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Ackermann L, Virtanen H, Korhonen L, Laukkanen A, Huilaja L, Riekki R, Hasan T. An epidemic of allergic contact dermatitis caused by a new allergen, caprylhydroxamic acid, in moisturizers. Contact Dermatitis 2017; 77:159-162. [PMID: 28421670 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2016, dermatologists in Finland suspected contact allergy in several patients using moisturizers under the trade name Apobase®. Following a formulation change, Phenostat™, which is a mixture of phenoxyethanol, caprylhydroxamic acid, and methylpropanediol, was used as a preservative in Apobase® moisturizers in Finland. OBJECTIVES To confirm the suspected contact allergy to Apobase® cream, oily cream, and/or lotion, and to identify the specific contact allergen and define its optimal patch test concentration. METHODS Thirty-nine patients with suspected contact allergy to Apobase® creams or lotion were patch tested in four Finnish dermatological clinics. The patch tests included old and new Apobase® formulas and their preservative agents: phenoxyethanol, methylpropanediol, and dilution series of Phenostat™ and caprylhydroxamic acid or its potassium salt. RESULTS The patch tests showed positive reactions to the new Apobase® formulas, Phenostat™, and caprylhydroxamic acid or its potassium salt, but not to the old Apobase® formulas, methylpropanediol, or phenoxyethanol. CONCLUSIONS We found a new contact allergen, caprylhydroxyamic acid, which caused an epidemic of allergic contact dermatitis in patients using moisturizers containing this preservative. Whether the sensitizing capacity of caprylhydroxamic acid depends on the other chemicals used in Apobase® moisturizers needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Ackermann
- Helsinki University Hospital, Skin and Allergy Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Helsinki, 00250, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannele Virtanen
- Helsinki University Hospital, Skin and Allergy Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Helsinki, 00250, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Korhonen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Centre, Tampere University Hospital, 33520, Tampere, Finland
| | - Arja Laukkanen
- Department of Dermatology, Kuopio University Hospital, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Laura Huilaja
- PEDEGO research Unit and MRC Oulu, Department of Dermatology, Oulu University and Oulu University Hospital, 90220, Oulu, Finland
| | - Riitta Riekki
- PEDEGO research Unit and MRC Oulu, Department of Dermatology, Oulu University and Oulu University Hospital, 90220, Oulu, Finland
| | - Taina Hasan
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Centre, Tampere University Hospital, 33520, Tampere, Finland
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Kubin M, Riekki R. A case of probable macrogol allergy in urticaria/angioedema patient. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2017; 31:e21-e23. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.13589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M.E. Kubin
- Department of Dermatology; Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu; Finland
| | - R. Riekki
- Department of Dermatology; Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu; Finland
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Kubin ME, Jackson P, Riekki R. Acute Generalized Exanthematous Pustulosis Secondary to Acyclovir Confirmed by Positive Patch Testing. Acta Derm Venereol 2016; 96:860-1. [PMID: 26831480 DOI: 10.2340/00015555-2352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Minna E Kubin
- Department of Dermatology, University of Oulu, FIN-90029 Oulu, Finland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna E Kubin
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Oulu and Oulu University, 90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Riitta Riekki
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Oulu and Oulu University, 90220 Oulu, Finland
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Airaksinen L, Riekki R, Vuokko A, Puustinen A. Paprika rhinoconjunctivitis case reveals new occupational Capsicum allergens. Am J Ind Med 2015; 58:791-4. [PMID: 25944018 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
No allergens related to paprika or cayenne respiratory allergy have been identified thus far. We describe a previously healthy 28-year woman who developed work-related rhinoconjunctivitis after four years of kebab-restaurant work. The allergy was studied using skin prick tests, serum specific IgE and nasal provocation tests. Specific IgE protein reactions were studied by Western blot analysis. Paprika, cayenne and curry allergens were identified from the strongest immunoblot bands using tandem mass spectrometry. A positive skin prick test, high specific IgE and positive nasal provocation test confirmed occupational rhinoconjunctivitis from Capsicum spices. Defensin J1 and Vicilin were identified as major paprika and cayenne allergens in this case. Vicilin was detected also from the curry ingredients. Two new occupational respiratory allergens from the Capsicum species were identified. These differ from previously reported bell pepper allergens. We emphasize that substantial spice handling at work poses an allergy risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aki Vuokko
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health; Helsinki Finland
| | - Anne Puustinen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health; Helsinki Finland
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Huilaja L, Kubin M, Riekki R. Contact allergy to finished woods in furniture and furnishings: a small allergic contact dermatitis epidemic to western red cedar in sauna interior decoration. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2015; 30:57-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.12937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Huilaja
- Department of Dermatology; Medical Research Center; University of Oulu; Oulu University Hospital; Oulu Finland
| | - M.E. Kubin
- Department of Dermatology; Medical Research Center; University of Oulu; Oulu University Hospital; Oulu Finland
| | - R. Riekki
- Department of Dermatology; Medical Research Center; University of Oulu; Oulu University Hospital; Oulu Finland
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Pesonen M, Airaksinen L, Voutilainen R, Riekki R, Jungewelter S, Suuronen K. Occupational contact urticaria and rhinitis caused by immediate allergy to palladium salts. Contact Dermatitis 2014; 71:176-7. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pesonen
- The Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH); Helsinki Finland
| | - Liisa Airaksinen
- The Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH); Helsinki Finland
| | - Risto Voutilainen
- The Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH); Helsinki Finland
| | - Riitta Riekki
- Department of Dermatology; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
| | - Soile Jungewelter
- The Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH); Helsinki Finland
| | - Katri Suuronen
- The Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH); Helsinki Finland
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna E. Kubin
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital of Oulu; Oulu 90029 Finland
| | - Riitta Riekki
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital of Oulu; Oulu 90029 Finland
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Huilaja L, Riekki R, Immonen A, Tasanen K. Allergic Contact Dermatitis from Buprenorphine and Oral Tolerance to Other Opioid Derivatives in Three Patients. Dermatology 2014; 228:130-1. [DOI: 10.1159/000356248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Huilaja
- Deparment of Dermatology, University of Oulu, Aapistie 5A, FIN-90220 Oulu, Finland.
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Huilaja L, Kallioinen M, Soronen M, Riekki R, Tasanen K. Acute localized exanthematous pustulosis on inguinal area secondary to piperacillin/tazobactam. Acta Derm Venereol 2014; 94:106-7. [PMID: 23817479 DOI: 10.2340/00015555-1629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Huilaja
- Deparment of Dermatology, University of Oulu, Aapistie 5A, FIN-90220 Oulu, Finland.
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12
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Kubin M, Riekki R. Contact allergy to western red cedar in sauna furnishing. Contact Dermatitis 2013; 69:121-2. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Kubin
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital of Oulu; Oulu; 90029; Finland
| | - R. Riekki
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital of Oulu; Oulu; 90029; Finland
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Ackermann L, Aalto-Korte K, Alanko K, Hasan T, Jolanki R, Lammintausta K, Lauerma A, Laukkanen A, Liippo J, Riekki R, Vuorela AM, Rantanen T. Contact sensitization to methylisothiazolinone in Finland-a multicentre study. Contact Dermatitis 2010; 64:49-53. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2010.01811.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hasan T, Rantanen T, Alanko K, Harvima RJ, Jolanki R, Kalimo K, Lahti A, Lammintausta K, Lauerma AI, Laukkanen A, Luukkaala T, Riekki R, Turjanmaa K, Varjonen E, Vuorela AM. Patch test reactions to cosmetic allergens in 1995-1997 and 2000-2002 in Finland - a multicentre study. Contact Dermatitis 2005; 53:40-5. [PMID: 15982231 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-1873.2005.00630.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Contact sensitivity to cosmetics is common, but the sensitizing chemicals vary between countries and study periods. The present survey aimed at revealing the recent trends in patch test sensitivity with cosmetic chemicals in Finland. We report a retrospective multicentre survey of patch test reactions focusing on cosmetic-related substances and comparing the test results in 1995-97 with those in 2000-02. The most striking increases in the frequency of the patch test sensitivity were found with balsam of Peru and propolis from 4.0% to 6.2% (P < 0.001) and from 0.5% to 1.4% (P < 0.001), respectively, whereas the most prominent decreases were found with methylchloro/methylisothiazolinone and chlorhexidine diglugonate from 2.4% to 1.3% (P < 0.001) and from 1.2% to 0.5% (P < 0.001), respectively. The level of patch test sensitivity to methyldibromo glutaronitrile increased, although not significantly, from 1.0% to 1.5%. An increasing tendency was also found with hair dye chemicals 4-aminophenol and toluene-2,5-diamine or toluene-2,5-diamine sulfate from 1.3% to 3.8% and from 1.4% to 5.2%, respectively, while such a tendency was not found among permanent wave chemicals. The sensitivity level of fragrance mix remained the same (6% - 7%). We conclude that surveys revealing the state of sensitivity to cosmetic chemicals should be performed periodically in different countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hasan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
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Riekki R, Harvima IT, Jukkola A, Risteli J, Oikarinen A. The production of collagen and the activity of mast-cell chymase increase in human skin after irradiation therapy. Exp Dermatol 2004; 13:364-71. [PMID: 15186323 DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6705.2004.00164.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a common complication of radiotherapy. The pathogenesis of radiation-induced fibrosis is not known in detail. There is increasing evidence to suggest that mast cells contribute to various fibrotic conditions. Several mast-cell mediators have been proposed to have a role in fibrogenesis. Tryptase and chymase, the predominant proteins in mast cells, have been shown to induce fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis in vitro. In order to explore the role of mast cells in irradiation-induced fibrosis, we analyzed skin biopsies and suction blister fluid (SBF) samples from the lesional and healthy-looking skin of 10 patients who had been treated for breast cancer with surgery and radiotherapy. The biopsies were analyzed histochemically for mast-cell tryptase, chymase, kit receptor, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Skin collagen synthesis was assessed by determining the levels of type I and III procollagen amino-terminal propeptides (PINP and PIIINP) in SBF and using immunohistochemical staining for PINP. Immunohistochemical stainings for prolyl-4-hydroxylase reflecting collagen synthesis and chymase immunoreactivity in irradiated and control skin were also performed. The mean level of procollagen propeptides in SBF, which reflects actual skin collagen synthesis in vivo, was markedly increased in irradiated skin compared to corresponding healthy control skin areas. The mean number of PINP-positive fibroblasts was also significantly increased in the upper dermis of radiotherapy-treated skin. The number of cells positive for tryptase, chymase and kit receptor was markedly increased in irradiated skin. In addition, using double-staining techniques, it was possible to demonstrate that in some areas of the dermis, tryptase-positive mast cells and fibroblasts are closely associated. These findings suggest a possible role of mast cells in enhanced skin collagen synthesis and fibrosis induced by radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riitta Riekki
- Department of Dermatology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Nuutinen P, Riekki R, Parikka M, Salo T, Autio P, Risteli J, Oikarinen A. Modulation of collagen synthesis and mRNA by continuous and intermittent use of topical hydrocortisone in human skin. Br J Dermatol 2003; 148:39-45. [PMID: 12534592 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2003.05018.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucocorticoids have been shown to downregulate collagen synthesis in human skin in vivo, thereby contributing to skin atrophy. OBJECTIVES To compare the effects of continuous and intermittent use of topical hydrocortisone on skin collagen synthesis and, furthermore, to elucidate the mechanism of collagen synthesis reduction induced by hydrocortisone. METHODS Collagen propeptides reflecting the synthesis rate of type I and III collagens were studied from suction blister fluids in nine healthy subjects after 3 weeks of continuous (twice daily) or intermittent (on three consecutive days weekly) topical hydrocortisone treatment and 2 weeks after the termination of treatment. Type I collagen mRNA was studied in the same subjects from skin biopsies by using in situ hybridization (ISH) after 3 weeks of treatment. RESULTS Three weeks of continuous treatment decreased the types I and III collagen propeptides in suction blister fluid by 89% and 82%, respectively, while intermittent treatment resulted in a corresponding decrease of 53% and 50%. ISH studies from skin biopsies showed type I collagen mRNA to be markedly reduced in fibroblasts after continuous and intermittent steroid treatment. After a 2-week drug-free interval, the synthesis rate was completely restored in both areas, and some subjects even showed upregulation of synthesis in previously steroid-treated skin. CONCLUSIONS Continuous hydrocortisone for 3 weeks markedly decreases collagen propeptides and corresponding mRNA in human skin. Intermittent hydrocortisone has a less marked effect on the collagen synthesis rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Nuutinen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Riekki R, Parikka M, Jukkola A, Salo T, Risteli J, Oikarinen A. Increased expression of collagen types I and III in human skin as a consequence of radiotherapy. Arch Dermatol Res 2002; 294:178-84. [PMID: 12111348 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-002-0306-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2001] [Revised: 01/15/2002] [Accepted: 03/11/2002] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
To study the mechanisms of irradiation-induced fibrosis, the expression of types I and III collagen was analysed in radiotherapy-treated human skin. The subjects were ten randomly chosen women who had been treated for breast cancer with surgery and radiotherapy. The subjects ranged in age from 42 to 68 years (mean 53 years) and the time from treatment ranged from 7 to 94 months. The irradiated skin was compared with a corresponding healthy skin area in the same subject. Suction blisters were induced on both skin areas. The aminoterminal propeptides of types I and III collagen (PINP and PIIINP), which reflect actual in vivo skin collagen synthesis, were determined in the suction blister fluid using radioimmunoassays. mRNA of types I and III collagen were determined in skin specimens using a nonradioactive in situ hybridization (ISH) technique. Immunohistochemical staining for PINP was also performed. The level of PINP in suction blister fluid was increased more than threefold and the level of PIIINP more than twofold in irradiated skin compared to control skin. The number of cells containing type I and type III collagen mRNA was increased in the upper dermis of irradiated skin. Immunohistochemical staining showed the amount of PINP-positive fibroblasts to be increased in irradiated skin. We conclude that skin collagen gene expression is increased as a result of irradiation and this leads to fibrosis and thickening of the dermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riitta Riekki
- Department of Dermatology, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
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Abstract
In analysing radiation-induced connective tissue changes, we studied tenascin expression, elastic fibres, angiogenesis and physio-mechanical properties in irradiated and contralateral healthy skin of radiotherapy-treated breast cancer patients. Skin biopsies were obtained from a radiotherapy-treated skin area and a corresponding non-treated skin area. Haematoxylin-eosin and Verhoeff stainings as well as immunohistochemical stainings for tenascin and factor VIII were performed. Epidermal and total skin thickness, together with the amount of elastic tissue calculated by computerized digital image analysis, were measured. Suction blisters were induced on both skin areas. Transepidermal water loss was analysed. Skin elasticity was also measured. Tenascin expression was found to be increased in irradiated human skin. In haematoxylin-eosin and factor VIlI-stained sections, an increase in the number of blood vessels was detected. Although skin stiffness measured by an elastometer was increased in irradiated skin, no marked difference in the elastic fibres could be found between treated and non-treated skin. The increased tenascin expression could be due to activation of cytokines as a result of irradiation. An increase in angiogenesis could be caused by an activation of angiogenetic factors by irradiation or due to direct radiation damage on blood vessel walls. Our findings suggest that the effects of irradiation tend to accumulate in the dermal parts of skin. The higher skin stiffness values measured by elastometer in irradiated skin could be due to an accumulation of dermal connective tissue as a result of irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Riekki
- Department of Dermatology, University of Oulu, Finland.
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Sassi M, Jukkola A, Riekki R, Höyhtyä M, Risteli L, Oikarinen A, Risteli J. Type I collagen turnover and cross-linking are increased in irradiated skin of breast cancer patients. Radiother Oncol 2001; 58:317-23. [PMID: 11230894 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(00)00253-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The effects of radiation therapy on the turnover and structure of type I collagen were studied in irradiated and contralateral skin of 18 breast cancer patients without clinically evident fibrosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The rates of on-going type I collagen synthesis and degradation were assessed by the aminoterminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PINP) and by two different assays (ICTP and SP4) for the carboxyterminal telopeptide of type I collagen in the soluble tissue extracts, respectively. Also, TIMP-1, TIMP-2 and the MMP-2/TIMP-2 complex were measured in the tissue extracts. Insoluble skin matrices, containing the cross-linked type I collagen fibres, were heat-denatured and digested with trypsin. Then, the variants of the carboxyterminal telopeptide of type I collagen were separated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The major histidinohydroxylysinonorleucine (HHL)-cross-linked variant was quantified by the SP4 assay, and the minor pyridinoline analogue (PA)-cross-linked telopeptide was quantified by the ICTP assay. RESULTS Both the synthesis and degradation of type I collagen were increased (r=0.906; P<0.001) on the irradiated side, whereas the concentration of the MMP-2/TIMP-2 complex was decreased. In the insoluble tissue digests, the HHL-cross-linked telopeptides of type I collagen, also, when expressed/tissue hydroxyproline, were increased in the irradiated skin. TIMP-1, TIMP-2 or PA-cross-linked telopeptides of type I collagen showed no differences between the two sides. CONCLUSIONS Radiotherapy induces a long-term increase in the turnover of type I collagen and leads to the accumulation of cross-linked type I collagen in skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sassi
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
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Riekki R, Palomäki T, Virtaharju O, Kokko H, Romantschuk M, Saarilahti HT. Members of the amylovora group of Erwinia are cellulolytic and possess genes homologous to the type II secretion pathway. Mol Gen Genet 2000; 263:1031-7. [PMID: 10954089 DOI: 10.1007/pl00008691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A cellulase-producing clone was isolated from a genomic library of the Erwinia rhapontici (Millard) Burkholder strain NCPPB2989. The corresponding gene, named celA, encodes an endoglucanase (EC 3.2.1.4) with the extremely low pH optimum of 3.4 and a temperature optimum between 40 and 50 degrees C. A single ORF of 999 nt was found to be responsible for the Cel activity. The corresponding protein, named CelA, showed 67% identity to the endoglucanase Y of E. chrysanthemi and 51.5% identity to the endoglucanase of Cellulomonas uda, and thus belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase family 8. The celA gene, or its homologue, was found to be present in all E. rhapontici isolates analysed, in E. chrysanthemi, and in E. amylovora. The presence of plant cell wall-degrading enzymes in the amylovora group of Erwinia spp. had not previously been established. Furthermore, the DNA of both E. rhapontici and E. amylovora was found to exhibit homology to genes encoding the type II (GSP) secretion pathway, which is known to be responsible for extracellular targeting of cellulases and pectinases in Erwinia spp. that cause soft rotting, such as E. carotovora and E. chrysanthemi. Secretion of the CelA protein by E. rhapontici could not be verified. However, the CelA protein itself was found to include the information necessary for heterologous secretion by E. chrysanthemi.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Riekki
- Department of Biosciences, Viikki Biocenter, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Riekki R, Jukkola A, Sassi ML, Höyhtyä M, Kallioinen M, Risteli J, Oikarinen A. Modulation of skin collagen metabolism by irradiation: collagen synthesis is increased in irradiated human skin. Br J Dermatol 2000; 142:874-80. [PMID: 10809842 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2000.03465.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Radiation-induced fibrosis is a common side-effect of cancer treatment. The pathophysiological events leading to fibrosis are not known in detail. We analysed the effect of therapeutic irradiation on human skin collagen synthesis, skin thickness, gelatinases and their inhibitors. Twenty randomly chosen women who had been treated for breast cancer with surgery and radiation therapy participated in the study. In each patient, the irradiated skin area was compared with a corresponding non-treated skin area. Suction blister fluid (SBF) and serum samples were analysed for the aminoterminal propeptides of type I and type III procollagens (PINP and PIIINP), tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 1 and 2 (TIMP-1 and TIMP-2) and MMP-9 and MMP-2/TIMP-2 complex. Skin biopsies were analysed for PINP and immunohistochemical staining was used for PIIINP. In irradiated skin, PINP, PIIINP, TIMP-1 and MMP-2/TIMP-2 complex levels in SBF and the number of PINP-positive fibroblasts in tissue sections were significantly higher in comparison with non-treated skin. The levels of TIMP-2 in irradiated and non-irradiated skin were similar. MMP-9 could not be detected in SBF with the assay used. The serum levels of MMP-9 were higher in the treated subjects than the reference values. The serum values of PINP, PIIINP, TIMP-1, TIMP-2 and MMP-2/TIMP-2 complex were not significantly affected. These results indicate increased local collagen synthesis and accumulation of connective tissue in irradiated skin. The marked upregulation of collagen synthesis as a result of irradiation offers a possibility to treat this complication with compounds such as topical steroids which downregulate collagen synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Riekki
- Departments of Dermatology and Oncology, University of Oulu, FIN 90220 Oulu, Finland
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