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Montoya S, Bourcier J, Noviski M, Lu H, Thompson MC, Chirino A, Jahn J, Sondhi AK, Gajewski S, Tan YS(M, Yung S, Urban A, Wang E, Han C, Mi X, Kim WJ, Sievers Q, Auger P, Bousquet H, Brathaban N, Bravo B, Gessner M, Guiducci C, Iuliano JN, Kane T, Mukerji R, Reddy PJ, Powers J, Sanchez Garcia de los Rios M, Ye J, Risso CB, Tsai D, Pardo G, Notti RQ, Pardo A, After M, Nawaratne V, Totiger TM, Pena-Velasquez C, Rhodes JM, Zelenetz AD, Alencar A, Roeker LE, Mehta S, Garippa R, Linley A, Soni RK, Skånland SS, Brown RJ, Mato AR, Hansen GM, Abdel-Wahab O, Taylor J. Kinase-impaired BTK mutations are susceptible to clinical-stage BTK and IKZF1/3 degrader NX-2127. Science 2024; 383:eadi5798. [PMID: 38301010 PMCID: PMC11103405 DOI: 10.1126/science.adi5798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Increasing use of covalent and noncovalent inhibitors of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) has elucidated a series of acquired drug-resistant BTK mutations in patients with B cell malignancies. Here we identify inhibitor resistance mutations in BTK with distinct enzymatic activities, including some that impair BTK enzymatic activity while imparting novel protein-protein interactions that sustain B cell receptor (BCR) signaling. Furthermore, we describe a clinical-stage BTK and IKZF1/3 degrader, NX-2127, that can bind and proteasomally degrade each mutant BTK proteoform, resulting in potent blockade of BCR signaling. Treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with NX-2127 achieves >80% degradation of BTK in patients and demonstrates proof-of-concept therapeutic benefit. These data reveal an oncogenic scaffold function of mutant BTK that confers resistance across clinically approved BTK inhibitors but is overcome by BTK degradation in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skye Montoya
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jessie Bourcier
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Hao Lu
- Nurix Therapeutics, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Meghan C. Thompson
- Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexandra Chirino
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jacob Jahn
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Anya K. Sondhi
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Aleksandra Urban
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eric Wang
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Cuijuan Han
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Xiaoli Mi
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Won Jun Kim
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Quinlan Sievers
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul Auger
- Nurix Therapeutics, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tim Kane
- Nurix Therapeutics, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jordan Ye
- Nurix Therapeutics, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Carla Barrientos Risso
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Daniel Tsai
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Gabriel Pardo
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ryan Q. Notti
- Laboratory of Molecular Electron Microscopy, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alejandro Pardo
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Maurizio After
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Vindhya Nawaratne
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Tulasigeri M. Totiger
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Camila Pena-Velasquez
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joanna M. Rhodes
- division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine at Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, CLL Research and Treatment Center, Lake Success, NY, USA
| | - Andrew D. Zelenetz
- Lymphoma Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alvaro Alencar
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Lindsey E. Roeker
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sanjoy Mehta
- Gene Editing and Screening Core Facility, Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Institute and Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ralph Garippa
- Gene Editing and Screening Core Facility, Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Institute and Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adam Linley
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rajesh Kumar Soni
- Proteomics and Macromolecular Crystallography Shared Resource, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sigrid S. Skånland
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Anthony R. Mato
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Omar Abdel-Wahab
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Justin Taylor
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Becerril-Gaitan A, Bindal S, Parker SL, Mullarkey MP, Zeineddine HA, Chen JM, Choi HA, Chen PR, Blackburn S, Day A, Torres LF, Brown RJ, Bowry R, Chen CJ. Cerebrovascular Complications Associated With Iatrogenic Fungal Meningitis Following Surgical Procedures in Mexico. Stroke 2024; 55:177-181. [PMID: 38018835 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.123.044768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current fungal meningitis outbreak caused by contaminated epidural anesthesia with Fusarium solani among patients who underwent surgical procedures in Matamoros, Mexico remains a cause of concern. Its association with an increased susceptibility for cerebrovascular complications (CVC) has not been reported. This single-center study describes 3 patients with a unique pattern of CVC attributed to fungal meningitis. METHODS A retrospective case series of patients diagnosed with fungal meningitis following surgical procedures under contaminated epidural anesthesia who developed a unique pattern of CVC during their hospitalization. RESULTS Three female patients (mean age, 35 years) with CVC due to iatrogenic fungal meningitis were included. Positive Fungitell β-D-glucan assay in cerebrospinal fluid was documented in all cases, and F. solani was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction in case 3. All cases were complicated by severe vertebrobasilar circulation vasculopathy and arterial dissections with resultant subarachnoid hemorrhage and intraventricular hemorrhage, ultimately leading to patients' death. CONCLUSIONS The death toll from the ongoing fungal meningitis outbreak keeps rising, underscoring the need for early recognition and aggressive treatment. We highlight the risk for vertebrobasilar circulation CVC among these patients. The angioinvasive nature of F. solani is yet to be clarified; however, a clear pattern has been observed. Public health awareness should be raised and a strong response should be pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Becerril-Gaitan
- Neurosurgery Department (A.B.-G., S.B., S.L.P., M.P.M., H.A.Z., H.A.C., P.R.C., S.B., A.D., L.F.T., R.J.B., R.B., C.-J.C.), UTHealth Houston, TX
| | - Shivani Bindal
- Neurosurgery Department (A.B.-G., S.B., S.L.P., M.P.M., H.A.Z., H.A.C., P.R.C., S.B., A.D., L.F.T., R.J.B., R.B., C.-J.C.), UTHealth Houston, TX
| | - Samantha L Parker
- Neurosurgery Department (A.B.-G., S.B., S.L.P., M.P.M., H.A.Z., H.A.C., P.R.C., S.B., A.D., L.F.T., R.J.B., R.B., C.-J.C.), UTHealth Houston, TX
| | - Matthew P Mullarkey
- Neurosurgery Department (A.B.-G., S.B., S.L.P., M.P.M., H.A.Z., H.A.C., P.R.C., S.B., A.D., L.F.T., R.J.B., R.B., C.-J.C.), UTHealth Houston, TX
| | - Hussein A Zeineddine
- Neurosurgery Department (A.B.-G., S.B., S.L.P., M.P.M., H.A.Z., H.A.C., P.R.C., S.B., A.D., L.F.T., R.J.B., R.B., C.-J.C.), UTHealth Houston, TX
| | | | - Huimahn A Choi
- Neurosurgery Department (A.B.-G., S.B., S.L.P., M.P.M., H.A.Z., H.A.C., P.R.C., S.B., A.D., L.F.T., R.J.B., R.B., C.-J.C.), UTHealth Houston, TX
| | - Peng R Chen
- Neurosurgery Department (A.B.-G., S.B., S.L.P., M.P.M., H.A.Z., H.A.C., P.R.C., S.B., A.D., L.F.T., R.J.B., R.B., C.-J.C.), UTHealth Houston, TX
| | - Spiros Blackburn
- Neurosurgery Department (A.B.-G., S.B., S.L.P., M.P.M., H.A.Z., H.A.C., P.R.C., S.B., A.D., L.F.T., R.J.B., R.B., C.-J.C.), UTHealth Houston, TX
| | - Arthur Day
- Neurosurgery Department (A.B.-G., S.B., S.L.P., M.P.M., H.A.Z., H.A.C., P.R.C., S.B., A.D., L.F.T., R.J.B., R.B., C.-J.C.), UTHealth Houston, TX
| | - Luis F Torres
- Neurosurgery Department (A.B.-G., S.B., S.L.P., M.P.M., H.A.Z., H.A.C., P.R.C., S.B., A.D., L.F.T., R.J.B., R.B., C.-J.C.), UTHealth Houston, TX
| | - Robert J Brown
- Neurosurgery Department (A.B.-G., S.B., S.L.P., M.P.M., H.A.Z., H.A.C., P.R.C., S.B., A.D., L.F.T., R.J.B., R.B., C.-J.C.), UTHealth Houston, TX
| | - Ritvij Bowry
- Neurosurgery Department (A.B.-G., S.B., S.L.P., M.P.M., H.A.Z., H.A.C., P.R.C., S.B., A.D., L.F.T., R.J.B., R.B., C.-J.C.), UTHealth Houston, TX
| | - Ching-Jen Chen
- Neurosurgery Department (A.B.-G., S.B., S.L.P., M.P.M., H.A.Z., H.A.C., P.R.C., S.B., A.D., L.F.T., R.J.B., R.B., C.-J.C.), UTHealth Houston, TX
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Denny JW, Brown RJ, Head MG, Batchelor J, Dickinson AS. Allocation of funding into blast injury-related research and blast traumatic brain injury between 2000 and 2019: analysis of global investments from public and philanthropic funders. BMJ Mil Health 2023; 169:127-132. [PMID: 33243763 PMCID: PMC10176327 DOI: 10.1136/bmjmilitary-2020-001655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is little systematic tracking or detailed analysis of investments in research and development for blast injury to support decision-making around research future funding. METHODS This study examined global investments into blast injury-related research from public and philanthropic funders across 2000-2019. Research databases were searched using keywords, and open data were extracted from funder websites. Data collected included study title, abstract, award amount, funder and year. Individual awards were categorised to compare amounts invested into different blast injuries, the scientific approaches taken and analysis of research investment into blast traumatic brain injury (TBI). RESULTS A total of 806 awards were identified into blast injury-related research globally, equating to US$902.1 million (m, £565.9m GBP). There was a general increase in year-on-year investment between 2003 and 2009 followed by a consistent decline in annual funding since 2010. Pre-clinical research received $671.3 m (74.4%) of investment. Brain-related injury research received $427.7 m (47.4%), orthopaedic injury $138.6 m (15.4%), eye injury $63.7 m (7.0%) and ear injury $60.5m (6.7%). Blast TBI research received a total investment of $384.3 m, representing 42.6% of all blast injury-related research. The U.S. Department of Defense funded $719.3 m (80%). CONCLUSIONS Investment data suggest that blast TBI research has received greater funding than other blast injury health areas. The funding pattern observed can be seen as reactive, driven by the response to the War on Terror, the rising profile of blast TBI and congressionally mandated research.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Denny
- Bioengineering Science Research Group, School of Engineering, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - R J Brown
- Clinical Informatics Research Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - M G Head
- Clinical Informatics Research Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - J Batchelor
- Clinical Informatics Research Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - A S Dickinson
- Bioengineering Science Research Group, School of Engineering, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Bavis MM, Nicholas AM, Tobin AJ, Christian SL, Brown RJ. The breast cancer microenvironment and lipoprotein lipase: Another negative notch for a beneficial enzyme? FEBS Open Bio 2023; 13:586-596. [PMID: 36652113 PMCID: PMC10068309 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The energy demand of breast cancers is in part met through the β-oxidation of exogenous fatty acids. Fatty acids may also be used to aid in cell signaling and toward the construction of new membranes for rapidly proliferating tumor cells. A significant quantity of fatty acids comes from the hydrolysis of lipoprotein triacylglycerols and phospholipids by lipoprotein lipase (LPL). The lipid obtained via LPL in the breast tumor microenvironment may thus promote breast tumor growth and development. In this hypothesis article, we introduce LPL, provide a meta-analysis of RNAseq data showing that LPL is associated with poor prognosis, and explain how LPL might play a role in breast cancer prognosis over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makayla M Bavis
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Allison M Nicholas
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Alexandria J Tobin
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Sherri L Christian
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Robert J Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Data are limited for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in stroke patients. This study investigates incidence, patient characteristics, clinical features, and outcomes of CDI following stroke, including ischemic stroke (IS), intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). METHODS The hospital database was queried for all patients with IS, ICH, or SAH from 2010 through 2014. Patients who underwent testing for C. difficile testing (CDT) through polymerase chain reaction were assessed. Demographics, risk factors, clinical features, and outcomes were recorded. Fever was defined as temperature >101°F. RESULTS CDT was obtained in 555/4004 patients and was positive in 99, for CDI incidence of 2.5% [SAH 6.5% (26/402) vs. 2.9% in ICH (21/730) and 1.8% in IS (52/2872)]. There were no differences in demographics, severity [ICH score, National Institutes for Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), Hunt Hess (HH), Glasgow coma scale (GCS)], mechanical ventilation, neurosurgical procedures, stress ulcer prophlyaxis or antibiotic use. Steroid use (P=0.0273) and male sex (P=0.0112) were associated with a positive CDT. On the day of diagnosis, 61% of CDT-positive patients had white blood cell <12, and 71% were afebrile. Length of stay, discharge disposition, mortality, and 3-month and 12-month modified Rankin, were not impacted by CDT results. Two patients with CDI required bowel resection. CONCLUSION CDI incidence following stroke was low and most common with SAH. Male sex and steroid use were associated with a positive result. Leukocytosis and fever occurred in under half of infected patients. Outcome measures were not impacted by CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michelle Raabe
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
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Tobin AJ, Noel NP, Christian SL, Brown RJ. Lipoprotein lipase hydrolysis products induce pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in triple-negative breast cancer cells. BMC Res Notes 2021; 14:315. [PMID: 34404457 PMCID: PMC8369739 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-021-05728-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Breast cancer cell growth and proliferation requires lipids for energy production, cell membrane synthesis, or as signaling molecules. Lipids can be delivered to cells by lipoprotein lipase (LPL), an extracellular lipase that hydrolyzes triacylglycerols and phospholipids from lipoproteins, that is expressed by adipose tissue and some breast cancer cell lines. Studies have shown that lipoprotein hydrolysis products induce pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion by endothelial cells. Thus, our objective was to determine if hydrolysis products generated by LPL from total lipoproteins can also promote pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion from breast cancer cells. Results Using cytokine arrays, we found that MDA-MB-231 cells increased secretion of seven cytokines in response to treatment with lipoprotein hydrolysis products. In contrast, MCF-7 cells showed decreased secretion of two cytokines. Expanding the analysis to additional cell lines by ELISA, we found increased secretion of TNF-α and IL-6 by MDA-MB-468 cells, and increased secretion of IL-4 by MDA-MB-468 and SKBR3 cells. The changes to cytokine secretion profiles of the breast cancer cell types examined, including the non-cancerous MCF-10a breast cells, were independent of increased cell metabolic activity. These results provide information on how lipoprotein hydrolysis products within the tumor microenvironment might affect breast cancer cell viability and progression. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13104-021-05728-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria J Tobin
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 232 Elizabeth Ave., St. John's, NL, A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - Nicholas P Noel
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 232 Elizabeth Ave., St. John's, NL, A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - Sherri L Christian
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 232 Elizabeth Ave., St. John's, NL, A1B 3X9, Canada.
| | - Robert J Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 232 Elizabeth Ave., St. John's, NL, A1B 3X9, Canada.
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Marshall JD, Courage ER, Elliott RF, Fitzpatrick MN, Kim AD, Lopez-Clavijo AF, Woolfrey BA, Ouimet M, Wakelam MJO, Brown RJ. THP-1 macrophage cholesterol efflux is impaired by palmitoleate through Akt activation. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233180. [PMID: 32437392 PMCID: PMC7241781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is upregulated in atherosclerotic lesions and it may promote the progression of atherosclerosis, but the mechanisms behind this process are not completely understood. We previously showed that the phosphorylation of Akt within THP-1 macrophages is increased in response to the lipid hydrolysis products generated by LPL from total lipoproteins. Notably, the free fatty acid (FFA) component was responsible for this effect. In the present study, we aimed to reveal more detail as to how the FFA component may affect Akt signalling. We show that the phosphorylation of Akt within THP-1 macrophages increases with total FFA concentration and that phosphorylation is elevated up to 18 hours. We further show that specifically the palmitoleate component of the total FFA affects Akt phosphorylation. This is tied with changes to the levels of select molecular species of phosphoinositides. We further show that the total FFA component, and specifically palmitoleate, reduces apolipoprotein A-I-mediated cholesterol efflux, and that the reduction can be reversed in the presence of the Akt inhibitor MK-2206. Overall, our data support a negative role for the FFA component of lipoprotein hydrolysis products generated by LPL, by impairing macrophage cholesterol efflux via Akt activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenika D. Marshall
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Emily R. Courage
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Ryan F. Elliott
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Madeline N. Fitzpatrick
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Anne D. Kim
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Bronwyn A. Woolfrey
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Mireille Ouimet
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Robert J. Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Coady BM, Marshall JD, Hattie LE, Brannan AM, Fitzpatrick MN, Hickey KE, Wallin S, Booth V, Brown RJ. Characterization of a peptide containing the major heparin binding domain of human hepatic lipase. J Pept Sci 2018; 24:e3123. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.3123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Breanne M. Coady
- Department of Biochemistry; Memorial University of Newfoundland; St. John's NL Canada
| | - Jenika D. Marshall
- Department of Biochemistry; Memorial University of Newfoundland; St. John's NL Canada
| | - Luke E. Hattie
- Department of Biochemistry; Memorial University of Newfoundland; St. John's NL Canada
| | - Alexander M. Brannan
- Department of Biochemistry; Memorial University of Newfoundland; St. John's NL Canada
| | | | - Kala E. Hickey
- Department of Biochemistry; Memorial University of Newfoundland; St. John's NL Canada
| | - Stefan Wallin
- Department of Physics and Physical Oceanography; Memorial University of Newfoundland; St. John's NL Canada
| | - Valerie Booth
- Department of Biochemistry; Memorial University of Newfoundland; St. John's NL Canada
- Department of Physics and Physical Oceanography; Memorial University of Newfoundland; St. John's NL Canada
| | - Robert J. Brown
- Department of Biochemistry; Memorial University of Newfoundland; St. John's NL Canada
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Jazaeri A, Edwards R, Wenham R, Matsuo K, Fleming GF, O'Malley DM, Slomovitz B, Monk B, Brown RJ, Suzuki S, Gorbatchevsky I, Fardis M, Zsiros E. Abstract CT172: A phase 2 multicenter study to evaluate the efficacy and safety using autologous tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (LN-145) in patients with recurrent metastatic or persistent cervical carcinoma. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-ct172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) may be effective in treating immunogenic tumors with high mutational load, such as melanoma, and virally-associated tumors, like cervical cancer, with several patients in studies performed at various institutions achieving durable, complete responses for years. HPV infection increases mutational load, thus providing additional neoantigen targets ideal for the polyclonal nature of ACT. As outcomes for patients with recurrent, metastatic or persistent cervical cancer remain extremely poor, there is an enormous need for novel immunotherapeutic approaches with curative potential such as ACT.
Clinical trial C-145-04 (NCT03108495) is a prospective, phase II multicenter, open-label study evaluating the efficacy of a single autologous tumor infiltrating lymphocyte infusion (LN-145) followed by IL-2 after a non-myeloablative lymphodepletion (NMA-LD) regimen in patients with recurrent, metastatic, or persistent cervical cancer, who have failed at least one prior systemic therapy. The clinical trial requires resection of an adequate size tumor lesion, which is then shipped to a central GMP manufacturing facility for tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) extraction, expansion, and preparation of the final infusion product (LN-145). One week prior to LN-145 shipment and infusion, patients undergo NMA-LD consisting of cyclophosphamide (60 mg/kg) daily x 2 days followed by fludarabine (25 mg/m2) daily x 5 days. LN-145 is infused 24 hours after the last dose of fludarabine followed by up to 6 doses of IL-2 (600,000 IU/kg) every 8-12 hours. The primary endpoint is the ORR per RECIST v1.1. Secondary endpoints include complete response, duration of response, disease control rate, progression free- and overall survival and safety. Patients must, in addition to the tumor targeted for excision for TIL manufacture, have an additional measurable lesion for assessment of response. Other major eligibility criteria include: adequate bone marrow, liver, pulmonary, cardiac and renal function; ECOG performance status of 0 or 1. Systemic steroids greater than 10 mg/day prednisone equivalents are prohibited as are a history of serious immunotherapy-related adverse events.
Citation Format: Amir Jazaeri, Robert Edwards, Robert Wenham, Koji Matsuo, Gini F. Fleming, David M. O'Malley, Brian Slomovitz, Bradley Monk, Robert J. Brown, Sam Suzuki, Igor Gorbatchevsky, Maria Fardis, Emese Zsiros. A phase 2 multicenter study to evaluate the efficacy and safety using autologous tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (LN-145) in patients with recurrent metastatic or persistent cervical carcinoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr CT172.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Jazaeri
- 1University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bradley Monk
- 8Arizona Oncology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, and Phoenix Creighton University School of Medicine at St. Joseph's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ
| | | | - Sam Suzuki
- 9Iovance Biotherapeutics, Inc, San Carlos, CA
| | | | | | - Emese Zsiros
- 10Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY
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Samuel S, Lee M, Brown RJ, Choi HA, Baguley IJ. Incidence of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity following traumatic brain injury using assessment tools. Brain Inj 2018; 32:1115-1121. [PMID: 29856656 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2018.1482002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Samuel
- Department of Pharmacy, Memorial Hermann - Texas Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Monica Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, Houston Methodist West Hospital, USA
| | - Robert J Brown
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, USA
| | - Huimahn A. Choi
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, USA
| | - Ian J Baguley
- Western Medical School, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Christian SL, Pallegar NK, Brown RJ, Viloria-Petit AM. Collagen overlays can inhibit leptin and adiponectin secretion but not lipid accumulation in adipocytes. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4641. [PMID: 29719734 PMCID: PMC5926549 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background White adipose tissue (WAT) is essential for energy storage as well as being an active endocrine organ. The secretion of adipokines by adipocytes can affect whole body metabolism, appetite, and contribute to overall health. WAT is comprised of lipid-laden mature adipocytes, as well as immune cells, endothelial cells, pre-adipocytes, and adipose-derived stem cells. In addition, the presence of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in WAT can actively influence adipocyte differentiation, growth, and function. Type I collagen is an abundant fibrous ECM protein in WAT that is secreted by developing adipocytes. However, the extent and overall effect of Type I collagen on adipokine secretion in mature adipocytes when added exogenously has not been established. Methods We characterized the effects of Type I collagen overlays prepared using two different buffers on adipocyte physiology and function when added at different times during differentiation. In addition, we compared the effect of collagen overlays when adipocytes were cultured on two different tissue culture plastics that have different adherent capabilities. Triglyceride accumulation was analyzed to measure adipocyte physiology, and leptin and adiponectin secretion was determined to analyze effects on adipokine secretion. Results We found that collagen overlays, particularly when added during the early differentiation stage, impaired adipokine secretion from mature adipocytes. Collagen prepared using PBS had a greater suppression of leptin than adiponectin while collagen prepared using HANKS buffer suppressed the secretion of both adipokines. The use of CellBind plates further suppressed leptin secretion. Triglyceride accumulation was not substantially impacted with any of the collagen overlays. Discussion Adipokine secretion can be selectively altered by collagen overlays. Thus, it is feasible to selectively manipulate the secretion of adipokines by adipocytes in vitro by altering the composition or timing of collagen overlays. The use of this technique could be applied to studies of adipokine function and secretion in vitro as well as having potential therapeutic implications to specifically alter adipocyte functionality in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherri L Christian
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Nikitha K Pallegar
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Robert J Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
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Olsen JB, Brown RJ, Russ OL, Harper K, Wenburg JK. Contemporary factors influencing genetic diversity in the Alaska humpback whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis complex. J Fish Biol 2018; 92:1065-1081. [PMID: 29479698 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Thirteen microsatellite loci were used to address three hypotheses regarding genetic diversity in the humpback whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis complex in Alaska. The test results provided further insight into the factors influencing C. clupeaformis complex population structure and level of genetic variation. First, the microsatellite data did not provide evidence of two spatially distinct Beringian and Eurasian refugial groups as revealed in previous phylogeographic analyses of mitochondrial DNA variation. Rather, the population structure inferred from the microsatellite variation appears to reveal the influence of factors on a more recent time scale, including gene flow among the refugial groups and isolation of some anadromous and freshwater resident populations. Second, anadromous C. clupeaformis complex collections exhibited higher intra-population genetic diversity than freshwater resident collections. This outcome is consistent with previous meta analyses suggesting that freshwater resident populations probably have smaller historical effective population sizes and less conspecific gene flow because the habitat tends to be smaller and supports fewer and smaller populations. Finally, the analysis of contemporary immigration rates was consistent with, but did not provide statistical support for, the hypothesis that gene flow among anadromous C. clupeaformis complex populations along coastal Alaska is influenced by the Alaska Coastal Current. Further studies are needed to evaluate gene flow among coastal Alaska C. clupeaformis complex populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Olsen
- Conservation Genetics Laboratory, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1011 East Tudor Road, Anchorage, Alaska 99503, U.S.A
| | - R J Brown
- Fairbanks Fish and Wildlife Field Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 101 12th Ave., Room 222, Fairbanks, Alaska, 99701, U.S.A
| | - O L Russ
- Conservation Genetics Laboratory, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1011 East Tudor Road, Anchorage, Alaska 99503, U.S.A
| | - K Harper
- Kenai Fish and Wildlife Field Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, P.O. Box 1670, Kenai, Alaska, 99611, U.S.A
| | - J K Wenburg
- Conservation Genetics Laboratory, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1011 East Tudor Road, Anchorage, Alaska 99503, U.S.A
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Stretz C, Brown RJ. Abstract TP345: Early Versus Delayed Blood Cultures in Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Stroke 2018. [DOI: 10.1161/str.49.suppl_1.tp345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction:
Fever commonly occurs in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH). However, it is non-infectious in the majority of cases. Blood cultures (BCx) are often obtained as part of a fever work-up, yet their utility may be limited and false-positive results may potentially compromise patient care. We hypothesized blood cultures in the first 48 hours would more likely be false-positive.
Methods:
We performed a retrospective chart review of patients admitted to a tertiary medical center with a diagnosis of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Patients with secondary causes of ICH as well as institution of comfort measures only were excluded. Data obtained included demographics, clinical parameters of ICH and blood culture results. Blood culture results and charts were reviewed for adjudication of false-positive and true-positive cultures.
Results:
Of 654 included patients with sICH, 226 patients (34%) had 1065 blood cultures obtained. 52 cultures were positive, of which 23 were classified as false-positive and 29 as true positive. False positive results were more common in the first 2 days (17 vs. 6), while true positive results were more common after the first 48 hours (12 vs. 17) (p= 0.018).
Conclusion:
Early blood cultures in patients with sICH are more commonly non-infectious. In line with prior published data, our results demonstrate the high cost and limited yield for blood cultures within the first 48 hours.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert J Brown
- Div of Neurocritical Care, Depts of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Univ of Texas Med Cntr, Houston, TX
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Abstract
Extensive investigations over the recent decades have established the anatomical, biomechanical and functional importance of the meniscus in the knee joint. As a functioning part of the joint, it serves to prevent the deterioration of articular cartilage and subsequent osteoarthritis. To this end, meniscus repair and regeneration is of particular interest from the biomaterial, bioengineering and orthopaedic research community. Even though meniscal research is previously of a considerable volume, the research community with evolving material science, biology and medical advances are all pushing toward emerging novel solutions and approaches to the successful treatment of meniscal difficulties. This review presents a tactical evaluation of the latest biomaterials, experiments to simulate meniscal tears and the state-of-the-art materials and strategies currently used to treat tears.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal O. Kean
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - James Chapman
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
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Roy B, McCullough LD, Dhar R, Grady J, Wang YB, Brown RJ. Comparison of Initial Vasopressors Used for Delayed Cerebral Ischemia after Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Cerebrovasc Dis 2017; 43:266-271. [PMID: 28319954 DOI: 10.1159/000458536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main reason for morbidity after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI). The mainstay of medical therapy for treating DCI is induced hypertension with vasopressors to restore cerebral perfusion. Both phenylephrine (PE) and norepinephrine (NE) are commonly used for induced hypertension, but the impact of the initial choice of vasopressor on the efficacy, adverse effects, or outcome after hemodynamic therapy for DCI is unknown. METHODS Sixty-three patients with aSAH between January 2012 and October 2014, who developed DCI (defined as new focal deficit or decline in Glasgow Coma Score) and in which PE (n = 45) or NE (n = 18) treatment was initiated were evaluated in this retrospective study. Baseline characteristics, adverse effects, the need to change or add vasopressors, the response to therapy, the need for endovascular therapy, new infarct development, discharge disposition, and 3 months modified Rankin score were all compared between pressor groups. RESULTS Baseline characteristics (e.g., Hunt Hess and Fisher grades) were similar. There were no differences in the overall rate of complications including arrhythmia, pulmonary edema, or kidney injury. However, those initiated on PE were more likely to be changed to an alternate vasopressor (64 vs. 33%, p = 0.016), mostly for bradycardia or failure to reach therapeutic targets. Patients initially treated with PE were less likely to respond neurologically (71 vs. 94%, p = 0.01) or to be discharged to home or acute rehabilitation facilities (73 vs. 94%, p = 0.02) and were more likely to have a delayed infarct on imaging (62 vs. 33%, p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that patients with DCI after aSAH initiated on PE are more likely to require treatment change to another vasopressor and are at greater risk for poor clinical outcomes compared to patients started on NE. Larger comparative studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Roy
- University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
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Brown RJ, Jun BJ, Cushman JD, Nguyen C, Beighley AH, Blanchard J, Iwamoto K, Schaue D, Harris NG, Jentsch JD, Bluml S, McBride WH. Changes in Imaging and Cognition in Juvenile Rats After Whole-Brain Irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2016; 96:470-478. [PMID: 27478168 PMCID: PMC5563160 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Purpose In pediatric cancer survivors treated with whole-brain irradiation (WBI), long-term cognitive deficits and morbidity develop that are poorly understood and for which there is no treatment. We describe similar cognitive defects in juvenile WBI rats and correlate them with alterations in diffusion tensor imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) during brain development. Methods and Materials Juvenile Fischer rats received clinically relevant fractionated doses of WBI or a high-dose exposure. Diffusion tensor imaging and MRS were performed at the time of WBI and during the subacute (3-month) and late (6-month) phases, before behavioral testing. Results Fractional anisotropy in the splenium of the corpus callosum increased steadily over the study period, reflecting brain development. WBI did not alter the subacute response, but thereafter there was no further increase in fractional anisotropy, especially in the high-dose group. Similarly, the ratios of various MRS metabolites to creatine increased over the study period, and in general, the most significant changes after WBI were during the late phase and with the higher dose. The most dramatic changes observed were in glutamine-creatine ratios that failed to increase normally between 3 and 6 months after either radiation dose. WBI did not affect the ambulatory response to novel open field testing in the subacute phase, but locomotor habituation was impaired and anxiety-like behaviors increased. As for cognitive measures, the most dramatic impairments were in novel object recognition late after either dose of WBI. Conclusions The developing brains of juvenile rats given clinically relevant fractionated doses of WBI show few abnormalities in the subacute phase but marked late cognitive alterations that may be linked with perturbed MRS signals measured in the corpus callosum. This pathomimetic phenotype of clinically relevant cranial irradiation effects may be useful for modeling, mechanistic evaluations, and testing of mitigation approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Brown
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Advanced Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Rudi Schulte Research Institute, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Brandon J Jun
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Advanced Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Rudi Schulte Research Institute, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Jesse D Cushman
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Christine Nguyen
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Adam H Beighley
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Johnny Blanchard
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kei Iwamoto
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Dorthe Schaue
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Neil G Harris
- UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Center for the Health Sciences, Los Angeles, California
| | - James D Jentsch
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Stefan Bluml
- Advanced Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Rudi Schulte Research Institute, Santa Barbara, California
| | - William H McBride
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narmadaa Thyagarajan
- From Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Alexander M Brannan
- From Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Robert J Brown
- From Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.
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Hedayat F, Stevanovic S, Milic A, Miljevic B, Nabi MN, Zare A, Bottle SE, Brown RJ, Ristovski ZD. Influence of oxygen content of the certain types of biodiesels on particulate oxidative potential. Sci Total Environ 2016; 545-546:381-388. [PMID: 26748002 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative potential (OP) is related to the organic phase, specifically to its oxygenated organic fraction (OOA). Furthermore, the oxygen content of fuel molecules has significant influence on particulate OP. Thus, this study aimed to explore the actual dependency of the OOA and ROS to the oxygen content of the fuel. In order to reach the goal, different biodiesels blends, with various ranges of oxygen content; have been employed. The compact time of flight aerosol mass spectrometer (c-ToF AMS) enabled better identification of OOA. ROS monitored by using two assays: DTT and BPEA-nit. Despite emitting lower mass, both assays agreed that oxygen content of a biodiesel is directly correlated with its OOA, and highly related to its OP. Hence, the more oxygen included in the considered biodiesels, the higher the OP of PM emissions. This highlights the importance of taking oxygen content into account while assessing emissions from new fuel types, which is relevant from a health effects standpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hedayat
- ILAQH (International Laboratory of Air Quality and Health), Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, 4000 QLD, Australia
| | - S Stevanovic
- ILAQH (International Laboratory of Air Quality and Health), Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, 4000 QLD, Australia; ARC (Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology), Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, 4000 QLD, Australia.
| | - A Milic
- ILAQH (International Laboratory of Air Quality and Health), Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, 4000 QLD, Australia
| | - B Miljevic
- ILAQH (International Laboratory of Air Quality and Health), Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, 4000 QLD, Australia
| | - M N Nabi
- ILAQH (International Laboratory of Air Quality and Health), Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, 4000 QLD, Australia; BERF (Biofuel Engine Research Facility), Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, 4000 QLD, Australia
| | - A Zare
- BERF (Biofuel Engine Research Facility), Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, 4000 QLD, Australia
| | - S E Bottle
- ARC (Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology), Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, 4000 QLD, Australia
| | - R J Brown
- BERF (Biofuel Engine Research Facility), Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, 4000 QLD, Australia
| | - Z D Ristovski
- ILAQH (International Laboratory of Air Quality and Health), Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, 4000 QLD, Australia; BERF (Biofuel Engine Research Facility), Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, 4000 QLD, Australia
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Abstract
Purpose/aim: Blood pressure (BP) regulation is recommended following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) to prevent re-bleeding and to treat delayed cerebral ischemia. However, optimal BP thresholds are not well established. There is also variation with regard to the BP component (e.g. systolic vs. mean) that is targeted or manipulated. MATERIALS AND METHODS An 18-question survey was distributed to physicians and advanced practitioner members of the Neurocritical Care Society. Respondents were asked which BP parameter they manipulated and what their thresholds were in different clinical scenarios. They were also asked whether they were influenced by the presence of incidental aneurysms. Answers were analyzed for differences in training background and treatment setting. RESULTS There were 128 responses. The majority were neurointensivists (47 neurology and 37 non-neurology) and treated patients in dedicated neurointensive care units (n = 98). Systolic BP (SBP) was preferred over mean arterial pressure (MAP). Prior to aneurysm treatment, SBP limits ranged from 140 to 180 mm Hg. After aneurysm treatment, SBP limits ranged from 160 to 240 mm Hg. The maximum and minimum MAPs varied by as much as 50%. Nearly two-thirds of the respondents were influenced by the presence of incidental aneurysms. Training background influenced tolerance to BP limits with neurology-trained neurointensivists accepting higher BP limits when treating delayed ischemia ( p = .018). They were also more likely to follow SBP ( p = .018) and have a limit of 140 mm Hg prior to aneurysm treatment ( p = .001). CONCLUSIONS There is large practice variability in BP management following aSAH. There is also uncertainty over the importance of incidental aneurysms. Further research could evaluate whether this variability has clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Brown
- a Department of Surgery, Division of Critical Care , Hartford Hospital , Hartford , CT , USA
| | - Abhay Kumar
- b Department of Neurology and Psychiatry , Saint Louis University , SaintLouis , MO , USA
| | - Louise D McCullough
- c Department of Neurology , University of Connecticut School of Medicine , Farmington , CT , USA
| | - Karyn Butler
- a Department of Surgery, Division of Critical Care , Hartford Hospital , Hartford , CT , USA
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Abstract
Dissociation has been cited as a possible psychologic mechanism underpinning functional neurologic disorders (FND) since the 19th century. Since that time, changes in psychiatric classification have created confusion about what the term dissociation actually means. The available evidence suggests that it now refers to at least two qualitatively distinct types of phenomena: detachment (an altered state of consciousness characterized by a sense of separation from the self or world) and compartmentalization (a reversible loss of voluntary control over apparently intact processes and functions), as well as their underlying mechanisms. This chapter considers some of the problems with conflating these phenomena under a single heading as well as the relationship between detachment, compartmentalization, and FND. It is argued that FNDs are fundamentally compartmentalization disorders, but that detachment is often part of the clinical picture and may contribute to the development and maintenance of functional symptoms in many cases. By this view, understanding compartmentalization requires an appreciation of the mechanisms involved in controlling and accessing mental processes and contents. Two possible mechanisms in this regard are described and the evidence for these is considered, followed by a discussion of clinical and empiric implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Brown
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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Fairbridge NA, Southall TM, Ayre DC, Komatsu Y, Raquet PI, Brown RJ, Randell E, Kovacs CS, Christian SL. Loss of CD24 in Mice Leads to Metabolic Dysfunctions and a Reduction in White Adipocyte Tissue. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141966. [PMID: 26536476 PMCID: PMC4633231 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CD24 is a glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked cell surface receptor that is involved in regulating the survival or differentiation of several different cell types. CD24 has been used to identify pre-adipocytes that are able to reconstitute white adipose tissue (WAT) in vivo. Moreover, we recently found that the dynamic upregulation of CD24 in vitro during early phases of adipogenesis is necessary for mature adipocyte development. To determine the role of CD24 in adipocyte development in vivo, we evaluated the development of the inguinal and interscapular subcutaneous WAT and the epididymal visceral WAT in mice with a homozygous deletion of CD24 (CD24KO). We observed a significant decrease in WAT mass of 40% to 74% in WAT mass from both visceral and subcutaneous depots in male mice, with no significant effect in female mice, compared to wild-type (WT) sex- and age-matched controls. We also found that CD24KO mice had increased fasting glucose and free fatty acids, decreased fasting insulin, and plasma leptin. No major differences were observed in the sensitivity to insulin or glucose, or in circulating triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, or LDL-cholesterol levels between WT and CD24KO mice. Challenging the CD24KO mice with either high sucrose (35%) or high fat (45%) diets that promote increased adiposity, increased WAT mass and fasting insulin, adiponectin and leptin levels, as well as reduced the sensitivity to insulin and glucose, to the levels of WT mice on the same diets. The CD24-mediated reduction in fat pad size was due to a reduction in adipocyte cell size in all depots with no significant reduction pre-adipocyte or adipocyte cell number. Thus, we have clearly demonstrated that the global absence of CD24 affects adipocyte cell size in vivo in a sex- and diet-dependent manner, as well as causing metabolic disturbances in glucose homeostasis and free fatty acid levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Fairbridge
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Thomas M. Southall
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - D. Craig Ayre
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Yumiko Komatsu
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Paula I. Raquet
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Robert J. Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Edward Randell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Christopher S. Kovacs
- Division of Medicine-Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Sherri L. Christian
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Brown RJ, Epling BP, Staff I, Fortunato G, Grady JJ, McCullough LD. Polyuria and cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. BMC Neurol 2015; 15:201. [PMID: 26462796 PMCID: PMC4604625 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-015-0446-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Natriuresis with polyuria is common after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Previous studies have shown an increased risk of symptomatic cerebral vasospasm or delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) in patients with hyponatremia and/or the cerebral salt wasting syndrome (CSW). However, natriuresis may occur in the absence of hyponatremia or hypovolemia and it is not known whether the increase in DCI in patients with CSW is secondary to a concomitant hypovolemia or because the physiology that predisposes to natriuretic peptide release also predisposes to cerebral vasospasm. Therefore, we investigated whether polyuria per se was associated with vasospasm and whether a temporal relationship existed. Methods A retrospective review of patients with aSAH was performed. Exclusion criteria were admission more than 48 h after aneurysmal rupture, death within 5 days, and the development of diabetes insipidus or acute renal failure. Polyuria was defined as >6 liters of urine in a 24 h period. Vasospasm was defined as a mean velocity > 120 m/s on Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography (TCDs) or by evidence of vasospasm on computerized tomography (CT) or catheter angiography. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to assess the relationship between polyuria and vasospasm. Results 95 patients were included in the study. 51 had cerebral vasospasm and 63 met the definition of polyuria. Patients with polyuria were significantly more likely to have vasospasm (OR 4.301, 95 % CI 1.378–13.419) in multivariate analysis. Polyuria was more common in younger patients (52 vs 68, p <.001) but did not impact mortality after controlling for age and disease severity. The timing of the development of polyuria was clustered around the diagnosis of vasospasm and patients with polyuria developed vasospasm faster than those without polyuria. Conclusions Polyuria is common after aSAH and is significantly associated with cerebral vasospasm. The development of polyuria may be temporally related to the development of vasospasm. An increase in urine volume may be a useful clinical predictor of patients at risk for vasospasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Brown
- Department of Surgery, Division of Critical Care, Hartford Hospital, 80 Seymour Street, Hartford, 06102, USA. .,Department of Neurology, University of Connecticut Medical Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, 06030, USA.
| | - Brian P Epling
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, 06030, USA.
| | - Ilene Staff
- Department of Research, Hartford Hospital, 80 Seymour Street, Hartford, 06102, USA.
| | - Gilbert Fortunato
- Department of Research, Hartford Hospital, 80 Seymour Street, Hartford, 06102, USA.
| | - James J Grady
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, 06030, USA.
| | - Louise D McCullough
- Department of Neurology, University of Connecticut Medical Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, 06030, USA.
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Rahman MM, Stevanovic S, Islam MA, Heimann K, Nabi MN, Thomas G, Feng B, Brown RJ, Ristovski ZD. Particle emissions from microalgae biodiesel combustion and their relative oxidative potential. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2015; 17:1601-1610. [PMID: 26238214 DOI: 10.1039/c5em00125k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are considered to be one of the most viable biodiesel feedstocks for the future due to their potential for providing economical, sustainable and cleaner alternatives to petroleum diesel. This study investigated the particle emissions from a commercially cultured microalgae and higher plant biodiesels at different blending ratios. With a high amount of long carbon chain lengths fatty acid methyl esters (C20 to C22), the microalgal biodiesel used had a vastly different average carbon chain length and level of unsaturation to conventional biodiesel, which significantly influenced particle emissions. Smaller blend percentages showed a larger reduction in particle emission than blend percentages of over 20%. This was due to the formation of a significant nucleation mode for the higher blends. In addition measurements of reactive oxygen species (ROS), showed that the oxidative potential of particles emitted from the microalgal biodiesel combustion were lower than that of regular diesel. Biodiesel oxygen content was less effective in suppressing particle emissions for biodiesels containing a high amount of polyunsaturated C20-C22 fatty acid methyl esters and generated significantly increased nucleation mode particle emissions. The observed increase in nucleation mode particle emission is postulated to be caused by very low volatility, high boiling point and high density, viscosity and surface tension of the microalgal biodiesel tested here. Therefore, in order to achieve similar PM (particulate matter) emission benefits for microalgal biodiesel likewise to conventional biodiesel, fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) with high amounts of polyunsaturated long-chain fatty acids (≥C20) may not be desirable in microalgal biodiesel composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Rahman
- International Laboratory of Air Quality and Health (ILAQH), Biofuel Engine Research Facilities (BERF), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia 4001.
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Zaky W, Dhall G, Khatua S, Brown RJ, Ginn KF, Gardner SL, Yildiz VO, Yankelevich M, Finlay JL. Choroid plexus carcinoma in children: the Head Start experience. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015; 62:784-9. [PMID: 25662896 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Choroid plexus carcinoma (CPC) is a rare aggressive intracranial neoplasm with a predilection for young children and a historically poor outcome. Currently, no defined optimal therapeutic strategy exists. The Head Start (HS) regimens have included irradiation-avoiding strategies in young children with malignant brain tumors using high dose chemotherapy to improve survival and minimize neurocognitive sequelae. PROCEDURE Three sequential HS studies have been conducted from 1991 to 2009. HS treatment strategy has consisted of maximal surgical resection followed by five cycles of intensive induction followed by consolidation myeloablative chemotherapy with autologous hematopoietic stem cell rescue (AuHCR). Irradiation was given following recovery from consolidation based on the patient's age and evidence of residual disease. RESULTS Twelve children with CPC (median age of 19.5 months) have been treated with HS regimens. Ten patients had >95% resection. Three patients had disseminated disease at diagnosis. Ten patients completed consolidation of whom five are alive, irradiation and disease free at 29, 43, 61, 66 and 89 months from diagnosis. Seven patients experienced tumor recurrence/progression at a median time of 13 months (range 2-43 months). Five patients received irradiation, one for residual disease and four upon progression or recurrence, of whom one is alive at 61 months. The 3- and 5-year progression-free survivals are 58% and 38% and overall survivals 83% and 62% respectively. Late deaths from disease beyond 5 years were also noted. CONCLUSION Head Start strategies may produce long-term remission in young children with newly diagnosed CPC with avoidance of cranial irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafik Zaky
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Arndt JR, Brown RJ, Burke KA, Legleiter J, Valentine SJ. Lysine residues in the N-terminal huntingtin amphipathic α-helix play a key role in peptide aggregation. J Mass Spectrom 2015; 50:117-126. [PMID: 25601683 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease is a genetic neurodegenerative disorder caused by an expansion in a polyglutamine domain near the N-terminus of the huntingtin (htt) protein that results in the formation of protein aggregates. Here, htt aggregate structure has been examined using hydrogen-deuterium exchange techniques coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The focus of the study is on the 17-residue N-terminal flanking region of the peptide that has been shown to alter htt aggregation kinetics and morphology. A top-down sequencing strategy employing electron transfer dissociation is utilized to determine the location of accessible and protected hydrogens. In these experiments, peptides aggregate in a deuterium-rich solvent at neutral pH and are subsequently subjected to deuterium-hydrogen back-exchange followed by rapid quenching, disaggregation, and tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Electrospray ionization of the peptide solution produces the [M + 5H](5+) to [M + 10H](10+) charge states and reveals the presence of multiple peptide sequences differing by single glutamine residues. The [M + 7H](7+) to [M + 9](9+) charge states corresponding to the full peptide are used in the electron transfer dissociation analyses. Evidence for protected residues is observed in the 17-residue N-terminal tract and specifically points to lysine residues as potentially playing a significant role in htt aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Arndt
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
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Ashford DL, Brennaman MK, Brown RJ, Keinan S, Concepcion JJ, Papanikolas JM, Templeton JL, Meyer TJ. Varying the Electronic Structure of Surface-Bound Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complexes. Inorg Chem 2014; 54:460-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ic501682k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis L. Ashford
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3290, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - M. Kyle Brennaman
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3290, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Robert J. Brown
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3290, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Shahar Keinan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3290, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Javier J. Concepcion
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3290, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - John M. Papanikolas
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3290, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Joseph L. Templeton
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3290, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Thomas J. Meyer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3290, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Kilbourn KJ, Ching G, Silverman DI, McCullough L, Brown RJ. Clinical outcomes after neurogenic stress induced cardiomyopathy in aneurysmal sub-arachnoid hemorrhage: a prospective cohort study. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2014; 128:4-9. [PMID: 25462088 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2014.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neurogenic stress cardiomyopathy (NCM) has been associated with poor outcomes in the setting of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Much less is known regarding recovery of cardiac function. The aim of this prospective cohort study was to study the rate of early cardiac recovery after NCM and the potential effect of NCM on short term functional recovery. A secondary aim sought to determine whether certain biomarkers may be associated with the development of NCM. METHODS Patients with confirmed aSAH between November 2012 and October 2013 were prospectively enrolled and received echocardiograms within 48 h of admission. Ejection fraction (%) and regional wall motion abnormality score index (RWMI) were noted. All patients with confirmed aSAH had a troponin and BNP level drawn on admission. Patients with confirmed NCM received a follow up echocardiogram 7-21 days after the initial echocardiogram. Clinical follow up at 3 months evaluated mortality, mRS and mBI scores. RESULTS 63 patients with confirmed aSAH were enrolled. In this cohort 11 (17%) patients were confirmed to have NCM. The NCM group had higher in-hospital mortality [n = 4(36.4%)] compared to the non-NCM group [n = 5(9.6%)] (p = .021). At 3 months the development of NCM was associated with an unfavorable mRS (p = 0.042) and mBI (p = 0.005). Both an elevated BNP (> 100 pg/mL) and elevated troponin (>0.3 mg/dL) were associated with the development of NCM. Follow-up echocardiograms were performed within 21 days of admission on 8 patients with NCM. An abnormal RWMI of 1.5 or higher was present in 5(71%) patients. CONCLUSION NCM is a frequent complication associated with aSAH. The onset of the disease occurs early in the course of aSAH and an elevated BNP and troponin may be associated with the onset of NCM. Cardiac function often remains impaired during the acute recovery phase potentially impeding resuscitation during this period. The routine use of short term follow-up echocardiography may be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent J Kilbourn
- Hartford Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, 80 Seymour Street, Hartford 06102, USA.
| | - Gilbert Ching
- Hartford Hospital, Division of Cardiology, 80 Seymour Street, Hartford 06102, USA
| | - David I Silverman
- Hartford Hospital, Division of Cardiology, 80 Seymour Street, Hartford 06102, USA
| | - Louise McCullough
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Department of Neurology, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington 06030, USA
| | - Robert J Brown
- Hartford Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, 80 Seymour Street, Hartford 06102, USA; University of Connecticut Health Center, Department of Neurology, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington 06030, USA
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Pourkhesalian AM, Stevanovic S, Salimi F, Rahman MM, Wang H, Pham PX, Bottle SE, Masri AR, Brown RJ, Ristovski ZD. Influence of fuel molecular structure on the volatility and oxidative potential of biodiesel particulate matter. Environ Sci Technol 2014; 48:12577-85. [PMID: 25322332 DOI: 10.1021/es503160m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the effect of chemical composition of biodiesel fuel on the physical (volatility) and chemical (reactive oxygenated species concentration) properties of nano particles emitted from a modern common-rail diesel engine. Particle emissions from the combustion of four biodiesels with controlled chemical compositions and different varying unsaturation degrees and carbon-chain lengths, together with a commercial diesel, were tested and compared in terms of volatility of particles and the amount of reactive oxygenated species carried by particles. Different blends of biodiesel and petro diesel were tested at several engine loads and speeds. We have observed that more saturated fuels with shorter carbon chain lengths result in lower particle mass but produce particles that are more volatile and also have higher levels of Reactive Oxygen Species. This highlights the importance of taking into account metrics that are relevant from the health effects point of view when assessing emissions from new fuel types.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Pourkhesalian
- ILAQH and BERF, Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
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Dagri JN, Evans A, Torkildson JC, Portnow J, Ashby LS, Zakotnik B, Brown RJ, Dhall G, Finlay JL. Feasibility of an Attenuated Maintenance Chemotherapy Regimen Directed at Adolescents and Young Adults with Newly Diagnosed Localized Medulloblastoma and Other Central Nervous System Embryonal Tumors. J Adolesc Young Adult Oncol 2014. [DOI: 10.1089/jayao.2013.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N. Dagri
- Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Anna Evans
- Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Joseph C. Torkildson
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital and Research Center Oakland, Oakland, California
| | - Jana Portnow
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope Cancer Center, Duarte, California
| | - Lynn S. Ashby
- Brain Tumor Research Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Branko Zakotnik
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ljubljana Institute of Oncology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Robert J. Brown
- Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Girish Dhall
- Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jonathan L. Finlay
- Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and BMT, Nationwide Children's Hospital, and the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Yang Y, Thyagarajan N, Coady BM, Brown RJ. Cholesterol efflux from THP-1 macrophages is impaired by the fatty acid component from lipoprotein hydrolysis by lipoprotein lipase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 451:632-6. [PMID: 25130461 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is an extracellular lipase that primarily hydrolyzes triglycerides within circulating lipoproteins. Macrophage LPL contributes to atherogenesis, but the mechanisms behind it are poorly understood. We hypothesized that the products of lipoprotein hydrolysis generated by LPL promote atherogenesis by inhibiting the cholesterol efflux ability by macrophages. To test this hypothesis, we treated human THP-1 macrophages with total lipoproteins that were hydrolyzed by LPL and we found significantly reduced transcript levels for the cholesterol transporters ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), ABCG1, and scavenger receptor BI. These decreases were likely due to significant reductions for the nuclear receptors liver-X-receptor-α, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)-α, and PPAR-γ. We prepared a mixture of free fatty acids (FFA) that represented the ratios of FFA species within lipoprotein hydrolysis products, and we found that the FFA mixture also significantly reduced cholesterol transporters and nuclear receptors. Finally, we tested the efflux of cholesterol from THP-1 macrophages to apolipoprotein A-I, and we found that the treatment of THP-1 macrophages with the FFA mixture significantly attenuated cholesterol efflux. Overall, these data show that the FFA component of lipoprotein hydrolysis products generated by LPL may promote atherogenesis by inhibiting cholesterol efflux, which partially explains the pro-atherogenic role of macrophage LPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbo Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - Narmadaa Thyagarajan
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - Breanne M Coady
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - Robert J Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1B 3X9, Canada.
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Karunasena HCP, Senadeera W, Brown RJ, Gu YT. A particle based model to simulate microscale morphological changes of plant tissues during drying. Soft Matter 2014; 10:5249-5268. [PMID: 24740612 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm00526k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Fundamental understanding on microscopic physical changes of plant materials is vital to optimize product quality and processing techniques, particularly in food engineering. Although grid-based numerical modelling can assist in this regard, it becomes quite challenging to overcome the inherited complexities of these biological materials especially when such materials undergo critical processing conditions such as drying, where the cellular structure undergoes extreme deformations. In this context, a meshfree particle based model was developed which is fundamentally capable of handling extreme deformations of plant tissues during drying. The model is built by coupling a particle based meshfree technique: Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) and a Discrete Element Method (DEM). Plant cells were initiated as hexagons and aggregated to form a tissue which also accounts for the characteristics of the middle lamella. In each cell, SPH was used to model cell protoplasm and DEM was used to model the cell wall. Drying was incorporated by varying the moisture content, the turgor pressure, and cell wall contraction effects. Compared to the state of the art grid-based microscale plant tissue drying models, the proposed model can be used to simulate tissues under excessive moisture content reductions incorporating cell wall wrinkling. Also, compared to the state of the art SPH-DEM tissue models, the proposed model better replicates real tissues and the cell-cell interactions used ensure efficient computations. Model predictions showed good agreement both qualitatively and quantitatively with experimental findings on dried plant tissues. The proposed modelling approach is fundamentally flexible to study different cellular structures for their microscale morphological changes at dehydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C P Karunasena
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, 2-George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
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Yang Y, Kuwano T, Lagor WR, Albert CJ, Brenton S, Rader DJ, Ford DA, Brown RJ. Lipidomic analyses of female mice lacking hepatic lipase and endothelial lipase indicate selective modulation of plasma lipid species. Lipids 2014; 49:505-15. [PMID: 24777581 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-014-3907-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic lipase (HL) and endothelial lipase (EL) share overlapping and complementary roles in lipoprotein metabolism. The deletion of HL and EL alleles in mice raises plasma total cholesterol and phospholipid concentrations. However, the influence of HL and EL in vivo on individual molecular species from each class of lipid is not known. We hypothesized that the loss of HL, EL, or both in vivo may affect select molecular species from each class of lipids. To test this hypothesis, we performed lipidomic analyses on plasma and livers from fasted female wild-type, HL-knockout, EL-knockout, and HL/EL-double knockout mice. Overall, the loss of HL, EL, or both resulted in minimal changes to hepatic lipids; however, select species of CE were surprisingly reduced in the livers of mice only lacking EL. The loss of HL, EL, or both reduced the plasma concentrations for select molecular species of triacylglycerol, diacylglycerol, and free fatty acid. On the other hand, the loss of HL, EL, or both raised the plasma concentrations for select molecular species of phosphatidylcholine, cholesteryl ester, diacylglycerol, sphingomyelin, ceramide, plasmanylcholine, and plasmenylcholine. The increased plasma concentration of select ether phospholipids was evident in the absence of EL, thus suggesting that EL might exhibit a phospholipase A2 activity. Using recombinant EL, we showed that it could hydrolyse the artificial phospholipase A2 substrate 4-nitro-3-(octanoyloxy)benzoic acid. In summary, our study shows for the first time the influence of HL and EL on individual molecular species of several classes of lipids in vivo using lipidomic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbo Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1B 3X9, Canada
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Demian WLL, Jahouh FM, Stansbury D, Randell E, Brown RJ, Banoub JH. Characterizing changes in snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) cryptocyanin protein during molting using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2014; 28:355-369. [PMID: 24395503 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE We report the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometric (MALDI-MS) characterization of the cryptocyanin proteins of the juvenile Chionoecetes opilio crabs during their molting and non-molting phases. In order to assess the structural cryptocyanin protein differences between the molting and non-molting phases, the obtained peptides were sequenced by MALDI low-energy collision-induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry (CID-MS/MS). METHODS The cryptocyanin protein was isolated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. The purified cryptocyanin protein was sequenced, using the 'bottom-up' approach. After tryptic digestion, the peptide mixture was analyzed by MALDI-QqTOF-MS/MS and the data obtained were used for the peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) identification by means of the Mascot database. RESULTS It was demonstrated using MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS that the actual molecular weights of the non-molting and molting cryptocyanin proteins were different; these were, respectively, 67.6 kDa and 68.1 kDa. Using low-energy CID-MS/MS we have sequenced the trytic peptides to monitor the differences and similarities between the cryptocyanin molecular structures during the molting and non-molting stages. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated for the first time that the actual molecular masses of the cryptocyanin protein during the molting and non-molting phases were different. The MALDI-CID-MS/MS analyses allowed the sequencing of the cryptocyanins after tryptic digestion, during the molting and non-molting stages, and showed some similarities and staggering differences between the identified cryptocyanin peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael L L Demian
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, 232 Elizabeth Avenue, A1B 3X9, Canada
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Brown RJ, Rahim H, Wong KE, Cooper RM, Marachelian A, Butturini A, Dhall G, Finlay JL. Infectious complications in the first year following autologous hematopoietic progenitor cell rescue for children with brain tumors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60:2012-7. [PMID: 23956157 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.24665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-dose chemotherapy with autologous hematopoietic progenitor cell rescue (AuHPCR) for pediatric patients with brain tumors has become an important therapeutic modality to avoid or delay the long-term effects of cranial irradiation. Data on post-AuHPCR infectious complications in this population are lacking. This single institution retrospective review reports the prophylactic practices and infections in the first year following AuHPCR in pediatric patients with brain tumors. PROCEDURE The medical record of patients who underwent AuHPCR for the treatment of a malignant brain tumor at Children's Hospital Los Angeles between 1988 and 2010 were reviewed. Patients without prior irradiation who were free of disease at 1 year without additional chemotherapy were evaluated for all infectious disease complications occurring from time of neutrophil engraftment to 1 year post-AuHPCR. RESULTS Forty-three of the 115 eligible patients were included. The median time to neutrophil engraftment was 11 days (range: 8-43 days), and 20 Grade III/IV (no Grade V) infectious episodes developed in 15 patients (35%). Fourteen episodes of bacteremia (70%) were catheter-related, predominantly gram-negative (71%), and polymicrobial (50%). There were no fungal or pneumocystis infections and only 1 of 25 (4%) at-risk patients developed VZV reactivation. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest patients with brain tumors undergoing AuHPCR have few late-occurring non-catheter-related post-transplant infections indicating that prophylaxis practices were sufficient. Central lines should be removed soon after engraftment, but those with central line infections should receive adequate treatment including gram-negative coverage. In addition, only at-risk patients who receive further irradiation may benefit from VZV reaction prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Brown
- Neuro-Oncology Program, Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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Brown RJ, Kumar A, Dhar R, Sampson TR, Diringer MN. The relationship between delayed infarcts and angiographic vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 2013; 72:702-7; discussion 707-8. [PMID: 23313984 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0b013e318285c3db] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delayed cerebral ischemia is common after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) and is a major contributor to poor outcome. Yet, although generally attributed to arterial vasospasm, neurological deterioration may also occur in the absence of vasospasm. OBJECTIVE To determine the relationship between delayed infarction and angiographic vasospasm and compare the characteristics of infarcts related to vasospasm vs those unrelated. METHODS A retrospective review of patients with aSAH admitted from July 2007 through June 2011. Patients were included if they were admitted within 48 hours of SAH, had a computed tomography scan both 24 to 48 hours following aneurysm treatment and ≥7 days after SAH, and had a catheter angiogram to evaluate for vasospasm. Delayed infarcts seen on late computed tomography but not postprocedurally were attributed to vasospasm if there was moderate or severe vasospasm in the corresponding vascular territory on angiography. Infarct volume was measured by perimeter tracing. RESULTS Of 276 aSAH survivors, 134 had all imaging requisite for inclusion. Fifty-four (34%) had moderate or severe vasospasm, of whom 17 (31%) had delayed infarcts, compared with only 3 (4%) of 80 patients without vasospasm (P < .001). There were a total of 29 delayed infarcts in these 20 patients; 21 were in a territory with angiographic vasospasm, but 8 (28%) were not. Infarct volume did not differ between vasospasm-related (18 ± 25 mL) and vasospasm-unrelated (11 ± 12 mL) infarcts (P = .54), but infarcts in the absence of vasospasm were more likely watershed (50% vs. 10%, P = .03). CONCLUSION Delayed infarcts following aSAH can occur in territories without angiographic vasospasm and are more likely watershed in distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Brown
- Neurocritical Care Section, Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Lankford KL, Brown RJ, Sasaki M, Kocsis JD. Olfactory ensheathing cells, but not Schwann cells, proliferate and migrate extensively within moderately X-irradiated juvenile rat brain. Glia 2013; 62:52-63. [PMID: 24166823 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) and Schwann cells (SCs) share many characteristics, including the ability to promote neuronal repair when transplanted directly into spinal cord lesions, but poor survival and migration when transplanted into intact adult spinal cord. Interestingly, transplanted OECs, but not SCs, migrate extensively within the X-irradiated (40 Gy) adult rat spinal cord, suggesting distinct responses to environmental cues [Lankford et al., (2008) GLIA 56:1664-1678]. In this study, GFP-expressing OECs and SCs were transplanted into juvenile rat brains (hippocampus) subjected to a moderate radiation dose (16 Gy). As in the adult spinal cord, OECs, but not SCs, migrated extensively within the irradiated juvenile rat brain. Unbiased stereology revealed that the number of OECs observed within irradiated rat brains three weeks after transplantation was as much as 20 times greater than the number of cells transplanted, and the cells distributed extensively within the brain. In conjunction with the OEC dispersion, the number of activated microglia in OEC-transplanted irradiated brains was reduced. Unlike in the intact adult spinal cord, both OECs and SCs showed some, but limited, migration within nonirradiated rat brains, suggesting that the developing brain may be a more permissive environment for cell migration than the adult CNS. These results show that OECs display unique migratory, proliferative, and microglia interaction properties as compared with SCs when transplanted into the moderately X-irradiated brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Lankford
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
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Brown RJ, Amenta DS, Gilje JW, Yap GPA. Chloridobis[2-(diphenylphosphanyl)ethanamine-κ(2)P,N](triphenylphosphane-κP)ruthenium(II) chloride toluene monosolvate. Acta Crystallogr C 2013; 69:1104-7. [PMID: 24096494 DOI: 10.1107/s0108270113023263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The aminophosphane ligand 1-amino-2-(diphenylphosphanyl)ethane [Ph2P(CH2)2NH2] reacts with dichloridotris(triphenylphosphane)ruthenium(II), [RuCl2(PPh3)3], to form chloridobis[2-(diphenylphosphanyl)ethanamine-κ(2)P,N](triphenylphosphane-κP)ruthenium(II) chloride toluene monosolvate, [RuCl(C18H15P)(C14H16NP)2]Cl·C7H8 or [RuCl(PPh3){Ph2P(CH2)2NH2}2]Cl·C7H8. The asymmetric unit of the monoclinic unit cell contains two molecules of the Ru(II) cation, two chloride anions and two toluene molecules. The Ru(II) cation is octahedrally coordinated by two chelating Ph2P(CH2)2NH2 ligands, a triphenylphosphane (PPh3) ligand and a chloride ligand. The three P atoms are meridionally coordinated, with the Ph2P- groups from the ligands being trans. The two -NH2 groups are cis, as are the chloride and PPh3 ligands. This chiral stereochemistry of the [RuCl(PPh3){Ph2P(CH2)2NH2}2](+) cation is unique in ruthenium-aminophosphane chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
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Zaky W, Wellner M, Brown RJ, Blüml S, Finlay JL, Dhall G. Treatment of children with diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas with chemoradiotherapy followed by a combination of temozolomide, irinotecan, and bevacizumab. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2013; 30:623-32. [PMID: 24050762 DOI: 10.3109/08880018.2013.829895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPG) are inoperable and highly resistant tumors to chemotherapy and irradiation. DIPG has the worst prognosis among all pediatric brain tumors and the overwhelming majority of patients die within 6-18 months after diagnosis. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the charts of six DIPG patients treated with chemoradiotherapy (daily carboplatin and oral etoposide in five patients and temozolomide in one patient) followed by maintenance chemotherapy consisting of irinotecan, temozolomide, and bevacizumab at our institution between January 2007 until December 2007. RESULTS Event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) were 10.4 ± 3.08 and 14.6 ± 3.55 months, respectively. Side effects in the patients included hypertension in two, abdominal cramping and diarrhea in four, and neutropenia in five patients. CONCLUSIONS This augmented regimen was associated with increased but tolerable toxicity and a modest increase in EFS and OS when compared with published literature in patients with DIPG (median EFS and OS of 6.1 and 9.6 months, respectively). More effective therapies are desperately needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafik Zaky
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Osorio DS, Finlay JL, Dhall G, Goldman S, Eisenstat D, Brown RJ. Feasibility of dasatinib in children and adolescents with new or recurrent central nervous system germinoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60:E100-2. [PMID: 23754592 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.24567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Germinomas and embryonal carcinomas are central nervous system (CNS) germ cell tumors (GCT) that may overexpress the proto-oncogene c-KIT, a receptor tyrosine kinase, of which dasatinib is a potent inhibitor. This retrospective review presents the feasibility and tolerability of dasatinib administration in select patients with CNS germinoma. Between November 2008 and April 2010, six patients with newly diagnosed (n = 3) or recurrent (n = 3) CNS GCT were treated in an effort to avoid irradiation and/or delay recurrence. The daily doses administered were 100-170 mg/m(2) with mostly grade 1-2 toxicities. Dasatinib may play a role in future treatment strategies for CNS GCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana S Osorio
- The Neuro-Oncology Program, Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Brown RJ, Uhlman MA, Fernandez JD, Collins T, Brown JA. Novel Use of AngioVac System to Prevent Pulmonary Embolism during Radical Nephrectomy with Inferior Vena Cava Thrombectomy. Curr Urol 2013; 7:34-6. [PMID: 24917754 DOI: 10.1159/000343550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Venous tumor thrombus occurs in 5-10% of patients with renal cell carcinoma. Surgical excision offers the best chance for survival, but is technically difficult. Risk of pulmonary embolism from venous thrombus or tumor thrombus is high, especially with tumors located higher in the inferior vena cava. Cardiopulmonary bypass may be used when a tumor extends above the diaphragm, but carries significant risk. We present an 86-year-old woman with a 7 cm renal mass extending into the inferior vena cava just below the confluence of the hepatic vessels. Prior to surgery she was found to have increasing pulmonary embolisms despite appropriate anticoagulation. Intraoperatively, the AngioVac aspiration system was utilized to prevent further pulmonary embolism. This is the first reported case of the use of this system during radical nephrectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Brown
- Department of Urology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | | | - Joss D Fernandez
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Thomas Collins
- Organ Transplant Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - James A Brown
- Department of Urology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Clark BG, Brown RJ, Ploquin J, Dunscombe P. Patient safety improvements in radiation treatment through 5 years of incident learning. Pract Radiat Oncol 2013; 3:157-163. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prro.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Balogun KA, Albert CJ, Ford DA, Brown RJ, Cheema SK. Diet high in omega‐3 fatty acids alters the fatty acid composition of bioactive lipids: a lipidomic approach. FASEB J 2013. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.lb279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carolyn J Albert
- Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySaint Louis UniversitySt. LouisMO
| | - David A Ford
- Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySaint Louis UniversitySt. LouisMO
- Center for Cardiovascular ResearchSaint Louis UniversitySt. LouisMO
| | - Robert J Brown
- BiochemistryMemorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John'sNLCanada
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Waghmare SP, Clow KA, Brown RJ, Brosnan ME, Brosnan JT. Attenuation of hepatic steatosis in Zucker rats by dietary creatine supplementation. FASEB J 2013. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.855.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathy A Clow
- BiochemistryMemorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John'sNLCanada
| | - Robert J Brown
- BiochemistryMemorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John'sNLCanada
| | | | - John T Brosnan
- BiochemistryMemorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John'sNLCanada
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Mayor R, Brown RJ, Cock H, House A, Howlett S, Singhal S, Smith P, Reuber M. Short-term outcome of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures after communication of the diagnosis. Epilepsy Behav 2012; 25:676-81. [PMID: 23168089 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2012.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We previously described a communication strategy for the delivery of the diagnosis of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) that was acceptable and effective at communicating the psychological cause of PNES. This prospective multicenter study describes the short-term seizure and psychosocial outcomes after the communication of the diagnosis and with no additional treatment. Participants completed self-report measures at baseline, two and six months after the diagnosis (seizure frequency, HRQoL, health care utilization, activity levels, symptom attributions and levels of functioning). Thirty-six participants completed the self-report questionnaires. A further eight provided seizure frequency data. After six months, the median seizure frequency had dropped from 10 to 7.5 per month (p=0.9), 7/44 participants (16%) were seizure-free, and an additional 10/44 (23%) showed greater than 50% improvement in seizure frequency. Baseline questionnaire measures demonstrated high levels of impairment, which had not improved at follow-up. The lack of change in self-report measures illustrates the need for further interventions in this patient group.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mayor
- Academic Neurology Unit, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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45
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Brown RJ, Shao F, Baldán A, Albert CJ, Ford DA. Cholesterol efflux analyses using stable isotopes and mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2012; 433:56-64. [PMID: 23072980 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol efflux from macrophages and the vascular wall is the initial step of the cardiovascular protective reverse cholesterol transport process. This study demonstrates a mass spectrometry based assay to measure the cellular and medium content of [d(7)]cholesterol and unlabeled cholesterol that can be used to measure cholesterol efflux from cell lines. Using a triple-quadrupole electrospray ionization-MS instrument in direct infusion mode, product ion scanning for m/z 83, neutral loss (NL) 375.5 scanning, and NL 368.5 scanning were used to detect cholesterol (as an acetylated derivative), [d(7)]cholesteryl ester (CE), and unlabeled CE, respectively. The same mass of [d(7)]cholesterol was substituted for [(3)H]cholesterol under standard efflux assay conditions. At the end of [d(7)]cholesterol loading, the intracellular mass of [d(7)]cholesterol was twofold greater than that of unlabeled cholesterol, and the intracellular [d(7)]CE profile was similar to that of unlabeled CE. Efflux of cholesterol to apolipoprotein A-I and high-density lipoproteins was similar comparing efflux of either [d(7)]cholesterol or [(3)H]cholesterol as measured by following efflux of the tracers only. This technique also can be used to assess the efflux of unlabeled cholesterol to acceptors in medium that are initially cholesterol-free (e.g., apolipoprotein A-I). Taken together, this mass spectrometry-based assay provides new molecular detail to assess cholesterol efflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada.
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Abstract
Liposarcomas of the spermatic cord are unusual and rarely reported in the literature. These tumours can sometimes be mistaken for the common scrotal swellings such as hydrocoeles and hernias. Careful clinical and radiological examination will help in appropriate preoperative planning and surgery by an experienced surgical team. We report our experience of two cases of such scrotal swellings.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Tan
- Surgical Assessment Unit, Daisy Hill Hospital, Newry, UK.
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Gernon TM, Brown RJ, Tait MA, Hincks TK. The origin of pelletal lapilli in explosive kimberlite eruptions. Nat Commun 2012; 3:832. [PMID: 22588294 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Kimberlites are volatile-rich magmas from mantle depths of ≥ 150 km and are the primary source of diamonds. Kimberlite volcanism involves the formation of diverging pipes or diatremes, which are the locus of high-intensity explosive eruptions. A conspicuous and previously enigmatic feature of diatreme fills are 'pelletal lapilli'--well-rounded clasts consisting of an inner 'seed' particle with a complex rim, thought to represent quenched juvenile melt. Here we show that these coincide with a transition from magmatic to pyroclastic behaviour, thus offering fundamental insights into eruption dynamics and constraints on vent conditions. We propose that pelletal lapilli are formed when fluid melts intrude into earlier volcaniclastic infill close to the diatreme root zone. Intensive degassing produces a gas jet in which locally scavenged particles are simultaneously fluidised and coated by a spray of low-viscosity melt. A similar origin may apply to pelletal lapilli in other alkaline volcanic rocks, including carbonatites, kamafugites and melilitites.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Gernon
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK.
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Kamran F, Rother KI, Cochran E, Zadeh ES, Gorden P, Brown RJ. Consequences of stopping and restarting leptin in an adolescent with lipodystrophy. Horm Res Paediatr 2012; 78:320-5. [PMID: 22965160 PMCID: PMC3590018 DOI: 10.1159/000341398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Lipodystrophy encompasses a group of rare disorders characterized by deficiency of adipose tissue resulting in hypoleptinemia, and metabolic abnormalities including insulin resistance, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Leptin replacement effectively ameliorates these metabolic derangements. We report effects of leptin discontinuation and resumption in a child with acquired generalized lipodystrophy. METHODS Intermittent treatment with leptin with follow-up over 5 years. RESULTS Pretreatment metabolic abnormalities included insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia and steatohepatitis. Leptin was started at the age of 10 years. After 2 years, the family requested discontinuation of leptin due to lack of visible physical changes. Nine months later, worsened metabolic abnormalities and arrest of pubertal development were observed. Leptin was restarted, followed by improvements in metabolic parameters. Laboratory changes (before vs. 6 months after restarting leptin) were: fasting glucose from 232 to 85 mg/dl, insulin from 232 to 38.9 µU/ml, HbA(1c) from 7.5 to 4.8%, triglycerides from 622 to 96 mg/dl, ALT from 229 to 61 U/l, AST from 91 to 18 U/l, and urine protein:creatinine ratio from 5.4 to 0.3. Progression of puberty was observed 1 year after restarting leptin. CONCLUSION Initial leptin therapy likely prevented progression of metabolic abnormalities. Treatment discontinuation led to rapid metabolic decomposition and pubertal arrest. Reintroduction of leptin reversed metabolic abnormalities and allowed normal pubertal progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kamran
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health
| | - KI Rother
- National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health
| | - E Cochran
- National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health
| | - E Safar Zadeh
- National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health
| | - P Gorden
- National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health
| | - RJ Brown
- National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health
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Farah IO, Holt-Gray C, Brown RJ. Impact of supra-physiologic retinoids on ovalbumin-sensitized f344 lung tissue and reversal of related pathology by citral - biomed 2011. Biomed Sci Instrum 2011; 47:195-200. [PMID: 21525620 PMCID: PMC3744213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The role of retinoids (All Trans Retinoic Acid; ATRA, and Retinyl Palmitate; RP) in the development of lung hypervitaminosis A pathology is not well understood or established in the literature. As well, the role of Citral (inhibitor of retinoid function) in the reversal of lung pathology is also not ascertained under an in vivo setting. Therefore, it is hypothesized that ovalbumin exposure will sensitize lung tissues to supra-physiologic levels of retinoids leading to tissue pathology and that Citral 1 and 2 will reverse or ameliorate the related pathological damage to lung tissues. Even though ovalbumin and retinoids have been previously applied through intra-tracheal route in cancer prevention and immunological research, the objective of this pilot study was to evaluate techniques, establish functional dosing and generate preliminary data before further experimentation. This IACUC approved in vivo study consist of twenty one (n = 21) Fischer 344 rats (200 to 400g) which were randomly assigned to controls and two ovalbumin-sensitized treatment groups (low; 0.15 mg/kg and high; 0.30 mg/kg, all sensitized by intra-peritoneal injection at day 1) and were also dosed at day 7 with 40 and 80 mg/kg each of ATRA or RP as well as 20 and 50 mg/kg each of Citrals 1 or 2 individually or in combination to represent low and high for all four chemicals, which were administered by intra-peritoneal injection. Citral is a non-toxic chemical that exists in two forms (diethyl; C1 or cis-trans dimethyl; C2). Positive and negative controls for each treatment were also included in the study. Animals were housed in rat cages at the JSU Research Animal Core Facilities and were placed on a 12:12 lightdark cycle. A standard rodent diet and water access were provided adlibidum. Rat weights were recorded on Day 1 and 21, all animals were sacrificed on day 21 and lung tissues were processed for histopathology. Slides were prepared and were digitized for comparison of tissues pathology. Results showed that even though C1 and C2 were not toxic individually, their combination at high dosing was lethal. As well, the combination of high dosing of RP and C1 was also lethal. Exposure of ovalbumin-sensitized rats to ATRA showed various levels of lung tissue damage that was not ameliorated by Citrals. RP exposure caused various levels of tissue damage that was not reversed by either C1 or C2. Taken together, the study showed that there are variable pathologic responses from the interaction of ovalbumin, Citrals and retinoids and those Citrals failed in reversing tissue pathologies. These findings warrants further investigation as to the actual role of these interactions in relation to chronic lung disease and the possibility of reversing retinoid-mediated pathologies in the Fisher rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim O Farah
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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Sasaki M, Lankford KL, Brown RJ, Ruddle NH, Kocsis JD. Focal experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the lewis rat induced by immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein and intraspinal injection of vascular endothelial growth factor. Glia 2010; 58:1523-31. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.21026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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