Metabolite profiles of medulloblastoma for rapid and non-invasive detection of molecular disease groups

BACKGROUND

The malignant childhood brain tumour, medulloblastoma, is classified clinically into molecular groups which guide therapy. DNA-methylation profiling is the current classification 'gold-standard', typically delivered 3-4 weeks post-surgery. Pre-surgery non-invasive diagnostics thus offer significant potential to improve early diagnosis and clinical management. Here, we determine tumour metabolite profiles of the four medulloblastoma groups, assess their diagnostic utility using tumour tissue and potential for non-invasive diagnosis using in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS).

METHODS

Metabolite profiles were acquired by high-resolution magic-angle spinning NMR spectroscopy (MAS) from 86 medulloblastomas (from 59 male and 27 female patients), previously classified by DNA-methylation array (WNT (n = 9), SHH (n = 22), Group3 (n = 21), Group4 (n = 34)); RNA-seq data was available for sixty. Unsupervised class-discovery was performed and a support vector machine (SVM) constructed to assess diagnostic performance. The SVM classifier was adapted to use only metabolites (n = 10) routinely quantified from in vivo MRS data, and re-tested. Glutamate was assessed as a predictor of overall survival.

FINDINGS

Group-specific metabolite profiles were identified; tumours clustered with good concordance to their reference molecular group (93%). GABA was only detected in WNT, taurine was low in SHH and lipids were high in Group3. The tissue-based metabolite SVM classifier had a cross-validated accuracy of 89% (100% for WNT) and, adapted to use metabolites routinely quantified in vivo, gave a combined classification accuracy of 90% for SHH, Group3 and Group4. Glutamate predicted survival after incorporating known risk-factors (HR = 3.39, 95% CI 1.4-8.1, p = 0.025).

INTERPRETATION

Tissue metabolite profiles characterise medulloblastoma molecular groups. Their combination with machine learning can aid rapid diagnosis from tissue and potentially in vivo. Specific metabolites provide important information; GABA identifying WNT and glutamate conferring poor prognosis.

FUNDING

Children with Cancer UK, Cancer Research UK, Children's Cancer North and a Newcastle University PhD studentship.

Safety and efficacy of adjunctive intra-arterial antithrombotic therapy during endovascular thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Half of patients who achieve successful recanalization following endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) for acute ischemic stroke experience poor functional outcome. We aim to investigate whether the use of adjunctive intra-arterial antithrombotic therapy (AAT) during EVT is safe and efficacious compared with standard therapy (ST) of EVT with or without prior intravenous thrombolysis.

METHODS

Electronic databases were searched (PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library) from 2010 until October 2023. Data were pooled using a random-effects model and reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Risk of bias was assessed using ROBINS-I and ROB-2. The primary outcome was functional independence (modified Rankin Scale (mRS) 0-2) at 3 months. Secondary outcomes were successful recanalization (modified Thrombolysis In Cerebral Infarction (TICI) 2b-3), symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH), and 90-day mortality.

RESULTS

41 randomized and non-randomized studies met the eligibility criteria. Overall, 15 316 patients were included; 3296 patients were treated with AAT during EVT and 12 020 were treated with ST alone. Compared with ST, patients treated with AAT demonstrated higher odds of functional independence (46.5% AAT vs 42.6% ST; OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.40, P=0.004, I2=48%) and a lower likelihood of 90-day mortality (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.61 to 0.83, P<0.0001, I2=20%). The rates of sICH (OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.22,P=0.97, I2=13%) and successful recanalization (OR 1.09, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.42, P=0.52, I2=76%) were not significantly different.

CONCLUSION

The use of AAT during EVT may improve functional outcomes and reduce mortality rates compared with ST alone, without an increased risk of sICH. These findings should be interpreted with caution pending the results from ongoing phase III trials to establish the efficacy and safety of AAT during EVT.

Diffusion-based structural connectivity patterns of multiple sclerosis phenotypes

BACKGROUND

We aimed to describe the severity of the changes in brain diffusion-based connectivity as multiple sclerosis (MS) progresses and the microstructural characteristics of these networks that are associated with distinct MS phenotypes.

METHODS

Clinical information and brain MRIs were collected from 221 healthy individuals and 823 people with MS at 8 MAGNIMS centres. The patients were divided into four clinical phenotypes: clinically isolated syndrome, relapsing-remitting, secondary progressive and primary progressive. Advanced tractography methods were used to obtain connectivity matrices. Then, differences in whole-brain and nodal graph-derived measures, and in the fractional anisotropy of connections between groups were analysed. Support vector machine algorithms were used to classify groups.

RESULTS

Clinically isolated syndrome and relapsing-remitting patients shared similar network changes relative to controls. However, most global and local network properties differed in secondary progressive patients compared with the other groups, with lower fractional anisotropy in most connections. Primary progressive participants had fewer differences in global and local graph measures compared with clinically isolated syndrome and relapsing-remitting patients, and reductions in fractional anisotropy were only evident for a few connections. The accuracy of support vector machine to discriminate patients from healthy controls based on connection was 81%, and ranged between 64% and 74% in distinguishing among the clinical phenotypes.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, brain connectivity is disrupted in MS and has differential patterns according to the phenotype. Secondary progressive is associated with more widespread changes in connectivity. Additionally, classification tasks can distinguish between MS types, with subcortical connections being the most important factor.

CHIASM-Net: Artificial Intelligence-Based Direct Identification of Chiasmal Abnormalities in Albinism

Purpose

Albinism is a congenital disorder affecting pigmentation levels, structure, and function of the visual system. The identification of anatomical changes typical for people with albinism (PWA), such as optic chiasm malformations, could become an important component of diagnostics. Here, we tested an application of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for this purpose.

Methods

We established and evaluated a CNN, referred to as CHIASM-Net, for the detection of chiasmal malformations from anatomic magnetic resonance (MR) images of the brain. CHIASM-Net, composed of encoding and classification modules, was developed using MR images of controls (n = 1708) and PWA (n = 32). Evaluation involved 8-fold cross validation involving accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score metrics and was performed on a subset of controls and PWA samples excluded from the training. In addition to quantitative metrics, we used Explainable AI (XAI) methods that granted insights into factors driving the predictions of CHIASM-Net.

Results

The results for the scenario indicated an accuracy of 85 ± 14%, precision of 90 ± 14% and recall of 81 ± 18%. XAI methods revealed that the predictions of CHIASM-Net are driven by optic-chiasm white matter and by the optic tracts.

Conclusions

CHIASM-Net was demonstrated to use relevant regions of the optic chiasm for albinism detection from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain anatomies. This indicates the strong potential of CNN-based approaches for visual pathway analysis and ultimately diagnostics.

Clinical features and imaging characteristics in achiasmia

Achiasmia is a rare visual pathway maldevelopment with reduced decussation of the axons in the optic chiasm. Our aim was to investigate clinical characteristics, macular, optic nerve and brain morphology in achiasmia. A prospective, cross-sectional, observational study of 12 participants with achiasmia [8 males and 4 females; 29.6 ± 18.4 years (mean ± standard deviation)] and 24 gender-, age-, ethnicity- and refraction-matched healthy controls was done. Full ophthalmology assessment, eye movement recording, a high-resolution spectral-domain optical coherence tomography of the macular and optic disc, five-channel visual-evoked responses, eye movement recordings and MRI scans of the brain and orbits were acquired. Achiasmia was confirmed in all 12 clinical participants by visual-evoked responses. Visual acuity in this group was 0.63 ± 0.19 and 0.53 ± 0.19 for the right and left eyes, respectively; most participants had mild refractive errors. All participants with achiasmia had see-saw nystagmus and no measurable stereo vision. Strabismus and abnormal head position were noted in 58% of participants. Optical coherence tomography showed optic nerve hypoplasia with associated foveal hypoplasia in four participants. In the remaining achiasmia participants, macular changes with significantly thinner paracentral inner segment (P = 0.002), wider pit (P = 0.04) and visual flattening of the ellipsoid line were found. MRI demonstrated chiasmatic aplasia in 3/12 (25%), chiasmatic hypoplasia in 7/12 (58%) and a subjectively normal chiasm in 2/12 (17%). Septo-optic dysplasia and severe bilateral optic nerve hypoplasia were found in three patients with chiasmic aplasia/hypoplasia on MRI. In this largest series of achiasmia patients to date, we found for the first time that neuronal abnormalities occur already at the retinal level. Foveal changes, optic nerve hypoplasia and the midline brain anomaly suggest that these abnormalities could be part of the same spectrum, with different manifestations of events during foetal development occurring with varying severity.

Automated detection of cerebral microbleeds on MR images using knowledge distillation framework

Introduction

Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) are associated with white matter damage, and various neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases. CMBs occur as small, circular hypointense lesions on T2*-weighted gradient recalled echo (GRE) and susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) images, and hyperintense on quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) images due to their paramagnetic nature. Accurate automated detection of CMBs would help to determine quantitative imaging biomarkers (e.g., CMB count) on large datasets. In this work, we propose a fully automated, deep learning-based, 3-step algorithm, using structural and anatomical properties of CMBs from any single input image modality (e.g., GRE/SWI/QSM) for their accurate detections.

Methods

In our method, the first step consists of an initial candidate detection step that detects CMBs with high sensitivity. In the second step, candidate discrimination step is performed using a knowledge distillation framework, with a multi-tasking teacher network that guides the student network to classify CMB and non-CMB instances in an offline manner. Finally, a morphological clean-up step further reduces false positives using anatomical constraints. We used four datasets consisting of different modalities specified above, acquired using various protocols and with a variety of pathological and demographic characteristics.

Results

On cross-validation within datasets, our method achieved a cluster-wise true positive rate (TPR) of over 90% with an average of <2 false positives per subject. The knowledge distillation framework improves the cluster-wise TPR of the student model by 15%. Our method is flexible in terms of the input modality and provides comparable cluster-wise TPR and better cluster-wise precision compared to existing state-of-the-art methods. When evaluating across different datasets, our method showed good generalizability with a cluster-wise TPR >80 % with different modalities. The python implementation of the proposed method is openly available.

Desmopressin for patients with spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage taking antiplatelet drugs (DASH): a UK-based, phase 2, randomised, placebo-controlled, multicentre feasibility trial

BACKGROUND

The risk of death from spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage is increased for people taking antiplatelet drugs. We aimed to assess the feasibility of randomising patients on antiplatelet drug therapy with spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage to desmopressin or placebo to reduce the antiplatelet drug effect.

METHODS

DASH was a phase 2, randomised, placebo-controlled, multicentre feasibility trial. Patients were recruited from ten acute stroke centres in the UK and were eligible if they had an intracerebral haemorrhage with stroke symptom onset within 24 h of randomisation, were aged 18 years or older, and were taking an antiplatelet drug. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to a single dose of intravenous desmopressin 20 μg or matching placebo. Treatment allocation was concealed from all staff and patients involved in the trial. The primary outcome was feasibility, which was measured as the number of eligible patients randomised and the proportion of eligible patients approached, and analysis was by intention to treat. The trial was prospectively registered with ISRCTN (reference ISRCTN67038373), and it is closed to recruitment.

FINDINGS

Between April 1, 2019, and March 31, 2022, 1380 potential participants were screened for eligibility. 176 (13%) participants were potentially eligible, of whom 57 (32%) were approached, and 54 (31%) consented and were subsequently recruited and randomly assigned to receive desmopressin (n=27) or placebo (n=27). The main reason for eligible patients not being recruited was the patient arriving out of hours (74 [61%] of 122 participants). The recruitment rate increased after the enrolment period was extended from 12 h to 24 h, but it was then impaired due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Of the 54 participants included in the analysis (mean age 76·4 years [SD 11·3]), most were male (36 [67%]) and White (50 [93%]). 53 (98%) of 54 participants received all of their allocated treatment (one participant assigned desmopressin only received part of the infusion). No participants were lost to follow-up or withdrew from the trial. Death or dependency on others for daily activities at day 90 (modified Rankin Scale score >4) occurred in six (22%) of 27 participants in the desmopressin group and ten (37%) of 27 participants in the placebo group. Serious adverse events occurred in 12 (44%) participants in the desmopressin group and 13 (48%) participants in the placebo group. The most common adverse events were expansion of the haemorrhagic stroke (four [15%] of 27 participants in the desmopressin group and six [22%] of 27 participants in the placebo group) and pneumonia (one [4%] of 27 participants in the desmopressin group and six [22%] of 27 participants in the placebo group).

INTERPRETATION

Our results show it is feasible to randomise patients with spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage who are taking antiplatelet drugs to desmopressin or placebo. Our findings support the need for a definitive trial to determine if desmopressin improves outcomes in patients with intracerebral haemorrhage on antiplatelet drug therapy.

FUNDING

National Institute for Health Research.

Effects of blood pressure and tranexamic acid in spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage: a secondary analysis of a large randomised controlled trial

Background

Tranexamic acid reduced haematoma expansion and early death, but did not improve functional outcome in the tranexamic acid for hyperacute spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage-2 (TICH-2) trial. In a predefined subgroup, there was a statistically significant interaction between prerandomisation baseline systolic blood pressure (SBP) and the effect of tranexamic acid on functional outcome (p=0.019).

Methods

TICH-2 was an international prospective double-blind placebo-controlled randomised trial evaluating intravenous tranexamic acid in patients with acute spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH). Prerandomisation baseline SBP was split into predefined ≤170 and >170 mm Hg groups. The primary outcome at day 90 was the modified Rankin Scale (mRS), a measure of dependency, analysed using ordinal logistic regression. Haematoma expansion was defined as an increase in haematoma volume of >33% or >6 mL from baseline to 24 hours. Data are OR or common OR (cOR) with 95% CIs, with significance at p<0.05.

Results

Of 2325 participants in TICH-2, 1152 had baseline SBP≤170 mm Hg and were older, had larger lobar haematomas and were randomised later than 1173 with baseline SBP>170 mm Hg. Tranexamic acid was associated with a favourable shift in mRS at day 90 in those with baseline SBP≤170 mm Hg (cOR 0.73, 95% CI 0.59 to 0.91, p=0.005), but not in those with baseline SBP>170 mm Hg (cOR 1.05, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.30, p=0.63). In those with baseline SBP≤170 mm Hg, tranexamic acid reduced haematoma expansion (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.47 to 0.82, p=0.001), but not in those with baseline SBP>170 mm Hg (OR 1.02, 95% CI 0.77 to 1.35, p=0.90).

Conclusions

Tranexamic acid was associated with improved clinical and radiological outcomes in ICH patients with baseline SBP≤170 mm Hg. Further research is needed to establish whether certain subgroups may benefit from tranexamic acid in acute ICH.

Trial registration number

ISRCTN93732214.

Development of cancer surveillance guidelines in ataxia telangiectasia: A Delphi-based consensus survey of international experts

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Ataxia telangiectasia (A-T) is a multiorgan disorder with increased vulnerability to cancer. Despite this increased cancer risk, there are no widely accepted guidelines for cancer surveillance in people affected by A-T. We aimed to understand the current international practice regarding cancer surveillance in A-T and agreed-upon approaches to develop cancer surveillance in A-T.

DESIGN/METHODS

We used a consensus development method, the e-Delphi technique, comprising three rounds. Round 1 consisted of a Delphi questionnaire and a survey that collected the details of respondents' professional background, experience, and current practice of cancer surveillance in A-T. Rounds 2 and 3 were designed based on previous rounds and modified according to the comments made by the panellists. The pre-specified consensus threshold was ≥75% agreement.

RESULTS

Thirty-five expert panellists from 13 countries completed the study. The survey indicated that the current practice of cancer surveillance varies widely between experts and centres'. Consensus was reached that evidence-based guidelines are needed for cancer surveillance in people with A-T, with separate recommendations for adults and children. Statements relating to the tests that should be included, the age for starting and stopping cancer surveillance and the optimal surveillance interval were also agreed upon, although in some areas, the consensus was that further research is needed.

CONCLUSION

The international expert consensus statement confirms the need for evidence-based cancer surveillance guidelines in A-T, highlights key features that the guidelines should include, and identifies areas of uncertainty in the expert community. This elucidates current knowledge gaps and will inform the design of future clinical trials.

Effect of proximal blood flow arrest during endovascular thrombectomy (ProFATE): Study protocol for a multicentre randomised controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Observational studies have demonstrated improved outcomes with the adjunctive use of balloon guide catheters (BGC) during endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) for anterior circulation acute ischaemic stroke (AIS). However, the lack of high-level evidence and global practice heterogeneity justifies a randomised controlled trial (RCT) to investigate the effect of transient proximal blood flow arrest on the procedural and clinical outcomes of patients with AIS following EVT.

HYPOTHESIS

Proximal blood flow arrest in the cervical internal carotid artery during EVT for proximal large vessel occlusion is superior to no flow arrest in achieving complete vessel recanalisation.

METHODS

ProFATE is an investigator-initiated, pragmatic, multicentre RCT with blinding of participants and outcome assessment. An estimated 124 participants with an anterior circulation AIS due to large vessel occlusion, an NIHSS of ⩾2, ASPECTS ⩾ 5 and eligible for EVT using a first-line combined technique (contact aspiration and stent retriever) or contact aspiration only will be randomised (1:1) to receive BGC balloon inflation or no inflation during EVT.

OUTCOMES

The primary outcome is the proportion of patients achieving near-complete/complete vessel recanalisation (eTICI 2c-3) at the end of the EVT procedure. Secondary outcomes include the functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale at 90 days), new or distal vascular territory clot embolisation rate, near-complete/complete recanalisation after the first pass, symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage, procedure-related complications and death at 90 days.

DISCUSSION

This is the first RCT to investigate the effect of proximal blood flow arrest during EVT using a BGC on the procedural and clinical outcomes of patients with AIS due to large vessel occlusion.

Association between time to treatment and clinical outcomes in endovascular thrombectomy beyond 6 hours without advanced imaging selection

BACKGROUND

The effectiveness and safety of endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) in the late window (6-24 hours) for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients selected without advanced imaging is undetermined. We aimed to assess clinical outcomes and the relationship with time-to-EVT treatment beyond 6 hours of stroke onset without advanced neuroimaging.

METHODS

Patients who underwent EVT selected with non-contrast CT/CT angiography (without CT perfusion or MR imaging), between October 2015 and March 2020, were included from a national stroke registry. Functional and safety outcomes were assessed in both early (<6 hours) and late windows with time analyzed as a continuous variable.

RESULTS

Among 3278 patients, 2610 (79.6%) and 668 (20.4%) patients were included in the early and late windows, respectively. In the late window, for every hour delay, there was no significant association with shift towards poorer functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale (mRS)) at discharge (adjusted common OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.01, p=0.27) or change in predicted functional independence (mRS ≤2) (24.5% to 23.3% from 6 to 24 hours; aOR 0.99, 95% CI0.94 to 1.04, p=0.85). In contrast, predicted functional independence was time sensitive in the early window: 5.2% reduction per-hour delay (49.4% to 23.5% from 1 to 6 hours, p=0.0001). There were similar rates of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) (3.4% vs 4.6%, p=0.54) and in-hospital mortality (12.9% vs 14.6%, p=0.33) in the early and late windows, respectively, without a significant association with time.

CONCLUSION

In this real-world study, there was minimal change in functional disability, sICH and in-hospital mortality within and across the late window. While confirmatory randomized trials are needed, these findings suggest that EVT remains feasible and safe when performed in AIS patients selected without advanced neuroimaging between 6-24 hours from stroke onset.

Whole-body MRI for cancer surveillance in ataxia-telangiectasia: A qualitative study of the perspectives of people affected by A-T and their families

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is a complex inherited disease associated with an increased risk of malignancy. Surveillance guidelines have demonstrated significant health benefits in other cancer predisposition syndromes. However, evidence-based guidelines for cancer screening are not currently used in the United Kingdom for people affected by A-T. This study aims to understand how people with A-T and their parents feel about cancer surveillance using whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to inform the future development of cancer surveillance guidelines.

DESIGN/METHODS

We conducted semistructured interviews with people affected by A-T. Data were analysed inductively using thematic analysis.

RESULTS

Nine parents of children with A-T and four adults with A-T were interviewed. Five main themes emerged from the data, including (1) cancer screening was considered invaluable with the perceived value of early detection highlighted; (2) the cancer fear can increase anxiety; (3) the perceived limitations around current practice, with the responsibility for monitoring falling too strongly on parents and patients; (4) the need for effective preparation for cancer screening, including clear communication and (5) the challenges associated with MRI screening, where specific recommendations were made for improving the child's experience.

CONCLUSION

This study suggests that stakeholders are positive about the perceived advantages of a cancer screening programme. Ongoing support and preparation techniques should be adopted to maximise adherence and minimise adverse psychosocial outcomes.

PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION

People with A-T and parents of people with A-T were actively involved in this study by giving their consent to be interviewed. An independent parent representative contributed to the study, supporting the research team in interpreting and commenting on the appropriateness of the language used in this report.

Incidence and predictors of poor functional outcome despite complete recanalisation following endovascular thrombectomy for acute ischaemic stroke

BACKGROUND

Numerous ischaemic stroke patients experience poor functional outcome despite successful recanalisation following endovascular thrombectomy (EVT). We aimed to identify the incidence and predictors of futile complete recanalisation (FCR) in a national stroke registry.

METHODS

Patients who achieved complete recanalisation (mTICI 3) following EVT, between October 2015 and March 2020, were included from a United Kingdom national stroke registry. Modified Rankin Scale of 4-6 at discharge was defined as a 'poor/futile outcome'. Backward stepwise multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed with FCR as the dependent variable, incorporating all baseline characteristics, procedural time metrics and post-procedural events.

RESULTS

We included 2132 of 4383 patients (48.8%) with complete recanalisation post-EVT, of which 948 patients (44.4%) developed FCR. Following multivariable regression analysis adjusted for potential confounders, patients with FCR were associated with multiple baseline patient, imaging and procedural factors: age (p=0.0001), admission NIHSS scores (p=0.0001), pre-stroke disability (p=0.007), onset-to-puncture (p=0.0001) and procedural times (p=0.0001), presence of diabetes (p=0.005), and use of general anaesthesia (p=0.0001). Although not predictive of outcome, post-procedural events including development of any intracranial haemorrhage (ICH) (p=0.0001), symptomatic ICH (sICH) (p=0.0001) and early neurological deterioration (END) (p=0.007) were associated with FCR.

CONCLUSION

Nearly half of patients in this national registry experienced FCR following EVT. Significant predictors of FCR included increasing age, admission NIHSS scores, pre-stroke disability, onset-to-puncture and procedural times, presence of diabetes, atrial fibrillation, and use of general anaesthesia. Post procedural development of any ICH, sICH, and END were associated with FCR.

The use of cerebral computed tomographic angiography as an ancillary investigation to support a clinical diagnosis of death using neurological criteria: a consensus guideline

This multidisciplinary consensus statement was produced following a recommendation by the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine to develop a UK guideline for ancillary investigation, when one is required, to support the diagnosis of death using neurological criteria. A multidisciplinary panel reviewed the literature and UK practice in the diagnosis of death using neurological criteria and recommended cerebral CT angiography as the ancillary investigation of choice when death cannot be confirmed by clinical criteria alone. Cerebral CT angiography has been shown to have 100% specificity in supporting a diagnosis of death using neurological criteria and is an investigation available in all acute hospitals in the UK. A standardised technique for performing the investigation is described alongside a reporting template. The panel were unable to make recommendations for ancillary testing in children or patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

Endovascular thrombectomy beyond 24 hours from ischemic stroke onset: a propensity score matched cohort study

BACKGROUND

The safety and functional outcome of endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) in the very late (VL; >24 hours) time window from ischemic stroke onset remains undetermined.

METHODS

Using data from a national stroke registry, we used propensity score matched (PSM) individual level data of patients who underwent EVT, selected with CT perfusion or non-contrast CT/CT angiography, between October 2015 and March 2020. Functional and safety outcomes were assessed in both late (6-24 hours) and VL time windows. Subgroup analysis was performed of imaging selection modality in the VL time window.

RESULTS

We included 1150 patients (late window: 1046 (208 after PSM); VL window: 104 (104 after PSM)). Compared with EVT treatment initiation between 6 and 24 hours, patients treated in the VL window had similar modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores at discharge (ordinal shift; common OR=1.08, 95% CI 0.69 to 1.47, p=0.70). No significant differences in achieving good functional outcome (mRS ≤2 at discharge; 28.8% (VL) vs 29.3% (late), OR=0.97, 95% CI 0.58 to 1.64, p=0.93), successful reperfusion (modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction score of 2b-3) (p=0.77), or safety outcomes of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (p=0.43) and inhospital mortality (p=0.23) were demonstrated. In the VL window, there was no significant difference in functional outcome among patients selected with perfusion versus those selected without perfusion imaging (common OR=1.38, 95% CI 0.81 to 1.76, p=0.18).

CONCLUSION

In this real world study, EVT beyond 24 hours from stroke onset or last known well appeared to be feasible, with comparable safety and functional outcomes to EVT initiation between 6 and 24 hours. Randomized trials assessing the efficacy of EVT in the VL window are warranted, but may only be feasible with a large international collaborative approach.

Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and the Risk of Hematoma Expansion

OBJECTIVE

We assessed whether hematoma expansion (HE) and favorable outcome differ according to type of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH).

METHODS

Among participants with ICH enrolled in the TICH-2 (Tranexamic Acid for Hyperacute Primary Intracerebral Haemorrhage) trial, we assessed baseline scans for hematoma location and presence of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) using computed tomography (CT, simplified Edinburgh criteria) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI; Boston criteria) and categorized ICH as lobar CAA, lobar non-CAA, and nonlobar. The main outcomes were HE and favorable functional outcome. We constructed multivariate regression models and assessed treatment effects using interaction terms.

RESULTS

A total of 2,298 out of 2,325 participants were included with available CT (98.8%; median age = 71 years, interquartile range = 60-80 years; 1,014 female). Additional MRI was available in 219 patients (9.5%). Overall, 1,637 participants (71.2%) had nonlobar ICH; the remaining 661 participants (28.8%) had lobar ICH, of whom 202 patients had lobar CAA-ICH (8.8%, 173 participants according to Edinburgh and 29 participants according to Boston criteria) and 459 did not (lobar non-CAA, 20.0%). For HE, we found a significant interaction of lobar CAA ICH with time from onset to randomization (increasing risk with time, p_interaction  < 0.001) and baseline ICH volume (constant risk regardless of volume, p_interaction  < 0.001) but no association between type of ICH and risk of HE or favorable outcome. Tranexamic acid significantly reduced the risk of HE (adjusted odds ratio = 0.7, 95% confidence interval = 0.6-1.0, p = 0.020) without statistically significant interaction with type of ICH (p_interaction  = 0.058). Tranexamic acid was not associated with favorable outcome.

INTERPRETATION

Risk of HE in patients with lobar CAA-ICH was not independently increased but seems to have different dynamics compared to other types of ICH. The time window for treatment of CAA-ICH to prevent HE may be longer. ANN NEUROL 2022;92:921-930.

Semantic Segmentation of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage, Intraventricular Hemorrhage, and Associated Edema on CT Images Using Deep Learning

This study evaluated deep learning algorithms for semantic segmentation and quantification of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), perihematomal edema (PHE), and intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) on noncontrast CT scans of patients with spontaneous ICH. Models were assessed on 1732 annotated baseline noncontrast CT scans obtained from the Tranexamic Acid for Hyperacute Primary Intracerebral Haemorrhage (ie, TICH-2) international multicenter trial (ISRCTN93732214), and different loss functions using a three-dimensional no-new-U-Net (nnU-Net) were examined to address class imbalance (30% of participants with IVH in dataset). On the test cohort (n = 174, 10% of dataset), the top-performing models achieved median Dice similarity coefficients of 0.92 (IQR, 0.89-0.94), 0.66 (0.58-0.71), and 1.00 (0.87-1.00), respectively, for ICH, PHE, and IVH segmentation. U-Net-based networks showed comparable, satisfactory performances on ICH and PHE segmentations (P > .05), but all nnU-Net variants achieved higher accuracy than the Brain Lesion Analysis and Segmentation Tool for CT (BLAST-CT) and DeepLabv3+ for all labels (P < .05). The Focal model showed improved performance in IVH segmentation compared with the Tversky, two-dimensional nnU-Net, U-Net, BLAST-CT, and DeepLabv3+ models (P < .05). Focal achieved concordance values of 0.98, 0.88, and 0.99 for ICH, PHE, and ICH volumes, respectively. The mean volumetric differences between the ground truth and prediction were 0.32 mL (95% CI: -8.35, 9.00), 1.14 mL (-9.53, 11.8), and 0.06 mL (-1.71, 1.84), respectively. In conclusion, U-Net-based networks provide accurate segmentation on CT images of spontaneous ICH, and Focal loss can address class imbalance. International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) no. ISRCTN93732214 Supplemental material is available for this article. © RSNA, 2022 Keywords: Head/Neck, Brain/Brain Stem, Hemorrhage, Segmentation, Quantification, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Deep Learning Algorithms, Machine Learning Algorithms.

Neonatal stroke surveillance study protocol in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland

Neonatal stroke is a devastating condition that causes brain injury in babies and often leads to lifelong neurological impairment. Recent prospective population studies of neonatal stroke are lacking. Neonatal strokes are different from those in older children and adults. A better understanding of its aetiology, current management, and outcomes could reduce the burden of this rare condition. The study aims to explore the incidence and 2 year outcomes of neonatal stroke across an entire population in the UK and Republic of Ireland. This is an active national surveillance study using a purpose-built integrated case notification-data collection online platform. Over a 13 month period, with a potential 6 month extension, clinicians will notify neonatal stroke cases presenting in the first 90 days of life electronically via the online platform monthly. Clinicians will complete a primary questionnaire via the platform detailing clinical information, including neuroimaging, for analysis and classification. An outcome questionnaire will be sent at 2 years of age via the platform. Appropriate ethics and regulatory approvals have been received. The neonatal stroke study represents the first multinational population surveillance study delivered via a purpose-built integrated case notification-data collection online platform and data safe haven, overcoming the challenges of setting up the study.

SIOP Ependymoma I: Final results, long-term follow-up, and molecular analysis of the trial cohort-A BIOMECA Consortium Study

BACKGROUND

SIOP Ependymoma I was a non-randomised trial assessing event free and overall survival (EFS/OS) of non-metastatic intracranial ependymoma in children aged 3-21 years treated with a staged management strategy. A further aim was to assess the response rate (RR) of subtotally resected (STR) ependymoma to vincristine, etoposide, and cyclophosphamide (VEC). We report final results with 12-year follow-up and post hoc analyses of recently described biomarkers.

METHODS

Seventy-four participants were eligible. Children with gross total resection (GTR) received radiotherapy, whilst those with STR received VEC before radiotherapy. DNA methylation, 1q, hTERT, ReLA, Tenascin-C, H3K27me3, and pAKT status were evaluated.

RESULTS

Five- and ten-year EFS was 49.5% and 46.7%, OS was 69.3% and 60.5%. GTR was achieved in 33/74 (44.6%) and associated with improved EFS (P = .003, HR = 2.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4-5.1). Grade 3 tumours were associated with worse OS (P = .005, HR = 2.8, 95%CI 1.3-5.8). 1q gain and hTERT expression were associated with poorer EFS (P = .003, HR = 2.70, 95%CI 1.49-6.10 and P = .014, HR = 5.8, 95%CI 1.2-28) and H3K27me3 loss with worse OS (P = .003, HR = 4.6, 95%CI 1.5-13.2). Methylation profiles showed expected patterns. 12 participants with STR did not receive chemotherapy; a protocol violation. However, best chemotherapy RR was 65.5% (19/29, 95%CI 45.7-82.1), exceeding the prespecified 45%.

CONCLUSIONS

Participants with totally resected ependymoma had the best outcomes. RR of STR to VEC exceeded the pre-specified efficacy criterion. However, cases of inaccurate stratification highlighted the need for rapid central review. 1q gain, H3K27me3 loss, and hTERT expression were all associated with poorer survival outcomes.

Rate and severity of radiological features of physical abuse in children during the first UK-wide COVID-19 enforced national lockdown

Rate and severity of radiological features of physical abuse in children during the first UK-wide COVID-19 enforced national lockdown.

OBJECTIVE

To assess the number, type and outcome of radiological investigations for children presenting to hospital with suspected physical abuse (SPA; including abusive head trauma) during the first national COVID-19 enforced lockdown compared with the prelockdown period.

DESIGN

Multicentre, retrospective, observational, interrupted time series analysis.

SETTING

Eight secondary/tertiary paediatric centres between January 2018 and July 2020 inclusive.

PARTICIPANTS

1587 hospital assessed children undergoing radiographic skeletal surveys (SkS) and head CT imaging performed for SPA/child protection concerns.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Incidence and severity of fractures identified on SkS; head injury (composed of incidence rates and ratios of skull fracture, intracranial haemorrhage (ICH) and hypoxic ischaemic injury (HII)) on head CT imaging; and ratio of antemortem and postmortem SkS.

RESULTS

1587 SkS were performed: 1282 (81%) antemortem, 762 (48%) male, and positive findings in 582 (37%). Median patient age was 6 months. There were 1.7 fractures/child prelockdown versus 1.1 fractures/child during lockdown. There was no difference between positive/negative SkS rates, the absolute ratio of antemortem/postmortem SkS or absolute numbers of head injury occurring between January 2018 and February 2020 and the lockdown period April-July 2020. Likewise, prelockdown incidence and rates of skull fracture 30/244 (12%), ICH 28/220 (13%) and HIE 10/205 (5%) were similar to lockdown, 142/1304 (11%), 171/1152 (15%) and 68/1089 (6%), respectively.

CONCLUSION

The first UK COVID-19 lockdown did not lead to an increase in either the number of antemortem or postmortem radiological investigations performed for SPA, or the number or severity of fractures and intracranial injuries identified by these investigations.

Perfusion Imaging for Endovascular Thrombectomy in Acute Ischemic Stroke Is Associated With Improved Functional Outcomes in the Early and Late Time Windows

The impact on clinical outcomes of patient selection using perfusion imaging for endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) in patients with acute ischemic stroke presenting beyond 6 hours from onset remains undetermined in routine clinical practice.

Effect of Tranexamic Acid Administration on Remote Cerebral Ischemic Lesions in Acute Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Substudy of a Randomized Clinical Trial

Importance

Hyperintense foci on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) that are spatially remote from the acute hematoma occur in 20% of people with acute spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Tranexamic acid, a hemostatic agent that is under investigation for treating acute ICH, might increase DWI hyperintense lesions (DWIHLs).

Objective

To establish whether tranexamic acid compared with placebo increased the prevalence or number of remote cerebral DWIHLs within 2 weeks of ICH onset.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This prospective nested magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) substudy of a randomized clinical trial (RCT) recruited participants from the multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 RCT (Tranexamic Acid for Hyperacute Primary Intracerebral Hemorrhage [TICH-2]) from July 1, 2015, to September 30, 2017, and conducted follow-up to 90 days after participants were randomized to either the tranexamic acid or placebo group. Participants had acute spontaneous ICH and included TICH-2 participants who provided consent to undergo additional MRI scans for the MRI substudy and those who had clinical MRI data that were compatible with the brain MRI protocol of the substudy. Data analyses were performed on an intention-to-treat basis on January 20, 2020.

Interventions

The tranexamic acid group received 1 g in 100-mL intravenous bolus loading dose, followed by 1 g in 250-mL infusion within 8 hours of ICH onset. The placebo group received 0.9% saline within 8 hours of ICH onset. Brain MRI scans, including DWI, were performed within 2 weeks.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Prevalence and number of remote DWIHLs were compared between the treatment groups using binary logistic regression adjusted for baseline covariates.

Results

A total of 219 participants (mean [SD] age, 65.1 [13.8] years; 126 men [57.5%]) who had brain MRI data were included. Of these participants, 96 (43.8%) were randomized to receive tranexamic acid and 123 (56.2%) were randomized to receive placebo. No baseline differences in demographic characteristics and clinical or imaging features were found between the groups. There was no increase for the tranexamic acid group compared with the placebo group in DWIHL prevalence (20 of 96 [20.8%] vs 28 of 123 [22.8%]; odds ratio [OR], 0.71; 95% CI, 0.33-1.53; P = .39) or mean (SD) number of DWIHLs (1.75 [1.45] vs 1.81 [1.71]; mean difference [MD], -0.08; 95% CI, -0.36 to 0.20; P = .59). In an exploratory analysis, participants who were randomized within 3 hours of ICH onset or those with chronic infarcts appeared less likely to have DWIHLs if they received tranexamic acid. Participants with probable cerebral amyloid angiopathy appeared more likely to have DWIHLs if they received tranexamic acid.

Conclusions and Relevance

This substudy of an RCT found no evidence of increased prevalence or number of remote DWIHLs after tranexamic acid treatment in acute ICH. These findings provide reassurance for ongoing and future trials that tranexamic acid for acute ICH is unlikely to induce cerebral ischemic events.

Trial Registration

isrctn.org Identifier: ISRCTN93732214.

Association between anesthesia modality and clinical outcomes following endovascular stroke treatment in the extended time window

BACKGROUND

There is a paucity of data on anesthesia-related outcomes for endovascular treatment (EVT) in the extended window (>6 hours from ischemic stroke onset). We compared functional and safety outcomes between local anesthesia (LA) without sedation, conscious sedation (CS) and general anesthesia (GA).

METHODS

Patients who underwent EVT in the early (<6 hours) and extended time windows using LA, CS, or GA between October 2015 and March 2020 were included from a UK national stroke registry. Multivariable analyses were performed, adjusted for age, sex, baseline stroke severity, pre-stroke disability, EVT technique, center, procedural time and IV thrombolysis.

RESULTS

A total of 4337 patients were included, 3193 in the early window (1135 LA, 446 CS, 1612 GA) and 1144 in the extended window (357 LA, 134 CS, 653 GA). Compared with GA, patients treated under LA alone had increased odds of an improved modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score at discharge (early: adjusted common (ac) OR=1.50, 95% CI 1.29 to 1.74, p=0.001; extended: acOR=1.29, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.66, p=0.043). Similar mRS scores at discharge were found in the LA and CS cohorts in the early and extended windows (p=0.21). Compared with CS, use of GA was associated with a worse mRS score at discharge in the early window (acOR=0.73, 95% CI 0.45 to 0.96, p=0.017) but not in the extended window (p=0.55). There were no significant differences in the rates of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage or in-hospital mortality across the anesthesia modalities in the extended window.

CONCLUSION

LA without sedation during EVT was associated with improved functional outcomes compared with GA, but not CS, within and beyond 6 hours from stroke onset. Prospective studies assessing anesthesia-related outcomes in the extended time window are warranted.

Brief Consent Methods Enable Rapid Enrollment in Acute Stroke Trial: Results From the TICH-2 Randomized Controlled Trial

BACKGROUND

Seeking consent rapidly in acute stroke trials is crucial as interventions are time sensitive. We explored the association between consent pathways and time to enrollment in the TICH-2 (Tranexamic Acid in Intracerebral Haemorrhage-2) randomized controlled trial.

METHODS

Consent was provided by patients or by a relative or an independent doctor in incapacitated patients, using a 1-stage (full written consent) or 2-stage (initial brief consent followed by full written consent post-randomization) approach. The computed tomography-to-randomization time according to consent pathways was compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify variables associated with onset-to-randomization time of ≤3 hours.

RESULTS

Of 2325 patients, 817 (35%) gave self-consent using 1-stage (557; 68%) or 2-stage consent (260; 32%). For 1507 (65%), consent was provided by a relative (1 stage, 996 [66%]; 2 stage, 323 [21%]) or a doctor (all 2-stage, 188 [12%]). One patient did not record prerandomization consent, with written consent obtained subsequently. The median (interquartile range) computed tomography-to-randomization time was 55 (38-93) minutes for doctor consent, 55 (37-95) minutes for 2-stage patient, 69 (43-110) minutes for 2-stage relative, 75 (48-124) minutes for 1-stage patient, and 90 (56-155) minutes for 1-stage relative consents (P<0.001). Two-stage consent was associated with onset-to-randomization time of ≤3 hours compared with 1-stage consent (adjusted odds ratio, 1.9 [95% CI, 1.5-2.4]). Doctor consent increased the odds (adjusted odds ratio, 2.3 [1.5-3.5]) while relative consent reduced the odds of randomization ≤3 hours (adjusted odds ratio, 0.10 [0.03-0.34]) compared with patient consent. Only 2 of 771 patients (0.3%) in the 2-stage pathways withdrew consent when full consent was sought later. Two-stage consent process did not result in higher withdrawal rates or loss to follow-up.

CONCLUSIONS

The use of initial brief consent was associated with shorter times to enrollment, while maintaining good participant retention. Seeking written consent from relatives was associated with significant delays.

REGISTRATION

URL: https://www.isrctn.com; Unique identifier: ISRCTN93732214.

Automated Detection of Candidate Subjects With Cerebral Microbleeds Using Machine Learning

Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) appear as small, circular, well defined hypointense lesions of a few mm in size on T2^*-weighted gradient recalled echo (T2^*-GRE) images and appear enhanced on susceptibility weighted images (SWI). Due to their small size, contrast variations and other mimics (e.g., blood vessels), CMBs are highly challenging to detect automatically. In large datasets (e.g., the UK Biobank dataset), exhaustively labelling CMBs manually is difficult and time consuming. Hence it would be useful to preselect candidate CMB subjects in order to focus on those for manual labelling, which is essential for training and testing automated CMB detection tools on these datasets. In this work, we aim to detect CMB candidate subjects from a larger dataset, UK Biobank, using a machine learning-based, computationally light pipeline. For our evaluation, we used 3 different datasets, with different intensity characteristics, acquired with different scanners. They include the UK Biobank dataset and two clinical datasets with different pathological conditions. We developed and evaluated our pipelines on different types of images, consisting of SWI or GRE images. We also used the UK Biobank dataset to compare our approach with alternative CMB preselection methods using non-imaging factors and/or imaging data. Finally, we evaluated the pipeline's generalisability across datasets. Our method provided subject-level detection accuracy > 80% on all the datasets (within-dataset results), and showed good generalisability across datasets, providing a consistent accuracy of over 80%, even when evaluated across different modalities.

Parametric Assessment of the Effect of Cochlear Implant Positioning on Brain MRI Artefacts at 3 T

BACKGROUND

Brain magnetic resonance imaging in patients with cochlear implants (CIs) is impacted by image artefacts.

HYPOTHESIS

The optimal positioning of the CI to minimize artefacts is unknown. This study aimed to characterize the dependence of the extent and distribution of the artefact on CI positioning.

METHODS

Three normally hearing individuals underwent magnetic resonance imaging using a standard T1-weighted 3D sequence. Scans were acquired with a non-functioning CI placed underneath a swimming cap at four plausible scalp positions on each side, and without the CI in situ. The artefact in each image was assessed quantitatively using voxel-based techniques. Two radiologists also independently rated the likely impact of the artefact on the detection of pathology for 20 neuroradiological locations.

RESULTS

The procedure was well tolerated. The most postero-inferior CI positions resulted in the smallest apparent artefacts. Radiological evaluations suggested that artefacts would likely limit pathology detection in the ipsilateral temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes, regardless of CI location. Pathology detection in contralateral structures and anterior corpus callosum was rarely affected. Certain CI locations appeared to selectively spare ipsilateral structures, for example, postero-inferior CI locations selectively spared ipsilateral midbrain, deep grey matter, and frontal lobes.

CONCLUSION

A CI placed under a swimming cap is a feasible tool for observing the effect of CI location on image usability within a single subject and potentially informing surgical planning. Regardless of CI placement, artefacts involving ipsilateral parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes severely limited diagnostic image utility. Between 35% and 70% of neuroradiological features were deemed unaffected by the implant.

Meta-Analysis of Apparent Diffusion Coefficient in Pediatric Medulloblastoma, Ependymoma, and Pilocytic Astrocytoma

BACKGROUND

Medulloblastoma, ependymoma, and pilocytic astrocytoma are common pediatric posterior fossa tumors. These tumors show overlapping characteristics on conventional MRI scans, making diagnosis difficult.

PURPOSE

To investigate whether apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values differ between tumor types and to identify optimum cut-off values to accurately classify the tumors using different performance metrics.

STUDY TYPE

Systematic review and meta-analysis.

SUBJECTS

Seven studies reporting ADC in pediatric posterior fossa tumors (115 medulloblastoma, 68 ependymoma, and 86 pilocytic astrocytoma) were included following PubMed and ScienceDirect searches.

SEQUENCE AND FIELD STRENGTH

Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) was performed on 1.5 and 3 T across multiple institution and vendors.

ASSESSMENT

The combined mean and standard deviation of ADC were calculated for each tumor type using a random-effects model, and the effect size was calculated using Hedge's g.

STATISTICAL TESTS

Sensitivity/specificity, weighted classification accuracy, balanced classification accuracy. A P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant, and a Hedge's g value of >1.2 was considered to represent a large difference.

RESULTS

The mean (± standard deviation) ADCs of medulloblastoma, ependymoma, and pilocytic astrocytoma were 0.76 ± 0.16, 1.10 ± 0.10, and 1.49 ± 0.16 mm² /sec × 10^-3 . To maximize sensitivity and specificity using the mean ADC, the cut-off was found to be 0.96 mm² /sec × 10^-3 for medulloblastoma and ependymoma and 1.26 mm² /sec × 10^-3 for ependymoma and pilocytic astrocytoma. The meta-analysis showed significantly different ADC distributions for the three posterior fossa tumors. The cut-off values changed markedly (up to 7%) based on the performance metric used and the prevalence of the tumor types.

DATA CONCLUSION

There were significant differences in ADC between tumor types. However, it should be noted that only summary statistics from each study were analyzed and there were differences in how regions of interest were defined between studies.

EVIDENCE LEVEL

1 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 3.

Accumulation of Brain Hypointense Foci on Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging in Childhood Ataxia Telangiectasia

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

SWI hypointense cerebral lesions have been reported in adults with the inherited cerebellar neurodegenerative disorder ataxia telangiectasia. This study aims to establish the prevalence, age-dependency, and spatial distribution of these lesions in children and young people with ataxia telangiectasia.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Participants with classic ataxia telangiectasia and matched controls underwent SWI acquisition at 3T at 1 or 2 time points. SWI hypointense lesions were manually labeled according to the Microbleed Anatomical Rating Scale. Differences in prevalence of lesion number between groups with ataxia telangiectasia and without ataxia telangiectasia were tested with the Fisher exact test, and differences in age between participants with ataxia telangiectasia with and without lesions were tested using independent samples Mann-Whitney U test. The relationship between age and lesion number was modeled as an exponential function.

RESULTS

Analyzable SWI datasets from 17 participants with ataxia telangiectasia (with median age at first scan of 12.4 years; range, 4.6-20.2 years; 8 [47%] were female) and 22 matched healthy controls showed prevalence of SWI hypointense lesions in 41% of participants with ataxia telangiectasia and 0% in controls (P = .001, Fisher exact test). Lesions were exclusively supratentorial and predominantly lobar. Participants with ataxia telangiectasia with SWI hypointense lesions were older than those without (median age 5.2 years versus 9.3 years, U = 10.5, P = .014). An exponential curve described the relationship between age and lesion number (R ² = 0.67).

CONCLUSIONS

SWI hypointense lesions are common in children and young people with ataxia telangiectasia, accumulating from 12 years of age onward. In contrast to cerebellar-dominant neurodegeneration in ataxia telangiectasia, SWI hypointense lesions were exclusively supratentorial. Further investigation is needed to establish the clinical relevance of these imaging-detected lesions.

Neurological Disorders Associated With COVID-19 Hospital Admissions: Experience of a Single Tertiary Healthcare Center

Background: Early reports have detailed a range of neurological symptoms in patients with the SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, there is a lack of detailed description and incidence of the neurological disorders amongst hospitalized COVID-19 patients. We describe a range of neurological disorders (other than non-specific neurological symptoms), including their clinical, radiological, and laboratory findings, encountered in our cohort of COVID-19 patients admitted to a large tertiary institution.

Methods: We reviewed our prospectively collated database of all adult Neurology referrals, Neurology and Stroke admissions and Neurological multi-disciplinary team meetings for all hospitalized patients with suspected or proven COVID-19 from 17 March 2020 to 31 August 2020.

Results: Twenty-nine of 1,243 COVID-19 inpatients (2.3%) presented with COVID-19-related neurological disorders. The mean age was 68.9 ± 13.5(SD) years, age range of 34–97 years, and there were 16 males. Twenty two patients had confirmed, five were probable and two had suspected COVID-19 infection according to the WHO case classification. Eight patients (27%) required critical care admission. Neurological symptoms at presentation included acute confusion and delirium, seizures, and new focal neurological deficits. Based on the pre-defined neurological phenotype, COVID-19 patients were grouped into four main categories. Sixteen patients had cerebrovascular events (13 with acute ischemic stroke and three had hemorrhagic features), seven patients were found to have inflammatory, non-inflammatory and autoimmune encephalopathy (including two with known Multiple Sclerosis), whilst disorders of movement and peripheral nervous system were diagnosed in three patients each.

Conclusion: Although the exact prevalence and etiology remain unclear, new onset of neurological disorders, in addition to anosmia, is non-sporadic during the acute COVID-19-infection. Longitudinal follow-up of these patients is required to determine the clinical and functional outcome, treatment response and long-term effects of the SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Desmopressin for reversal of Antiplatelet drugs in Stroke due to Haemorrhage (DASH): protocol for a phase II double-blind randomised controlled feasibility trial

INTRODUCTION

Intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) can be devastating and is a common cause of death and disability worldwide. Pre-ICH antiplatelet drug use is associated with a 27% relative increase in 1 month case fatality compared with patients not using antithrombotic drugs. We aim to assess the feasibility of conducting a randomised controlled testing the safety and efficacy of desmopressin for patients with antiplatelet-associated ICH.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

We aim to include 50 patients within 24 hours of spontaneous ICH onset, associated with oral antiplatelet drug(s) use in at least the preceding 7 days. Patients will be randomised (1:1) to receive intravenous desmopressin 20 µg in 50 mL sodium chloride 0.9% infused over 20 min or matching placebo. We will mask participants, relatives and outcome assessors to treatment allocation. Feasibility outcomes include proportion of patients approached being randomised, number of patients receiving allocated treatment, rate of recruitment and adherence to treatment and follow-up. Secondary outcomes include change in ICH volume at 24 hours; hyponatraemia at 24 hours, length of hospital stay, discharge destination, early death less than 28 days, death or dependency at day 90, death up to day 90, serious adverse events (including thromboembolic events) up to day 90; disability (Barthel index, day 90), quality of life (EuroQol 5D (EQ-5D), day 90), cognition (telephone mini-mental state examination day 90) and health economic assessment (EQ-5D).

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

The Desmopressin for reversal of Antiplatelet drugs in Stroke due to Haemorrhage (DASH) trial received ethical approval from the East Midlands-Nottingham 2 research ethics committee (18/EM/0184). The DASH trial is funded by National Institute for Health and Care Research RfPB grant: PB-PG-0816-20011. Trial results will be published in a peer reviewed academic journal and disseminated through academic conferences and through patient stroke support groups. Reporting will be in compliance with Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials recommendations.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBERS

NCT03696121; ISRCTN67038373; EudraCT 2018-001904-12.

Tranexamic acid to improve functional status in adults with spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage: the TICH-2 RCT

BACKGROUND

Tranexamic acid reduces death due to bleeding after trauma and postpartum haemorrhage.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of the study was to assess if tranexamic acid is safe, reduces haematoma expansion and improves outcomes in adults with spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH).

DESIGN

The TICH-2 (Tranexamic acid for hyperacute primary IntraCerebral Haemorrhage) study was a pragmatic, Phase III, prospective, double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial.

SETTING

Acute stroke services at 124 hospitals in 12 countries (Denmark, Georgia, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Malaysia, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the UK).

PARTICIPANTS

Adult patients (aged ≥ 18 years) with ICH within 8 hours of onset.

EXCLUSION CRITERIA

Exclusion criteria were ICH secondary to anticoagulation, thrombolysis, trauma or a known underlying structural abnormality; patients for whom tranexamic acid was thought to be contraindicated; prestroke dependence (i.e. patients with a modified Rankin Scale [mRS] score > 4); life expectancy < 3 months; and a Glasgow Coma Scale score of < 5.

INTERVENTIONS

Participants, allocated by randomisation, received 1 g of an intravenous tranexamic acid bolus followed by an 8-hour 1-g infusion or matching placebo (i.e. 0.9% saline).

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE

The primary outcome was functional status (death or dependency) at day 90, which was measured by the shift in the mRS score, using ordinal logistic regression, with adjustment for stratification and minimisation criteria.

RESULTS

A total of 2325 participants (tranexamic acid, n = 1161; placebo, n = 1164) were recruited from 124 hospitals in 12 countries between 2013 and 2017. Treatment groups were well balanced at baseline. The primary outcome was determined for 2307 participants (tranexamic acid, n = 1152; placebo, n = 1155). There was no statistically significant difference between the treatment groups for the primary outcome of functional status at day 90 [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.88, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.76 to 1.03; p = 0.11]. Although there were fewer deaths by day 7 in the tranexamic acid group (aOR 0.73, 95% CI 0.53 to 0.99; p = 0.041), there was no difference in case fatality at 90 days (adjusted hazard ratio 0.92, 95% CI 0.77 to 1.10; p = 0.37). Fewer patients experienced serious adverse events (SAEs) after treatment with tranexamic acid than with placebo by days 2 (p = 0.027), 7 (p = 0.020) and 90 (p = 0.039). There was no increase in thromboembolic events or seizures.

LIMITATIONS

Despite attempts to enrol patients rapidly, the majority of participants were enrolled and treated > 4.5 hours after stroke onset. Pragmatic inclusion criteria led to a heterogeneous population of participants, some of whom had very large strokes. Although 12 countries enrolled participants, the majority (82.1%) were from the UK.

CONCLUSIONS

Tranexamic acid did not affect a patient's functional status at 90 days after ICH, despite there being significant modest reductions in early death (by 7 days), haematoma expansion and SAEs, which is consistent with an antifibrinolytic effect. Tranexamic acid was safe, with no increase in thromboembolic events.

FUTURE WORK

Future work should focus on enrolling and treating patients early after stroke and identify which participants are most likely to benefit from haemostatic therapy. Large randomised trials are needed.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN93732214.

FUNDING

This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 23, No. 35. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information. The project was also funded by the Pragmatic Trials, UK, funding call and the Swiss Heart Foundation in Switzerland.

Neuropsychological outcomes of children with Optic Pathway Glioma

Optic Pathway Glioma (OPG) is a relatively common brain tumour in childhood; however, there is scarce understanding of neuropsychological sequelae in these survivors. In this study, 12 children with diagnosis of OPG before 6 years of age received a comprehensive standardised assessment of visual perception, general intelligence and academic achievement, using adjustments to visual materials of the tests, to examine the extent of concurrent impairment in these functional domains. Information about vision, clinical and socio-demographic factors were extracted from medical records to assess the associations of neuropsychological outcomes with clinical and socio-demographic factors. Children with OPG exhibited high within-patient variability and moderate group-level impairment compared to test norms. Visual perception was the most impaired domain, while scholastic progression was age-appropriate overall. For cognition, core verbal and visuo-spatial reasoning skills were intact, whereas deficits were found in working memory and processing speed. Visual function was associated with tasks that rely on visual input. Children with OPG are at moderate risk of neuropsychological impairment, especially for visual perception and cognitive proficiency. Future research should elucidate further the relative contribution of vision loss and neurofibromatosis type 1 co-diagnosis within a large sample.

Imaging markers of small vessel disease and brain frailty, and outcomes in acute stroke

OBJECTIVE

To assess the association of baseline imaging markers of cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) and brain frailty with clinical outcome after acute stroke in the Efficacy of Nitric Oxide in Stroke (ENOS) trial.

METHODS

ENOS randomized 4,011 patients with acute stroke (<48 hours of onset) to transdermal glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) or no GTN for 7 days. The primary outcome was functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] score) at day 90. Cognition was assessed via telephone at day 90. Stroke syndrome was classified with the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project classification. Brain imaging was adjudicated masked to clinical information and treatment and assessed SVD (leukoaraiosis, old lacunar infarcts/lacunes, atrophy) and brain frailty (leukoaraiosis, atrophy, old vascular lesions/infarcts). Analyses used ordinal logistic regression adjusted for prognostic variables.

RESULTS

In all participants and those with lacunar syndrome (LACS; 1,397, 34.8%), baseline CT imaging features of SVD and brain frailty were common and independently associated with unfavorable shifts in mRS score at day 90 (all participants: SVD score odds ratio [OR] 1.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.07-1.24; brain frailty score OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.17-1.34; those with LACS: SVD score OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.15-1.47, brain frailty score OR 1.28, 95% CI 1.14-1.44). Brain frailty was associated with worse cognitive scores at 90 days in all participants and in those with LACS.

CONCLUSIONS

Baseline imaging features of SVD and brain frailty were common in lacunar stroke and all stroke, predicted worse prognosis after all acute stroke with a stronger effect in lacunar stroke, and may aid future clinical decision-making.

IDENTIFIER

ISRCTN99414122.

Noncontrast Computed Tomography Signs as Predictors of Hematoma Expansion, Clinical Outcome, and Response to Tranexamic Acid in Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text.

Blend, black hole, island signs, and hypodensities are reported to predict hematoma expansion in acute intracerebral hemorrhage. We explored the value of these noncontrast computed tomography signs in predicting hematoma expansion and functional outcome in our cohort of intracerebral hemorrhage.

Single Test to ARrive at Multiple Sclerosis (STAR-MS) diagnosis: A prospective pilot study assessing the accuracy of the central vein sign in predicting multiple sclerosis in cases of diagnostic uncertainty

Background:

Misdiagnosis is common in multiple sclerosis (MS) as a proportion of patients present with atypical clinical/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings. The central vein sign has the potential to be a non-invasive, MS-specific biomarker.

Objective:

To test the accuracy of the central vein sign in predicting a diagnosis of MS in patients with diagnostic uncertainty at disease presentation using T2*-weighted, 3 T MRI.

Methods:

In this prospective pilot study, we recruited individuals with symptoms unusual for MS but with brain MRI consistent with the disease, and those with a typical clinical presentation of MS whose MRI did not suggest MS. We calculated the proportion of lesions with central veins for each patient and compared the results to the eventual clinical diagnoses. The optimal central vein threshold for diagnosis was established.

Results:

Thirty-eight patients were scanned, 35 of whom have received a clinical diagnosis. Median percentage of lesions with central veins was 51% in MS and 28% in non-MS. A threshold of 40.7% lesions with central veins resulted in 100% sensitivity and 73.9% specificity.

Conclusion:

The central vein sign assessed with a clinically available T2* scan can successfully diagnose MS in cases of diagnostic uncertainty. The central vein sign should be considered as a diagnostic biomarker in MS.

Large-scale network dysfunction in vascular cognitive disorder supports connectional diaschisis in advanced arteriosclerosis

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

The interrelation of cognitive performance, cerebrovascular damage and brain functional connectivity (FC) in advanced arteriosclerosis remains unclear. Our aim was to investigate the associations between FC, white matter damage and cognitive impairment in carotid artery disease.

METHODS

Seventy-one participants with a recent cerebrovascular event and with written informed consent underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination - Revised (ACE-R). Network and inter-hemispheric FC metrics were compared between cognitively normal and impaired subjects, and interrelated with cognition. In order to explore the nature of FC changes, their associations with microstructural damage of related white matter tracts and cognitive performance were investigated, followed by mediation analysis.

RESULTS

Participants with global cognitive impairment showed reduced FC compared to the cognitively intact subjects within the central executive network (CEN), and between hemispheres. Patients with executive dysfunction had decreased CEN FC whilst patients with memory loss demonstrated low FC in both the CEN and the default mode network (DMN). Global performance correlated with connectivity metrics of the CEN hub with DMN nodes, and between hemispheres. Cingulum mean diffusivity (MD) was negatively correlated with ACE-R and CEN-DMN FC. The cingulum MD-cognition association was partially mediated by CEN-DMN FC.

CONCLUSIONS

Long-range functional disconnection of the CEN with DMN nodes is the main feature of cognitive impairment in elderly subjects with symptomatic carotid artery disease. Our findings provide further support for the connectional diaschisis concept of vascular cognitive disorder, and highlight a mediation role of functional disconnection to explain associations between microstructural white matter tract damage and cognitive impairment.

Triple versus guideline antiplatelet therapy to prevent recurrence after acute ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack: the TARDIS RCT

BACKGROUND

Two antiplatelet agents are better than one for preventing recurrent stroke after acute ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA). Therefore, intensive treatment with three agents might be better still, providing it does not cause undue bleeding.

OBJECTIVE

To compare the safety and efficacy of intensive therapy with guideline antiplatelet therapy for acute ischaemic stroke and TIA.

DESIGN

International prospective randomised open-label blinded end-point parallel-group superiority clinical trial.

SETTING

Acute hospitals at 106 sites in four countries.

PARTICIPANTS

Patients > 50 years of age with acute non-cardioembolic ischaemic stroke or TIA within 48 hours of ictus (stroke).

INTERVENTIONS

Participants were allocated at random by computer to 1 month of intensive (combined aspirin, clopidogrel and dipyridamole) or guideline (combined aspirin and dipyridamole, or clopidogrel alone) antiplatelet agents, and followed for 90 days.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

The primary outcome was the incidence and severity of any recurrent stroke (ischaemic, haemorrhagic; assessed using the modified Rankin Scale) or TIA within 90 days by blinded telephone follow-up. Analysis using ordinal logistic regression was by intention to treat. Other outcomes included bleeding and its severity, death, myocardial infarction (MI), disability, mood, cognition and quality of life.

RESULTS

The trial was stopped early on the recommendation of the Data Monitoring Committee after recruitment of 3096 participants (intensive, n = 1556; guideline, n = 1540) from 106 hospitals in four countries between April 2009 and March 2016. The incidence and severity of recurrent stroke or TIA did not differ between intensive and guideline therapy in 3070 (99.2%) participants with data [93 vs. 105 stroke/TIA events; adjusted common odds ratio 0.90, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.67 to 1.20; p = 0.47]. Major (encompassing fatal) bleeding was increased with intensive as compared with guideline therapy [39 vs. 17 participants; adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 2.23, 95% CI 1.25 to 3.96; p = 0.006]. There were no differences between the treatment groups in all-cause mortality, or the composite of death, stroke, MI and major bleeding (aHR 1.02, 95% CI 0.77 to 1.35; p = 0.88).

LIMITATIONS

Patients and investigators were not blinded to treatment. The comparator group comprised two guideline strategies because of changes in national guidelines during the trial. The trial was stopped early, thereby reducing its statistical power.

CONCLUSIONS

The use of three antiplatelet agents is associated with increased bleeding without any significant reduction in recurrence of stroke or TIA.

FUTURE WORK

The safety and efficacy of dual antiplatelet therapy (combined aspirin and clopidogrel) versus aspirin remains to be defined. Further research is required on identifying individual patient response to antiplatelets, and the relationship between response and the subsequent risks of vascular recurrent events and bleeding complications.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN47823388.

FUNDING

This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 22, No. 48. See the NIHR Journal Library website for further project information. The Triple Antiplatelets for Reducing Dependency after Ischaemic Stroke (TARDIS) vanguard phase was funded by the British Heart Foundation (grant PG/08/083/25779, from 1 April 2009 to 30 September 2012) and indirect funding was provided by the Stroke Association through its funding of the Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK. There was no commercial support for the trial and antiplatelet drugs were sourced locally at each site. The trial was sponsored by the University of Nottingham.

The MRI central vein marker; differentiating PPMS from RRMS and ischemic SVD

Objective

To determine whether the assessment of brain white matter lesion (WML) central veins differentiate patients with primary progressive MS (PPMS) from relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) and ischemic small vessel disease (SVD) using 3T MRI.

Methods

In this cross-sectional study, 71 patients with PPMS, RRMS, and SVD were imaged using a T2*-weighted sequence. Two blinded raters identified the total number of WMLs, proportion of WMLs in periventricular, deep white matter (DWM) and juxtacortical regions, and proportion of WMLs with central veins in all patient groups. The proportions were compared between disease groups, including effect sizes. MS or SVD was categorized using a threshold of ≥40% WMLs with central veins as indicative of MS. Interrater and intrarater reproducibility was calculated.

Results

The mean proportion of WMLs with central veins was 68.4% in PPMS, 74.3% in RRMS, and 4.7% in SVD. The difference in proportions between PPMS and SVD groups was significant (p < 0.0005; effect size: 3.8) but not significant between MS subtypes (p = 0.3; effect size: 0.29). Distribution of WMLs was similar across both MS groups, but despite SVD patients having more DWM lesions than PPMS patients, proportions of WMLs with central veins remained low (2.75% in SVD; 62.5% in PPMS). Interrater and intrarater reproducibility comparing proportions of WMLs with central veins across all patients was 0.86 and 0.90, respectively. Level of agreement between the proportion of WML central veins and established diagnosis was 0.84 and 0.82 for each rater.

Conclusions

WML central veins could be used to differentiate PPMS from SVD but not between MS subtypes.

Tranexamic acid for hyperacute primary IntraCerebral Haemorrhage (TICH-2): an international randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 superiority trial

BACKGROUND

Tranexamic acid can prevent death due to bleeding after trauma and post-partum haemorrhage. We aimed to assess whether tranexamic acid reduces haematoma expansion and improves outcome in adults with stroke due to intracerebral haemorrhage.

METHODS

We did an international, randomised placebo-controlled trial in adults with intracerebral haemorrhage from acute stroke units at 124 hospital sites in 12 countries. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive 1 g intravenous tranexamic acid bolus followed by an 8 h infusion of 1 g tranexamic acid or a matching placebo, within 8 h of symptom onset. Randomisation was done centrally in real time via a secure website, with stratification by country and minimisation on key prognostic factors. Treatment allocation was concealed from patients, outcome assessors, and all other health-care workers involved in the trial. The primary outcome was functional status at day 90, measured by shift in the modified Rankin Scale, using ordinal logistic regression with adjustment for stratification and minimisation criteria. All analyses were done on an intention-to-treat basis. This trial is registered with the ISRCTN registry, number ISRCTN93732214.

FINDINGS

We recruited 2325 participants between March 1, 2013, and Sept 30, 2017. 1161 patients received tranexamic acid and 1164 received placebo; the treatment groups were well balanced at baseline. The primary outcome was assessed for 2307 (99%) participants. The primary outcome, functional status at day 90, did not differ significantly between the groups (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0·88, 95% CI 0·76-1·03, p=0·11). Although there were fewer deaths by day 7 in the tranexamic acid group (101 [9%] deaths in the tranexamic acid group vs 123 [11%] deaths in the placebo group; aOR 0·73, 0·53-0·99, p=0·0406), there was no difference in case fatality at 90 days (250 [22%] vs 249 [21%]; adjusted hazard ratio 0·92, 95% CI 0·77-1·10, p=0·37). Fewer patients had serious adverse events after tranexamic acid than after placebo by days 2 (379 [33%] patients vs 417 [36%] patients), 7 (456 [39%] vs 497 [43%]), and 90 (521 [45%] vs 556 [48%]).

INTERPRETATION

Functional status 90 days after intracerebral haemorrhage did not differ significantly between patients who received tranexamic acid and those who received placebo, despite a reduction in early deaths and serious adverse events. Larger randomised trials are needed to confirm or refute a clinically significant treatment effect.

FUNDING

National Institute of Health Research Health Technology Assessment Programme and Swiss Heart Foundation.

Antiplatelet therapy with aspirin, clopidogrel, and dipyridamole versus clopidogrel alone or aspirin and dipyridamole in patients with acute cerebral ischaemia (TARDIS): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 superiority trial

BACKGROUND

Intensive antiplatelet therapy with three agents might be more effective than guideline treatment for preventing recurrent events in patients with acute cerebral ischaemia. We aimed to compare the safety and efficacy of intensive antiplatelet therapy (combined aspirin, clopidogrel, and dipyridamole) with that of guideline-based antiplatelet therapy.

METHODS

We did an international, prospective, randomised, open-label, blinded-endpoint trial in adult participants with ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA) within 48 h of onset. Participants were assigned in a 1:1 ratio using computer randomisation to receive loading doses and then 30 days of intensive antiplatelet therapy (combined aspirin 75 mg, clopidogrel 75 mg, and dipyridamole 200 mg twice daily) or guideline-based therapy (comprising either clopidogrel alone or combined aspirin and dipyridamole). Randomisation was stratified by country and index event, and minimised with prognostic baseline factors, medication use, time to randomisation, stroke-related factors, and thrombolysis. The ordinal primary outcome was the combined incidence and severity of any recurrent stroke (ischaemic or haemorrhagic; assessed using the modified Rankin Scale) or TIA within 90 days, as assessed by central telephone follow-up with masking to treatment assignment, and analysed by intention to treat. This trial is registered with the ISRCTN registry, number ISRCTN47823388.

FINDINGS

3096 participants (1556 in the intensive antiplatelet therapy group, 1540 in the guideline antiplatelet therapy group) were recruited from 106 hospitals in four countries between April 7, 2009, and March 18, 2016. The trial was stopped early on the recommendation of the data monitoring committee. The incidence and severity of recurrent stroke or TIA did not differ between intensive and guideline therapy (93 [6%] participants vs 105 [7%]; adjusted common odds ratio [cOR] 0·90, 95% CI 0·67-1·20, p=0·47). By contrast, intensive antiplatelet therapy was associated with more, and more severe, bleeding (adjusted cOR 2·54, 95% CI 2·05-3·16, p<0·0001).

INTERPRETATION

Among patients with recent cerebral ischaemia, intensive antiplatelet therapy did not reduce the incidence and severity of recurrent stroke or TIA, but did significantly increase the risk of major bleeding. Triple antiplatelet therapy should not be used in routine clinical practice.

FUNDING

National Institutes of Health Research Health Technology Assessment Programme, British Heart Foundation.

Measuring Cerebral and Cerebellar Glutathione in Children Using 1H MEGA-PRESS MRS

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Glutathione is an important antioxidant in the human brain and therefore of interest in neurodegenerative disorders. The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of measuring glutathione in healthy nonsedated children by using the ¹H Mescher-Garwood point-resolved spectroscopy (MEGA-PRESS) sequence at 3T and to compare glutathione levels between the medial parietal gray matter and the cerebellum.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Glutathione was measured using MEGA-PRESS MRS (TR = 1.8 seconds, TE = 131 ms) in the parietal gray matter (35 × 25 × 20 mm³) of 6 healthy children (10.0 ± 2.4 years of age; range, 7-14 years; 3 males) and in the cerebellum of 11 healthy children (12.0 ± 2.7 years of age; range, 7-16 years; 6 males). A postprocessing pipeline was developed to account for frequency and phase variations in the edited ON and nonedited OFF spectra. Metabolites were quantified with LCModel and reported both as ratios and water-scaled values. Glutathione was quantified in the ON-OFF spectra, whereas total NAA, total Cho, total Cr, mIns, Glx, and taurine were quantified in the OFF spectra.

RESULTS

We found significantly higher glutathione, total Cho, total Cr, mIns, and taurine in the cerebellum (P < .01). Glx and total NAA were significantly higher in the parietal gray matter (P < .01). There was no significant difference in glutathione/total Cr (P = .93) between parietal gray matter and cerebellum.

CONCLUSIONS

We demonstrated that glutathione measurement in nonsedated children is feasible. We found significantly higher glutathione in the cerebellum compared with the parietal gray matter. Metabolite differences between the parietal gray matter and cerebellum agree with published MRS data in adults.

Relationship between race and outcome in Asian, Black, and Caucasian patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: Data from the Virtual International Stroke Trials Archive and Efficacy of Nitric Oxide in Stroke trial

Background and purpose Although poor prognosis after intracerebral hemorrhage relates to risk factors and hematoma characteristics, there is limited evidence for the effect of race-ethnicity. Methods Data from 1011 patients with intracerebral hemorrhage enrolled into hyperacute trials and randomized to control were obtained from the Virtual International Stroke Trials Archive and Efficacy of Nitric Oxide in Stroke Trial. Clinical characteristics and functional outcome were compared among three racial groups - Asians, Blacks, and Caucasians. Results The majority of patients were Caucasian (78.1%) followed by Asians (14.5%) and Blacks (5.5%). At baseline, Caucasians were older and had larger hematoma volumes; Blacks had lower Glasgow Coma Scale and higher systolic blood pressure (all p < 0.05). Although the primary outcome of modified Rankin Scale did not differ at 90 days (p = 0.14), there were significant differences in mortality (p < 0.0001) and quality of life (EQ-5D p < 0.0001; EQ-VAS p 0.015). In test of multiple comparisons, Caucasians were more likely to die (p = 0.0003) and had worse quality of life (EQ-5D p = 0.003; EQ-VAS p < 0.0001) as compared to Asians. Conclusion Race-ethnicity appears to explain some of the variation in clinical characteristics and outcomes after acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Factors that explain this variation need to be identified.