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Parsons MT, Tudini E, Li H, Hahnen E, Wappenschmidt B, Feliubadaló L, Aalfs CM, Agata S, Aittomäki K, Alducci E, Alonso‐Cerezo MC, Arnold N, Auber B, Austin R, Azzollini J, Balmaña J, Barbieri E, Bartram CR, Blanco A, Blümcke B, Bonache S, Bonanni B, Borg Å, Bortesi B, Brunet J, Bruzzone C, Bucksch K, Cagnoli G, Caldés T, Caliebe A, Caligo MA, Calvello M, Capone GL, Caputo SM, Carnevali I, Carrasco E, Caux‐Moncoutier V, Cavalli P, Cini G, Clarke EM, Concolino P, Cops EJ, Cortesi L, Couch FJ, Darder E, de la Hoya M, Dean M, Debatin I, Del Valle J, Delnatte C, Derive N, Diez O, Ditsch N, Domchek SM, Dutrannoy V, Eccles DM, Ehrencrona H, Enders U, Evans DG, Farra C, Faust U, Felbor U, Feroce I, Fine M, Foulkes WD, Galvao HC, Gambino G, Gehrig A, Gensini F, Gerdes A, Germani A, Giesecke J, Gismondi V, Gómez C, Gómez Garcia EB, González S, Grau E, Grill S, Gross E, Guerrieri‐Gonzaga A, Guillaud‐Bataille M, Gutiérrez‐Enríquez S, Haaf T, Hackmann K, Hansen TV, Harris M, Hauke J, Heinrich T, Hellebrand H, Herold KN, Honisch E, Horvath J, Houdayer C, Hübbel V, Iglesias S, Izquierdo A, James PA, Janssen LA, Jeschke U, Kaulfuß S, Keupp K, Kiechle M, Kölbl A, Krieger S, Kruse TA, Kvist A, Lalloo F, Larsen M, Lattimore VL, Lautrup C, Ledig S, Leinert E, Lewis AL, Lim J, Loeffler M, López‐Fernández A, Lucci‐Cordisco E, Maass N, Manoukian S, Marabelli M, Matricardi L, Meindl A, Michelli RD, Moghadasi S, Moles‐Fernández A, Montagna M, Montalban G, Monteiro AN, Montes E, Mori L, Moserle L, Müller CR, Mundhenke C, Naldi N, Nathanson KL, Navarro M, Nevanlinna H, Nichols CB, Niederacher D, Nielsen HR, Ong K, Pachter N, Palmero EI, Papi L, Pedersen IS, Peissel B, Perez‐Segura P, Pfeifer K, Pineda M, Pohl‐Rescigno E, Poplawski NK, Porfirio B, Quante AS, Ramser J, Reis RM, Revillion F, Rhiem K, Riboli B, Ritter J, Rivera D, Rofes P, Rump A, Salinas M, Sánchez de Abajo AM, Schmidt G, Schoenwiese U, Seggewiß J, Solanes A, Steinemann D, Stiller M, Stoppa‐Lyonnet D, Sullivan KJ, Susman R, Sutter C, Tavtigian SV, Teo SH, Teulé A, Thomassen M, Tibiletti MG, Tischkowitz M, Tognazzo S, Toland AE, Tornero E, Törngren T, Torres‐Esquius S, Toss A, Trainer AH, Tucker KM, van Asperen CJ, van Mackelenbergh MT, Varesco L, Vargas‐Parra G, Varon R, Vega A, Velasco Á, Vesper A, Viel A, Vreeswijk MPG, Wagner SA, Waha A, Walker LC, Walters RJ, Wang‐Gohrke S, Weber BHF, Weichert W, Wieland K, Wiesmüller L, Witzel I, Wöckel A, Woodward ER, Zachariae S, Zampiga V, Zeder‐Göß C, Investigators KC, Lázaro C, De Nicolo A, Radice P, Engel C, Schmutzler RK, Goldgar DE, Spurdle AB. Large scale multifactorial likelihood quantitative analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 variants: An ENIGMA resource to support clinical variant classification. Hum Mutat 2019; 40:1557-1578. [PMID: 31131967 PMCID: PMC6772163 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The multifactorial likelihood analysis method has demonstrated utility for quantitative assessment of variant pathogenicity for multiple cancer syndrome genes. Independent data types currently incorporated in the model for assessing BRCA1 and BRCA2 variants include clinically calibrated prior probability of pathogenicity based on variant location and bioinformatic prediction of variant effect, co-segregation, family cancer history profile, co-occurrence with a pathogenic variant in the same gene, breast tumor pathology, and case-control information. Research and clinical data for multifactorial likelihood analysis were collated for 1,395 BRCA1/2 predominantly intronic and missense variants, enabling classification based on posterior probability of pathogenicity for 734 variants: 447 variants were classified as (likely) benign, and 94 as (likely) pathogenic; and 248 classifications were new or considerably altered relative to ClinVar submissions. Classifications were compared with information not yet included in the likelihood model, and evidence strengths aligned to those recommended for ACMG/AMP classification codes. Altered mRNA splicing or function relative to known nonpathogenic variant controls were moderately to strongly predictive of variant pathogenicity. Variant absence in population datasets provided supporting evidence for variant pathogenicity. These findings have direct relevance for BRCA1 and BRCA2 variant evaluation, and justify the need for gene-specific calibration of evidence types used for variant classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T. Parsons
- Department of Genetics and Computational BiologyQIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Emma Tudini
- Department of Genetics and Computational BiologyQIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Hongyan Li
- Cancer Control and Population Science, Huntsman Cancer InstituteUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtah
| | - Eric Hahnen
- Center for Familial Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
- Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Barbara Wappenschmidt
- Center for Familial Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
- Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Lidia Feliubadaló
- Hereditary Cancer Program, ONCOBELL‐IDIBELL‐IDIBGI‐IGTP, Catalan Institute of OncologyCIBERONCBarcelonaSpain
| | - Cora M. Aalfs
- Department of Clinical GeneticsAmsterdam UMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Simona Agata
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOVIRCCSPaduaItaly
| | - Kristiina Aittomäki
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Helsinki University HospitalUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Elisa Alducci
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOVIRCCSPaduaItaly
| | | | - Norbert Arnold
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Schleswig‐Holstein, Campus KielChristian‐Albrechts University KielKielGermany
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, University Hospital of Schleswig‐Holstein, Campus KielChristian‐Albrechts University KielKielGermany
| | - Bernd Auber
- Institute of Human GeneticsHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | - Rachel Austin
- Genetic Health QueenslandRoyal Brisbane and Women's HospitalBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Jacopo Azzollini
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Medical Oncology and HematologyFondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di MilanoMilanItaly
| | - Judith Balmaña
- High Risk and Cancer Prevention GroupVall d'Hebron Institute of OncologyBarcelonaSpain
- Department of Medical OncologyUniversity Hospital of Vall d'HebronBarcelonaSpain
| | - Elena Barbieri
- Department of Oncology and HaematologyUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | - Claus R. Bartram
- Institute of Human GeneticsUniversity Hospital HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
| | - Ana Blanco
- Fundación Pública galega Medicina Xenómica‐SERGASGrupo de Medicina Xenómica‐USC, CIBERER, IDISSantiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Britta Blümcke
- Center for Familial Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
- Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Sandra Bonache
- Oncogenetics GroupVall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Bernardo Bonanni
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Genetics, IEOEuropean Institute of Oncology IRCCSMilanItaly
| | - Åke Borg
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences LundLund UniversityLundSweden
| | | | - Joan Brunet
- Hereditary Cancer Program, ONCOBELL‐IDIBELL‐IDIBGI‐IGTP, Catalan Institute of OncologyCIBERONCBarcelonaSpain
| | - Carla Bruzzone
- Unit of Hereditary CancerIRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San MartinoGenoaItaly
| | - Karolin Bucksch
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and EpidemiologyUniversity of LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | - Giulia Cagnoli
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Medical Oncology and HematologyFondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di MilanoMilanItaly
| | - Trinidad Caldés
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, CIBERONC, Hospital Clinico San CarlosIdISSC (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos)MadridSpain
| | - Almuth Caliebe
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital of Schleswig‐Holstein, Campus KielChristian‐Albrechts University KielKielGermany
| | | | - Mariarosaria Calvello
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Genetics, IEOEuropean Institute of Oncology IRCCSMilanItaly
| | - Gabriele L. Capone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences 'Mario Serio', Medical Genetics UnitUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
| | - Sandrine M. Caputo
- Service de GénétiqueInstitut CurieParisFrance
- Paris Sciences Lettres Research UniversityParisFrance
| | - Ileana Carnevali
- UO Anatomia PatologicaOspedale di Circolo ASST SettelaghiVareseItaly
| | - Estela Carrasco
- High Risk and Cancer Prevention GroupVall d'Hebron Institute of OncologyBarcelonaSpain
| | | | | | - Giulia Cini
- Division of Functional Onco‐genomics and Genetics, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO)IRCCSAvianoItaly
| | - Edward M. Clarke
- Department of Genetics and Computational BiologyQIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Paola Concolino
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A.GemelliIRCCSRomeItaly
| | - Elisa J. Cops
- Parkville Familial Cancer CentrePeter MacCallum Cancer CenterMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Laura Cortesi
- Department of Oncology and HaematologyUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | - Fergus J. Couch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
| | - Esther Darder
- Hereditary Cancer Program, ONCOBELL‐IDIBELL‐IDIBGI‐IGTP, Catalan Institute of OncologyCIBERONCBarcelonaSpain
| | - Miguel de la Hoya
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, CIBERONC, Hospital Clinico San CarlosIdISSC (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos)MadridSpain
| | - Michael Dean
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, DCEGNational Cancer InstituteGaithersburgMaryland
| | - Irmgard Debatin
- Institute of Human GeneticsUniversity Hospital UlmUlmGermany
| | - Jesús Del Valle
- Hereditary Cancer Program, ONCOBELL‐IDIBELL‐IDIBGI‐IGTP, Catalan Institute of OncologyCIBERONCBarcelonaSpain
| | | | - Nicolas Derive
- Service de GénétiqueInstitut CurieParisFrance
- Paris Sciences Lettres Research UniversityParisFrance
| | - Orland Diez
- Oncogenetics GroupVall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO)BarcelonaSpain
- Clinical and Molecular Genetics AreaUniversity Hospital Vall d'HebronBarcelonaSpain
| | - Nina Ditsch
- Department of Gynecology and ObstetricsUniversity of MunichMunichGermany
| | - Susan M. Domchek
- Basser Center for BRCA, Abramson Cancer CenterUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Véronique Dutrannoy
- Institute of Medical and Human GeneticsCharité –Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | | | - Hans Ehrencrona
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Pathology, Laboratory MedicineOffice for Medical Services ‐ Region SkåneLundSweden
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory MedicineLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Ute Enders
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and EpidemiologyUniversity of LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | - D. Gareth Evans
- Genomic Medicine, Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester Universities Foundation TrustSt. Mary's HospitalManchesterUK
- Genomic Medicine, North West Genomics hub, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester Universities Foundation TrustSt. Mary's HospitalManchesterUK
| | - Chantal Farra
- Medical GeneticsAmerican University of Beirut Medical CenterBeirutLebanon
| | - Ulrike Faust
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied GenomicsUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Ute Felbor
- Institute of Human GeneticsUniversity Medicine GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Irene Feroce
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Genetics, IEOEuropean Institute of Oncology IRCCSMilanItaly
| | - Miriam Fine
- Adult Genetics UnitRoyal Adelaide HospitalAdelaideAustralia
| | - William D. Foulkes
- Program in Cancer Genetics, Departments of Human Genetics and OncologyMcGill UniversityMontréalQCCanada
| | | | | | - Andrea Gehrig
- Department of Human GeneticsUniversity of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Francesca Gensini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences 'Mario Serio', Medical Genetics UnitUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
| | - Anne‐Marie Gerdes
- Department of Clinical Genetics, RigshospitaletCopenhagen University HospitalCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Aldo Germani
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant'Andrea University HospitalSapienza UniversityRomeItaly
| | - Jutta Giesecke
- Center for Familial Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
- Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Viviana Gismondi
- Unit of Hereditary CancerIRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San MartinoGenoaItaly
| | - Carolina Gómez
- Hereditary Cancer Program, ONCOBELL‐IDIBELL‐IDIBGI‐IGTP, Catalan Institute of OncologyCIBERONCBarcelonaSpain
| | - Encarna B. Gómez Garcia
- Department of Clinical GeneticsMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Sara González
- Hereditary Cancer Program, ONCOBELL‐IDIBELL‐IDIBGI‐IGTP, Catalan Institute of OncologyCIBERONCBarcelonaSpain
| | - Elia Grau
- Hereditary Cancer Program, ONCOBELL‐IDIBELL‐IDIBGI‐IGTP, Catalan Institute of OncologyCIBERONCBarcelonaSpain
| | - Sabine Grill
- Division of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar der TechnischenUniversität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Eva Gross
- Department of Gynecology and ObstetricsUniversity of MunichMunichGermany
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Haaf
- Department of Human GeneticsUniversity of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Karl Hackmann
- Institute for Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav CarusTU DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Thomas V.O. Hansen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, RigshospitaletCopenhagen University HospitalCopenhagenDenmark
| | | | - Jan Hauke
- Center for Familial Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
- Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Tilman Heinrich
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied GenomicsUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Heide Hellebrand
- Division of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar der TechnischenUniversität MünchenMunichGermany
| | | | - Ellen Honisch
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital DüsseldorfHeinrich‐Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Judit Horvath
- Institute of Human GeneticsUniversity of MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Claude Houdayer
- Department of Genetics, F76000 and Normandy University, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized MedicineRouen University HospitalRouenFrance
| | - Verena Hübbel
- Center for Familial Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
- Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Silvia Iglesias
- Hereditary Cancer Program, ONCOBELL‐IDIBELL‐IDIBGI‐IGTP, Catalan Institute of OncologyCIBERONCBarcelonaSpain
| | - Angel Izquierdo
- Hereditary Cancer Program, ONCOBELL‐IDIBELL‐IDIBGI‐IGTP, Catalan Institute of OncologyCIBERONCBarcelonaSpain
| | - Paul A. James
- Parkville Familial Cancer CentrePeter MacCallum Cancer CenterMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of OncologyThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Linda A.M. Janssen
- Department of Clinical GeneticsLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Udo Jeschke
- Department of Gynecology and ObstetricsUniversity of MunichMunichGermany
| | - Silke Kaulfuß
- Institute of Human GeneticsUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Katharina Keupp
- Center for Familial Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
- Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Marion Kiechle
- Division of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar der TechnischenUniversität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Alexandra Kölbl
- Department of Gynecology and ObstetricsUniversity of MunichMunichGermany
| | - Sophie Krieger
- Laboratoire de Biologie Clinique et OncologiqueCentre Francois BaclesseCaenFrance
- Genomics and Personalized Medecine in Cancer and Neurological DisordersNormandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized MedicineRouenFrance
- Normandie UniversitéUNICAENCaenFrance
| | - Torben A. Kruse
- Department of Clinical GeneticsOdense University HospitalOdense CDenmark
| | - Anders Kvist
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences LundLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Fiona Lalloo
- Genomic Medicine, North West Genomics hub, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester Universities Foundation TrustSt. Mary's HospitalManchesterUK
| | - Mirjam Larsen
- Center for Familial Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
- Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Vanessa L. Lattimore
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical ScienceUniversity of OtagoChristchurchNew Zealand
| | - Charlotte Lautrup
- Department of Clinical GeneticsAalborg University HospitalAalborgDenmark
- Clinical Cancer Research CenterAalborg University HospitalAalborgDenmark
| | - Susanne Ledig
- Institute of Human GeneticsUniversity of MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Elena Leinert
- Department of Gynaecology and ObstetricsUniversity Hospital UlmUlmGermany
| | | | - Joanna Lim
- Breast Cancer Research ProgrammeCancer Research MalaysiaSubang JayaSelangorMalaysia
| | - Markus Loeffler
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and EpidemiologyUniversity of LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | - Adrià López‐Fernández
- High Risk and Cancer Prevention GroupVall d'Hebron Institute of OncologyBarcelonaSpain
| | - Emanuela Lucci‐Cordisco
- UOC Genetica Medica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A.Gemelli IRCCS and Istituto di Medicina GenomicaUniversità Cattolica del Sacro CuoreRomeItaly
| | - Nicolai Maass
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Schleswig‐Holstein, Campus KielChristian‐Albrechts University KielKielGermany
| | - Siranoush Manoukian
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Medical Oncology and HematologyFondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di MilanoMilanItaly
| | - Monica Marabelli
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Genetics, IEOEuropean Institute of Oncology IRCCSMilanItaly
| | - Laura Matricardi
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOVIRCCSPaduaItaly
| | - Alfons Meindl
- Department of Gynecology and ObstetricsUniversity of MunichMunichGermany
| | | | - Setareh Moghadasi
- Department of Clinical GeneticsLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Marco Montagna
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOVIRCCSPaduaItaly
| | - Gemma Montalban
- Oncogenetics GroupVall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO)BarcelonaSpain
| | | | - Eva Montes
- Hereditary Cancer Program, ONCOBELL‐IDIBELL‐IDIBGI‐IGTP, Catalan Institute of OncologyCIBERONCBarcelonaSpain
| | - Luigi Mori
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Science, University of Brescia c/o 2nd Internal MedicineHospital of BresciaBresciaItaly
| | - Lidia Moserle
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOVIRCCSPaduaItaly
| | | | - Christoph Mundhenke
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Schleswig‐Holstein, Campus KielChristian‐Albrechts University KielKielGermany
| | - Nadia Naldi
- Division of OncologyUniversity Hospital of ParmaParmaItaly
| | - Katherine L. Nathanson
- Basser Center for BRCA, Abramson Cancer CenterUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Matilde Navarro
- Hereditary Cancer Program, ONCOBELL‐IDIBELL‐IDIBGI‐IGTP, Catalan Institute of OncologyCIBERONCBarcelonaSpain
| | - Heli Nevanlinna
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University HospitalUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Cassandra B. Nichols
- Genetic Services of Western AustraliaKing Edward Memorial HospitalPerthAustralia
| | - Dieter Niederacher
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital DüsseldorfHeinrich‐Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | | | - Kai‐ren Ong
- West Midlands Regional Genetics ServiceBirmingham Women's Hospital Healthcare NHS TrustBirminghamUK
| | - Nicholas Pachter
- Genetic Services of Western AustraliaKing Edward Memorial HospitalPerthAustralia
- Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthAustralia
| | - Edenir I. Palmero
- Molecular Oncology Research CenterBarretos Cancer HospitalSão PauloBrazil
- Barretos School of Health SciencesDr. Paulo Prata ‐ FACISBSão PauloBrazil
| | - Laura Papi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences 'Mario Serio', Medical Genetics UnitUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
| | - Inge Sokilde Pedersen
- Clinical Cancer Research CenterAalborg University HospitalAalborgDenmark
- Molecular DiagnosticsAalborg University HospitalAalborgDenmark
- Department of Clinical MedicineAalborg UniversityAalborgDenmark
| | - Bernard Peissel
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Medical Oncology and HematologyFondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di MilanoMilanItaly
| | - Pedro Perez‐Segura
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, CIBERONC, Hospital Clinico San CarlosIdISSC (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos)MadridSpain
| | - Katharina Pfeifer
- Division of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar der TechnischenUniversität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Marta Pineda
- Hereditary Cancer Program, ONCOBELL‐IDIBELL‐IDIBGI‐IGTP, Catalan Institute of OncologyCIBERONCBarcelonaSpain
| | - Esther Pohl‐Rescigno
- Center for Familial Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
- Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Nicola K. Poplawski
- Adult Genetics UnitRoyal Adelaide HospitalAdelaideAustralia
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive HealthUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideAustralia
| | - Berardino Porfirio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences 'Mario Serio', Medical Genetics UnitUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
| | - Anne S. Quante
- Division of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar der TechnischenUniversität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Juliane Ramser
- Division of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar der TechnischenUniversität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Rui M. Reis
- Molecular Oncology Research CenterBarretos Cancer HospitalSão PauloBrazil
- Health Sciences SchoolUniversity of MinhoBragaPortugal
- ICVS/3B's‐PT Government Associate LaboratoryBragaPortugal
| | - Françoise Revillion
- Laboratoire d'Oncogenetique Moleculaire HumaineCentre Oscar LambretLilleFrance
| | - Kerstin Rhiem
- Center for Familial Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
- Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | | | - Julia Ritter
- Institute of Medical and Human GeneticsCharité –Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Daniela Rivera
- Unit of Hereditary CancerIRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San MartinoGenoaItaly
| | - Paula Rofes
- Hereditary Cancer Program, ONCOBELL‐IDIBELL‐IDIBGI‐IGTP, Catalan Institute of OncologyCIBERONCBarcelonaSpain
| | - Andreas Rump
- Institute for Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav CarusTU DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Monica Salinas
- Hereditary Cancer Program, ONCOBELL‐IDIBELL‐IDIBGI‐IGTP, Catalan Institute of OncologyCIBERONCBarcelonaSpain
| | - Ana María Sánchez de Abajo
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos y Bioquímica Clínica, Complejo HospitalarioUniversitario Insular Materno‐Infantil de Gran CanariaLas Palmas de Gran CanaríaSpain
| | - Gunnar Schmidt
- Institute of Human GeneticsHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | - Ulrike Schoenwiese
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and EpidemiologyUniversity of LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | - Jochen Seggewiß
- Institute of Human GeneticsUniversity of MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Ares Solanes
- Hereditary Cancer Program, ONCOBELL‐IDIBELL‐IDIBGI‐IGTP, Catalan Institute of OncologyCIBERONCBarcelonaSpain
| | - Doris Steinemann
- Institute of Human GeneticsHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | - Mathias Stiller
- Institute of Human GeneticsUniversity Hospital LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | - Dominique Stoppa‐Lyonnet
- Service de GénétiqueInstitut CurieParisFrance
- Department of Tumour BiologyINSERM U830ParisFrance
- Université Paris DescartesParisFrance
| | - Kelly J. Sullivan
- Genetic Health Service NZ‐ Northern HubAuckland District Health BoardAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Rachel Susman
- Genetic Health QueenslandRoyal Brisbane and Women's HospitalBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Christian Sutter
- Institute of Human GeneticsUniversity Hospital HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
| | - Sean V. Tavtigian
- Department of Oncological ServicesUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUtah
- Huntsman Cancer InstituteUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtah
| | - Soo H. Teo
- Breast Cancer Research ProgrammeCancer Research MalaysiaSubang JayaSelangorMalaysia
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of MedicineUniversity MalayaKuala LumpurMalaysia
| | - Alex Teulé
- Hereditary Cancer Program, ONCOBELL‐IDIBELL‐IDIBGI‐IGTP, Catalan Institute of OncologyCIBERONCBarcelonaSpain
| | - Mads Thomassen
- Department of Clinical GeneticsOdense University HospitalOdense CDenmark
| | | | - Marc Tischkowitz
- Department of Medical GeneticsUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Silvia Tognazzo
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOVIRCCSPaduaItaly
| | - Amanda E. Toland
- Department of Cancer Biology and GeneticsThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhio
| | - Eva Tornero
- Hereditary Cancer Program, ONCOBELL‐IDIBELL‐IDIBGI‐IGTP, Catalan Institute of OncologyCIBERONCBarcelonaSpain
| | - Therese Törngren
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences LundLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Sara Torres‐Esquius
- High Risk and Cancer Prevention GroupVall d'Hebron Institute of OncologyBarcelonaSpain
| | - Angela Toss
- Department of Oncology and HaematologyUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | - Alison H. Trainer
- Parkville Familial Cancer CentrePeter MacCallum Cancer CenterMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of medicineUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Katherine M. Tucker
- Prince of Wales Clinical SchoolUniversity of NSWSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Hereditary Cancer Clinic, Department of Medical OncologyPrince of Wales HospitalRandwickNew South WalesAustralia
| | | | - Marion T. van Mackelenbergh
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Schleswig‐Holstein, Campus KielChristian‐Albrechts University KielKielGermany
| | - Liliana Varesco
- Unit of Hereditary CancerIRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San MartinoGenoaItaly
| | - Gardenia Vargas‐Parra
- Hereditary Cancer Program, ONCOBELL‐IDIBELL‐IDIBGI‐IGTP, Catalan Institute of OncologyCIBERONCBarcelonaSpain
| | - Raymonda Varon
- Institute of Medical and Human GeneticsCharité –Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Ana Vega
- Fundación Pública galega Medicina Xenómica‐SERGASGrupo de Medicina Xenómica‐USC, CIBERER, IDISSantiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Ángela Velasco
- Hereditary Cancer Program, ONCOBELL‐IDIBELL‐IDIBGI‐IGTP, Catalan Institute of OncologyCIBERONCBarcelonaSpain
| | - Anne‐Sophie Vesper
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital DüsseldorfHeinrich‐Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Alessandra Viel
- Division of Functional Onco‐genomics and Genetics, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO)IRCCSAvianoItaly
| | | | - Sebastian A. Wagner
- Department of MedicineHematology/Oncology, Goethe‐University FrankfurtFrankfurtGermany
| | - Anke Waha
- Center for Familial Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
- Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Logan C. Walker
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical ScienceUniversity of OtagoChristchurchNew Zealand
| | - Rhiannon J. Walters
- Department of Genetics and Computational BiologyQIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Shan Wang‐Gohrke
- Department of Gynaecology and ObstetricsUniversity Hospital UlmUlmGermany
| | | | - Wilko Weichert
- Institute of PathologyTechnische Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Kerstin Wieland
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and EpidemiologyUniversity of LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | - Lisa Wiesmüller
- Department of Gynaecology and ObstetricsUniversity Hospital UlmUlmGermany
| | - Isabell Witzel
- Department of GynecologyUniversity Medical Center HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Achim Wöckel
- Department of Gynecology and ObstetricsUniversity Hospital WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Emma R. Woodward
- Genomic Medicine, Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester Universities Foundation TrustSt. Mary's HospitalManchesterUK
- Genomic Medicine, North West Genomics hub, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester Universities Foundation TrustSt. Mary's HospitalManchesterUK
| | - Silke Zachariae
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and EpidemiologyUniversity of LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | - Valentina Zampiga
- Biosciences LaboratoryIstituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCSMeldolaItaly
| | | | - KConFab Investigators
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of OncologyThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Research DepartmentPeter MacCallum Cancer CenterMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Conxi Lázaro
- Hereditary Cancer Program, ONCOBELL‐IDIBELL‐IDIBGI‐IGTP, Catalan Institute of OncologyCIBERONCBarcelonaSpain
| | | | - Paolo Radice
- Unit of Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk and Genetic Testing, Department of ResearchFondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (INT)MilanItaly
| | - Christoph Engel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and EpidemiologyUniversity of LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | - Rita K. Schmutzler
- Center for Familial Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
- Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - David E. Goldgar
- Department of Dermatology, Huntsman Cancer InstituteUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUtah
| | - Amanda B. Spurdle
- Department of Genetics and Computational BiologyQIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
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2
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Johnatty SE, Tan YY, Buchanan DD, Bowman M, Walters RJ, Obermair A, Quinn MA, Blomfield PB, Brand A, Leung Y, Oehler MK, Kirk JA, O'Mara TA, Webb PM, Spurdle AB. Family history of cancer predicts endometrial cancer risk independently of Lynch Syndrome: Implications for genetic counselling. Gynecol Oncol 2017; 147:381-387. [PMID: 28822557 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine endometrial cancer (EC) risk according to family cancer history, including assessment by degree of relatedness, type of and age at cancer diagnosis of relatives. METHODS Self-reported family cancer history was available for 1353 EC patients and 628 controls. Logistic regression was used to quantify the association between EC and cancer diagnosis in ≥1 first or second degree relative, and to assess whether level of risk differed by degree of relationship and/or relative's age at diagnosis. Risk was also evaluated for family history of up to three cancers from known familial syndromes (Lynch, Cowden, hereditary breast and ovarian cancer) overall, by histological subtype and, for a subset of 678 patients, by EC tumor mismatch repair (MMR) gene expression. RESULTS Report of EC in ≥1 first- or second-degree relative was associated with significantly increased risk of EC (P=3.8×10-7), independent of lifestyle risk factors. There was a trend in increasing EC risk with closer relatedness and younger age at EC diagnosis in relatives (PTrend=4.43×10-6), and with increasing numbers of Lynch cancers in relatives (PTrend≤0.0001). EC risk associated with family history did not differ by proband tumor MMR status, or histological subtype. Reported EC in first- or second-degree relatives remained associated with EC risk after conservative correction for potential misreported family history (OR 2.0; 95% CI, 1.24-3.37, P=0.004). CONCLUSION The strongest predictor of EC risk was closer relatedness and younger EC diagnosis age in ≥1 relative. Associations remained significant irrespective of proband MMR status, and after excluding MMR pathogenic variant carriers, indicating that Lynch syndrome genes do not fully explain familial EC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon E Johnatty
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yen Y Tan
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel D Buchanan
- Colorectal Oncogenomics Group, Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Genetic Medicine and Family Cancer Clinic, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Michael Bowman
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rhiannon J Walters
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andreas Obermair
- Queensland Centre for Gynaecological Cancer, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael A Quinn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Women's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Penelope B Blomfield
- Department of Gynaecology Oncology, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Alison Brand
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yee Leung
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Martin K Oehler
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Judy A Kirk
- Familial Cancer Service, Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre, Westmead Hospital, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney Centre for Cancer Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tracy A O'Mara
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Penelope M Webb
- Department of Population Health, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Amanda B Spurdle
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Buchanan DD, Clendenning M, Jayasekara H, Joo JE, Wong EM, Southey MC, Walters RJ, Pope BJ, Win AK, Hopper JL, Jenkins MA, Milne RL, Giles GG, English DR, Macrae FA, Spurdle AB, Winship IM, Rosty C. Abstract 4266: Double somatic mutations as a cause of tumor mismatch repair-deficiency in population-based colorectal and endometrial cancer with Lynch-like syndrome. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-4266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Tumour mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency, determined by immunohistochemical (IHC) loss of MMR protein expression, is used diagnostically to identify individuals with Lynch syndrome. A high proportion of colorectal cancers (CRCs) and endometrial cancers (ECs) that demonstrate tumor MMR-deficiency are categorised as having “Lynch-like syndrome” due to the absence of tumor MLH1 methylation or germline MMR gene mutations after standard screening approaches. The aim of this study was to investigate somatic causes of tumor MMR-deficiency in patients with Lynch-like syndrome.
Methods: Population-based participants with incident MMR-deficient colorectal (n=193; ACCFR and MCCS) or endometrial cancer (n=197; ANECS and MCCS) were categorised as either Lynch syndrome, MLH1 methylated or Lynch-like after screening for germline MMR gene mutations and for tumor MLH1 gene promoter hypermethylation. Lynch-like tumors were tested for somatic MMR gene mutations (point mutations and loss of heterozygosity) using AmpliSeq-Ion Proton custom capture sequencing and for MSH2 or MSH6 gene promoter methylation. Overall survival for molecularly defined subgroups of Lynch-like CRCs were compared to Lynch syndrome related CRCs using cox regression models to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals adjusting for age at CRC diagnosis, sex, AJCC stage and grade.
Results: Lynch-like tumors comprised 32% (63/193) and 23% (45/197) of the MMR-deficient CRCs and ECs, respectively compared with 27% and 15% for Lynch syndrome and 41% and 62% for MLH1 methylated CRCs and ECs, respectively. Two somatic mutations were identified in the MMR gene indicated by the pattern of MMR IHC loss of expression were identified in 36.7% (18/49) and 47.8% (11/23) of the Lynch-like CRCs and ECs tested. The proportion of tumors with double somatic alterations was highest for both CRC and EC tumors showing MSH2-deficiency (40% and 64.3%). The mean age at diagnosis for the Lynch-like CRCs with double somatic mutations was 49.7 ± 15.8years which was not significantly different from the Lynch syndrome CRCs (n=52; 45.4 ± 11.3years; p=0.2) but was significantly different compared with the MLH1 methylated CRCs (n=83; 70 ± 8.9years; p=0.0001). The adjusted HR for double somatic Lynch-like CRCs was 2.58 (95% CI, 0.77-8.67) compared with Lynch syndrome CRCs (p=0.1). No evidence of tumor MSH2 or MSH6 gene promoter methylation was identified in either MSH2-deficient or MSH6-deficient Lynch-like CRCs or ECs tested (n=34 and n=12, respectively).
Conclusions: Double somatic mutations in the MMR genes represent a significant proportion of the unexplained Lynch-like MMR-deficient subtype for both population-based CRC and EC. Triaging strategies used to identify Lynch syndrome for both CRC and EC should include tumor testing for somatic mutations in the MMR genes.
Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting.
Citation Format: Daniel D. Buchanan, Mark Clendenning, Harindra Jayasekara, Jihoon E. Joo, Ee M. Wong, Melissa C. Southey, Rhiannon J. Walters, Bernard J. Pope, Aung K. Win, John L. Hopper, Mark A. Jenkins, Roger L. Milne, Graham G. Giles, Dallas R. English, Finlay A. Macrae, Amanda B. Spurdle, Ingrid M. Winship, Christophe Rosty. Double somatic mutations as a cause of tumor mismatch repair-deficiency in population-based colorectal and endometrial cancer with Lynch-like syndrome [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4266. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-4266
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ee M. Wong
- 1University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Aung K. Win
- 1University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Amanda B. Spurdle
- 3Queensland Institute of Medical Research Berghofer, Herston, Australia
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Buchanan DD, Clendenning M, Rosty C, Eriksen SV, Walsh MD, Walters RJ, Thibodeau SN, Stewart J, Preston S, Win AK, Flander L, Ouakrim DA, Macrae FA, Boussioutas A, Winship IM, Giles GG, Hopper JL, Southey MC, English D, Jenkins MA. Tumor testing to identify lynch syndrome in two Australian colorectal cancer cohorts. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 32:427-438. [PMID: 27273229 PMCID: PMC5140773 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Tumor testing of colorectal cancers (CRC) for mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency is an effective approach to identify carriers of germline MMR gene mutation (Lynch syndrome). The aim of this study was to identify MMR gene mutation carriers in two cohorts of population-based CRC utilizing a combination of tumor and germline testing approaches. METHODS Colorectal cancers from 813 patients diagnosed with CRC < 60 years of age from the Australasian Colorectal Cancer Family Registry (ACCFR) and from 826 patients from the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study (MCCS) were tested for MMR protein expression using immunohistochemistry, microsatellite instability (MSI), BRAFV600E somatic mutation, and for MLH1 methylation. MMR gene mutation testing (Sanger sequencing and Multiplex Ligation Dependent Probe Amplification) was performed on germline DNA of patients with MMR-deficient tumors and a subset of MMR-proficient CRCs. RESULTS Of the 813 ACCFR probands, 90 probands demonstrated tumor MMR deficiency (11.1%), and 42 had a MMR gene germline mutation (5.2%). For the MCCS, MMR deficiency was identified in the tumors of 103 probands (12.5%) and seven had a germline mutation (0.8%). All the mutation carriers were diagnosed prior to 70 years of age. Probands with a MMR-deficient CRC without MLH1 methylation and a gene mutation were considered Lynch-like and comprised 41.1% and 25.2% of the MMR-deficient CRCs for the ACCFR and MCCS, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Identification of MMR gene mutation carriers in Australian CRC-affected patients is optimized by immunohistochemistry screening of CRC diagnosed before 70 years of age. A significant proportion of MMR-deficient CRCs will have unknown etiology (Lynch-like) proving problematic for clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Buchanan
- Colorectal Oncogenomics Group, Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark Clendenning
- Colorectal Oncogenomics Group, Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christophe Rosty
- Colorectal Oncogenomics Group, Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Envoi Specialist Pathologists, Herston, Queensland, Australia
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stine V Eriksen
- Colorectal Oncogenomics Group, Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael D Walsh
- Department of Histopathology, Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rhiannon J Walters
- Cancer and Population Studies Group, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen N Thibodeau
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jenna Stewart
- Colorectal Oncogenomics Group, Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Susan Preston
- Colorectal Oncogenomics Group, Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aung Ko Win
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louisa Flander
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Driss Ait Ouakrim
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Finlay A Macrae
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Genetic Medicine and Family Cancer Clinic, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
- Colorectal Medicine and Genetics, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alex Boussioutas
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Cancer Genomics and Predictive Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ingrid M Winship
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Genetic Medicine and Family Cancer Clinic, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Graham G Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - John L Hopper
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Institute of Health and Environment, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Melissa C Southey
- Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dallas English
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark A Jenkins
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Hernández-Saz J, Herrera M, Delgado FJ, Duguay S, Philippe T, Gonzalez M, Abell J, Walters RJ, Molina SI. Atom-scale compositional distribution in InAlAsSb-based triple junction solar cells by atom probe tomography. Nanotechnology 2016; 27:305402. [PMID: 27306098 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/30/305402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The analysis by atom probe tomography (APT) of InAlAsSb layers with applications in triple junction solar cells (TJSCs) has shown the existence of In- and Sb-rich regions in the material. The composition variation found is not evident from the direct observation of the 3D atomic distribution and because of this a statistical analysis has been required. From previous analysis of these samples, it is shown that the small compositional fluctuations determined have a strong effect on the optical properties of the material and ultimately on the performance of TJSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hernández-Saz
- IMEYMAT, Dpto. de Ciencia de los Materiales e I.M. y Q.I., Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Río San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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6
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Esperk T, Kjaersgaard A, Walters RJ, Berger D, Blanckenhorn WU. Plastic and evolutionary responses to heat stress in a temperate dung fly: negative correlation between basal and induced heat tolerance? J Evol Biol 2016; 29:900-15. [PMID: 26801318 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Extreme weather events such as heat waves are becoming more frequent and intense. Populations can cope with elevated heat stress by evolving higher basal heat tolerance (evolutionary response) and/or stronger induced heat tolerance (plastic response). However, there is ongoing debate about whether basal and induced heat tolerance are negatively correlated and whether adaptive potential in heat tolerance is sufficient under ongoing climate warming. To evaluate the evolutionary potential of basal and induced heat tolerance, we performed experimental evolution on a temperate source population of the dung fly Sepsis punctum. Offspring of flies adapted to three thermal selection regimes (Hot, Cold and Reference) were subjected to acute heat stress after having been exposed to either a hot-acclimation or non-acclimation pretreatment. As different traits may respond differently to temperature stress, several physiological and life history traits were assessed. Condition dependence of the response was evaluated by exposing juveniles to different levels of developmental (food restriction/rearing density) stress. Heat knockdown times were highest, whereas acclimation effects were lowest in the Hot selection regime, indicating a negative association between basal and induced heat tolerance. However, survival, adult longevity, fecundity and fertility did not show such a pattern. Acclimation had positive effects in heat-shocked flies, but in the absence of heat stress hot-acclimated flies had reduced life spans relative to non-acclimated ones, thereby revealing a potential cost of acclimation. Moreover, body size positively affected heat tolerance and unstressed individuals were less prone to heat stress than stressed flies, offering support for energetic costs associated with heat tolerance. Overall, our results indicate that heat tolerance of temperate insects can evolve under rising temperatures, but this response could be limited by a negative relationship between basal and induced thermotolerance, and may involve some but not other fitness-related traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Esperk
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A Kjaersgaard
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - R J Walters
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - D Berger
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - W U Blanckenhorn
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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7
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Rosty C, Walsh MD, Lindor NM, Thibodeau SN, Mundt E, Gallinger S, Aronson M, Pollett A, Baron JA, Pearson S, Clendenning M, Walters RJ, Nagler BN, Crawford WJ, Young JP, Winship I, Win AK, Hopper JL, Jenkins MA, Buchanan DD. High prevalence of mismatch repair deficiency in prostate cancers diagnosed in mismatch repair gene mutation carriers from the colon cancer family registry. Fam Cancer 2015; 13:573-82. [PMID: 25117503 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-014-9744-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The question of whether prostate cancer is part of the Lynch syndrome spectrum of tumors is unresolved. We investigated the mismatch repair (MMR) status and pathologic features of prostate cancers diagnosed in MMR gene mutation carriers. Prostate cancers (mean age at diagnosis = 62 ± SD = 8 years) from 32 MMR mutation carriers (23 MSH2, 5 MLH1 and 4 MSH6) enrolled in the Australasian, Mayo Clinic and Ontario sites of the Colon Cancer Family Registry were examined for clinico-pathologic features and MMR-deficiency (immunohistochemical loss of MMR protein expression and high levels of microsatellite instability; MSI-H). Tumor MMR-deficiency was observed for 22 cases [69 %; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 50-83 %], with the highest prevalence of MMR-deficiency in tumors from MSH2 mutation carriers (19/23, 83 %) compared with MLH1 and MSH6 carriers combined (3/9, 33 %; p = 0.01). MMR-deficient tumors had increased levels of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes compared with tumors without MMR-deficiency (p = 0.04). Under the assumption that tumour MMR-deficiency occurred only because the cancer was caused by the germline mutation, mutation carriers are at 3.2-fold (95 % CI 2.0-6.3) increased risk of prostate cancer, and when assessed by gene, the relative risk was greatest for MSH2 carriers (5.8, 95 % CI 2.6-20.9). Prostate cancer was the first or only diagnosed tumor in 37 % of carriers. MMR gene mutation carriers have at least a twofold or greater increased risk of developing MMR-deficient prostate cancer where the risk is highest for MSH2 mutation carriers. MMR IHC screening of prostate cancers will aid in identifying MMR gene mutation carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Rosty
- Oncogenomics Group, Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
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8
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Win AK, Buchanan AD, Rosty C, MacInnis RJ, Dowty JG, Dite GS, Giles GG, Southey MC, Young JP, Clendenning M, Walsh MD, Walters RJ, Boussioutas A, Smyrk TC, Thibodeau SN, Baron JA, Potter JD, Newcomb PA, Marchand LL, Haile RW, Gallinger S, Lindor NM, Hopper JL, Ahnen DJ, Jenkins MA. Role of tumour molecular and pathology features to estimate colorectal cancer risk for first-degree relatives. Gut 2015; 64:101-10. [PMID: 24615377 PMCID: PMC4180004 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-306567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) for first-degree relatives of CRC cases based on CRC molecular subtypes and tumour pathology features. DESIGN We studied a cohort of 33,496 first-degree relatives of 4853 incident invasive CRC cases (probands) who were recruited to the Colon Cancer Family Registry through population cancer registries in the USA, Canada and Australia. We categorised the first-degree relatives into four groups: 28,156 of 4095 mismatch repair (MMR)-proficient probands, 2302 of 301 MMR-deficient non-Lynch syndrome probands, 1799 of 271 suspected Lynch syndrome probands and 1239 of 186 Lynch syndrome probands. We compared CRC risk for first-degree relatives stratified by the absence or presence of specific tumour molecular pathology features in probands across each of these four groups and for all groups combined. RESULTS Compared with first-degree relatives of MMR-proficient CRC cases, a higher risk of CRC was estimated for first-degree relatives of CRC cases with suspected Lynch syndrome (HR 2.06, 95% CI 1.59 to 2.67) and with Lynch syndrome (HR 5.37, 95% CI 4.16 to 6.94), but not with MMR-deficient non-Lynch syndrome (HR 1.04, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.31). A greater risk of CRC was estimated for first-degree relatives if CRC cases were diagnosed before age 50 years, had proximal colon cancer or if their tumours had any of the following: expanding tumour margin, peritumoral lymphocytes, tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes or synchronous CRC. CONCLUSIONS Molecular pathology features are potentially useful to refine screening recommendations for first-degree relatives of CRC cases and to identify which cases are more likely to be caused by genetic or other familial factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aung Ko Win
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - aniel D. Buchanan
- Cancer and Population Studies Group, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Clive Berghofer Cancer Research Centre, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christophe Rosty
- Cancer and Population Studies Group, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Clive Berghofer Cancer Research Centre, Herston, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia.,Envoi Specialist Pathologists, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robert J. MacInnis
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - James G. Dowty
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gillian S. Dite
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Graham G. Giles
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melissa C. Southey
- Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joanne P. Young
- Cancer and Population Studies Group, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Clive Berghofer Cancer Research Centre, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark Clendenning
- Cancer and Population Studies Group, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Clive Berghofer Cancer Research Centre, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael D. Walsh
- Cancer and Population Studies Group, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Clive Berghofer Cancer Research Centre, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rhiannon J. Walters
- Cancer and Population Studies Group, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Clive Berghofer Cancer Research Centre, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alex Boussioutas
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Cancer Genomics and Predictive Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas C. Smyrk
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Stephen N. Thibodeau
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - John A. Baron
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - John D. Potter
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Polly A. Newcomb
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Robert W. Haile
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Steven Gallinger
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Noralane M. Lindor
- Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - John L. Hopper
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dennis J. Ahnen
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Eastern Colorado Health Care System, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Mark A. Jenkins
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Rosty C, Williamson EJ, Clendenning M, Walters RJ, Win AK, Jenkins MA, Hopper JL, Winship IM, Southey MC, Giles GG, English DR, Buchanan DD. Should the grading of colorectal adenocarcinoma include microsatellite instability status? Hum Pathol 2014; 45:2077-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2014.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Neale RE, Clark PJ, Fawcett J, Fritschi L, Nagler BN, Risch HA, Walters RJ, Crawford WJ, Webb PM, Whiteman DC, Buchanan DD. Association between hypermethylation of DNA repetitive elements in white blood cell DNA and pancreatic cancer. Cancer Epidemiol 2014; 38:576-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Rosty C, Williamson EJ, Clendenning M, Walters RJ, Walsh MD, Win AK, Jenkins MA, Hopper JL, Winship I, Southey MC, Giles GG, English DR, Buchanan DD. Re: Microsatellite instability and BRAF mutation testing in colorectal cancer prognostication. J Natl Cancer Inst 2014; 106:dju180. [PMID: 25114271 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/dju180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Rosty
- Cancer and Population Studies Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Australia (CR, MC, RJW, MDW, DDB); Oncogenomics Group, Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia (MC, DDB); University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Herston, Australia (CR); Envoi Pathology, Herston, Australia (CR); Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytic Epidemiology, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia (EJW, AKW, MAJ, JLH, GGG, DRE, DDB); Department of Histopathology, Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Taringa, Australia (MDW); Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (JLH); Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia (IW); Genetic Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia (IW); Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia (MCS); Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Carlton, Australia (GGG, DRE)
| | - Elizabeth J Williamson
- Cancer and Population Studies Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Australia (CR, MC, RJW, MDW, DDB); Oncogenomics Group, Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia (MC, DDB); University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Herston, Australia (CR); Envoi Pathology, Herston, Australia (CR); Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytic Epidemiology, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia (EJW, AKW, MAJ, JLH, GGG, DRE, DDB); Department of Histopathology, Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Taringa, Australia (MDW); Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (JLH); Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia (IW); Genetic Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia (IW); Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia (MCS); Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Carlton, Australia (GGG, DRE)
| | - Mark Clendenning
- Cancer and Population Studies Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Australia (CR, MC, RJW, MDW, DDB); Oncogenomics Group, Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia (MC, DDB); University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Herston, Australia (CR); Envoi Pathology, Herston, Australia (CR); Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytic Epidemiology, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia (EJW, AKW, MAJ, JLH, GGG, DRE, DDB); Department of Histopathology, Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Taringa, Australia (MDW); Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (JLH); Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia (IW); Genetic Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia (IW); Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia (MCS); Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Carlton, Australia (GGG, DRE)
| | - Rhiannon J Walters
- Cancer and Population Studies Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Australia (CR, MC, RJW, MDW, DDB); Oncogenomics Group, Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia (MC, DDB); University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Herston, Australia (CR); Envoi Pathology, Herston, Australia (CR); Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytic Epidemiology, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia (EJW, AKW, MAJ, JLH, GGG, DRE, DDB); Department of Histopathology, Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Taringa, Australia (MDW); Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (JLH); Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia (IW); Genetic Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia (IW); Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia (MCS); Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Carlton, Australia (GGG, DRE)
| | - Michael D Walsh
- Cancer and Population Studies Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Australia (CR, MC, RJW, MDW, DDB); Oncogenomics Group, Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia (MC, DDB); University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Herston, Australia (CR); Envoi Pathology, Herston, Australia (CR); Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytic Epidemiology, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia (EJW, AKW, MAJ, JLH, GGG, DRE, DDB); Department of Histopathology, Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Taringa, Australia (MDW); Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (JLH); Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia (IW); Genetic Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia (IW); Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia (MCS); Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Carlton, Australia (GGG, DRE)
| | - Aung K Win
- Cancer and Population Studies Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Australia (CR, MC, RJW, MDW, DDB); Oncogenomics Group, Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia (MC, DDB); University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Herston, Australia (CR); Envoi Pathology, Herston, Australia (CR); Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytic Epidemiology, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia (EJW, AKW, MAJ, JLH, GGG, DRE, DDB); Department of Histopathology, Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Taringa, Australia (MDW); Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (JLH); Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia (IW); Genetic Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia (IW); Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia (MCS); Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Carlton, Australia (GGG, DRE)
| | - Mark A Jenkins
- Cancer and Population Studies Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Australia (CR, MC, RJW, MDW, DDB); Oncogenomics Group, Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia (MC, DDB); University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Herston, Australia (CR); Envoi Pathology, Herston, Australia (CR); Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytic Epidemiology, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia (EJW, AKW, MAJ, JLH, GGG, DRE, DDB); Department of Histopathology, Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Taringa, Australia (MDW); Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (JLH); Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia (IW); Genetic Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia (IW); Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia (MCS); Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Carlton, Australia (GGG, DRE)
| | - John L Hopper
- Cancer and Population Studies Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Australia (CR, MC, RJW, MDW, DDB); Oncogenomics Group, Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia (MC, DDB); University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Herston, Australia (CR); Envoi Pathology, Herston, Australia (CR); Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytic Epidemiology, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia (EJW, AKW, MAJ, JLH, GGG, DRE, DDB); Department of Histopathology, Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Taringa, Australia (MDW); Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (JLH); Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia (IW); Genetic Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia (IW); Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia (MCS); Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Carlton, Australia (GGG, DRE)
| | - Ingrid Winship
- Cancer and Population Studies Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Australia (CR, MC, RJW, MDW, DDB); Oncogenomics Group, Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia (MC, DDB); University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Herston, Australia (CR); Envoi Pathology, Herston, Australia (CR); Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytic Epidemiology, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia (EJW, AKW, MAJ, JLH, GGG, DRE, DDB); Department of Histopathology, Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Taringa, Australia (MDW); Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (JLH); Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia (IW); Genetic Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia (IW); Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia (MCS); Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Carlton, Australia (GGG, DRE)
| | - Melissa C Southey
- Cancer and Population Studies Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Australia (CR, MC, RJW, MDW, DDB); Oncogenomics Group, Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia (MC, DDB); University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Herston, Australia (CR); Envoi Pathology, Herston, Australia (CR); Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytic Epidemiology, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia (EJW, AKW, MAJ, JLH, GGG, DRE, DDB); Department of Histopathology, Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Taringa, Australia (MDW); Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (JLH); Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia (IW); Genetic Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia (IW); Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia (MCS); Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Carlton, Australia (GGG, DRE)
| | - Graham G Giles
- Cancer and Population Studies Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Australia (CR, MC, RJW, MDW, DDB); Oncogenomics Group, Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia (MC, DDB); University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Herston, Australia (CR); Envoi Pathology, Herston, Australia (CR); Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytic Epidemiology, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia (EJW, AKW, MAJ, JLH, GGG, DRE, DDB); Department of Histopathology, Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Taringa, Australia (MDW); Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (JLH); Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia (IW); Genetic Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia (IW); Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia (MCS); Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Carlton, Australia (GGG, DRE)
| | - Dallas R English
- Cancer and Population Studies Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Australia (CR, MC, RJW, MDW, DDB); Oncogenomics Group, Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia (MC, DDB); University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Herston, Australia (CR); Envoi Pathology, Herston, Australia (CR); Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytic Epidemiology, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia (EJW, AKW, MAJ, JLH, GGG, DRE, DDB); Department of Histopathology, Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Taringa, Australia (MDW); Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (JLH); Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia (IW); Genetic Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia (IW); Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia (MCS); Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Carlton, Australia (GGG, DRE)
| | - Daniel D Buchanan
- Cancer and Population Studies Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Australia (CR, MC, RJW, MDW, DDB); Oncogenomics Group, Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia (MC, DDB); University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Herston, Australia (CR); Envoi Pathology, Herston, Australia (CR); Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytic Epidemiology, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia (EJW, AKW, MAJ, JLH, GGG, DRE, DDB); Department of Histopathology, Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Taringa, Australia (MDW); Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (JLH); Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia (IW); Genetic Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia (IW); Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia (MCS); Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Carlton, Australia (GGG, DRE).
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Berger D, Walters RJ, Blanckenhorn WU. Experimental evolution for generalists and specialists reveals multivariate genetic constraints on thermal reaction norms. J Evol Biol 2014; 27:1975-89. [PMID: 25039963 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Theory predicts the emergence of generalists in variable environments and antagonistic pleiotropy to favour specialists in constant environments, but empirical data seldom support such generalist-specialist trade-offs. We selected for generalists and specialists in the dung fly Sepsis punctum (Diptera: Sepsidae) under conditions that we predicted would reveal antagonistic pleiotropy and multivariate trade-offs underlying thermal reaction norms for juvenile development. We performed replicated laboratory evolution using four treatments: adaptation at a hot (31 °C) or a cold (15 °C) temperature, or under regimes fluctuating between these temperatures, either within or between generations. After 20 generations, we assessed parental effects and genetic responses of thermal reaction norms for three correlated life-history traits: size at maturity, juvenile growth rate and juvenile survival. We find evidence for antagonistic pleiotropy for performance at hot and cold temperatures, and a temperature-mediated trade-off between juvenile survival and size at maturity, suggesting that trade-offs associated with environmental tolerance can arise via intensified evolutionary compromises between genetically correlated traits. However, despite this antagonistic pleiotropy, we found no support for the evolution of increased thermal tolerance breadth at the expense of reduced maximal performance, suggesting low genetic variance in the generalist-specialist dimension.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Berger
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Institute for Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Buchanan DD, Tan YY, Walsh MD, Clendenning M, Metcalf AM, Ferguson K, Arnold ST, Thompson BA, Lose FA, Parsons MT, Walters RJ, Pearson SA, Cummings M, Oehler MK, Blomfield PB, Quinn MA, Kirk JA, Stewart CJ, Obermair A, Young JP, Webb PM, Spurdle AB. Reply to J. Moline et al. J Clin Oncol 2014; 32:2278-9. [PMID: 24912891 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.55.8213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Buchanan
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yen Y Tan
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research Berghofer Medical Research Institute; The University of Queensland School of Medicine, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael D Walsh
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark Clendenning
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alexander M Metcalf
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kaltin Ferguson
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sven T Arnold
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bryony A Thompson
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Felicity A Lose
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael T Parsons
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rhiannon J Walters
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sally-Ann Pearson
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Margaret Cummings
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Martin K Oehler
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | | | - Judy A Kirk
- Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Colin J Stewart
- PathWest, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Andreas Obermair
- Queensland Centre for Gynaecological Oncology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joanne P Young
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Penelope M Webb
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Amanda B Spurdle
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Buchanan DD, Tan YY, Walsh MD, Clendenning M, Metcalf AM, Ferguson K, Arnold ST, Thompson BA, Lose FA, Parsons MT, Walters RJ, Pearson SA, Cummings M, Oehler MK, Blomfield PB, Quinn MA, Kirk JA, Stewart CJ, Obermair A, Young JP, Webb PM, Spurdle AB. Tumor mismatch repair immunohistochemistry and DNA MLH1 methylation testing of patients with endometrial cancer diagnosed at age younger than 60 years optimizes triage for population-level germline mismatch repair gene mutation testing. J Clin Oncol 2013; 32:90-100. [PMID: 24323032 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2013.51.2129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Clinicopathologic data from a population-based endometrial cancer cohort, unselected for age or family history, were analyzed to determine the optimal scheme for identification of patients with germline mismatch repair (MMR) gene mutations. PATIENTS AND METHODS Endometrial cancers from 702 patients recruited into the Australian National Endometrial Cancer Study (ANECS) were tested for MMR protein expression using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and for MLH1 gene promoter methylation in MLH1-deficient cases. MMR mutation testing was performed on germline DNA of patients with MMR-protein deficient tumors. Prediction of germline mutation status was compared for combinations of tumor characteristics, age at diagnosis, and various clinical criteria (Amsterdam, Bethesda, Society of Gynecologic Oncology, ANECS). RESULTS Tumor MMR-protein deficiency was detected in 170 (24%) of 702 cases. Germline testing of 158 MMR-deficient cases identified 22 truncating mutations (3% of all cases) and four unclassified variants. Tumor MLH1 methylation was detected in 99 (89%) of 111 cases demonstrating MLH1/PMS2 IHC loss; all were germline MLH1 mutation negative. A combination of MMR IHC plus MLH1 methylation testing in women younger than 60 years of age at diagnosis provided the highest positive predictive value for the identification of mutation carriers at 46% versus ≤ 41% for any other criteria considered. CONCLUSION Population-level identification of patients with MMR mutation-positive endometrial cancer is optimized by stepwise testing for tumor MMR IHC loss in patients younger than 60 years, tumor MLH1 methylation in individuals with MLH1 IHC loss, and germline mutations in patients exhibiting loss of MSH6, MSH2, or PMS2 or loss of MLH1/PMS2 with absence of MLH1 methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Buchanan
- Daniel D. Buchanan, Yen Y. Tan, Michael D. Walsh, Mark Clendenning, Alexander M. Metcalf, Kaltin Ferguson, Sven T. Arnold, Bryony A. Thompson, Felicity A. Lose, Michael T. Parsons, Rhiannon J. Walters, Sally-Ann Pearson, Joanne P. Young, Penelope M. Webb, and Amanda B. Spurdle, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston; Yen Y. Tan and Andreas Obermair, University of Queensland School of Medicine, Brisbane; Margaret Cummings, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Queensland; Martin K. Oehler, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia; Michael A. Quinn, Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria; Judy A. Kirk, Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales; Colin J. Stewart, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; and Penelope B. Blomfield, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, Tasmania
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Walsh MD, Clendenning M, Williamson E, Pearson SA, Walters RJ, Nagler B, Packenas D, Win AK, Hopper JL, Jenkins MA, Haydon AM, Rosty C, English DR, Giles GG, McGuckin MA, Young JP, Buchanan DD. Expression of MUC2, MUC5AC, MUC5B, and MUC6 mucins in colorectal cancers and their association with the CpG island methylator phenotype. Mod Pathol 2013; 26:1642-56. [PMID: 23807779 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2013.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mucinous differentiation is associated with both CpG island methylator phenotype and microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer. The mucinous phenotype derives from abundant expression of the colonic goblet cell mucin, MUC2, and de novo expression of gastric foveolar mucin, MUC5AC. We, therefore, investigated the protein expression levels of MUC2 and MUC5AC, as well as MUC5B and MUC6, in molecular subtypes of colorectal cancer. Seven-hundred and twenty-two incident colorectal carcinomas occurring in 702 participants of the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study were characterized for methylator status, MLH1 methylation, somatic BRAF and KRAS mutations, microsatellite-instability status, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2 mismatch repair, and p53 protein expression, and their histopathology was reviewed. Protein expression levels of MUC2, MUC5AC, MUC5B, MUC6, and the putative mucin regulator CDX2 were compared with molecular and clinicopathological features of colorectal cancers using odds ratios and corresponding 95% confidence intervals. MUC2 overexpression (>25% positive tumor cells) was observed in 33% colorectal cancers, MUC5B expression in 53%, and de novo MUC5AC and MUC6 expression in 50% and 39%, respectively. Co-expression of two or more of the mucins was commonly observed. Expression of MUC2, MUC5AC and MUC6 was strongly associated with features associated with tumorigenesis via the serrated neoplasia pathway, including methylator positivity, somatic BRAF p.V600E mutation, and mismatch repair deficiency, as well as proximal location, poor differentiation, lymphocytic response, and increased T stage (all P<0.001). Overexpression was observed in tumors with and without mucinous differentiation. There were inverse associations between expression of all four mucins and p53 overexpression. CDX2 expression was inversely associated with MUC2, MUC5AC and MUC6 expression. Our results suggest that, in methylator-positive tumors, mucin genes on chromosome 11p15.5 region undergo increased expression via mechanisms other than direct regulation by CDX2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Walsh
- 1] Cancer and Population Studies Group, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, QLD, Australia [2] Department of Histopathology, Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Taringa, QLD, Australia
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Pickrell WO, Sudarshi D, Eligar V, Brown M, Walters RJ. TRIPPED UP BY AN UNUSUAL DIAGNOSIS? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2013-306573.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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17
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Toon CW, Walsh MJ, Chou A, Capper D, Clarkson A, Sioson L, Clarke S, Mead S, Walters RJ, Clendenning M, Rosty C, Young JP, Win AK, Hopper JL, Crook A, von Deimling A, Jenkins MA, Buchanan DB, Gill AJ. BRAFV600E immunohistochemistry facilitates universal screening of colorectal cancers for Lynch syndrome. Am J Surg Pathol 2013; 37:1592-602. [PMID: 23797718 PMCID: PMC3773060 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0b013e31828f233d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BRAFV600E mutation in microsatellite-unstable (MSI) colorectal carcinomas (CRCs) virtually excludes Lynch syndrome (LS). In microsatellite-stable (MSS) CRCs it predicts poor prognosis. We propose a universal CRC LS screening algorithm using concurrent reflex immunohistochemistry (IHC) for BRAFV600E and mismatch-repair (MMR) proteins. We compared BRAFV600E IHC with multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry in 216 consecutive CRCs from 2011. Discordant cases were resolved with real-time PCR. BRAFV600E IHC was performed on 51 CRCs from the Australasian Colorectal Cancer Family Registry (ACCFR), which were fully characterized for BRAF mutation by allele-specific PCR, MMR status (MMR IHC and MSI), MLH1 promoter methylation, and germline MLH1 mutation. We then assessed MMR and BRAFV600E IHC on 1403 consecutive CRCs. By matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry 15 cases did not yield a BRAF result, whereas 38/201 (19%) were positive. By IHC 45/216 (20%) were positive. Of the 7 discordant cases, real-time PCR confirmed the IHC result in 6. In the 51 CRCs from the ACCFR, IHC was concordant with allele-specific PCR in 50 cases. BRAFV600E and MSI IHC on 1403 CRCs demonstrated the following phenotypes: BRAF/MSS (1029 cases, 73%), BRAF/MSS (98, 7%), BRAF/MSI (183, 13%), and BRAF/MSI (93, 7%). All 11/1403 cancers associated with proven LS were BRAF/MSI. We conclude that BRAF IHC is highly concordant with 2 commonly used PCR-based BRAFV600E assays; it performed well in identifying MLH1 mutation carriers from the ACCFR and identified all cases of proven LS among the 1403 CRCs. Reflex BRAFV600E and MMR IHC are simple cheap tests that facilitate universal LS screening and identify the poor prognosis of the BRAFV600E-mutant MSS CRC phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Toon
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW Australia 2065
- Northern Cancer Translational Research Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW Australia 2065
| | - Michael J Walsh
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston QLD 4006
- Cancer and Population Studies Group, Queensland Institute of Medical Research Brisbane QLD Australia 4029
| | - Angela Chou
- Department of Pathology, SYDPATH, St Vincents Hospital Darlinghurst NSW Australia 2010
- University of NSW Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - David Capper
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Ruprecht-Karls University; Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Adele Clarkson
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW Australia 2065
| | - Loretta Sioson
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW Australia 2065
| | - Stephen Clarke
- Northern Cancer Translational Research Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW Australia 2065
- Familial Cancer Clinic, Royal North Shore Hospital Sydney NSW Australia 2065
| | - Scott Mead
- Department of Pathology, SYDPATH, St Vincents Hospital Darlinghurst NSW Australia 2010
- University of NSW Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Rhiannon J. Walters
- Cancer and Population Studies Group, Queensland Institute of Medical Research Brisbane QLD Australia 4029
| | - Mark Clendenning
- Cancer and Population Studies Group, Queensland Institute of Medical Research Brisbane QLD Australia 4029
| | - Christophe Rosty
- Cancer and Population Studies Group, Queensland Institute of Medical Research Brisbane QLD Australia 4029
- Molecular and Cellular Pathology, University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
- Envoi Specialist Pathologists, Herston Q4006
| | - Joanne P. Young
- Cancer and Population Studies Group, Queensland Institute of Medical Research Brisbane QLD Australia 4029
| | - Aung Ko Win
- Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytic Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton VIC 3053, Australia
| | - John L. Hopper
- Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytic Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton VIC 3053, Australia
| | - Ashley Crook
- Familial Cancer Clinic, Royal North Shore Hospital Sydney NSW Australia 2065
| | - Andreas von Deimling
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Ruprecht-Karls University; Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mark A. Jenkins
- Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytic Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton VIC 3053, Australia
| | - Daniel B Buchanan
- Cancer and Population Studies Group, Queensland Institute of Medical Research Brisbane QLD Australia 4029
| | - Anthony J Gill
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW Australia 2065
- Northern Cancer Translational Research Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW Australia 2065
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia 2006
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Walsh MD, Cummings MC, Pearson SA, Clendenning M, Walters RJ, Nagler B, Hopper JL, Jenkins MA, Suthers GK, Goldblatt J, Tucker K, Gattas MR, Arnold J, Parry S, Macrae FA, McGuckin MA, Young JP, Buchanan DD. Lynch syndrome-associated breast cancers do not overexpress chromosome 11-encoded mucins. Mod Pathol 2013; 26:944-54. [PMID: 23370770 PMCID: PMC4204018 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2012.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mismatch repair-deficient breast cancers may be identified in Lynch syndrome mutation carriers, and have clinicopathological features in common with mismatch repair-deficient colorectal and endometrial cancers such as tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes and poor differentiation. Mismatch repair-deficient colorectal cancers frequently show mucinous differentiation associated with upregulation of chromosome 11 mucins. The aim of this study was to compare the protein expression of these mucins in mismatch repair-deficient and -proficient breast cancers. Cases of breast cancer (n=100) were identified from families where (1) both breast and colon cancer co-occurred and (2) families met either modified Amsterdam criteria or had at least one early-onset (<50 years) colorectal cancer. Tumour sections were stained for the epithelial mucins, MUC2, MUC5AC, MUC5B and MUC6, and the homeobox protein CDX2, a regulator of MUC2 expression. In all, 16 mismatch repair-deficient Lynch syndrome breast cancers and 84 non-Lynch breast cancers were assessed for altered mucin expression. No significant difference in the expression of MUC2, MUC5AC or MUC6 was observed between the mismatch repair-deficient and mismatch repair-proficient breast cancers; however, there was a trend for mismatch repair-deficient tumours to express high levels of MUC5B less frequently (P=0.07, OR=0.2 (0.0-1.0)). Co-expression of two or more gel-forming mucins was common. Ectopic expression of CDX2 was associated with expression of MUC2 (P=0.035, OR=8.7 (1.3-58.4)). Mismatch repair-deficient breast cancers do not show differential expression of the mucins genes on chromosome 11 when compared with mismatch repair-proficient breast cancers, in contrast with mismatch repair-deficient colorectal and endometrial cancers, which frequently have increased mucin protein expression when compared with their mismatch repair-proficient counterparts. In addition, ectopic CDX2 expression is positively associated with de novo MUC2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Walsh
- Cancer and Population Studies Group, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia.
| | - Margaret C Cummings
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Sally-Ann Pearson
- Cancer and Population Studies Group, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston QLD, Australia
| | - Mark Clendenning
- Cancer and Population Studies Group, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston QLD, Australia
| | - Rhiannon J Walters
- Cancer and Population Studies Group, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston QLD, Australia
| | - Belinda Nagler
- Cancer and Population Studies Group, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston QLD, Australia
| | - John L Hopper
- University of Melbourne, Centre for MEGA Epidemiology, School of Population Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark A Jenkins
- University of Melbourne, Centre for MEGA Epidemiology, School of Population Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Graeme K Suthers
- South Australian Clinical Genetics Service, North Adelaide, SA, Australia,Department of Paediatrics, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jack Goldblatt
- Genetic Services of Western Australia, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Subiaco, WA, Australia,School of Paediatrics and Child Health University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Kathy Tucker
- Clinical Genetics Service, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael R Gattas
- Genetic Health Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Julie Arnold
- Northern Regional Genetics, Auckland Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Susan Parry
- Northern Regional Genetics, Auckland Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand,University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Finlay A Macrae
- Department of Colorectal Medicine and Genetics, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Joanne P Young
- Cancer and Population Studies Group, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston QLD, Australia
| | - Daniel D Buchanan
- Cancer and Population Studies Group, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston QLD, Australia
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19
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Walters RJ, Williamson EJ, English DR, Young JP, Rosty C, Clendenning M, Walsh MD, Parry S, Ahnen DJ, Baron JA, Win AK, Giles GG, Hopper JL, Jenkins MA, Buchanan DD. Association between hypermethylation of DNA repetitive elements in white blood cell DNA and early-onset colorectal cancer. Epigenetics 2013; 8:748-55. [PMID: 23804018 DOI: 10.4161/epi.25178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in the methylation levels of DNA from white blood cells (WBCs) are putatively associated with an elevated risk for several cancers. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between colorectal cancer (CRC) and the methylation status of three DNA repetitive elements in DNA from peripheral blood. WBC DNA from 539 CRC cases diagnosed before 60 years of age and 242 sex and age frequency-matched healthy controls from the Australasian Colorectal Cancer Family Registry were assessed for methylation across DNA repetitive elements Alu, LINE-1 and Sat2 using MethyLight. The percentage of methylated reference (PMR) of cases and controls was calculated for each marker. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using multivariable logistic regression adjusted for potential confounders. CRC cases demonstrated a significantly higher median PMR for LINE-1 (p < 0.001), Sat2 (p < 0.001) and Alu repeats (p = 0.02) when compared with controls. For each of the DNA repetitive elements, individuals with PMR values in the highest quartile were significantly more likely to have CRC compared with those in the lowest quartile (LINE-1 OR = 2.34, 95%CI = 1.48-3.70; p < 0.001, Alu OR = 1.83, 95%CI = 1.17-2.86; p = 0.01, Sat2 OR = 1.72, 95%CI = 1.10-2.71; p = 0.02). When comparing the OR for the PMR of each marker across subgroups of CRC, only the Alu marker showed a significant difference in the 5-fluoruracil treated and nodal involvement subgroups (both p = 0.002). This association between increasing methylation levels of three DNA repetitive elements in WBC DNA and early-onset CRC is novel and may represent a potential epigenetic biomarker for early CRC detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon J Walters
- Cancer and Population Studies Group; Queensland Institute of Medical Research; Herston, QLD Australia
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20
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Rosty C, Young JP, Walsh MD, Clendenning M, Sanderson K, Walters RJ, Parry S, Jenkins MA, Win AK, Southey MC, Hopper JL, Giles GG, Williamson EJ, English DR, Buchanan DD. PIK3CA activating mutation in colorectal carcinoma: associations with molecular features and survival. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65479. [PMID: 23785428 PMCID: PMC3681782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in PIK3CA are present in 10 to 15% of colorectal carcinomas. We aimed to examine how PIK3CA mutations relate to other molecular alterations in colorectal carcinoma, to pathologic phenotype and survival. PIK3CA mutation testing was carried out using direct sequencing on 757 incident tumors from the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study. The status of O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) was assessed using both immunohistochemistry and methyLight techniques. Microsatellite instability, CpG island phenotype (CIMP), KRAS and BRAF V600E mutation status, and pathology review features were derived from previous reports. PIK3CA mutation was observed in 105 of 757 (14%) of carcinomas, characterized by location in the proximal colon (54% vs. 34%; P<0.001) and an increased frequency of KRAS mutation (48% vs. 25%; P<0.001). High-levels of CIMP were more frequently found in PIK3CA-mutated tumors compared with PIK3CA wild-type tumors (22% vs. 11%; P = 0.004). There was no difference in the prevalence of BRAF V600E mutation between these two tumor groups. PIK3CA-mutated tumors were associated with loss of MGMT expression (35% vs. 20%; P = 0.001) and the presence of tumor mucinous differentiation (54% vs. 32%; P<0.001). In patients with wild-type BRAF tumors, PIK3CA mutation was associated with poor survival (HR 1.51 95% CI 1.04-2.19, P = 0.03). In summary, PIK3CA-mutated colorectal carcinomas are more likely to develop in the proximal colon, to demonstrate high levels of CIMP, KRAS mutation and loss of MGMT expression. PIK3CA mutation also contributes to significantly decreased survival for patients with wild-type BRAF tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Rosty
- Cancer and Population Studies Group, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Australia.
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21
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Rosty C, Young JP, Walsh MD, Clendenning M, Walters RJ, Pearson S, Pavluk E, Nagler B, Pakenas D, Jass JR, Jenkins MA, Win AK, Southey MC, Parry S, Hopper JL, Giles GG, Williamson E, English DR, Buchanan DD. Colorectal carcinomas with KRAS mutation are associated with distinctive morphological and molecular features. Mod Pathol 2013; 26:825-34. [PMID: 23348904 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2012.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
KRAS-mutated carcinomas comprise 35-40% of all colorectal carcinomas but little is known about their characteristics. The aim of this study was to examine the pathological and molecular features of KRAS-mutated colorectal carcinomas and to compare them with other carcinoma subgroups. KRAS mutation testing was performed in 776 incident tumors from the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study. O(6)-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) status was assessed using both immunohistochemistry and MethyLight techniques. Microsatellite instability (MSI) phenotype and BRAF V600E mutation status were derived from earlier studies. Mutation in KRAS codon 12 or codon 13 was present in 28% of colorectal carcinomas. Compared with KRAS wild-type carcinomas, KRAS-mutated carcinomas were more frequently observed in contiguity with a residual polyp (38 vs 21%; P<0.001), demonstrated mucinous differentiation (46 vs 31%; P=0.001) and were associated with different MSI status (P<0.001) and with MGMT methylation (47 vs 21%; P=0.001). Compared with tumors demonstrating neither BRAF nor KRAS mutation, KRAS-mutated carcinomas showed more frequent location in the proximal colon (41 vs 27%; P=0.001), mucinous differentiation (46 vs 25%; P<0.001), presence of a contiguous polyp (38 vs 22%; P<0.001), MGMT methylation (47 vs 26%; P=0.01) and loss of MGMT immunohistochemical expression (27 vs 19%; P=0.02). KRAS-mutated carcinomas were distributed in a bimodal pattern along the proximal-distal axis of the colorectum. Compared with male subjects, female subjects were more likely to have KRAS-mutated carcinoma in the transverse colon and descending colon (39 vs 15%; P=0.02). No difference in overall survival was observed in patients according to their tumor KRAS mutation status. In summary, KRAS-mutated carcinomas frequently develop in contiguity with a residual polyp and show molecular features distinct from other colorectal carcinomas, in particular from tumors with neither BRAF nor KRAS mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Rosty
- Cancer and Population Studies Group, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Queensland, Australia.
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Buchanan DD, Win AK, Walsh MD, Walters RJ, Clendenning M, Nagler B, Pearson SA, Macrae FA, Parry S, Arnold J, Winship I, Giles GG, Lindor NM, Potter JD, Hopper JL, Rosty C, Young JP, Jenkins MA. Family history of colorectal cancer in BRAF p.V600E-mutated colorectal cancer cases. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013; 22:917-26. [PMID: 23462926 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-12-1211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous reports suggest that relatives of colorectal cancer (CRC)-affected probands carrying the BRAF p.V600E mutation are at an increased risk of CRC and extracolonic cancers (ECC). In this study, we estimated the association between a family history of either CRC or ECC and risk of CRC with a BRAF p.V600E mutation. METHODS Population-based CRC cases (probands, ages 18-59 years at diagnosis), recruited irrespective of family cancer history, were characterized for BRAF p.V600E mutation and mismatch repair (MMR) status. ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS The 690 eligible probands showed a mean age at CRC diagnosis of 46.9 ± 7.8 years, with 313 (47.9%) reporting a family history of CRC and 53 (7.7%) that were BRAF-mutated. Probands with BRAF-mutated, MMR-proficient CRCs were less likely to have a family history of CRC than probands that were BRAF wild-type (OR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.24-0.91; P = 0.03). For probands with a BRAF-mutated CRC, the mean age at diagnosis was greater for those with a CRC-affected first- or second-degree relative (49.3 ± 6.4 years) compared with those without a family history (43.8 ± 10.2 years; P = 0.04). The older the age at diagnosis of CRC with the BRAF p.V600E mutation, the more likely these probands were to show a family history of CRC (OR, 1.09 per year of age; 95% CI, 1.00-1.18; P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Probands with early-onset, BRAF-mutated, and MMR-proficient CRC were less likely to have a family history of CRC than probands that were BRAF-wild-type. IMPACT These findings provide useful insights for cancer risk assessment in families and suggest that familial or inherited factors are more important in early-onset, BRAF-wild-type CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Buchanan
- Cancer and Population Studies Group, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Rd, Herston QLD 4006, Australia.
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Willis MD, Rudge P, Walters RJ. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis: rapidly progressive cognitive decline in a young patient. Br J Hosp Med (Lond) 2013; 74:172-3. [DOI: 10.12968/hmed.2013.74.3.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- MD Willis
- Department of Neurology, Morriston Hospital, Swansea,
| | - P Rudge
- National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology & Neurosurgery, London, and
| | - RJ Walters
- Department of Neurology, Morriston Hospital, Swansea SA6 6NL
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Clendenning M, Macrae FA, Walsh MD, Walters RJ, Thibodeau SN, Gunawardena SR, Potter JD, Haile RW, Gallinger S, Hopper JL, Jenkins MA, Rosty C, Young JP, Buchanan DD. Absence of PMS2 mutations in colon-CFR participants whose colorectal cancers demonstrate unexplained loss of MLH1 expression. Clin Genet 2012; 83:591-3. [PMID: 23017166 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 08/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Walsh MD, Buchanan DD, Pearson SA, Clendenning M, Jenkins MA, Win AK, Walters RJ, Spring K, Nagler B, Pavluk E, Arnold ST, Goldblatt J, George J, Suthers G, Phillips K, Hopper JL, Jass JR, Baron JA, Ahnen D, Thibodeau S, Lindor N, Parry S, Walker N, Rosty C, Young JP. Immunohistochemical testing of conventional adenomas for loss of expression of mismatch repair proteins in Lynch syndrome mutation carriers: a case series from the Australasian site of the colon cancer family registry. Mod Pathol 2012; 25:722-30. [PMID: 22322191 PMCID: PMC3477239 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2011.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Debate continues as to the usefulness of assessing adenomas for loss of mismatch repair protein expression to identify individuals with suspected Lynch syndrome. We tested 109 polyps from 69 proven mutation carriers (35 females and 34 males) belonging to 49 Lynch syndrome families. All polyps were tested by immunohistochemistry for four mismatch repair proteins MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and PMS2. Detailed pathology review was performed by specialist gastrointestinal pathologists. The majority of polyps (86%) were conventional adenomas (n=94), with 65 tubular and 28 tubulovillous adenomas and a single villous adenoma. The remaining 15 lesions (14%) were serrated polyps. Overall, loss of mismatch repair expression was noted for 78/109 (72%) of polyps. Loss of mismatch repair expression was seen in 74 of 94 (79%) conventional adenomas, and 4 of 15 (27%) serrated polyps from mismatch repair gene mutation carriers. In all instances, loss of expression was consistent with the underlying germline mutation. Mismatch repair protein expression was lost in 27 of 29 adenomas with a villous component compared with 47 of 65 adenomas without this feature (93 vs 73%; P=0.028). A strong trend was observed for high-grade dysplasia. Mismatch repair deficiency was observed in 12 of 12 conventional adenomas with high-grade dysplasia compared with 60 of 79 with low-grade dysplasia (100 vs 76%; P=0.065). We were unable to demonstrate a significant association between conventional adenoma size or site and mismatch repair deficiency. All (4/4 or 100%) of the serrated polyps demonstrating mismatch repair deficiency were traditional serrated adenomas from a single family. Diagnostic testing of adenomas in suspected Lynch syndrome families is a useful alternative in cases where cancers are unavailable. The overwhelming majority of conventional adenomas from mutation carriers show loss of mismatch repair protein expression concordant with the underlying germline mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Walsh
- Familial Cancer Laboratory, QIMR, Herston QLD 4006, Australia,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston QLD 4006, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Mark A Jenkins
- Centre for MEGA, School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia
| | - Aung Ko Win
- Centre for MEGA, School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia
| | | | - Kevin Spring
- Familial Cancer Laboratory, QIMR, Herston QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Belinda Nagler
- Familial Cancer Laboratory, QIMR, Herston QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Erika Pavluk
- Familial Cancer Laboratory, QIMR, Herston QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Sven T Arnold
- Familial Cancer Laboratory, QIMR, Herston QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Jack Goldblatt
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia,Genetic Services of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia
| | - Jill George
- Genetic Services of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia
| | - Graeme Suthers
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia,South Australian Clinical Genetics Service, North Adelaide, SA 5009, Australia
| | - Kerry Phillips
- South Australian Clinical Genetics Service, North Adelaide, SA 5009, Australia
| | - John L Hopper
- Centre for MEGA, School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia
| | - Jeremy R Jass
- Department of Cellular Pathology, St Mark’s Hospital, Harrow, HA1 3UJ, UK
| | - John A Baron
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dennis Ahnen
- Denver Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver Colorado 80220 USA
| | - Stephen Thibodeau
- Division of Laboratory Genetics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota USA
| | - Noralane Lindor
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and Medical Genetics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota USA
| | - Susan Parry
- New Zealand Familial Gastrointestinal Cancer Registry, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Christophe Rosty
- Familial Cancer Laboratory, QIMR, Herston QLD 4006, Australia,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston QLD 4006, Australia,Pathology Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Herston QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Joanne P Young
- Familial Cancer Laboratory, QIMR, Herston QLD 4006, Australia,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston QLD 4006, Australia
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Win AK, Walters RJ, Buchanan DD, Jenkins MA, Sweet K, McKeone DM, Walsh MD, Clendenning M, Pearson SA, Pavluk E, Nagler B, Hopper JL, Walker N, Rosty C, Parry S, Young JP. A study of cancer risks in relatives of patients with serrated polyposis. Hered Cancer Clin Pract 2012. [PMCID: PMC3326711 DOI: 10.1186/1897-4287-10-s2-a21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Rosty C, Buchanan DD, Walters RJ, Carr NJ, Bothman JW, Young JP, Brown IS. Hyperplastic polyp of the duodenum: a report of 9 cases with immunohistochemical and molecular findings. Hum Pathol 2011; 42:1953-9. [PMID: 21733555 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2011.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Benign serrated polyps are commonly found in the colorectum but have rarely been described in other parts of the gastrointestinal tract. We report a series of 9 serrated polyps arising in the duodenum with clinicopathologic features, immunohistochemical expression profile of mucins (MUC2, MUC5AC, MUC6), and molecular analysis for BRAF and KRAS. The polyps were diagnosed as incidental endoscopy findings in 9 different patients, comprising 3 male and 6 female patients, with a mean age of 52.2 years (range, 21-72 years). The second part of the duodenum was the most common site (n = 5), followed by the ampulla (n = 1) and the distal duodenum (n = 1), with the location of the 2 remaining polyps unspecified. Other upper gastrointestinal tract pathology features included Barrett esophagus for 5 patients, Helicobacter gastritis for 1 patient, and mild chronic gastritis for 1 patient. The histologic appearance of the polyps was similar to microvesicular hyperplastic polyp in the colorectum. Immunostaining for mucins showed MUC6 expression in the crypt bases of all polyps, MUC5AC expression in 8 cases (89%), and mucin 2 expression in 6 cases (67%). Molecular testing was successful in 6 polyps, showing BRAF mutation (V600E) in 2 polyps, KRAS mutation in 2 polyps, and no mutation for either gene in 2 polyps. Colonoscopy reports were available for 6 patients, of whom 4 were diagnosed with hyperplastic polyps or sessile serrated polyps in the colorectum. However, no patient met the criteria for serrated polyposis. Although probably rare and of uncertain malignant potential, hyperplastic polyp should be considered in the differential diagnosis of benign duodenal polyp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Rosty
- Anatomical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston QLD 4006, Australia.
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Walters RJ, van Loon RVA, Brunets I, Schmitz J, Polman A. A silicon-based electrical source of surface plasmon polaritons. Nat Mater 2010; 9:21-25. [PMID: 19966790 DOI: 10.1038/nmat2595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
After decades of process scaling driven by Moore's law, the silicon microelectronics world is now defined by length scales that are many times smaller than the dimensions of typical micro-optical components. This size mismatch poses an important challenge for those working to integrate photonics with complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) electronics technology. One promising solution is to fabricate optical systems at metal/dielectric interfaces, where electromagnetic modes called surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) offer unique opportunities to confine and control light at length scales below 100 nm (refs 1, 2). Research groups working in the rapidly developing field of plasmonics have now demonstrated many passive components that suggest the potential of SPPs for applications in sensing and optical communication. Recently, active plasmonic devices based on III-V materials and organic materials have been reported. An electrical source of SPPs was recently demonstrated using organic semiconductors by Koller and colleagues. Here we show that a silicon-based electrical source for SPPs can be fabricated using established low-temperature microtechnology processes that are compatible with back-end CMOS technology.
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Jacob S, Irani SR, Rajabally YA, Grubneac A, Walters RJ, Yazaki M, Clover L, Vincent A. Hypothermia in VGKC antibody-associated limbic encephalitis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2008; 79:202-4. [PMID: 18202210 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2007.130039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Voltage-gated potassium channel antibody (VGKC-Ab)-associated limbic encephalitis (LE) is a recently described syndrome that broadens the spectrum of immunotherapy-responsive central nervous system disorders. Limbic encephalitis is typically characterised by a sub-acute onset of disorientation, amnesia and seizures, but the clinical spectrum is not yet fully defined and the syndrome could be under-diagnosed. We here describe the clinical profile of four patients with VGKC-Ab-associated LE who had intermittent, episodic hypothermia. One of the patients also described a prodrome of severe neuropathic pain preceding the development of limbic symptoms. Both of these novel symptoms responded well to immunosuppressive therapy, with concurrent amelioration of amnesia/seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jacob
- Department of Clinical Neurology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
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Abstract
Analysis of size of offspring reared through three laboratory generations from populations of the field grasshopper Chorthippus brunneus from 27 sites around the British Isles showed that offspring were larger towards the cooler-wetter conditions in the western and northern limits of the range. This variation had a significant genetic component. There was a trade-off between clutch size and offspring size between and within populations. Under favourable thermal and feeding conditions maternal fitness was optimal when individuals produced the largest clutches of the smallest eggs, but under poor conditions maternal fitness was optimal when individuals produced small clutches of very large offspring. Calculation of geometric mean fitness over time indicated that having larger offspring near to the edge of the range could be advantageous as a conservative risk-spreading strategy. As well as geographic variation in egg size, significant environment-genotype interactions in egg size in relation to temperature were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hassall
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
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Abstract
The EEG appearances in patients with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) were compared with those in patients with Alzheimer disease (AD). EEG abnormalities were found in 61% of FTLD patients, with the degree of EEG abnormality increasing with dementia severity. There was no significant difference in the severity of EEG abnormality between the FTLD and AD patient groups. These data suggest a need for reappraisal of the role of the EEG in the diagnostic differentiation of FTLD from AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Chan
- Dementia Research Group, National Hospital for Neurology, London, UK
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Abstract
Excitability properties were recorded from 14 volunteers following stimulation of the recurrent motor branch of the median nerve in the palm. Distal stimulation resulted in significantly lower strength-duration time constant and lower threshold during prolonged hyperpolarization than did wrist stimulation in the same subjects. These differences may be geometric in origin or alternatively may arise from functional changes distally, particularly reduced expression of persistent Na(+) conductances and more hyperpolarization-activated current. Excitability studies using palm stimulation provide information closer to the neuromuscular junction, where membrane properties are preferentially affected in a variety of clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Walters
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
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Abstract
Transcarpal motor conduction to abductor pollicis brevis (APB) was evaluated in 43 patients (70 hands) with suspected carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Transcarpal motor conduction was abnormal in 80% of hands compared with 11.5% with prolongated distal motor latency from wrist stimulation. Transcarpal motor conduction was comparable in sensitivity with transcarpal sensory conduction and 2nd lumbrical-interosseous latency difference. Transcarpal motor conduction is a sensitive test for diagnosis of CTS. Sensory fibers were no more susceptible than motor fibers to compression in the carpal tunnel, and fibers to APB were as susceptible as those to the 2nd lumbrical muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Walters
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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Walters RJ, Holmes PA, Thomas DJ. Silent cerebral ischaemic lesions and atrophy in patients with apparently transient cerebral ischaemic attacks. Cerebrovasc Dis 2001; 10 Suppl 4:12-3. [PMID: 11070392 DOI: 10.1159/000047585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R J Walters
- Neurology Department, St Mary's Hospital, London, UK
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Haemodialysis may cause neurological symptoms ranging from inconvenient feelings of disequilibrium to life-threatening neurological complications. There are animal data to suggest cerebral swelling may accompany haemodialysis and contribute symptomatically to dialysis disequilibrium. However, MR images acquired following haemodialysis often fail to demonstrate evidence of cerebral oedema. We wished to quantify any potential cerebral volume change which is caused by haemodialysis treatment. METHOD Five renal patients and 5 control subjects had a two volumetric T1-weighted MRI scans on the same day. The patients were imaged immediately before and after haemodialysis. None were taking steroids. Precise positional matching (registration) was used to quantify cerebral volume change. RESULTS Patients had an increase in cerebral volume following dialysis which averaged 32.8 ml (SE 7.4 ml, 3% brain volume). The change in the controls was 1.4 ml (SE 0.6 ml), p < 0.001. No patient had significant neurological symptoms. CONCLUSION Cerebral oedema developed in the patients following dialysis. There is a good biological model for these observations. Modifications to dialysis may help. Common problems which increase cerebral volume, e.g. acute stroke, require careful appraisal in these patients. These observations need consideration when quantifying atrophy in dialysis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Walters
- Department of Clinical Neurology, St. Mary's Hospital, London, UK
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Abstract
Benzodiazepines (BZs) act on gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors such as alpha1beta2gamma2 through key residues within the N-terminal region of alpha subunits, to render their sedative and anxiolytic actions. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the BZs' other clinical actions are not known. Here we show that, with low concentrations of GABA, diazepam produces a biphasic potentiation for the alpha1beta2gamma2-receptor channel, with distinct components in the nanomolar and micromolar concentration ranges. Mutations at equivalent residues within the second transmembrane domains (TM2) of alpha, beta and gamma subunits, proven important for the action of other anesthetics, abolish the micromolar, but not the nanomolar component. Converse mutation of the corresponding TM2 residue and a TM3 residue within rho1 subunits confers diazepam sensitivity on homo-oligomeric rho1-receptor channels that are otherwise insensitive to BZs. Thus, specific and distinct residues contribute to a previously unresolved component (micromolar) of diazepam action, indicating that diazepam can modulate the GABAA-receptor channel through two separable mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Walters
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Physiology and Biophysics, and Institute for Biomolecular Science, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
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Abstract
The metabotropic receptor mGluR6 is localized to the dendrites of On bipolar cells and mediates synaptic input from photoreceptors. The binding of glutamate to the receptor activates a phosphodiesterase (PDE), which then hydrolyzes cGMP. A nonselective cationic conductance, believed to be gated directly by cGMP, is turned off as a result of the fall in cGMP levels, and the cell hyperpolarizes. Here we present evidence for regulation of the conductance by an additional mechanism that it is independent of cGMP. Whole-cell recordings were obtained from On bipolar cells in slices of tiger salamander retina. Dialysis of cells with 1 microM KN-62 or 10 microM KN-93, two inhibitors of type II calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMKII), depressed cGMP-dependent currents. This depression persisted when hydrolysis of cGMP was prevented with IBMX, a broad-spectrum PDE inhibitor, suggesting that CaMKII acts downstream from the PDE in the cascade. The depression of cGMP-dependent currents was probably not due to a direct interaction of the inhibitors with the channels as neither 1 microM KN-62 or 10 microM KN-93 was found to have any effect on cyclic nucleotide-gated channels when applied directly to excised patches of rod outer segments. We propose that phosphorylation by CaMKII may be an important mechanism for regulating the cGMP-dependent conductance of On bipolar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Walters
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Walters RJ, Hawkins P, Cooke FT, Eguinoa A, Stephens LR. Insulin and ATP stimulate actin polymerization in U937 cells by a wortmannin-sensitive mechanism. FEBS Lett 1996; 392:66-70. [PMID: 8769317 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(96)00679-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
ATP and insulin stimulate increases in phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate levels in myeloid-derived U937 cells. Quantification of FITC-phalloidin binding by fluorescence-activated cell sorting reveals that both ATP and insulin stimulate actin polymerization with distinctive kinetics in U937 cells. The response to ATP is rapid and dose-dependent with an EC50 of 200 nM, and is abolished by pre-incubation with the Ca2+ chelator BAPTA-AM. At 800 nM concentration, wortmannin, a potent inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), blocks the late, but not the early phase of actin polymerization stimulated by 100 nM ATP. Responses elicited by 10 micrograms/ml insulin are slower, smaller and more transient than responses to ATP, and are inhibited by preincubation with 100 nM wortmannin. Actin polymerization can also be stimulated by thapsigargin, but not by phorbol ester, providing further evidence for a role for Ca2+ in actin polymerization. These data implicate distinct Ca2+ and PI3K-mediated pathways in the regulation of actin polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Walters
- Department of Signalling, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Gunning
- Veterinary Investigation Centre, Langford, Bristol
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O'Brien JA, Walters RJ, Valverde MA, Sepúlveda FV. Regulatory volume increase after hypertonicity- or vasoactive-intestinal-peptide-induced cell-volume decrease in small-intestinal crypts is dependent on Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl- cotransport. Pflugers Arch 1993; 423:67-73. [PMID: 8488094 DOI: 10.1007/bf00374962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The volume of intact crypts isolated from guinea-pig small intestine has been measured to assess the capacity of the cells to regulate their volume after hypertonic shock or vasoactive-intestinal-peptide (VIP)-induced shrinkage. Crypts exposed to anisotonic medium initially behave as perfect osmometers. Continued exposure to a hypertonic (400 mosmol/l) medium was followed by regulatory volume increase (RVI), which led to complete volume recovery in about 20 min. VIP produced a volume reduction, attributed to KCl loss through channels activated by the secretagogue, without any recovery during exposure to the polypeptide. Removal of VIP led to an increase of cellular volume towards control levels. This volume recovery after secretagogue-induced shrinkage is termed SVI. Both RVI and SVI were abolished by removal of Na+ or Cl- from the bathing solution, by addition of the loop diuretic bumetanide (1 microM), but not by addition of ethylisopropylamiloride (10 microM) or amiloride (1 mM). Cell shrinkage was also observed when tonicity was increased by addition of 100 mM NaCl or 200 mM D-mannitol, but RVI was seen only when NaCl was the added osmolyte. The ion dependence, pharmacological sensitivity and thermodynamic considerations of these effects are consistent with the operation of a Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl- cotransport mechanism activated by cell shrinkage and the secretagogue action of VIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A O'Brien
- AFRC Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics Research, Babraham, Cambridge, UK
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Walters RJ, O'Brien JA, Valverde MA, Sepúlveda FV. Membrane conductance and cell volume changes evoked by vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and carbachol in small intestinal crypts. Pflugers Arch 1992; 421:598-605. [PMID: 1437521 DOI: 10.1007/bf00375057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We have used the perforated-patch whole-cell recording mode of the patch-clamp technique to monitor membrane potential and measured cell volume changes by image analysis, to determine the nature of the response to secretagogues of isolated whole guinea-pig small-intestinal crypts. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) produced a dose-dependent depolarisation (EC50 = 30 nM) and an increase in membrane conductance that could be potentiated by carbachol. Similar depolarisations were observed with forskolin. The depolarisation induced by 100 nM VIP was smaller when pipette [Cl-] was 60 mM than when it was 145 mM, suggesting an effect through Cl- conductance activation. Carbachol alone produced a hyperpolarisation (EC50 = 2 microM). The Cl- channel blocker 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)-benzoic acid (NPPB) produced a small hyperpolarization. When VIP was added in the presence of NPPB, the depolarisation was observed instead, consistent with the parallel activation of a K+ conductance. Both carbachol (100 microM) and VIP (100 nM) induced a 25%-30% shrinkage of crypts, which was maximal 8 min after addition of the secretagogue. The induced shrinkage was sustained in the continued presence of agonist and was reversed upon washout. Shrinkage induced by the agonists was abolished by increasing extracellular K+ from 6 mM to 20 mM and was inhibited partially in the presence of 100 microM anthracene-9-carboxylic acid in the bath. The decrease in volume induced by 100 nM VIP was totally abolished in the presence of 100 microM NPPB. The results are consistent with the view that both VIP and carbachol induce secretion in small-intestinal crypts.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Walters
- AFRC Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics Research, Babraham, Cambridge, UK
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O'Brien JA, Walters RJ, Sepúlveda FV. Regulatory volume decrease in small intestinal crypts is inhibited by K+ and Cl- channel blockers. Biochim Biophys Acta 1991; 1070:501-4. [PMID: 1722422 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(91)90093-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Total crypt volume has been estimated by analysis of photographic images of intact viable crypts isolated from guinea-pig small intestine. Exposing these crypts to a hypotonic medium, led to transient swelling followed by regulatory volume decrease (RVD) in 12-20 min. RVD was blocked by inhibitors of K+ and Cl- conductance, suggesting that it occurs by activation of K+ and Cl- permeability pathways and loss of these ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A O'Brien
- AFRC Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics Research, Babraham, Cambridge, U.K
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Abstract
The contribution of possible ionic conductances to the membrane potential (Em) of cells in guinea-pig small intestinal crypts has been studied using the nystatin "perforated-patch" approach in current-clamp experiments. Changes in extracellular K+ produced shifts in Em, with a 37 mV change in potential per ten-fold increase in extracellular K+ concentration. Reduction of extracellular Cl- by 130 mM led to a 7 mV hyperpolarisation while Na+ replacement was without effect on Em. The muscarinic agonist carbachol produced a hyperpolarisation which could be ascribed to an increase in basolateral K+ conductance. This effect was sustained in the presence of extracellular Ca2+ but was transient in its absence. We conclude that the conductance of the basolateral membrane of small intestinal crypts is mainly K+ selective and can be reversibly increased by muscarinic activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Walters
- AFRC Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics Research, Babraham, Cambridge, UK
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Shimizu H, Walters RJ, Kennedy DW, Allen MC, Markowitz RK, Luebkert FR. Crib-O-Gram vs. auditory brain stem response for infant hearing screening. Laryngoscope 1985; 95:806-10. [PMID: 4010420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
As a part of the longitudinal evaluation of a cluster of neonatal hearing screening procedures in a single high risk population, Crib-O-Gram (COG) and auditory brain stem response (ABR) screening have been administered to 190 infants in the NICU. Multiple COG screening showed inconsistent results in 25% of the infants. The COG failure rate was 27.9% with 2 out of 3 pass criterion. In the two-intensity ABR screening (70 dB and 30 dB), 17.9% failed at 30 dB bilaterally and 30.0% failed unilaterally. The repeated ABR screening and behavioral observation audiometry at age 6 months identified one infant with a significant hearing loss in 78 infants. Two thirds of the COG failures and a little more than half of the ABR failures had a problem mainly with the middle ear. Advantages and disadvantages of each procedure are presented.
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MESH Headings
- Acoustic Impedance Tests
- Audiometry/methods
- Audiometry, Evoked Response
- Brain Stem/physiopathology
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Evoked Potentials, Auditory
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Gestational Age
- Hearing Loss, Conductive/diagnosis
- Hearing Loss, Sensorineural/diagnosis
- Hearing Loss, Sensorineural/physiopathology
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/diagnosis
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/physiopathology
- Intensive Care Units, Neonatal
- Male
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Walters RJ, Barnes SJ. Goals, objectives, and competencies for reference service: a training program at the UCLA Biomedical Library. Bull Med Libr Assoc 1985; 73:160-7. [PMID: 3995204 PMCID: PMC227573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The UCLA Biomedical Library, in cooperation with the UCLA Graduate School of Library and Information Science, offers a medical library internship program for second-year library school students. Goals, objectives, competencies, and training guidelines have been developed for the reference services section of the internship, including reference desk experience, online searching, group discussions, assigned readings, and training new staff members, allows flexibility in meeting the differing interests, needs, and abilities of trainees.
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