1
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Philippeos C, Telerman S, Oules B, Oliveira Pisco A, Shaw T, Elgueta R, Lombardi G, Driskell R, Soldin M, Lynch M, Watt F. 660 Dermal fibroblast subpopulations as a potential cell therapy for promoting scar-free wound healing and resolving scar formation. J Invest Dermatol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.07.665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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2
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Nowocin AK, Meader L, Brown K, Elgueta R, Wong W. Characterizing the B-Cell and Humoral Response in Tertiary Lymphoid Organs in Kidney Allografts. EXP CLIN TRANSPLANT 2019; 17:330-338. [PMID: 30880652 DOI: 10.6002/ect.2017.0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Tertiary lymphoid organs are formed at sites of chronic inflammation and are thought to contribute to the immune response. Here, we aimed to characterize the structure and function of tertiary lymphoid organs in a model of murine kidney allotransplant to understand their role in alloimmunity. MATERIALS AND METHODS We transplanted 4 C57BL/6 mouse kidneys (isograft group) and 17 DBA/2 mouse kidneys into C57BL/6 mouse recipients. Three DBA/2-to-C57BL/6 transplant mice that rejected their grafts acutely (before 10 days posttransplant) were excluded from the study. The 14 surviving DAB2 grafts were retrieved at day 45 posttransplant and evaluated histologically. The presence of antibody-secreting cells and circulating levels of donor-specific antibodies were also evaluated. RESULTS We found that tertiary lymphoid organs can be associated with a beneficial response in a kidney allotransplant model. Characterization of B-cell subsets within tertiary lymphoid organs in mouse kidney allografts revealed naive, plasma, and memory B cells, which were mostly grouped within or in close proximity of tertiary lymphoid organs. Staining for intracellular immunoglobulin G showed that many of the B cells within tertiary lymphoid organs were capable of producing antibodies. Although allospecific antibodies were found in the serum of recipient mice and were deposited in the transplanted kidneys, graft function was not affected in this model. CONCLUSIONS B cells within tertiary lymphoid organs are functional and contribute to the humoral arm of the alloresponse. However, tertiary lymphoid organs are not necessarily associated with graft rejection, suggesting that protective mechanisms are at play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Nowocin
- From the MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London School of Medicine at Guy's, King's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
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3
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Emmerson A, Trevelin SC, Mongue-Din H, Becker PD, Ortiz C, Smyth LA, Peng Q, Elgueta R, Sawyer G, Ivetic A, Lechler RI, Lombardi G, Shah AM. Nox2 in regulatory T cells promotes angiotensin II-induced cardiovascular remodeling. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:3088-3101. [PMID: 29688896 PMCID: PMC6025997 DOI: 10.1172/jci97490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The superoxide-generating enzyme Nox2 contributes to hypertension and cardiovascular remodeling triggered by activation of the renin-angiotensin system. Multiple Nox2-expressing cells are implicated in angiotensin II-induced (Ang II-induced) pathophysiology, but the importance of Nox2 in leukocyte subsets is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the role of Nox2 in T cells, particularly Tregs. Mice globally deficient in Nox2 displayed increased numbers of Tregs in the heart at baseline, whereas Ang II-induced effector T cell (Teff) infiltration was inhibited. To investigate the role of Treg Nox2, we generated a mouse line with CD4-targeted Nox2 deficiency (Nox2fl/flCD4Cre+). These animals showed inhibition of Ang II-induced hypertension and cardiac remodeling related to increased tissue-resident Tregs and reduction in infiltrating Teffs, including Th17 cells. The protection in Nox2fl/flCD4Cre+ mice was reversed by anti-CD25 antibody depletion of Tregs. Mechanistically, Nox2-/y Tregs showed higher in vitro suppression of Teff proliferation than WT Tregs, increased nuclear levels of FoxP3 and NF-κB, and enhanced transcription of CD25, CD39, and CD73. Adoptive transfer of Tregs confirmed that Nox2-deficient cells had greater inhibitory effects on Ang II-induced heart remodeling than WT cells. These results identify a previously unrecognized role of Nox2 in modulating suppression of Tregs, which acts to enhance hypertension and cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Emmerson
- King’s College London British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Cellone Trevelin
- King’s College London British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Heloise Mongue-Din
- King’s College London British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo D. Becker
- King’s College London, Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carla Ortiz
- King’s College London, Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lesley A. Smyth
- King’s College London, Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Qi Peng
- King’s College London, Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Raul Elgueta
- King’s College London, Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Greta Sawyer
- King’s College London British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aleksandar Ivetic
- King’s College London British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert I. Lechler
- King’s College London, Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanna Lombardi
- King’s College London, Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ajay M. Shah
- King’s College London British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, London, United Kingdom
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4
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Philippeos C, Telerman SB, Oulès B, Pisco AO, Shaw TJ, Elgueta R, Lombardi G, Driskell RR, Soldin M, Lynch MD, Watt FM. Spatial and Single-Cell Transcriptional Profiling Identifies Functionally Distinct Human Dermal Fibroblast Subpopulations. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 138:811-825. [PMID: 29391249 PMCID: PMC5869055 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that mouse dermis is composed of functionally distinct fibroblast lineages. To explore the extent of fibroblast heterogeneity in human skin, we used a combination of comparative spatial transcriptional profiling of human and mouse dermis and single-cell transcriptional profiling of human dermal fibroblasts. We show that there are at least four distinct fibroblast populations in adult human skin, not all of which are spatially segregated. We define markers permitting their isolation and show that although marker expression is lost in culture, different fibroblast subpopulations retain distinct functionality in terms of Wnt signaling, responsiveness to IFN-γ, and ability to support human epidermal reconstitution when introduced into decellularized dermis. These findings suggest that ex vivo expansion or in vivo ablation of specific fibroblast subpopulations may have therapeutic applications in wound healing and diseases characterized by excessive fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Philippeos
- King's College London Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, UK
| | - Stephanie B Telerman
- King's College London Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, UK
| | - Bénédicte Oulès
- King's College London Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, UK
| | - Angela O Pisco
- King's College London Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, UK
| | - Tanya J Shaw
- King's College London Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Inflammation, London, UK
| | - Raul Elgueta
- King's College London MRC Centre for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, UK
| | - Giovanna Lombardi
- King's College London MRC Centre for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, UK
| | - Ryan R Driskell
- King's College London Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, UK; School of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Mark Soldin
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, St. George's National Health Service Trust, London, UK
| | - Magnus D Lynch
- King's College London Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, UK; St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, UK
| | - Fiona M Watt
- King's College London Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, UK.
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5
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Alhabbab R, Blair P, Smyth LA, Ratnasothy K, Peng Q, Moreau A, Lechler R, Elgueta R, Lombardi G. Galectin-1 is required for the regulatory function of B cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2725. [PMID: 29426942 PMCID: PMC5807431 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19965-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-1 (Gal-1) is required for the development of B cells in the bone marrow (BM), however very little is known about the contribution of Gal-1 to the development of B cell regulatory function. Here, we report an important role for Gal-1 in the induction of B cells regulatory function. Mice deficient of Gal-1 (Gal-1−/−) showed significant loss of Transitional-2 (T2) B cells, previously reported to include IL-10+ regulatory B cells. Gal-1−/− B cells stimulated in vitro via CD40 molecules have impaired IL-10 and Tim-1 expression, the latter reported to be required for IL-10 production in regulatory B cells, and increased TNF-α expression compared to wild type (WT) B cells. Unlike their WT counterparts, T2 and T1 Gal-1−/− B cells did not suppress TNF-α expression by CD4+ T cells activated in vitro with allogenic DCs (allo-DCs), nor were they suppressive in vivo, being unable to delay MHC-class I mismatched skin allograft rejection following adoptive transfer. Moreover, T cells stimulated with allo-DCs show an increase in their survival when co-cultured with Gal-1−/− T2 and MZ B cells compared to WT T2 and MZ B cells. Collectively, these data suggest that Gal-1 contributes to the induction of B cells regulatory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Alhabbab
- Infectious Disease Unit & Division of Applied Medical Sciences, King Fahad Centre for medical research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. .,Division of Transplantation Immunology & Mucosal Biology, King's College London, King's Health Partners, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - P Blair
- Division of Transplantation Immunology & Mucosal Biology, King's College London, King's Health Partners, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK.,Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - L A Smyth
- Division of Transplantation Immunology & Mucosal Biology, King's College London, King's Health Partners, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK.,School of Health, Sports and Biosciences, University of East London, Stratford, E15 4LZ, UK
| | - K Ratnasothy
- Division of Transplantation Immunology & Mucosal Biology, King's College London, King's Health Partners, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Q Peng
- Division of Transplantation Immunology & Mucosal Biology, King's College London, King's Health Partners, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - A Moreau
- Division of Transplantation Immunology & Mucosal Biology, King's College London, King's Health Partners, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK.,Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, CHU, Nantes, France
| | - R Lechler
- Division of Transplantation Immunology & Mucosal Biology, King's College London, King's Health Partners, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - R Elgueta
- Division of Transplantation Immunology & Mucosal Biology, King's College London, King's Health Partners, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - G Lombardi
- Division of Transplantation Immunology & Mucosal Biology, King's College London, King's Health Partners, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
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6
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Marks E, Ortiz C, Pantazi E, Bailey CS, Lord GM, Waldschmidt TJ, Noelle RJ, Elgueta R. Retinoic Acid Signaling in B Cells Is Required for the Generation of an Effective T-Independent Immune Response. Front Immunol 2016; 7:643. [PMID: 28066447 PMCID: PMC5179524 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) plays an important role in the balance of inflammation and tolerance in T cells. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that RA facilitates IgA isotype switching in B cells in vivo. However, it is unclear whether RA has a direct effect on T-independent B cell responses in vivo. To address this question, we generated a mouse model where RA signaling is specifically silenced in the B cell lineage. This was achieved through the overexpression of a dominant negative receptor α for RA (dnRARα) in the B cell lineage. In this model, we found a dramatic reduction in marginal zone (MZ) B cells and accumulation of transitional 2 B cells in the spleen. We also observed a reduction in B1 B cells in the peritoneum with a defect in the T-independent B cell response against 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl. This was not a result of inhibited development of B cells in the bone marrow, but likely the result of both defective expression of S1P1 in MZ B cells and a defect in the development of MZ and B1 B cells. This suggests that RARα expression in B cells is important for B cell frequency in the MZ and peritoneum, which is crucial for the generation of T-independent humoral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Marks
- Department of Mucosal Immunology, Division of Transplantation Immunology & Mucosal Biology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London , London , UK
| | - Carla Ortiz
- Department of Immune Regulation and Intervention, Division of Transplantation Immunology & Mucosal Biology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London , London , UK
| | - Eirini Pantazi
- Department of Immune Regulation and Intervention, Division of Transplantation Immunology & Mucosal Biology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London , London , UK
| | - Charlotte S Bailey
- Department of Immune Regulation and Intervention, Division of Transplantation Immunology & Mucosal Biology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London , London , UK
| | - Graham M Lord
- Department of Mucosal Immunology, Division of Transplantation Immunology & Mucosal Biology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London , London , UK
| | - Thomas J Waldschmidt
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa , Iowa City, IA , USA
| | - Randolph J Noelle
- Department of Immune Regulation and Intervention, Division of Transplantation Immunology & Mucosal Biology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Microbiology and Immunology of Dartmouth Medical School, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Raul Elgueta
- Department of Immune Regulation and Intervention, Division of Transplantation Immunology & Mucosal Biology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London , London , UK
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7
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Elgueta R, Tse D, Deharvengt SJ, Luciano MR, Carriere C, Noelle RJ, Stan RV. Endothelial Plasmalemma Vesicle-Associated Protein Regulates the Homeostasis of Splenic Immature B Cells and B-1 B Cells. J Immunol 2016; 197:3970-3981. [PMID: 27742829 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Plasmalemma vesicle-associated protein (Plvap) is an endothelial protein with roles in endothelial diaphragm formation and maintenance of basal vascular permeability. At the same time, Plvap has roles in immunity by facilitating leukocyte diapedesis at inflammatory sites and controlling peripheral lymph node morphogenesis and the entry of soluble Ags into lymph node conduits. Based on its postulated role in diapedesis, we have investigated the role of Plvap in hematopoiesis and show that deletion of Plvap results in a dramatic decrease of IgM+IgDlo B cells in both the spleen and the peritoneal cavity. Tissue-specific deletion of Plvap demonstrates that the defect is B cell extrinsic, because B cell and pan-hematopoietic Plvap deletion has no effect on IgM+IgDlo B cell numbers. Endothelial-specific deletion of Plvap in the embryo or at adult stage recapitulates the full Plvap knockout phenotype, whereas endothelial-specific reconstitution of Plvap under the Chd5 promoter rescues the IgM+IgDlo B cell phenotype. Taken together, these results show that Plvap expression in endothelial cells is important in the maintenance of IgM+ B cells in the spleen and peritoneal cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Elgueta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756.,Department of Immune Regulation and Intervention, Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Tse
- Department of Pathology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756
| | - Sophie J Deharvengt
- Department of Pathology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756
| | - Marcus R Luciano
- Department of Pathology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756
| | - Catherine Carriere
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756; and
| | - Randolph J Noelle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756; .,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756; and
| | - Radu V Stan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756; .,Department of Pathology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756.,Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756
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8
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Nova-Lamperti E, Fanelli G, Becker PD, Chana P, Elgueta R, Dodd PC, Lord GM, Lombardi G, Hernandez-Fuentes MP. IL-10-produced by human transitional B-cells down-regulates CD86 expression on B-cells leading to inhibition of CD4+T-cell responses. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20044. [PMID: 26795594 PMCID: PMC4726240 DOI: 10.1038/srep20044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel subset of human regulatory B-cells has recently been described. They arise from within the transitional B-cell subpopulation and are characterised by the production of IL-10. They appear to be of significant importance in regulating T-cell immunity in vivo. Despite this important function, the molecular mechanisms by which they control T-cell activation are incompletely defined. Here we show that transitional B-cells produced more IL-10 and expressed higher levels of IL-10 receptor after CD40 engagement compared to other B-cell subsets. Furthermore, under this stimulatory condition, CD86 expressed by transitional B-cells was down regulated and T-cell proliferation was reduced. We provide evidence to demonstrate that the down-regulation of CD86 expression by transitional B-cells was due to the autocrine effect of IL-10, which in turn leads to decreased T-cell proliferation and TNF-α production. This analysis was further extended to peripheral B-cells in kidney transplant recipients. We observed that B-cells from patients tolerant to the graft maintained higher IL-10 production after CD40 ligation, which correlates with lower CD86 expression compared to patients with chronic rejection. Hence, the results obtained in this study shed light on a new alternative mechanism by which transitional B-cells inhibit T-cell proliferation and cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giorgia Fanelli
- King's College London, MRC Centre for Transplantation, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo D Becker
- King's College London, MRC Centre for Transplantation, London, United Kingdom
| | - Prabhjoat Chana
- BRC Flow Cytometry Laboratory, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Raul Elgueta
- King's College London, MRC Centre for Transplantation, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philippa C Dodd
- King's College London, MRC Centre for Transplantation, London, United Kingdom
| | - Graham M Lord
- King's College London, MRC Centre for Transplantation, London, United Kingdom.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanna Lombardi
- King's College London, MRC Centre for Transplantation, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria P Hernandez-Fuentes
- King's College London, MRC Centre for Transplantation, London, United Kingdom.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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9
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Pantazi E, Marks E, Stolarczyk E, Lycke N, Noelle RJ, Elgueta R. Cutting Edge: Retinoic Acid Signaling in B Cells Is Essential for Oral Immunization and Microflora Composition. J Immunol 2015; 195:1368-71. [PMID: 26163586 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) is a critical regulator of the intestinal adaptive immune response. However, the intrinsic impact of RA on B cell differentiation in the regulation of gut humoral immunity in vivo has never been directly shown. To address this issue, we have been able to generate a mouse model where B cells specifically express a dominant-negative receptor α for RA. In this study, we show that the silencing of RA signaling in B cells reduces the numbers of IgA(+) Ab-secreting cells both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that RA has a direct effect on IgA plasma cell differentiation. Moreover, the lack of RA signaling in B cells abrogates Ag-specific IgA responses after oral immunization and affects the microbiota composition. In conclusion, these results suggest that RA signaling in B cells through the RA receptor α is important to generate an effective gut humoral response and to maintain a normal microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Pantazi
- Department of Immune Regulation and Intervention, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Ellen Marks
- Department of Mucosal Immunology, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Emilie Stolarczyk
- Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Nils Lycke
- Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccines Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; and
| | - Randolph J Noelle
- Department of Immune Regulation and Intervention, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH 03755
| | - Raul Elgueta
- Department of Immune Regulation and Intervention, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom;
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10
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Alhabbab R, Blair P, Elgueta R, Stolarczyk E, Marks E, Becker PD, Ratnasothy K, Smyth L, Safinia N, Sharif-Paghaleh E, O'Connell S, Noelle RJ, Lord GM, Howard JK, Spencer J, Lechler RI, Lombardi G. Diversity of gut microflora is required for the generation of B cell with regulatory properties in a skin graft model. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11554. [PMID: 26109230 PMCID: PMC4479822 DOI: 10.1038/srep11554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells have been reported to promote graft rejection through alloantibody production. However, there is growing evidence that B cells can contribute to the maintenance of tolerance. Here, we used a mouse model of MHC-class I mismatched skin transplantation to investigate the contribution of B cells to graft survival. We demonstrate that adoptive transfer of B cells prolongs skin graft survival but only when the B cells were isolated from mice housed in low sterility "conventional" (CV) facilities and not from mice housed in pathogen free facilities (SPF). However, prolongation of skin graft survival was lost when B cells were isolated from IL-10 deficient mice housed in CV facilities. The suppressive function of B cells isolated from mice housed in CV facilities correlated with an anti-inflammatory environment and with the presence of a different gut microflora compared to mice maintained in SPF facilities. Treatment of mice in the CV facility with antibiotics abrogated the regulatory capacity of B cells. Finally, we identified transitional B cells isolated from CV facilities as possessing the regulatory function. These findings demonstrate that B cells, and in particular transitional B cells, can promote prolongation of graft survival, a function dependent on licensing by gut microflora.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Alhabbab
- Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, King's Health Partners, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - P Blair
- Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, King's Health Partners, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - R Elgueta
- Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, King's Health Partners, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - E Stolarczyk
- Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - E Marks
- Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, King's Health Partners, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - P D Becker
- Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, King's Health Partners, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - K Ratnasothy
- Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, King's Health Partners, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - L Smyth
- Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, King's Health Partners, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - N Safinia
- Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, King's Health Partners, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - E Sharif-Paghaleh
- Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, King's Health Partners, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - S O'Connell
- Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, King's Health Partners, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - R J Noelle
- Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, King's Health Partners, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - G M Lord
- Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, King's Health Partners, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - J K Howard
- Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - J Spencer
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - R I Lechler
- Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, King's Health Partners, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - G Lombardi
- Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, King's Health Partners, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
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11
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Moreau A, Blair PA, Chai JG, Ratnasothy K, Stolarczyk E, Alhabbab R, Rackham CL, Jones PM, Smyth L, Elgueta R, Howard JK, Lechler RI, Lombardi G. Transitional-2 B cells acquire regulatory function during tolerance induction and contribute to allograft survival. Eur J Immunol 2014; 45:843-53. [PMID: 25408265 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In humans, tolerance to renal transplants has been associated with alterations in B-cell gene transcription and maintenance of the numbers of circulating transitional B cells. Here, we use a mouse model of transplantation tolerance to investigate the contribution of B cells to allograft survival. We demonstrate that transfer of B cells from mice rendered tolerant to MHC class I mismatched skin grafts can prolong graft survival in a dose-dependent and antigen-specific manner to a degree similar to that afforded by graft-specific regulatory T (Treg) cells. Tolerance in this model was associated with an increase in transitional-2 (T2) B cells. Only T2 B cells from tolerized mice, not naïve T2 nor alloantigen experienced T2, were capable of prolonging skin allograft survival, and suppressing T-cell activation. Tolerized T2 B cells expressed lower levels of CD86, increased TIM-1, and demonstrated a preferential survival in vivo. Furthermore, we demonstrate a synergistic effect between tolerized B cells and graft-specific Treg cells. IL-10 production by T2 B cells did not contribute to tolerance, as shown by transfer of B cells from IL-10(-/-) mice. These results suggest that T2 B cells in tolerant patients may include a population of regulatory B cells that directly inhibit graft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Moreau
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London Guy's Hospital, London, UK
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12
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Elgueta R, Marks E, Nowak E, Menezes S, Benson M, Raman VS, Ortiz C, O'Connell S, Hess H, Lord GM, Noelle R. CCR6-dependent positioning of memory B cells is essential for their ability to mount a recall response to antigen. J Immunol 2014; 194:505-13. [PMID: 25505290 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Chemokine-dependent localization of specific B cell subsets within the immune microarchitecture is essential to ensure successful cognate interactions. Although cognate interactions between T cells and memory B cells (B(mem)) are essential for the secondary humoral immune responses, the chemokine response patterns of B(mem) cells are largely unknown. In contrast to naive B cells, this study shows that Ag-specific B(mem) cells have heightened expression of CCR6 and a selective chemotactic response to the CCR6 ligand, CCL20. Although CCR6 appears be nonessential for the initial clonal expansion and maintenance of B(mem), CCR6 is essential for the ability of B(mem) to respond to a recall response to their cognate Ag. This dependency was deemed intrinsic by studies in CCR6-deficient mice and in bone marrow chimeric mice where CCR6 deficiency was limited to the B cell lineage. Finally, the mis-positioning of CCR6-deficient B(mem) was revealed by immunohistological analysis with an altered distribution of CCR6-deficient B(mem) from the marginal and perifollicular to the follicular/germinal center area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Elgueta
- Department of Immune Regulation and Intervention, Division of Transplantation, Immunology, and Mucosal Biology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom;
| | - Ellen Marks
- Department of Experimental Immunobiology, Division of Transplantation, Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Nowak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03766; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756; and
| | - Shinelle Menezes
- Department of Immune Regulation and Intervention, Division of Transplantation, Immunology, and Mucosal Biology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Micah Benson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03766; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756; and
| | - Vanitha S Raman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03766; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756; and
| | - Carla Ortiz
- Department of Immune Regulation and Intervention, Division of Transplantation, Immunology, and Mucosal Biology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel O'Connell
- Department of Immune Regulation and Intervention, Division of Transplantation, Immunology, and Mucosal Biology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Graham M Lord
- Department of Experimental Immunobiology, Division of Transplantation, Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Randolph Noelle
- Department of Immune Regulation and Intervention, Division of Transplantation, Immunology, and Mucosal Biology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03766; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756; and
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13
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Stan RV, Tse D, Deharvengt SJ, Smits NC, Xu Y, Luciano MR, McGarry CL, Buitendijk M, Nemani KV, Elgueta R, Kobayashi T, Shipman SL, Moodie KL, Daghlian CP, Ernst PA, Lee HK, Suriawinata AA, Schned AR, Longnecker DS, Fiering SN, Noelle RJ, Gimi B, Shworak NW, Carrière C. The diaphragms of fenestrated endothelia: gatekeepers of vascular permeability and blood composition. Dev Cell 2012; 23:1203-18. [PMID: 23237953 PMCID: PMC3525343 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fenestral and stomatal diaphragms are endothelial subcellular structures of unknown function that form on organelles implicated in vascular permeability: fenestrae, transendothelial channels, and caveolae. PV1 protein is required for diaphragm formation in vitro. Here, we report that deletion of the PV1-encoding Plvap gene in mice results in the absence of diaphragms and decreased survival. Loss of diaphragms did not affect the fenestrae and transendothelial channels formation but disrupted the barrier function of fenestrated capillaries, causing a major leak of plasma proteins. This disruption results in early death of animals due to severe noninflammatory protein-losing enteropathy. Deletion of PV1 in endothelium, but not in the hematopoietic compartment, recapitulates the phenotype of global PV1 deletion, whereas endothelial reconstitution of PV1 rescues the phenotype. Taken together, these data provide genetic evidence for the critical role of the diaphragms in fenestrated capillaries in the maintenance of blood composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu V Stan
- Department of Pathology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03756, USA.
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14
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de Vries VC, Elgueta R, Lee DM, Noelle RJ. Mast cell protease 6 is required for allograft tolerance. Transplant Proc 2011; 42:2759-62. [PMID: 20832582 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2010.05.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
It has been shown that mast cells (MC) are absolutely required for transplant acceptance. However, only a few of the numerous mediators produced by MC have been proposed as potential mechanisms for the observed immunosuppression. The role of proteases in acquired immune tolerance as such has not yet been addressed. In this study, we have shown the requirement for MC protease 6 (MCP6), an MC-specific tryptase, to establish tolerance toward an allogeneic skin graft. The substrate for MCP6 is interleukin (IL)-6, cytokine generally considered to indicate transplant rejection. Herein we have shown an inverse correlation between MCP6 and IL-6. High expression of MCP6 is accompanied by low levels of IL-6 when the allograft is accepted, whereas low expression of MCP6 in combination with high levels of IL-6 are observed in rejecting grafts. Moreover, tolerance toward an allogeneic graft cannot be induced in MCP6(-/-) mice. Rejection observed in these mice was comparable to that of MC-deficient hosts; it is T-cell mediated. These findings suggest that MCP6 actively depletes the local environment of IL-6 to maintain tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- V C de Vries
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, USA
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15
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Abstract
Decades of high-titered antibody are sustained due to the persistence of memory B cells and long-lived plasma cells (PCs). The differentiation of each of these subsets is antigen- and T-cell driven and is dependent on signals acquired and integrated during the germinal center response. Inherent in the primary immune response must be the delivery of signals to B cells to create these populations, which have virtual immortality. Differences in biology and chemotactic behavior disperse memory B cells and long-lived PCs to a spectrum of anatomic sites. Each subset must rely on survival factors that can support their longevity. This review focuses on the generation of each of these subsets, their survival, and renewal, which must occur to sustain serological memory. In this context, we discuss the role of antigen, bystander inflammation, and cellular niches. The contribution of BAFF (B-cell activating factor belonging to the tumor necrosis factor family) and APRIL (a proliferation-inducing ligand) to the persistence of memory B cells and PCs are also detailed. Insights that have been provided over the past few years in the regulation of long-lived B-cell responses will have profound impact on vaccine development, the treatment of pre-sensitized patients for organ transplantation, and therapeutic interventions in both antibody- and T-cell-mediated autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Elgueta
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
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16
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17
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Abstract
Mast cells (MC) have been shown to mediate regulatory T-cell (T(reg))-dependent, peripheral allograft tolerance in both skin and cardiac transplants. Furthermore, T(reg) have been implicated in mitigating IgE-mediated MC degranulation, establishing a dynamic, reciprocal relationship between MC and T(reg) in controlling inflammation. In an allograft tolerance model, it is now shown that intragraft or systemic MC degranulation results in the transient loss of T(reg) suppressor activities with the acute, T-cell dependent rejection of established, tolerant allografts. Upon degranulation, MC mediators can be found in the skin, T(reg) rapidly leave the graft, MC accumulate in the regional lymph node and the T(reg) are impaired in the expression of suppressor molecules. Such a dramatic reversal of T(reg) function and tissue distribution by MC degranulation underscores how allergy may causes the transient breakdown of peripheral tolerance and episodes of acute T-cell inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor C. de Vries
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH 03756
| | - Anna Wasiuk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH 03756
| | - Kathryn A. Bennett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH 03756
| | - Micah J. Benson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH 03756
| | - Raul Elgueta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH 03756
| | | | - Randolph. J. Noelle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH 03756
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Benson MJ, Elgueta R, Schpero W, Molloy M, Zhang W, Usherwood E, Noelle RJ. Distinction of the memory B cell response to cognate antigen versus bystander inflammatory signals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 206:2013-25. [PMID: 19703988 PMCID: PMC2737154 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20090667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis that bystander inflammatory signals promote memory B cell (B(MEM)) self-renewal and differentiation in an antigen-independent manner is critically evaluated herein. To comprehensively address this hypothesis, a detailed analysis is presented examining the response profiles of B-2 lineage B220(+)IgG(+) B(MEM) toward cognate protein antigen in comparison to bystander inflammatory signals. After in vivo antigen encounter, quiescent B(MEM) clonally expand. Surprisingly, proliferating B(MEM) do not acquire germinal center (GC) B cell markers before generating daughter B(MEM) and differentiating into plasma cells or form structurally identifiable GCs. In striking contrast to cognate antigen, inflammatory stimuli, including Toll-like receptor agonists or bystander T cell activation, fail to induce even low levels of B(MEM) proliferation or differentiation in vivo. Under the extreme conditions of adjuvanted protein vaccination or acute viral infection, no detectable bystander proliferation or differentiation of B(MEM) occurred. The absence of a B(MEM) response to nonspecific inflammatory signals clearly shows that B(MEM) proliferation and differentiation is a process tightly controlled by the availability of cognate antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah J Benson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
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19
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Elgueta R, Tobar JA, Shoji KF, De Calisto J, Kalergis AM, Bono MR, Rosemblatt M, Sáez JC. Gap junctions at the dendritic cell-T cell interface are key elements for antigen-dependent T cell activation. J Immunol 2009; 183:277-84. [PMID: 19542439 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0801854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The acquired immune response begins with Ag presentation by dendritic cells (DCs) to naive T cells in a heterocellular cell-cell contact-dependent process. Although both DCs and T cells are known to express connexin43, a gap junction protein subunit, the role of connexin43 on the initiation of T cell responses remains to be elucidated. In the present work, we report the formation of gap junctions between DCs and T cells and their role on T cell activation during Ag presentation by DCs. In cocultures of DCs and T cells, Lucifer yellow microinjected into DCs is transferred to adjacent transgenic CD4(+) T cells, only if the specific antigenic peptide was present at least during the first 24 h of cocultures. This dye transfer was sensitive to gap junction blockers, such as oleamide, and small peptides containing the extracellular loop sequences of conexin. Furthermore, in this system, gap junction blockers drastically reduced T cell activation as reflected by lower proliferation, CD69 expression, and IL-2 secretion. This lower T cell activation produced by gap junction blockers was not due to a lower expression of CD80, CD86, CD40, and MHC-II on DCs. Furthermore, gap junction blocker did not affect polyclonal activation of T cell induced with anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28 Abs in the absence of DCs. These results strongly suggest that functional gap junctions assemble at the interface between DCs and T cells during Ag presentation and that they play an essential role in T cell activation.
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20
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Cubillos-Ruiz JR, Engle X, Scarlett UK, Martinez D, Barber A, Elgueta R, Wang L, Nesbeth Y, Durant Y, Gewirtz AT, Sentman CL, Kedl R, Conejo-Garcia JR. Polyethylenimine-based siRNA nanocomplexes reprogram tumor-associated dendritic cells via TLR5 to elicit therapeutic antitumor immunity. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:2231-44. [PMID: 19620771 PMCID: PMC2719935 DOI: 10.1172/jci37716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The success of clinically relevant immunotherapies requires reversing tumor-induced immunosuppression. Here we demonstrated that linear polyethylenimine-based (PEI-based) nanoparticles encapsulating siRNA were preferentially and avidly engulfed by regulatory DCs expressing CD11c and programmed cell death 1-ligand 1 (PD-L1) at ovarian cancer locations in mice. PEI-siRNA uptake transformed these DCs from immunosuppressive cells to efficient antigen-presenting cells that activated tumor-reactive lymphocytes and exerted direct tumoricidal activity, both in vivo and in situ. PEI triggered robust and selective TLR5 activation in vitro and elicited the production of hallmark TLR5-inducible cytokines in WT mice, but not in Tlr5-/- littermates. Thus, PEI is a TLR5 agonist that, to our knowledge, was not previously recognized. In addition, PEI-complexed nontargeting siRNA oligonucleotides stimulated TLR3 and TLR7. The nonspecific activation of multiple TLRs (specifically, TLR5 and TLR7) reversed the tolerogenic phenotype of human and mouse ovarian tumor-associated DCs. In ovarian carcinoma-bearing mice, this induced T cell-mediated tumor regression and prolonged survival in a manner dependent upon myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88; i.e., independent of TLR3). Furthermore, gene-specific siRNA-PEI nanocomplexes that silenced immunosuppressive molecules on mouse tumor-associated DCs elicited discernibly superior antitumor immunity and enhanced therapeutic effects compared with nontargeting siRNA-PEI nanocomplexes. Our results demonstrate that the intrinsic TLR5 and TLR7 stimulation of siRNA-PEI nanoparticles synergizes with the gene-specific silencing activity of siRNA to transform tumor-infiltrating regulatory DCs into DCs capable of promoting therapeutic antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan R. Cubillos-Ruiz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA.
Nanostructured Polymers Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA.
Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA.
Department of Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Xavier Engle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA.
Nanostructured Polymers Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA.
Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA.
Department of Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Uciane K. Scarlett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA.
Nanostructured Polymers Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA.
Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA.
Department of Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Diana Martinez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA.
Nanostructured Polymers Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA.
Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA.
Department of Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Amorette Barber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA.
Nanostructured Polymers Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA.
Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA.
Department of Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Raul Elgueta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA.
Nanostructured Polymers Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA.
Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA.
Department of Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA.
Nanostructured Polymers Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA.
Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA.
Department of Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Yolanda Nesbeth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA.
Nanostructured Polymers Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA.
Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA.
Department of Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Yvon Durant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA.
Nanostructured Polymers Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA.
Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA.
Department of Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Andrew T. Gewirtz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA.
Nanostructured Polymers Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA.
Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA.
Department of Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Charles L. Sentman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA.
Nanostructured Polymers Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA.
Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA.
Department of Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Ross Kedl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA.
Nanostructured Polymers Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA.
Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA.
Department of Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Jose R. Conejo-Garcia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA.
Nanostructured Polymers Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA.
Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA.
Department of Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
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Abstract
SUMMARY During the generation of a successful adaptive immune response, multiple molecular signals are required. A primary signal is the binding of cognate antigen to an antigen receptor expressed by T and B lymphocytes. Multiple secondary signals involve the engagement of costimulatory molecules expressed by T and B lymphocytes with their respective ligands. Because of its essential role in immunity, one of the best characterized of the costimulatory molecules is the receptor CD40. This receptor, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family, is expressed by B cells, professional antigen-presenting cells, as well as non-immune cells and tumors. CD40 binds its ligand CD40L, which is transiently expressed on T cells and other non-immune cells under inflammatory conditions. A wide spectrum of molecular and cellular processes is regulated by CD40 engagement including the initiation and progression of cellular and humoral adaptive immunity. In this review, we describe the downstream signaling pathways initiated by CD40 and overview how CD40 engagement or antagonism modulates humoral and cellular immunity. Lastly, we discuss the role of CD40 as a target in harnessing anti-tumor immunity. This review underscores the essential role CD40 plays in adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Elgueta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School and The Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah J Benson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School and The Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
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23
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Elgueta R, Sepulveda FE, Vilches F, Vargas L, Mora JR, Bono MR, Rosemblatt M. Imprinting of CCR9 on CD4 T Cells Requires IL-4 Signaling on Mesenteric Lymph Node Dendritic Cells. J Immunol 2008; 180:6501-7. [PMID: 18453568 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.10.6501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raul Elgueta
- Departamento de Biologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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24
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Wolff C, Jirón MI, Elgueta R, Vera M, Toriello L, Martínez L, Parraguez A. [Prevalence of antibody to hepatitis C virus in blood donors. Analysis of confirmed results]. Rev Med Chil 1996; 124:615-6. [PMID: 9035517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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25
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Arroyo G, Elgueta R. Squamous cell carcinoma associated with amoebic cervicitis. Report of a case. Acta Cytol 1989; 33:301-4. [PMID: 2728784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A case of squamous cell carcinoma associated with amebiasis is presented. Protozoa identified as Entamoeba histolytica were found in a routine Papanicolaou smear and in the cervical biopsy of a young woman following the initial diagnosis of cervical cancer and the institution of a radiation therapy regimen. No amoebae were found in repeated stool specimens. The late detection and diagnosis of amebiasis precluded any possible changes in the management of the case. Initial follow-up for the carcinoma demonstrated that the patient was not responding well to therapy; her failure to return to the clinic precluded long-term follow-up and treatment for the amebiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Arroyo
- Department of Cytology and Morphology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of San Carlos, Guatemala City, Guatemala
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