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Shrode RL, Ollberding NJ, Mangalam AK. Looking at the Full Picture: Utilizing Topic Modeling to Determine Disease-Associated Microbiome Communities. bioRxiv 2023:2023.07.21.549984. [PMID: 37546903 PMCID: PMC10401927 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.21.549984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
The microbiome is a complex micro-ecosystem that provides the host with pathogen defense, food metabolism, and other vital processes. Alterations of the microbiome (dysbiosis) have been linked with a number of diseases such as cancers, multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's disease, etc. Generally, differential abundance testing between the healthy and patient groups is performed to identify important bacteria (enriched or depleted in one group). However, simply providing a singular species of bacteria to an individual lacking that species for health improvement has not been as successful as fecal matter transplant (FMT) therapy. Interestingly, FMT therapy transfers the entire gut microbiome of a healthy (or mixture of) individual to an individual with a disease. FMTs do, however, have limited success, possibly due to concerns that not all bacteria in the community may be responsible for the healthy phenotype. Therefore, it is important to identify the community of microorganisms linked to the health as well as the disease state of the host. Here we applied topic modeling, a natural language processing tool, to assess latent interactions occurring among microbes; thus, providing a representation of the community of bacteria relevant to healthy vs. disease state. Specifically, we utilized our previously published data that studied the gut microbiome of patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), a neurodegenerative autoimmune disease that has been linked to a variety of factors, including a dysbiotic gut microbiome. With topic modeling we identified communities of bacteria associated with RRMS, including genera previously discovered, but also other taxa that would have been overlooked simply with differential abundance testing. Our work shows that topic modeling can be a useful tool for analyzing the microbiome in dysbiosis and that it could be considered along with the commonly utilized differential abundance tests to better understand the role of the gut microbiome in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L. Shrode
- Department of Informatics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Ollberding
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology; Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267, USA
| | - Ashutosh K. Mangalam
- Department of Informatics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- University of Iowa, 25 S Grand Ave, 1080-ML, Iowa City, IA, 52246, USA
- Clinician Scientist, Iowa City VA Health Care System, 601 US-6 W, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
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Lehman P, Cady N, Ghimire S, Shahi SK, Shrode RL, Lehmler HJ, Mangalam AK. Low-dose glyphosate exposure alters gut microbiota composition and modulates gut homeostasis. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 100:104149. [PMID: 37196884 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of glyphosate, a broad-spectrum herbicide, has resulted in significant human exposure, and recent studies have challenged the notion that glyphosate is safe for humans. Although the link between disease states and glyphosate exposure is increasingly appreciated, the mechanistic links between glyphosate and its toxic effects on human health are poorly understood. Recent studies have suggested that glyphosate may cause toxicity through modulation of the gut microbiome, but evidence for glyphosate-induced gut dysbiosis and its effect on host physiology at doses approximating the U.S. Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI = 1.75mg/kg body weight) is limited. Here, utilizing shotgun metagenomic sequencing of fecal samples from C57BL/6J mice, we show that glyphosate exposure at doses approximating the U.S. ADI significantly impacts gut microbiota composition. These gut microbial alterations were associated with effects on gut homeostasis characterized by increased proinflammatory CD4+IL17A+ T cells and Lipocalin-2, a known marker of intestinal inflammation. DATA AVAILABILITY: The shotgun metagenomic sequences are deposited in NCBI under BioProject PRJNA880821. All other data needed to evaluate the conclusions in the manuscript are present in the manuscript and/or the Supplementary Materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lehman
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA; Graduate Program in Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
| | - Nicole Cady
- Program in Biomedical Sciences, Rackham Graduate School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sudeep Ghimire
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
| | | | - Rachel L Shrode
- Informatics Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
| | - Ashutosh K Mangalam
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA; Graduate Program in Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA; Immunology Graduate Program. University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA.
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Peterson SR, Ali S, Shrode RL, Mangalam AK. Effect of a Fructose-Rich Diet on Gut Microbiota and Immunomodulation: Potential Factors for Multiple Sclerosis. Immunohorizons 2023; 7:213-227. [PMID: 36939622 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2300008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease of the CNS that is linked with both genetic and environmental factors. A Western-style diet rich in fat and simple sugars is hypothesized as a potential factor contributing to the increased incidence of inflammatory autoimmune diseases, such as MS, in developed countries. Although the adverse effects of a high-fat diet in MS have been studied extensively, the effect of a fructose-rich diet (FRD) on MS etiology is unknown. We hypothesized that an FRD will alter the gut microbiome, influence immune populations, and negatively impact disease in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. To test this, we fed C57BL/6 mice either an FRD or normal feed for 4 or 12 wk and analyzed the effect of an FRD on gut microbiota, immune populations, and EAE. An FRD significantly influenced the gut microbiota, with reduced abundance of beneficial bacteria and enrichment of potentially proinflammatory bacteria. We also observed immune modulation in the gut and periphery. Of particular interest was a population of Helios-RORγt+Foxp3+CD4+ T cells that was enriched in the small intestine lamina propria of FRD-fed mice. However, despite gut microbiota and immune modulations, we observed only a subtle effect of an FRD on EAE severity. Overall, our data suggest that in C57Bl6/J mice, an FRD modulates the gut microbiota and immune system without significantly impacting myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55/CFA-induced EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soham Ali
- Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Rachel L Shrode
- Informatics Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Ashutosh K Mangalam
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
- Informatics Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City
- Iowa City VA Health System, Iowa City, IA
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Shrode RL, Knobbe JE, Cady N, Yadav M, Hoang J, Cherwin C, Curry M, Garje R, Vikas P, Sugg S, Phadke S, Filardo E, Mangalam AK. Breast cancer patients from the Midwest region of the United States have reduced levels of short-chain fatty acid-producing gut bacteria. Sci Rep 2023; 13:526. [PMID: 36631533 PMCID: PMC9834383 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27436-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
As geographical location can impact the gut microbiome, it is important to study region-specific microbiome signatures of various diseases. Therefore, we profiled the gut microbiome of breast cancer (BC) patients of the Midwestern region of the United States. The bacterial component of the gut microbiome was profiled utilizing 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing. Additionally, a gene pathway analysis was performed to assess the functional capabilities of the bacterial microbiome. Alpha diversity was not significantly different between BC and healthy controls (HC), however beta diversity revealed distinct clustering between the two groups at the species and genera level. Wilcoxon Rank Sum test revealed modulation of several gut bacteria in BC specifically reduced abundance of those linked with beneficial effects such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. Machine learning analysis confirmed the significance of several of the modulated bacteria found by the univariate analysis. The functional analysis showed a decreased abundance of SCFA (propionate) production in BC compared to HC. In conclusion, we observed gut dysbiosis in BC with the depletion of SCFA-producing gut bacteria suggesting their role in the pathobiology of breast cancer. Mechanistic understanding of gut bacterial dysbiosis in breast cancer could lead to refined prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L. Shrode
- grid.214572.70000 0004 1936 8294Department of Informatics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Jessica E. Knobbe
- grid.214572.70000 0004 1936 8294Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA ,grid.214572.70000 0004 1936 8294Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA ,grid.214572.70000 0004 1936 8294Medical Scientist Training Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Nicole Cady
- grid.214572.70000 0004 1936 8294Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Meeta Yadav
- grid.214572.70000 0004 1936 8294Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA ,grid.214572.70000 0004 1936 8294College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Jemmie Hoang
- grid.214572.70000 0004 1936 8294College of Nursing, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Catherine Cherwin
- grid.214572.70000 0004 1936 8294College of Nursing, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Melissa Curry
- grid.412584.e0000 0004 0434 9816Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Hospital and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Rohan Garje
- grid.214572.70000 0004 1936 8294Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Praveen Vikas
- grid.214572.70000 0004 1936 8294Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Sonia Sugg
- grid.214572.70000 0004 1936 8294Department of Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Sneha Phadke
- grid.214572.70000 0004 1936 8294Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | | | - Ashutosh K. Mangalam
- grid.214572.70000 0004 1936 8294Department of Informatics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA ,grid.214572.70000 0004 1936 8294Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA ,grid.214572.70000 0004 1936 8294Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA ,grid.214572.70000 0004 1936 8294College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA ,grid.214572.70000 0004 1936 8294University of Iowa, 25 S Grand Ave, 1080-ML, Iowa City, IA 52246 USA
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Shrode RL, Cady N, Jensen SN, Borcherding N, Mangalam AK. Isoflavone consumption reduces inflammation through modulation of phenylalanine and lipid metabolism. Metabolomics 2022; 18:84. [PMID: 36289122 PMCID: PMC10148689 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-022-01944-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Phytoestrogens found in soy, fruits, peanuts, and other legumes, have been identified as metabolites capable of providing beneficial effects in multiple pathological conditions due to their ability to mimic endogenous estrogen. Interestingly, the health-promoting effects of some phytoestrogens, such as isoflavones, are dependent on the presence of specific gut bacteria. Specifically, gut bacteria can metabolize isoflavones into equol, which has a higher affinity for endogenous estrogen receptors compared to dietary isoflavones. We have previously shown that patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), a neuroinflammatory disease, lack gut bacteria that are able to metabolize phytoestrogen. Further, we have validated the importance of both isoflavones and phytoestrogen-metabolizing gut bacteria in disease protection utilizing an animal model of MS. Specifically, we have shown that an isoflavone-rich diet can protect from neuroinflammatory diseases, and that protection was dependent on the ability of gut bacteria to metabolize isoflavones into equol. Additionally, mice on a diet with isoflavones showed an anti-inflammatory response compared to the mice on a diet lacking isoflavones. However, it is unknown how isoflavones and/or equol mediates their protective effects, especially their effects on host metabolite levels. OBJECTIVES In this study, we utilized untargeted metabolomics to identify metabolites found in plasma that were modulated by the presence of dietary isoflavones. RESULTS We found that the consumption of isoflavones increased anti-inflammatory monounsaturated fatty acids and beneficial polyunsaturated fatty acids while reducing pro-inflammatory glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, phenylalanine metabolism, and arachidonic acid derivatives. CONCLUSION Isoflavone consumption alters the systemic metabolic landscape through concurrent increases in monounsaturated fatty acids and beneficial polyunsaturated fatty acids plus reduction in pro-inflammatory metabolites and pathways. This highlights a potential mechanism by which an isoflavone diet may modulate immune-mediated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Shrode
- Department of Informatics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Nicole Cady
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Samantha N Jensen
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas Borcherding
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Ashutosh K Mangalam
- Department of Informatics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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Yadav M, Ali S, Shrode RL, Shahi SK, Jensen SN, Hoang J, Cassidy S, Olalde H, Guseva N, Paullus M, Cherwin C, Wang K, Cho T, Kamholz J, Mangalam AK. Multiple sclerosis patients have an altered gut mycobiome and increased fungal to bacterial richness. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264556. [PMID: 35472144 PMCID: PMC9041819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trillions of microbes such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses exist in the healthy human gut microbiome. Although gut bacterial dysbiosis has been extensively studied in multiple sclerosis (MS), the significance of the fungal microbiome (mycobiome) is an understudied and neglected part of the intestinal microbiome in MS. The aim of this study was to characterize the gut mycobiome of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), compare it to healthy controls, and examine its association with changes in the bacterial microbiome. We characterized and compared the mycobiome of 20 RRMS patients and 33 healthy controls (HC) using Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 (ITS2) and compared mycobiome interactions with the bacterial microbiome using 16S rRNA sequencing. Our results demonstrate an altered mycobiome in RRMS patients compared with HC. RRMS patients showed an increased abundance of Basidiomycota and decreased Ascomycota at the phylum level with an increased abundance of Candida and Epicoccum genera along with a decreased abundance of Saccharomyces compared to HC. We also observed an increased ITS2/16S ratio, altered fungal and bacterial associations, and altered fungal functional profiles in MS patients compared to HC. This study demonstrates that RRMS patients had a distinct mycobiome with associated changes in the bacterial microbiome compared to HC. There is an increased fungal to bacterial ratio as well as more diverse fungal-bacterial interactions in RRMS patients compared to HC. Our study is the first step towards future studies in delineating the mechanisms through which the fungal microbiome can influence MS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meeta Yadav
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
- University of Iowa College of Dentistry, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Soham Ali
- Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Rachel L. Shrode
- Informatics Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Shailesh K. Shahi
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Samantha N. Jensen
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Jemmie Hoang
- College of Nursing University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Samuel Cassidy
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Heena Olalde
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Natalya Guseva
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Mishelle Paullus
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Catherine Cherwin
- College of Nursing University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Tracey Cho
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - John Kamholz
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Ashutosh K. Mangalam
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
- Informatics Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
- Iowa City VA Health System, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
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Simonsen D, Cady N, Zhang C, Shrode RL, McCormick ML, Spitz DR, Chimenti MS, Wang K, Mangalam A, Lehmler HJ. The Effects of Benoxacor on the Liver and Gut Microbiome of C57BL/6 Mice. Toxicol Sci 2022; 186:102-117. [PMID: 34850242 PMCID: PMC9019840 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The toxicity of many "inert" ingredients of pesticide formulations, such as safeners, is poorly characterized, despite evidence that humans may be exposed to these chemicals. Analysis of ToxCast data for dichloroacetamide safeners with the ToxPi tool identified benoxacor as the safener with the highest potential for toxicity, especially liver toxicity. Benoxacor was subsequently administered to mice via oral gavage for 3 days at concentrations of 0, 0.5, 5, and 50 mg/kg bodyweight (b.w.). Bodyweight-adjusted liver and testes weights were significantly increased in the 50 mg/kg b.w. group. There were no overt pathologies in either the liver or the intestine. 16S rRNA analysis of the cecal microbiome revealed no effects of benoxacor on α- or β-diversity; however, changes were observed in the abundance of certain bacteria. RNAseq analysis identified 163 hepatic genes affected by benoxacor exposure. Benoxacor exposure expressed a gene regulation profile similar to dichloroacetic acid and the fungicide sedaxane. Metabolomic analysis identified 9 serum and 15 liver metabolites that were affected by benoxacor exposure, changes that were not significant after correcting for multiple comparisons. The activity of antioxidant enzymes was not altered by benoxacor exposure. In vitro metabolism studies with liver microsomes and cytosol from male mice demonstrated that benoxacor is enantioselectively metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes, carboxylesterases, and glutathione S-transferases. These findings suggest that the minor toxic effects of benoxacor may be due to its rapid metabolism to toxic metabolites, such as dichloroacetic acid. This result challenges the assumption that inert ingredients of pesticide formulations are safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Simonsen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
- IIHR Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Nicole Cady
- Department of Pathology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Chunyun Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Rachel L Shrode
- Department of Informatics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Michael L McCormick
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Douglas R Spitz
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Michael S Chimenti
- Iowa Institute of Human Genetics, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Ashutosh Mangalam
- Department of Pathology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
- IIHR Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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