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Muhamad SA, Safuan S, Stanslas J, Wan Ahmad WAN, Bushra SMR, Nurul AA. Lignosus rhinocerotis extract ameliorates airway inflammation and remodelling via attenuation of TGF-β1 and Activin A in a prolonged induced allergic asthma model. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18442. [PMID: 37891170 PMCID: PMC10611742 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45640-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic asthma is associated with chronic airway inflammation and progressive airway remodelling. The sclerotium of Lignosus rhinocerotis (Cooke) Ryvarden (Tiger Milk mushroom) is used traditionally to treat various illnesses, including asthma in Southeast Asia. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of L. rhinocerotis extract (LRE) on airway inflammation and remodelling in a chronic model of asthma. The present study investigated the therapeutic effects of LRE on airway inflammation and remodelling in prolonged allergen challenged model in allergic asthma. Female Balb/C mice were sensitised using ovalbumin (OVA) on day 0 and 7, followed by OVA-challenged (3 times/week) for 2, 6 and 10 weeks. LRE (125, 250, 500 mg/kg) were administered by oral gavage one hour after every challenge. One group of mice were left untreated after the final challenge for two weeks. LRE suppressed inflammatory cells and Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13) in BALF and reduced IgE level in the serum. LRE also attenuated eosinophils infiltration and goblet cell hyperplasia in the lung tissues; as well as ameliorated airway remodelling by reducing smooth muscle thickness and reducing the expressions of TGF-β1 and Activin A positive cell in the lung tissues. LRE attenuated airway inflammation and remodelling in the prolonged allergen challenge of allergic asthma model. These findings suggest the therapeutic potential of LRE as an alternative for the management of allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti-Aminah Muhamad
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Sabreena Safuan
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Johnson Stanslas
- Pharmacotherapeutics Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Asma Abdullah Nurul
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
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Rajaratinam H, Rasudin NS, Yahya MM, Wan Zain WZ, Safuan S, Abdullah NA, Mokhtar NF, Mohd Fuad WE. Circulating Neonatal NAV1.5 (nNAV1.5) Antigen and Anti-nNAV1.5 Antibodies as Potential Biomarkers for Breast Cancer Metastasis. SAINS MALAYS 2022. [DOI: 10.17576/jsm-2022-5109-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal Nav1.5 (nNav1.5) has been known to potentiate breast cancer (BCa) metastasis. The detection of anti-nNav1.5 antibodies (anti-nNav1.5-Ab) reflects the immunogenicity of nNav1.5. However, the presences of circulating nNav1.5 antigen and anti-nNav1.5-Ab in the context of BCa metastasis have not been explored yet. Therefore, the study has attempted to conduct such an investigation using both blood samples from 4T1 orthotopic mice and BCa patients. In the preclinical study, forty female BALB/c mice were divided into three groups: 4T1 orthotopic BCa mice (n=17), control mice (n=20) and positive control mice (n=3). After tumour development, the mice were sacrificed to obtain target organs, whole blood, and serum. Histopathology, cytokine analyses, real-time PCR, and indirect ELISA were performed. Histopathology and cytokine analyses showed the establishment of metastasis in 4T1 orthotopic mice. The concentration of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was significantly higher in the 4T1 orthotopic mice (P<0.0001****). Circulating nNav1.5 antigen and anti-nNav1.5-Ab were detected in 4T1 orthotopic mice, using real-time PCR and indirect ELISA, respectively. Furthermore, there was an inverse relationship between anti-nNav1.5-Ab and the total metastatic foci (P=0.0485*, r=-0.7306). In the clinical study, 32 BCa patients were grouped based on their stages: early-invasive (n=15) and advanced (n=17) stages. Approximately 3 mL of blood was withdrawn, and only indirect ELISA was conducted. The clinical study showed that BCa patients of advanced-stages portrayed higher expression of anti-nNav1.5-Ab compared to early stages of BCa (P =0.0110*). In conclusion, the detection of nNav1.5 antigen and anti-nNav1.5-Ab was consistent with the presence of BCa metastasis.
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Rajaratinam H, Rasudin NS, Safuan S, Abdullah NA, Mokhtar NF, Mohd Fuad WE. Passage Number of 4T1 Cells Influences the Development of Tumour and the Progression of Metastasis in 4T1 Orthotopic Mice. Malays J Med Sci 2022; 29:30-42. [PMID: 35846500 PMCID: PMC9249417 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2022.29.3.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The study was aimed to elucidate the influence of passage number of 4T1 cells for the development of the ideal tumour model. Methods A total of 24 female BALB/c mice was divided equally into three groups: i) control (phosphate buffered saline [PBS] only); ii) group A (subjected to 4T1 cells of passage number 9) and iii) group B (subjected to 4T1 cells of passage number 10). The injections were introduced at the 3rd mammary pad of the mice. The net volume of the tumours was examined. Histopathological analysis was conducted to compare the extent of metastasis in the different groups of mice. Results Group B had a higher net volume of 4T1 tumour as compared to group A (P = 0.042). The coefficient of variation in the net volume of 4T1 tumour for group A was higher (135.3%) as compared to group B (40.79%). Group A only exhibited metastasis on the lungs, liver and spleen whereas group B showed metastasis to the heart, spleen, lungs and liver. Conclusion The use of 4T1 cells from passage number 10 is more ideal for the development of 4T1 tumour.
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Zakaria F, Wan Ishak WR, Wan Ahmad WAN, Safuan S, Tengku Ismail TA. Hypoglycaemic and Protective Effects of Benincasa hispida Aqueous Extract in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. SAINS MALAYS 2022. [DOI: 10.17576/jsm-2022-5103-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Benincasa hispida (BH) contains a range of compounds which play important roles in treating human illnesses. This study was undertaken to evaluate the hypoglycaemic and protective effects of BH fruit on diabetes mellitus (DM) rats. The dose of 250 mg/kg of B. hispida aqueous extract (BHE) is the most effective dose in decreasing blood glucose level (BGL). After eight weeks of treatment, the BGL of BHE-treated DM rats (21.4±1.0 mmol/l) was found to be significantly lower than control DM rats (30.1±3.8 mmol/l). The weight of BHE-treated rats was also higher compared to the other DM groups. Overall, the biochemical evaluation of BHE-treated rats such as lipid profile, liver function test, kidney function test and HbA1c showed an improvement in biomarker values compared to the other groups. There were enhancements in liver and kidney structures of the BHE-treated group compared to those with metformin treatment, which indicated the protective effects of BH on the impaired organ structure. These findings suggest that BHE treatment exerts hypoglycaemic and protective effects in DM by decreasing the BGL, improving weight and biochemical parameters, as well as protecting liver and kidney from serious damage.
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Hajar CGN, Zefarina Z, Riffin NSM, Mohammad THT, Hassan MN, Poonachi P, Safuan S, ElGhazali G, Chambers GK, Edinur HA. Correction to: Extended blood group profiles for Malays, Chinese, and Indians in Peninsular Malaysia. Egypt J Med Hum Genet 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43042-021-00132-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.
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Upadhyay N, Tilekar K, Safuan S, Kumar AP, Schweipert M, Meyer-Almes FJ, C S R. Multi-target weapons: diaryl-pyrazoline thiazolidinediones simultaneously targeting VEGFR-2 and HDAC cancer hallmarks. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:1540-1554. [PMID: 34671737 PMCID: PMC8459325 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00125f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In anticancer drug discovery, multi-targeting compounds have been beneficial due to their advantages over single-targeting compounds. For instance, VEGFR-2 has a crucial role in angiogenesis and cancer management, whereas HDACs are well-known regulators of epigenetics and have been known to contribute significantly to angiogenesis and carcinogenesis. Herein, we have reported nineteen novel VEGFR-2 and HDAC dual-targeting analogs containing diaryl-pyrazoline thiazolidinediones and their in vitro and in vivo biological evaluation. In particular, the most promising compound 14c has emerged as a dual inhibitor of VEGFR-2 and HDAC. It demonstrated anti-angiogenic activity by inhibiting in vitro HUVEC proliferation, migration, and tube formation. Moreover, an in vivo CAM assay showed that 14c repressed new capillary formation in CAMs. In particular, 14c exhibited cytotoxicity potential on different cancer cell lines such as MCF-7, K562, A549, and HT-29. Additionally, 14c demonstrated significant potency and selectivity against HDAC4 in the sub-micromolar range. To materialize the hypothesis, we also performed molecular docking on the crystal structures of both VEGFR-2 (PDB ID: 1YWN) and HDAC4 (PDB-ID: 4CBY), which corroborated the designing and biological activity. The results indicated that compound 14c could be a potential lead to develop more optimized multi-target analogs with enhanced potency and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Upadhyay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth's College of Pharmacy Navi Mumbai India
| | - Kalpana Tilekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth's College of Pharmacy Navi Mumbai India
| | - Sabreena Safuan
- Universiti Sains Malaysia School of Health Sciences Health Campus Universiti Sains Malaysia 16150 Kubang Kerian Kelantan Malaysia
| | - Alan P Kumar
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Singapore
| | - Markus Schweipert
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Darmstadt Germany
| | - Franz-Josef Meyer-Almes
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Darmstadt Germany
| | - Ramaa C S
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth's College of Pharmacy Navi Mumbai India
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Upadhyay N, Tilekar K, Safuan S, Kumar AP, Schweipert M, Meyer-Almes FJ, Ramaa CS. Double-edged Swords: Diaryl pyrazoline thiazolidinediones synchronously targeting cancer epigenetics and angiogenesis. Bioorg Chem 2021; 116:105350. [PMID: 34547645 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, two novel series of compounds incorporating naphthyl and pyridyl linker were synthesized and biological assays revealed 5-((6-(2-(5-(2-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-2-oxoethoxy) naphthalene-2-yl)methylene)thiazolidine-2,4-dione (14b) as the most potent dual inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factors receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) and histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4). Compounds 13b, 14b, 17f, and 21f were found to stabilize HDAC4; where, pyridyl linker swords were endowed with higher stabilization effects than naphthyl linker. Also, 13b and 14b showed best inhibitory activity on VEGFR-2 as compared to others. Compound 14b was most potent as evident by in-vitro and in-vivo biological assessments. It displayed anti-angiogenic potential by inhibiting endothelial cell proliferation, migration, tube formation and also suppressed new capillary formation in the growing chick chorioallantoic membranes (CAMs). It showed selectivity and potency towards HDAC4 as compared to other HDAC isoforms. Compound 14b (25 mg/kg, i.p.) also indicated exceptional antitumor efficacy on in-vivo animal xenograft model of human colorectal adenocarcinoma (HT-29). The mechanism of action of 14b was also confirmed by western blot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Upadhyay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth's College of Pharmacy, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Kalpana Tilekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth's College of Pharmacy, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Sabreena Safuan
- School of Health Sciences, Health Campus Universiti Sains 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Alan P Kumar
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Markus Schweipert
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Franz-Josef Meyer-Almes
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - C S Ramaa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth's College of Pharmacy, Navi Mumbai, India.
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Abstract
Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp. var. polyanthum (serai kayu) leaves is a popular herb and widely used in traditional medicine. Despite the ethnomedicinal benefits, very limited studies have researched on the toxicity of this plant. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential effects of methanolic extract of Syzygium polyanthum (MESP) leaves via 28-day repeated oral dosing in Sprague Dawley rats. MESP leaves was administered at doses of 0 (control), 400, 1000 or 2000 mg/kg to an equal number of male and female rats (n = 10/group). Results obtained indicated that MESP did not affect the general conditions (body weight, feed intake and oestrous cycle) and apparent behavioural changes of the rats. Biochemical parameters revealed a slight significant variation in the aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level between the male rats treated with the lowest and highest doses of MESP, but these findings were both statistically insignificant when compared to the control group. The liver of the males (dose 1000 and 2000 mg/kg/day) also exhibited histoarchitectural defects on the hepatocytes and cytoplasm when compared to those of the control group. In contrast, female rats did not encounter any significant findings in all parameters tested. In conclusion, this study suggests that the MESP leaves might exhibit sex-based variation effects and thus, the use of this extract particularly at higher doses should be thoroughly considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor Hazliana Harun
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Nor Atiqah Rasdi
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Rabeta Mohd Salleh
- Food Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Sabreena Safuan
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Wan Amir Nizam Wan Ahmad
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Wan Ezumi Mohd Fuad
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Upadhyay N, Tilekar K, Safuan S, Kumar AP, Stalin J, Ruegg C, Ramaa C S. Recent Anti‐angiogenic Drug Discovery Efforts To Combat Cancer. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202101792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Neha Upadhyay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Bharati Vidyapeeth's College of Pharmacy Sector 8, CBD Belapur Navi Mumbai 400614 India
| | - Kalpana Tilekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Bharati Vidyapeeth's College of Pharmacy Sector 8, CBD Belapur Navi Mumbai 400614 India
| | - Sabreena Safuan
- Pusat pengajian sains School of Health Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia Malaysia 16150 Kubang Kerian Kelantan
| | - Alan P. Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology National University of Singapore Singapore
| | - Jimmy Stalin
- Department of Oncology Microbiology, and Immunology University of Fribourg Chemin du Musée 18, PER17, CH 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Curzio Ruegg
- Department of Oncology Microbiology, and Immunology University of Fribourg Chemin du Musée 18, PER17, CH 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Ramaa C S
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Bharati Vidyapeeth's College of Pharmacy Sector 8, CBD Belapur Navi Mumbai 400614 India
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Hajar CGN, Zefarina Z, Md. Riffin NS, Tuan Mohammad TH, Hassan MN, Poonachi P, Safuan S, ElGhazali G, Chambers GK, Edinur HA. Extended blood group profiles for Malays, Chinese, and Indians in Peninsular Malaysia. Egypt J Med Hum Genet 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s43042-020-00096-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Blood group antigens are immunogenic polymorphic molecules presented on the surface of RBCs. This study aimed to determine extended blood group profiles (ABO, Rhesus, Kell, Kidd, Duffy, MNS, Cartwright, Dombrock, Colton, Lutheran, and Vel) in Malays, Chinese, and Indians in Peninsular Malaysia.
Results
Here, ABO Type O, DCCee, MNs, and Fy (a+b−) were the most frequent major blood group phenotypes in all three ethnic groups. Other minor blood group systems distributed differently across these ethnic groups, except for the Kell, Lutheran, Cartwright, and Vel blood group systems, where only K−k+, Lu (8+14), Yt (a+b−), and Vel (+) phenotypes were observed. Exact tests of population differentiation generally showed no significant differences between Malays included in the present study vs. other ethnically similar datasets from previous surveys. However, many significant differences were recorded in comparison between blood group datasets from ethnically unrelated populations (Malays vs. Chinese vs. Indians) especially for Rhesus, Kidd, and Duffy blood group systems. A Principal component analysis (PCA) plot showed that population groups from the Peninsular Malaysia map closely together as compared with population groups from other geographical regions.
Conclusions
Overall, our present study has successfully provided an extended blood group profiles for Malays, Chinese, and Indians in Peninsular Malaysia. These new blood group datasets can be used as guidelines for donor recruitment and as reference standards for studying diseases associated with blood group systems.
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Safuan S, Edinur HA. Sri Petaling COVID-19 cluster in Malaysia: challenges and the mitigation strategies. Acta Biomed 2020; 91:e2020154. [PMID: 33525245 PMCID: PMC7927555 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v91i4.10345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hisham Atan Edinur
- (1) School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia (2) Institute of Tropical Biodiversity and Sustainable Development, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia (3) Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia..
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Mohamad Kamal NS, Safuan S, Shamsuddin S, Foroozandeh P. Aging of the cells: Insight into cellular senescence and detection Methods. Eur J Cell Biol 2020; 99:151108. [PMID: 32800277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2020.151108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular theory of aging states that human aging is the result of cellular aging, in which an increasing proportion of cells reach senescence. Senescence, from the Latin word senex, means "growing old," is an irreversible growth arrest which occurs in response to damaging stimuli, such as DNA damage, telomere shortening, telomere dysfunction and oncogenic stress leading to suppression of potentially dysfunctional, transformed, or aged cells. Cellular senescence is characterized by irreversible cell cycle arrest, flattened and enlarged morphology, resistance to apoptosis, alteration in gene expression and chromatin structure, expression of senescence associated- β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) and acquisition of senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP). In this review paper, different types of cellular senescence including replicative senescence (RS) which occurs due to telomere shortening and stress induced premature senescence (SIPS) which occurs in response to different types of stress in cells, are discussed. Biomarkers of cellular senescence and senescent assays including BrdU incorporation assay, senescence associated- β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) and senescence-associated heterochromatin foci assays to detect senescent cells are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor Shaheera Mohamad Kamal
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Sabreena Safuan
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Shaharum Shamsuddin
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia; USM-RIKEN International Centre for Ageing Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Parisa Foroozandeh
- USM-RIKEN International Centre for Ageing Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia.
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Che Mat NF, Edinur HA, Abdul Razab MKA, Safuan S. A single mass gathering resulted in massive transmission of COVID-19 infections in Malaysia with further international spread. J Travel Med 2020; 27:5822105. [PMID: 32307549 PMCID: PMC7188142 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taaa059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Malaysia has recorded the highest number of COVID-19 cases in Southeast Asia with more than 35% of new COVID-19 cases linked to the Sri Petaling gathering, a Moslem missionary movement attended by more than 19 000 people of different nationalities, in March 2020 in Kuala Lumpur. From this cluster, 1701 samples have been tested positive out of 21 920 tests carried out. Thus, mass gathering during COVID-19 pandemic period should be banned to curb disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor Fazila Che Mat
- School of Health Sciences, Health Campus Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Hisham Atan Edinur
- School of Health Sciences, Health Campus Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | | | - Sabreena Safuan
- School of Health Sciences, Health Campus Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
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Noordin L, Wan Mohamad Noor WNI, Safuan S, Wan Ahmad WAN. Therapeutic effects of anthocyanin-rich Hibiscus sabdariffa L. extract on body mass index, lipid profile and fatty liver in obese-hypercholesterolaemic rat model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20195759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Background: Hibiscus sabdariffa L. or Roselle, is one of the most common flower plants cultivated worldwide. Traditionally, it is claimed to reduce weight and cholesterol level. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of anthocyanin-rich Roselle aqueous extract on the physical, biochemical and histological changes in obese-hypercholesterolaemic rat model.Methods: Thirty Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into five groups (n=6 per group). Group 1 is normal control (NC) rat that was fed with normal diet. The remaining rats (Group 2-5) were fed with commercial high-fat diet (HFD) for 6 weeks to induce obese-hypercholesterolaemic (OH) rat. After induction, the OH rats were divided into 4 groups: OH-Untreated group, OH-ARTE; OH treated with 300 mg/kg Roselle aqueous (anthocyanin-rich) and 1% trifluoroacetic acid extract (ARTE), OH-Orlistat; OH treated with 37 mg/kg orlistat and OH-Atorvastatin; OH treated with 10 mg/kg atorvastatin. After the 3 weeks intervention period, all rats were sacrificed. Body mass index, lipid profile and liver enzymes were evaluated. The liver section was subjected to hematoxylin and eosin staining for histopathological evaluation.Results: This study showed that 3 weeks administration of ARTE significantly reduced BMI, improved levels of lipid profile and liver enzymes, and histopathological changes of liver when compared to OH-untreated rats. The results were also comparable to the standard drugs.Conclusions: This study suggested that Roselle extract constitutes an effective and safe alternate treatment for obesity and hyperlipidaemia.
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Wan Ahmad W, Noordin L, Tengku Adnan T, Safuan S, Ab Aziz C. Vascular Endothelium Dysfunction in REM Sleep Deprivation: Prelude to Cardiovascular Disease. Int J Cardiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Hajar CGN, Zulkafli Z, Md Riffin NS, Tuan Mohammad TH, Safuan S, Nelson BR, Abdullah MT, Chambers GK, Edinur HA. Human neutrophil antigen frequency data for Malays, Chinese and Indians. Transfus Apher Sci 2019; 59:102651. [PMID: 31606336 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human neutrophil antigens (HNAs) are implicated in several clinical disorders and their allelic variations have been reported for many populations. This new study was aimed to report the genotype and alleles frequencies of HNA-1, -3, -4 and -5 loci in Malays, Chinese and Indians in Peninsular Malaysia. METHODS A total of 222 blood samples were collected from healthy, unrelated Malay, Chinese and Indian individuals. Their HNA-1, -3 and -4 and HNA-5 loci were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primer (PCR-SSP) or PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assays. RESULTS All HNA loci are polymorphic, except for HNA -4. Geneotypes HNA-1a/1b, -3a/3b and -4a/4a were observed most frequently at these three loci in all three ethnic groups. In contrast, HNA-5a/5b and -5a/5a were observed as the predominant genotypes in Malays vs. Chinese and Indians, respectively. The Malays, Chinese and Indians shared HNA -3a (0.505-0.527), HNA -4a (1.000) and -5a (0.676-0.854) as the most frequent alleles. However, HNA-1a was found to be the most common in Malays (0.506) and Chinese (0.504) and HNA-1b for Indians (0.525). CONCLUSION Combined with HNA data that have been published for Malay subethnic and Orang Asli groups, this study provides the first fully comprehensive HNA dataset for populations to be found in Peninsular Malaysia. Overall, our findings provide further evidence of genetic complexity in the region. This now publicly available HNA dataset can be used as a reliable reference source for improving medical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che Ghazali Norul Hajar
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia; Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Zefarina Zulkafli
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia; School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Sabreena Safuan
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Bryan Raveen Nelson
- Institute of Tropical Biodiversity and Sustainable Development, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Tajuddin Abdullah
- Institute of Tropical Biodiversity and Sustainable Development, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | | | - Hisham Atan Edinur
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kelantan, Malaysia.
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17
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Chong CY, Safuan S. The Association of ICAM-1 Detected by Immunohistochemical Staining with Triple Negative and Non-Triple Negative Breast Carcinoma. SAINS MALAYS 2019. [DOI: 10.17576/jsm-2019-4807-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Muhamad SA, Muhammad NS, Ismail NDA, Mohamud R, Safuan S, Nurul AA. Intranasal administration of Lignosus rhinocerotis (Cooke) Ryvarden (Tiger Milk mushroom) extract attenuates airway inflammation in murine model of allergic asthma. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:3867-3876. [PMID: 30988772 PMCID: PMC6447947 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder in the airways that involves the activation of cells and mediators. Lignosus rhinocerotis (Cooke) Ryvardan or Tiger Milk mushroom is a medicinal mushroom that is traditionally used to treat inflammatory diseases including asthma. In this study, the protective effects of intranasal administration of L. rhinocerotis extract (LRE) in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced airway inflammation mouse model were investigated. Mice were sensitized by intraperitoneal (i.p) injection on days 0 and 14, followed by a daily challenge with 1% OVA from days 21 to 27. Following OVA challenge, LRE and dexamethasone were administered via intranasal and i.p. injection respectively. On day 28, the level of serum immunoglobulin (Ig)E, differential cell counts and T-helper (Th) 2 cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) fluid, cell subset population in lung-draining lymph nodes (LNs), leukocytes infiltration and mucus production in the lungs of the animals was measured. Results demonstrated that intranasal administration of LRE significantly suppressed the level of inflammatory cell counts in BALF as well as populations of CD4+ T-cells in lung draining LNs. Apart from that, LRE also significantly reduced the level of Th2 cytokines in BALF and IgE in the serum in OVA-induced asthma. Histological analysis also demonstrated the amelioration of leukocytes infiltration and mucus production in the lungs. Overall, these findings demonstrated the attenuation of airway inflammation in the LRE-treated mice therefore suggesting a promising alternative for the management of allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Aminah Muhamad
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan 16150 Malaysia
| | - Nurul Syafira Muhammad
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan 16150 Malaysia
| | | | - Rohimah Mohamud
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan 16150 Malaysia
| | - Sabreena Safuan
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan 16150 Malaysia
| | - Asma-Abdullah Nurul
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan 16150 Malaysia
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19
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Storr SJ, Safuan S, Ahmad N, El-Refaee M, Jackson AM, Martin SG. Macrophage-derived interleukin-1beta promotes human breast cancer cell migration and lymphatic adhesion in vitro. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2017; 66:1287-1294. [PMID: 28551814 PMCID: PMC5626796 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-017-2020-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Lymphovascular invasion (LVI), encompassing blood and lymphatic vessel invasion, is an important event in tumourigenesis. Macrophages within the tumour microenvironment are linked to the presence of LVI and angiogenesis. This study investigates the role of macrophage-derived, caspase-1-dependent interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) in an in vitro model of LVI. IL-1β significantly augmented the adhesion and transmigration of breast cancer cell lines MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 across endothelial cell barriers. MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 showed a higher percentage of adhesion to lymphatic endothelial cells than blood endothelial cells following endothelial cell IL-1β stimulation (P < 0.001 and P < 0.0001, respectively). Supernatants from activated macrophages increased the adhesion of tumour cells to lymphatic and blood endothelium. Secretion of IL-1β was caspase-1 dependent, and treatment with caspase-1 inhibitor reduced IL-1β production by 73% and concomitantly reduced tumour cell adhesion to levels obtained with resting macrophages. Transmigration of MDA-MB-231 cells across blood and lymphatic endothelial monolayers was significantly increased following IL-1β stimulation. Furthermore, supernatants from activated macrophages increased transmigration of MDA-MB-231 cells across endothelial monolayers, which was abolished by caspase-1 inhibition. IL-1β stimulation of tumour cells significantly increased their migratory ability and a significant increase in migration was observed when MDA-MB-231 cells were stimulated with macrophage conditioned media (two of three donors). Results demonstrate that macrophage production of IL-1β plays an important role in the migration of breast cancer cells and their adhesion to, and transmigration across, blood and lymphatic endothelial cells. Results suggest that IL-1β may play a role in the adhesion to lymphatic endothelial cells in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Storr
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Translational and Radiation Biology Research Group, School of Medicine, Academic Clinical Oncology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Sabreena Safuan
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Translational and Radiation Biology Research Group, School of Medicine, Academic Clinical Oncology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK.,Health Campus, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Narmeen Ahmad
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Translational and Radiation Biology Research Group, School of Medicine, Academic Clinical Oncology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Mohammed El-Refaee
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Host-Tumour Interactions Group, School of Medicine, Academic Clinical Oncology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK.,Medical Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, the City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Andrew M Jackson
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Host-Tumour Interactions Group, School of Medicine, Academic Clinical Oncology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Stewart G Martin
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Translational and Radiation Biology Research Group, School of Medicine, Academic Clinical Oncology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK.
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21
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Jewell R, Elliott F, Laye J, Nsengimana J, Davies J, Walker C, Conway C, Mitra A, Harland M, Cook MG, Boon A, Storr S, Safuan S, Martin SG, Jirström K, Olsson H, Ingvar C, Lauss M, Bishop T, Jönsson G, Newton-Bishop J. The clinicopathological and gene expression patterns associated with ulceration of primary melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2015; 28:94-104. [PMID: 25220403 PMCID: PMC4276506 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ulceration of primary melanomas is associated with poor prognosis yet is reported to predict benefit from adjuvant interferon. To better understand the biological processes involved, clinicopathological factors associated with ulceration were determined in 1804 patients. From this cohort, 348 primary tumor blocks were sampled to generate gene expression data using a 502-gene cancer panel and 195 blocks were used for immunohistochemistry to detect macrophage infiltration and vessel density. Gene expression results were validated using a whole genome array in two independent sample sets. Ulceration of primary melanomas was associated with more proliferative tumors, tumor vessel invasion, and increased microvessel density. Infiltration of tumors with greater number of macrophages and gene expression pathways associated with wound healing and up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines suggests that ulceration is associated with tumor-related inflammation. The relative benefit from interferon reported in patients with ulcerated tumors may reflect modification of signaling pathways involved in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalyn Jewell
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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22
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Storr SJ, Safuan S, Woolston CM, Abdel-Fatah T, Deen S, Chan SY, Martin SG. Calpain-2 expression is associated with response to platinum based chemotherapy, progression-free and overall survival in ovarian cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 16:2422-8. [PMID: 22435971 PMCID: PMC3472029 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2012.01559.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is routinely treated with surgery and platinum-based chemotherapy. Resistance is a major obstacle in the efficacy of this chemotherapy regimen and the ability to identify those patients at risk of developing resistance is of considerable clinical importance. The expression of calpain-1, calpain-2 and calpastatin were determined using standard immunohistochemistry on a tissue microarray of 154 primary ovarian carcinomas from patients subsequently treated with platinum-based adjuvant chemotherapy. High levels of calpain-2 expression was significantly associated with platinum resistant tumours (P = 0.031). Furthermore, high expression of calpain-2 was significantly associated with progression-free (P = 0.049) and overall survival (P = 0.006) in this cohort. The association between calpain-2 expression and overall survival remained significant in multivariate analysis accounting for tumour grade, stage, optimal debulking and platinum sensitivity (hazard ratio = 2.174; 95% confidence interval = 1.144–4.130; P = 0.018). The results suggest that determining calpain-2 expression in ovarian carcinomas may allow prognostic stratification of patients treated with surgery and platinum-based chemotherapy. The findings of this study warrant validation in a larger clinical cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Storr
- Academic Oncology, University of Nottingham, School of Molecular Medical Sciences, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
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Safuan S, Storr SJ, Patel PM, Martin SG. A comparative study of adhesion of melanoma and breast cancer cells to blood and lymphatic endothelium. Lymphat Res Biol 2012; 10:173-81. [PMID: 23215743 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2012.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphovascular invasion (LVI) is an important step in the metastatic cascade; tumor cell migration and adhesion to blood and lymphatic vessels is followed by invasion through the vessel wall and subsequent systemic spread. Although primary breast cancers and melanomas have rich blood vascular networks, LVI is predominately lymphatic in nature. Whilst the adhesion of tumor cells to blood endothelium has been extensively investigated, there is a paucity of information on tumor cell adhesion to lymphatic endothelium. METHODS AND RESULTS Breast cancer (MDA-MB-231 and MCF7) and melanoma (MeWo and SKMEL-30) cell adhesion to lymphatic (hTERT-LEC and HMVEC dLy Neo) and blood (HUVEC and hMEC-1) endothelial cells were assessed using static adhesion assays. The effect of inflammatory conditions, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) stimulation of endothelial and tumor cells, on the adhesive process was also examined. In addition, the effects of TNF-α stimulation on tumor cell migration was investigated using haplotaxis (scratch wound) assays. Breast cancer and melanoma cells exhibited higher levels of adhesion to blood compared to lymphatic endothelial cells (p<0.001). TNF-α stimulation of endothelial cells, or of tumor cells alone, did not significantly alter tumor-endothelial cell adhesion or patterns. When both tumor and endothelial cells were stimulated with TNF-α, a significant increase in adhesion was observed (p<0.01), which was notably higher in the lymphatic cell models (p<0.001). TNF-α-stimulation of all tumor cell lines significantly increased their migration rate (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that metastasis resultant from lymphatic vessel-tumor cell adhesion may be modulated by cytokine stimulation, which could represent an important therapeutic target in breast cancer and melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabreena Safuan
- Academic Oncology, School of Molecular Medical Sciences, University of Nottingham , Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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24
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Storr SJ, Lee KW, Woolston CM, Safuan S, Green AR, Macmillan RD, Benhasouna A, Parr T, Ellis IO, Martin SG. Calpain system protein expression in basal-like and triple-negative invasive breast cancer. Ann Oncol 2012; 23:2289-2296. [PMID: 22745213 PMCID: PMC3425372 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mds176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Basal-like and triple-negative breast tumours encompass an important clinical subgroup and biomarkers that can prognostically stratify these patients are required. MATERIALS AND METHODS We investigated two breast cancer tissue microarrays for the expression of calpain-1, calpain-2 and calpastatin using immunohistochemistry. The first microarray was comprised of invasive tumours from 1371 unselected patients, and the verification microarray was comprised of invasive tumours from 387 oestrogen receptor (ER)-negative patients. RESULTS The calpain system contains a number of proteases and an endogenous inhibitor, calpastatin. Calpain activity is implicated in important cellular processes including cytoskeletal remodelling, apoptosis and survival. Our results show that the expression of calpastatin and calpain-1 are significantly associated with various clinicopathological criteria including tumour grade and ER expression. High expression of calpain-2 in basal-like or triple-negative disease was associated with adverse breast cancer-specific survival (P = 0.003 and <0.001, respectively) and was verified in an independent cohort of patients. Interestingly, those patients with basal-like or triple-negative disease with a low level of calpain-2 expression had similar breast cancer-specific survival to non-basal- or receptor- (oestrogen, progesterone or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)) positive disease. CONCLUSIONS Expression of the large catalytic subunit of m-calpain (calpain-2) is significantly associated with clinical outcome of patients with triple-negative and basal-like disease.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/mortality
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Calpain/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/mortality
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Disease-Free Survival
- Female
- Humans
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Middle Aged
- Multivariate Analysis
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Neoplasms, Basal Cell/metabolism
- Proportional Hazards Models
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
- Retrospective Studies
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - A R Green
- Histopathology, School of Molecular Medical Sciences, University of Nottingham
| | - R D Macmillan
- The Breast Institute, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham
| | - A Benhasouna
- Histopathology, School of Molecular Medical Sciences, University of Nottingham
| | - T Parr
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK
| | - I O Ellis
- Histopathology, School of Molecular Medical Sciences, University of Nottingham
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