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Magowan EA, Maguire IE, Smith S, Redpath S, Marks NJ, Wilson RP, Menzies F, O’Hagan M, Scantlebury DM. Dead-reckoning elucidates fine-scale habitat use by European badgers Meles meles. Anim Biotelemetry 2022; 10:10. [PMID: 37521810 PMCID: PMC8908954 DOI: 10.1186/s40317-022-00282-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Recent developments in both hardware and software of animal-borne data loggers now enable large amounts of data to be collected on both animal movement and behaviour. In particular, the combined use of tri-axial accelerometers, tri-axial magnetometers and GPS loggers enables animal tracks to be elucidated using a procedure of 'dead-reckoning'. Although this approach was first suggested 30 years ago by Wilson et al. (1991), surprisingly few measurements have been made in free-ranging terrestrial animals. The current study examines movements, interactions with habitat features, and home-ranges calculated from just GPS data and also from dead-reckoned data in a model terrestrial mammal, the European badger (Meles meles). Methods Research was undertaken in farmland in Northern Ireland. Two badgers (one male, one female) were live-trapped and fitted with a GPS logger, a tri-axial accelerometer, and a tri-axial magnetometer. Thereafter, the badgers' movement paths over 2 weeks were elucidated using just GPS data and GPS-enabled dead-reckoned data, respectively. Results Badgers travelled further using data from dead-reckoned calculations than using the data from only GPS data. Whilst once-hourly GPS data could only be represented by straight-line movements between sequential points, the sub-second resolution dead-reckoned tracks were more tortuous. Although there were no differences in Minimum Convex Polygon determinations between GPS- and dead-reckoned data, Kernel Utilisation Distribution determinations of home-range size were larger using the former method. This was because dead-reckoned data more accurately described the particular parts of landscape constituting most-visited core areas, effectively narrowing the calculation of habitat use. Finally, the dead-reckoned data showed badgers spent more time near to field margins and hedges than simple GPS data would suggest. Conclusion Significant differences emerge when analyses of habitat use and movements are compared between calculations made using just GPS data or GPS-enabled dead-reckoned data. In particular, use of dead-reckoned data showed that animals moved 2.2 times farther, had better-defined use of the habitat (revealing clear core areas), and made more use of certain habitats (field margins, hedges). Use of dead-reckoning to provide detailed accounts of animal movement and highlight the minutiae of interactions with the environment should be considered an important technique in the ecologist's toolkit.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. A. Magowan
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL Northern Ireland UK
- Randox Laboratories Ltd. Crumlin, Antrim, Northern Ireland UK
| | - I. E. Maguire
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL Northern Ireland UK
- Randox Laboratories Ltd. Crumlin, Antrim, Northern Ireland UK
| | - S. Smith
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL Northern Ireland UK
| | - S. Redpath
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL Northern Ireland UK
| | - N. J. Marks
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL Northern Ireland UK
| | - R. P. Wilson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Environmental Sustainability, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - F. Menzies
- Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs, Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Belfast, UK
| | - M. O’Hagan
- Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs, Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Belfast, UK
| | - D. M. Scantlebury
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL Northern Ireland UK
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Bernicker E, Xiao Y, Abraham A, Redpath S, Engstrom-Melnyk J, Croix D, Yang B, Shah R, Allen T. OFP01.07 Delayed ALK Testing Results in the US - Analysis with a Large Real World Oncology Database. J Thorac Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2020.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Darwaish F, Selzler R, Law A, Chen E, Ibey A, Aubertin C, Greenwood K, Redpath S, Chan ADC, Green JR, Langlois RG. Preliminary Laboratory Vibration Testing of a Complete Neonatal Patient Transport System. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2020; 2020:6086-6089. [PMID: 33019359 DOI: 10.1109/embc44109.2020.9175852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Premature infants or neonates in need of advanced clinical care must be transported to specialized hospitals. Past studies have examined vibrations experienced by patients during transport; however, multiple confounding factors limit the utility of on-road data. Hence, the development of a standardized test environment is warranted. The overall purpose of this project is to characterize vibrations during neonatal patient transport and develop mitigation strategies to reduce exposure. This paper focusses on the development of a laboratory test environment and procedure that enables studying the equipment vibration in a comprehensive and repeatable manner. For the first time, a complete neonatal patient transport system, including a stretcher, has been mounted on an industrial shaker. Results largely validate the system's ability to simulate on-road vibrations with high repeatability.
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Goswami I, Redpath S, Langlois RG, Green JR, Lee KS, Whyte HEA. Whole-body vibration in neonatal transport: a review of current knowledge and future research challenges. Early Hum Dev 2020; 146:105051. [PMID: 32464450 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Interfacility transport to tertiary care for high-risk neonates has become an integral part of equitable access to optimal perinatal healthcare. Excellence in clinical care requires expertise in transport medicine and the coordination of safe transport processes. However, concerns remain regarding environmental stressors involved in the transportation of sick high-risk neonates, including noise and vibration. In order to mitigate the potential deleterious effects of these physical stressors during transport, further knowledge of the burden of exposure, injury mechanisms and engineering interventions/modifications as adjuncts during transport would be beneficial. We reviewed the current literature with a focus on the contribution of new and emerging technologies in the transport environment with particular reference to whole-body vibration. This review intends to highlight what is known about vibration as a physical stressor in neonates and areas for further research; with the goal to making recommendations for minimizing these stressors during transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Goswami
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - S Redpath
- Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - R G Langlois
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Carleton University, Canada
| | - J R Green
- Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Canada
| | - K S Lee
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - H E A Whyte
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Viel-Theriault I, Fell DB, Grynspan D, Redpath S, Thampi N. The transplacental passage of commonly used intrapartum antibiotics and its impact on the newborn management: A narrative review. Early Hum Dev 2019; 135:6-10. [PMID: 31177037 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Neonates exposed to intra-amniotic infection are at increased risk of early-onset sepsis. Administration of antibiotics to the mother may offer some protection, however a comprehensive description of the determinants influencing their transplacental passage and delivery to the fetus has not been performed. While penicillin G, ampicillin, cefazolin and gentamicin reach therapeutic levels in the fetal serum rapidly following maternal administration, the transfer of second-line intrapartum antimicrobials, such as vancomycin and clindamycin, is slower and less predictable. Erythromycin, used in the context of preterm premature rupture of the membranes, has suboptimal influx into the fetal compartment. This evidence is predominantly drawn from term pregnancies and situations of low infectious risk; however, prematurity may negatively influence fetal exposure to intrapartum antibiotics. Optimal fetal antimicrobial concentrations to target are poorly defined and the extent to which our review findings apply to preterm early-onset neonatal sepsis prevention is unclear. Interpretation of blood cultures drawn in neonates with expected circulating levels of maternal antimicrobials above the minimal inhibitory concentration for Group B Streptococcus is challenging despite the use of contemporary optimized blood culture media.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Viel-Theriault
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - D B Fell
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada; School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - D Grynspan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - S Redpath
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - N Thampi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Pooley S, Barua M, Beinart W, Dickman A, Holmes G, Lorimer J, Loveridge AJ, Macdonald DW, Marvin G, Redpath S, Sillero-Zubiri C, Zimmermann A, Milner-Gulland EJ. An interdisciplinary review of current and future approaches to improving human-predator relations. Conserv Biol 2017; 31:513-523. [PMID: 27783450 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In a world of shrinking habitats and increasing competition for natural resources, potentially dangerous predators bring the challenges of coexisting with wildlife sharply into focus. Through interdisciplinary collaboration among authors trained in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences, we reviewed current approaches to mitigating adverse human-predator encounters and devised a vision for future approaches to understanding and mitigating such encounters. Limitations to current approaches to mitigation include too much focus on negative impacts; oversimplified equating of levels of damage with levels of conflict; and unsuccessful technical fixes resulting from failure to engage locals, address hidden costs, or understand cultural (nonscientific) explanations of the causality of attacks. An emerging interdisciplinary literature suggests that to better frame and successfully mitigate negative human-predator relations conservation professionals need to consider dispensing with conflict as the dominant framework for thinking about human-predator encounters; work out what conflicts are really about (they may be human-human conflicts); unravel the historical contexts of particular conflicts; and explore different cultural ways of thinking about animals. The idea of cosmopolitan natures may help conservation professionals think more clearly about human-predator relations in both local and global context. These new perspectives for future research practice include a recommendation for focused interdisciplinary research and the use of new approaches, including human-animal geography, multispecies ethnography, and approaches from the environmental humanities notably environmental history. Managers should think carefully about how they engage with local cultural beliefs about wildlife, work with all parties to agree on what constitutes good evidence, develop processes and methods to mitigate conflicts, and decide how to monitor and evaluate these. Demand for immediate solutions that benefit both conservation and development favors dispute resolution and technical fixes, which obscures important underlying drivers of conflicts. If these drivers are not considered, well-intentioned efforts focused on human-wildlife conflicts will fail.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pooley
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, U.K., & Department of Geography, Environment and Development Studies, Birkbeck, University of London, 32 Tavistock Square, London, WC1H 9EZ, U.K
| | - M Barua
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, U.K., & Oxford India Centre for Sustainable Development, Somerville College, Woodstock Road, Oxford, OX2 6HD, U.K
| | - W Beinart
- African Studies Centre, School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies, University of Oxford, 13 Bevington Road, Oxford, OX2 6LH, U.K
| | - A Dickman
- WildCRU, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Department of Zoology, Oxford University, OX13 5QL, U.K
| | - G Holmes
- Critical Environmental Social Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - J Lorimer
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, U.K
| | - A J Loveridge
- African Studies Centre, School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies, University of Oxford, 13 Bevington Road, Oxford, OX2 6LH, U.K
| | - D W Macdonald
- African Studies Centre, School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies, University of Oxford, 13 Bevington Road, Oxford, OX2 6LH, U.K
| | - G Marvin
- Anthropology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, Erasmus House, Roehampton Lane, London, SW15 5PU, U.K
| | - S Redpath
- Institute of Biological & Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, U.K
| | - C Sillero-Zubiri
- African Studies Centre, School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies, University of Oxford, 13 Bevington Road, Oxford, OX2 6LH, U.K
| | - A Zimmermann
- Conservation Science Department, Chester Zoo, Caughall Road, Upton-by-Chester, CH2 1LH, U.K., & WildCRU, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Department of Zoology, Oxford University, OX13 5QL, U.K
| | - E J Milner-Gulland
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, U.K
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Redpath S, Lemyre B, Moore H, Ponnuthurai J, Chan J, Barrowman N. 88: Effectiveness of Therapeutic Hypothermia on Transport within a Large Geographical Area. Paediatr Child Health 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/pch/20.5.e66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Gordon IJ, Acevedo-Whitehouse K, Altwegg R, Garner TWJ, Gompper ME, Katzner TE, Pettorelli N, Redpath S. What the ‘food security’ agenda means for animal conservation in terrestrial ecosystems. Anim Conserv 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2012.00541.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - R. Altwegg
- South African National Biodiversity Institute; Cape Town; Rondebosch; South Africa
| | - T. W. J. Garner
- Institute of Zoology; Zoological Society of London; London; UK
| | - M. E. Gompper
- School of Natural Resources; University of Missouri; Columbia; MO; USA
| | - T. E. Katzner
- Division of Forestry and Natural Resources; West Virginia University; Morgantown; WV; USA
| | - N. Pettorelli
- Institute of Zoology; Zoological Society of London; London; UK
| | - S. Redpath
- Aberdeen Centre for Environmental Sustainability (ACES); University of Aberdeen; Aberdeen; UK
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Donnelly RE, Katzner T, Gordon IJ, Gompper ME, Redpath S, Garner TWJ, Altwegg R, Reed DH, Acevedo-Whitehouse K, Pettorelli N. Putting the eco back in ecotourism. Anim Conserv 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2011.00468.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Reyers B, Pettorelli N, Katzner T, Gompper ME, Redpath S, Garner TWJ, Altwegg R, Reed DH, Gordon IJ. Animal conservation and ecosystem services: garnering the support of mightier forces. Anim Conserv 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2010.00414.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Linnell JDC, Rondeau D, Reed DH, Williams R, Altwegg R, Raxworthy CJ, Austin JD, Hanley N, Fritz H, Evans DM, Gordon IJ, Reyers B, Redpath S, Pettorelli N. Confronting the costs and conflicts associated with biodiversity. Anim Conserv 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2010.00393.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Pettorelli N, Gordon IJ, Katzner T, Gompper ME, Mock K, Redpath S, Garner TWJ, Altwegg R. Protected areas: the challenge of maintaining a strong backbone for conservation strategies worldwide. Anim Conserv 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2010.00380.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Blackburn TM, Pettorelli N, Katzner T, Gompper ME, Mock K, Garner TWJ, Altwegg R, Redpath S, Gordon IJ. Dying for conservation: eradicating invasive alien species in the face of opposition. Anim Conserv 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2010.00372.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gordon IJ, Pettorelli N, Katzner T, Gompper ME, Mock K, Redpath S, Garner TWJ, Altwegg R. International year of biodiversity: missed targets and the need for better monitoring, real action and global policy. Anim Conserv 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2010.00365.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Penteriani V, Pettorelli N, Gordon IJ, Katzner T, Mock K, Redpath S, Altwegg R, Gompper ME. New European Union fisheries regulations could benefit conservation of marine animals. Anim Conserv 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2010.00348.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Pettorelli N, Katzner T, Gordon I, Garner T, Mock K, Redpath S, Gompper M. Possible consequences of the Copenhagen climate change meeting for conservation of animals. Anim Conserv 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2009.00327.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Abstract
The dynamics of the relationship between the immune system and latent viruses are highly complex. Latent viruses not only avoid elimination by the host's primary immune response, they also remain with the host for life in the presence of strong acquired immunity, often exhibiting periodic reactivation and recurrence from the latent state. The continual battle between reemergent infectious virus and immunological memory cells provides an essential virus-host regulatory loop in latency. In this review, we speculate on the critical importance of immune interference mechanisms by viruses contributing to the regulatory loop in viral homeostasis of latency. Central to the notion of viral homeostasis, we further invoke the concept of threshold limits in naive and memory states of immunity to account for the failure of the host to completely eradicate these intracellular parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Redpath
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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Abstract
Macrophages play a central role in infections, as a target for pathogens and in activation of the immune system. Interleukin-10 (IL-10), a cytokine produced by macrophages, is a potent immunosuppressive factor. Some intracellular pathogens specifically target macrophages for infection and use IL-10 to dampen the host immune response and stall their elimination from the host. Certain viruses induce production of cellular IL-10 by macrophages, whereas other viruses encode their own viral IL-10 homologs. Additionally, specific bacteria, including several Mycobacteria spp. and Listeria monocytogenes, can survive and replicate in macrophages while inducing cellular IL-10, highlighting a potential role for IL-10 of macrophage origin in the immunosuppressive etiology of these pathogens. Thus, the exploitation of IL-10 appears to be a common mechanism of immunosuppression by a diverse group of intracellular pathogens that can infect macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Redpath
- Dept of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Gascoigne NR, Alam SM, Lin CM, McGuire MV, Marine S, Niederberger N, Redpath S, Sim BC, Travers PJ, Yachi P, Zal MA, Zal T. T cell receptor binding kinetics and special role of Valpha in T cell development and activation. Immunol Res 2000; 21:225-31. [PMID: 10852121 DOI: 10.1385/ir:21:2-3:225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of the interaction between T cell receptor (TCR) and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) has an important role in determining thymocyte-positive and -negative selection in the thymus, as well as in T cell activation. The alpha chain of the TCR is the major player in determining how the TCR fits onto the MHC ligand, and thus has a major role in determining whether a T cell develops as class I or class II restricted. In this article, we summarize recent data from our laboratory and others on the role of polymorphism in the Valpha combining site in determining MHC class restriction, and on kinetic parameters in thymocyte selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Gascoigne
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Redpath S, Alam SM, Lin CM, O'Rourke AM, Gascoigne NR. Cutting edge: trimolecular interaction of TCR with MHC class II and bacterial superantigen shows a similar affinity to MHC:peptide ligands. J Immunol 1999; 163:6-10. [PMID: 10384091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial superantigens such as Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin A (SEA) are very potent stimulators of T cells. They bind to the Vbeta region of the TCR and to MHC class II, stimulating T cells at nanomolar concentrations. Using surface plasmon resonance measurements, we find that binding between the individual components of the complex (TCR-class II, TCR-SEA, SEA-class II) is very weak, but that the stability of the trimolecular complex is considerably enhanced, reaching an affinity similar to that found for TCR interactions with MHC:peptide ligand. Thus, the potency of SEA in stimulation of T cells is not due to particularly strong affinities between the proteins, but to a cooperative effect of interactions in the TCR-SEA-MHC class II trimolecular complex that brings the kinetics into a similar range to binding of conventional Ags. This range may be the optimum for T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Redpath
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Redpath S, Angulo A, Gascoigne NR, Ghazal P. Murine cytomegalovirus infection down-regulates MHC class II expression on macrophages by induction of IL-10. J Immunol 1999; 162:6701-7. [PMID: 10352288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Herpesviruses utilize many strategies for weakening the host immune response. For CMV, this includes avoidance of NK clearance and inhibition of MHC class I and class II presentation pathways. In this study, we report that mouse CMV (MCMV) specifically causes a premature and transient activation of host IL-10 very early in the course of infection, resulting in a dramatic and selective reduction in MHC class II surface expression. The expression of IL-10 is normally late in the immune response to a pathogen, serving to dampen the response by suppression of the production of inflammatory cytokines. In infection of macrophages, we show that MCMV induces the production of IL-10, leading to an early and selective reduction in the expression of MHC class II on the surface of the cells. Inhibition of MHC class II expression was not observed in the presence of neutralizing Abs to IL-10 or in macrophages from IL-10-deficient mice. Moreover, MCMV-infected IL-10-deficient mice developed an early and significantly more robust macrophage MHC class II induction than normal mice. Altogether, our results demonstrate that viral induction of an IL-10 autocrine pathway plays an essential early role in selectively reducing MHC class II expression on the surface of APC prior to stimulation by IFN-gamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Redpath
- Department of Immunology, Division of Virology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Abstract
Interactions between human IgG with human FcgammaRI and FcgammaRIIa (R131) were studied to investigate the role of the hinge region of IgG3 and IgG1 in the binding of the antibodies to FcgammaR. It was found that a hinge deletion mutant of IgG3 (IgG3 m15) was reduced in its ability to bind to FcgammaRI and FcgammaRIIa but was more potent at activating ADCC by activated lymphocytes (FcgammaRIIIa-mediated), compared to the wild-type version of IgG3. The human IgG1 allotype G1m(a,z) was more efficient at binding to FcgammaRI than the two IgG3 antibodies tested. The IgG1 and IgG3 wild type antibodies were better able to bind to FcgammaRII than the hinge deletion mutant version of IgG3. The data suggest a role for the hinge region in influencing FcgammaR mediated effector functions in IgG3.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Redpath
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, UK
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine access to multidisciplinary pain rehabilitation programs for older patients. DESIGN Telephone and written surveys of pain programs accredited by Commission on Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities. Visual Analog Scale (VAS) ratings of patient vignettes in which older patients were alternatively assigned their true age or a younger age. PARTICIPANTS Health care professionals at pain programs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Telephone survey of admission policies and treatment services. VAS ratings of patient vignettes. RESULTS No program excludes older pain patients by age. However, 28% of programs had admitted only the youngest old (< 70 years). Age-related criteria, such as presence of concurrent medical diagnoses that are more likely to exclude older patients, are common. In addition, VAS ratings of patient vignettes indicated an age bias: the same patients were rated as 14.8% less likely to be admitted (p < .001) and 12.5% less likely to succeed if admitted (p < .001) when their true, older age was given than when a false younger age was provided. CONCLUSION Pain program admission policies do not exclude older patients by age but frequently include age-related criteria that disproportionately exclude the elderly. There is also evidence of an age bias in which age per se reduces perceived suitability for pain program admission.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Kee
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425-2254, USA
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24
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Abstract
Activation of the complement cascade by immunoglobulin G (IgG) plays a major role in the host defense against pathogens. Using recombinant human antibodies specific for the leucocyte antigen CD52, different allotypes of human IgG1 subclass were compared for their ability to activate human complement. In addition the roles of the different length hinge regions of IgG1 and IgG3 were investigated. It was found that the naturally occurring allotypes G1m(a,z) and G1m(f), and one artificially created isoallotype, G1m(null), did not significantly differ in their overall ability to cause cell lysis. However, some differences in binding of individual components of the classical activation pathway were detected. More of the complement component C1s seemed to be associated with the allotype G1m(f), although this did not result in an overall improvement in lytic potency. In this system the wild-type IgG3 was found to be less effective in complement lysis than IgG1. By shortening the hinge region of IgG3 to resemble that of an IgG1 antibody, increased complement binding was observed compared with that of wild-type IgG3 and the IgG1 allotypes. The overall lytic potency of the antibody was also improved compared with wild type IgG3 and it was also slightly more effective than the IgG1 allotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Redpath
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, UK
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25
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Abstract
Development of thymocytes involves two distinct outcomes resulting from superficially similar events. Recognition by thymocytes of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins plus peptides leads to their rescue from apoptosis (positive selection), and recognition of antigenic peptide induces cell death (negative selection). Antigen analogues, and sometimes low concentrations of antigenic peptide, induce positive selection; such analogues are often antagonists of mature T-cell clones. Various models seek to explain how recognition of different peptide/MHC complexes leads to such different outcomes: quantitative models relate response to the affinity, avidity or kinetics of T-cell-antigen receptor (TCR) binding, whereas qualitative models require conformational or spatial changes in the TCR or associated molecules to modulate signal transduction. We have used surface plasmon resonance to measure the kinetics of TCR interactions with positively and negatively selecting ligands to distinguish between these models, and find that affinity correlates to the outcome of selection. A 'window' of affinity resulting in positive selection extends over a 1-log range starting threefold below the affinity for negative selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Alam
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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