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - S K Hollingshead
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - T Camou
- Maternal and Child Health Department, Ministry of Public Health Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - M H Nahm
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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24
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Bratcher PE, Kim KH, Kang JH, Hong JY, Nahm MH. Identification of natural pneumococcal isolates expressing serotype 6D by genetic, biochemical and serological characterization. Microbiology (Reading) 2009; 156:555-560. [PMID: 19942663 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.034116-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The recently discovered pneumococcal serotype 6C was created when the original wciN gene in the 6A capsule gene locus was naturally replaced with a new gene. Since the capsule gene loci of 6A and 6B serotypes may differ by only one base pair in the wciP gene, it was speculated that a new serotype '6D' would be possible if the new wciN gene were inserted into the 6B capsule gene locus. Although pneumococci expressing serotype 6D could be produced in the laboratory, initial searches for natural pneumococcal isolates expressing serotype 6D were unsuccessful. However, we now report the discovery of two naturally occurring pneumococcal isolates from Korea that have the serological, genetic and biochemical features predicted for serotype 6D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preston E Bratcher
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Kyung-Hyo Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Ewha Woman's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin H Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Y Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju City, Korea
| | - Moon H Nahm
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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25
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Bratcher PE, Park IH, Hollingshead SK, Nahm MH. Production of a unique pneumococcal capsule serotype belonging to serogroup 6. Microbiology (Reading) 2009; 155:576-583. [PMID: 19202106 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.024521-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Serogroup 6 of Streptococcus pneumoniae contains three serotypes, named 6A, 6B and 6C, with highly homologous capsule gene loci. The 6A and 6B capsule gene loci consistently differ from each other by only one nucleotide in the wciP gene. The 6A capsule gene locus has a galactosyltransferase, which has been replaced with a glucosyltransferase in the 6C capsule gene locus. We considered that a new serotype named '6X1' would be possible if the galactosyltransferase of the 6B capsule gene locus is replaced with the glucosyltransferase of 6C. We demonstrate that this gene transfer yields a viable pneumococcal strain and that the capsular polysaccharide (PS) from this strain has the predicted chemical structure and serological similarity to the capsular PS of the 6B serotype. The new strain (i.e. serotype 6X1) is typed as 6B by the quellung reaction, but it can be distinguished from 6B strains with mAbs to 6B PS. Reexamination of 264 pneumococcal isolates that had been previously typed as 6B with classical typing methods revealed no isolates expressing serotype 6X1. Nevertheless, this study shows that this capsular PS is biochemically possible and could exist/emerge in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preston E Bratcher
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - In H Park
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Susan K Hollingshead
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Moon H Nahm
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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