1
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Khan S, Ansar M, Khan AK, Shah K, Muhammad N, Shahzad S, Nickerson DA, Bamshad MJ, Santos-Cortez RLP, Leal SM, Ahmad W. A homozygous missense mutation in SLC25A16 associated with autosomal recessive isolated fingernail dysplasia in a Pakistani family. Br J Dermatol 2017; 178:556-558. [PMID: 28504827 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.15661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Khan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - M Ansar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - A K Khan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - K Shah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - N Muhammad
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - S Shahzad
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - D A Nickerson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, U.S.A
| | - M J Bamshad
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, U.S.A
| | - R L P Santos-Cortez
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, U.S.A.,Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, U.S.A
| | - S M Leal
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, U.S.A
| | - W Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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2
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Lebeko K, Sloan-Heggen CM, Noubiap JJN, Dandara C, Kolbe DL, Ephraim SS, Booth KT, Azaiez H, Santos-Cortez RLP, Leal SM, Smith RJH, Wonkam A. Targeted genomic enrichment and massively parallel sequencing identifies novel nonsyndromic hearing impairment pathogenic variants in Cameroonian families. Clin Genet 2016; 90:288-90. [PMID: 27246798 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In sub-Saharan Africa GJB2-related nonsyndromic hearing impairment (NSHI) is rare. Ten Cameroonian families was studied using a platform (OtoSCOPE®) with 116 genes. In seven of 10 families (70%), 12 pathogenic variants were identified in six genes. Five of the 12 (41.6%) variants are novel. These results confirm the efficiency of comprehensive genetic testing in defining the causes of NSHI in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lebeko
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - C M Sloan-Heggen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Molecular Otolaryngology and Renal Research Laboratories, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - J J N Noubiap
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - C Dandara
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - D L Kolbe
- Department of Otolaryngology, Molecular Otolaryngology and Renal Research Laboratories, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - S S Ephraim
- Department of Otolaryngology, Molecular Otolaryngology and Renal Research Laboratories, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - K T Booth
- Department of Otolaryngology, Molecular Otolaryngology and Renal Research Laboratories, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - H Azaiez
- Department of Otolaryngology, Molecular Otolaryngology and Renal Research Laboratories, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - R L P Santos-Cortez
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - S M Leal
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - R J H Smith
- Department of Otolaryngology, Molecular Otolaryngology and Renal Research Laboratories, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - A Wonkam
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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3
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Regalado ES, Guo DC, Santos-Cortez RLP, Hostetler E, Bensend TA, Pannu H, Estrera A, Safi H, Mitchell AL, Evans JP, Leal SM, Bamshad M, Shendure J, Nickerson DA, Milewicz DM. Pathogenic FBN1 variants in familial thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections. Clin Genet 2016; 89:719-23. [PMID: 26621581 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Marfan syndrome (MFS) due to mutations in FBN1 is a known cause of thoracic aortic aneurysms and acute aortic dissections (TAAD) associated with pleiotropic manifestations. Genetic predisposition to TAAD can also be inherited in families in the absence of syndromic features, termed familial TAAD (FTAAD), and several causative genes have been identified to date. FBN1 mutations can also be identified in FTAAD families, but the frequency of these mutations has not been established. We performed exome sequencing of 183 FTAAD families and identified pathogenic FBN1 variants in five (2.7%) of these families. We also identified eight additional FBN1 rare variants that could not be unequivocally classified as disease-causing in six families. FBN1 sequencing should be considered in individuals with FTAAD even without significant systemic features of MFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Regalado
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - D C Guo
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - R L P Santos-Cortez
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - E Hostetler
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - T A Bensend
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - H Pannu
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - A Estrera
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - H Safi
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - A L Mitchell
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - J P Evans
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - S M Leal
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - M Bamshad
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - J Shendure
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - D A Nickerson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - D M Milewicz
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
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4
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Ahmad F, Ansar M, Mehmood S, Izoduwa A, Lee K, Nasir A, Abrar M, Mehmood S, Ullah A, Aziz A, Smith JD, Shendure J, Bamshad MJ, Nicekrson DA, Santos-Cortez RLP, Leal SM, Ahmad W. A novel missense variant in the PNPLA1 gene underlies congenital ichthyosis in three consanguineous families. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2015; 30:e210-e213. [PMID: 26691440 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.13540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University (QAU), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - M Ansar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University (QAU), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - S Mehmood
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University (QAU), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - A Izoduwa
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Center for Statistical Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - K Lee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Center for Statistical Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - A Nasir
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University (QAU), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - M Abrar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University (QAU), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - S Mehmood
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University (QAU), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - A Ullah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University (QAU), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - A Aziz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University (QAU), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | -
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - J D Smith
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Center for Statistical Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - J Shendure
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Center for Statistical Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - M J Bamshad
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Center for Statistical Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - D A Nicekrson
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Center for Statistical Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - R L P Santos-Cortez
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Center for Statistical Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - S M Leal
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Center for Statistical Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - W Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University (QAU), Islamabad, Pakistan.,Pakistan Academy of Sciences (PAS), Islamabad, Pakistan
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5
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Álvarez G, Martínez J, Varela J, Birriel E, Cruces E, Gabay M, Leal SM, Escobar P, Aguirre-López B, Cabrera N, Tuena de Gómez-Puyou M, Gómez Puyou A, Pérez-Montfort R, Yaluff G, Torres S, Serna E, Vera de Bilbao N, González M, Cerecetto H. Development of bis-thiazoles as inhibitors of triosephosphate isomerase from Trypanosoma cruzi. Identification of new non-mutagenic agents that are active in vivo. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 100:246-56. [PMID: 26094151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The neglected disease American trypanosomiasis is one of the major health problems in Latin America. Triosephosphate isomerase from Trypanosoma cruzi (TcTIM), the etiologic agent of this disease, has been proposed as a druggable target. Some bis-benzothiazoles have been described as irreversible inhibitors of this enzyme. On the other hand, new bioactive furane-containing thiazoles have been described as excellent in vivo anti-T. cruzi agents. This encouraged us to design and develop new bis-thiazoles with potential use as drugs for American trypanosomiasis. The bis-thiazol 5, 3,3'-allyl-2,2'-bis[3-(2-furyl)-2-propenylidenehydrazono]-2,2',3,3'-tetrahydro-4,4'-bisthiazole, showed the best in vitro anti-T. cruzi profile with a higher selectivity index than the reference drugs Nifurtimox and Benznidazole against amastigote form of the parasite. This derivative displayed marginal activity against TcTIM however the bis-thiazol 14, 3-allyl-2-[3-(2-furyl)-2-propenylidenehydrazono]-3'-phenyl-2'-(3-phenyl-2-propenylidenehydrazono]-2,2',3,3'-tetrahydro-4,4'-bisthiazole, was an excellent inhibitor of the enzyme of the parasite. The absence of both in vitro mutagenic and in vivo toxicity effects, together with the activity of bis-thiazol 5in vivo, suggests that this compound is a promising anti-T. cruzi agent surpassing the "hit-to-lead" stage in the drug development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guzmán Álvarez
- Grupo de Química Medicinal, Laboratorio de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Jennyfer Martínez
- Grupo de Química Medicinal, Laboratorio de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Javier Varela
- Grupo de Química Medicinal, Laboratorio de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Estefania Birriel
- Grupo de Química Medicinal, Laboratorio de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Eugenia Cruces
- Grupo de Química Medicinal, Laboratorio de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Martín Gabay
- Grupo de Química Medicinal, Laboratorio de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sandra M Leal
- Centro de Investigaciones de Enfermedades Tropicales, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Patricia Escobar
- Centro de Investigaciones de Enfermedades Tropicales, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Beatriz Aguirre-López
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México DF, México
| | - Nallely Cabrera
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México DF, México
| | - Marietta Tuena de Gómez-Puyou
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México DF, México
| | - Armando Gómez Puyou
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México DF, México
| | - Ruy Pérez-Montfort
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México DF, México
| | - Gloria Yaluff
- Departamento de Medicina Tropical, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Susana Torres
- Departamento de Medicina Tropical, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Elva Serna
- Departamento de Medicina Tropical, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Ninfa Vera de Bilbao
- Departamento de Medicina Tropical, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Mercedes González
- Grupo de Química Medicinal, Laboratorio de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Hugo Cerecetto
- Grupo de Química Medicinal, Laboratorio de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay; Área de Radiofarmacia, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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6
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Blanco MC, Escobar P, Leal SM, Bahsas A, Cobo J, Nogueras M, Palma A. Synthesis of novel polysubstituted (2SR,4RS)-2-heteroaryltetrahydro-1,4-epoxy-1-benzazepines and cis-2-heteroaryl-4-hydroxytetrahydro-1H-1-benzazepines as antiparasitic agents. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 86:291-309. [PMID: 25173828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
New series of polysubstituted (2SR,4RS)-2-heteroaryltetrahydro-1,4-epoxy-1-benzazepines and cis-2-heteroaryl-4-hydroxytetrahydro-1H-1-benzazepines were designed and synthesized in moderate to high yields using a three-step procedure from ortho-allylanilines. Their antiparasitic activity was evaluated against the extracellular and intracellular forms of Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum parasites. Their cytotoxicity was also determined on Vero and THP-1 mammalian cells. Many of the tested compounds inhibited significantly the growth of extracellular forms of T. cruzi and L. (L.) infantum without showing cytotoxicity on Vero and HTP-1 cells. Only compounds 10h and 14f demonstrated good activity against amastigotes of T. cruzi, but none was able to inhibit the growth of L. (L.) infantum amastigotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C Blanco
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica, Escuela de Química, Universidad Industrial de Santander, A.A. 678, Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia
| | - Patricia Escobar
- Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Industrial de Santander, A.A. 678, Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia
| | - Sandra M Leal
- Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Industrial de Santander, A.A. 678, Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia
| | - Alí Bahsas
- Laboratorio de RMN, Grupo de Productos Naturales, Departamento de Química, Universidad de los Andes, Mérida 5101, Venezuela
| | - Justo Cobo
- Inorganic and Organic Department, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Manuel Nogueras
- Inorganic and Organic Department, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Alirio Palma
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica, Escuela de Química, Universidad Industrial de Santander, A.A. 678, Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia.
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7
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MacArthur DG, Manolio TA, Dimmock DP, Rehm HL, Shendure J, Abecasis GR, Adams DR, Altman RB, Antonarakis SE, Ashley EA, Barrett JC, Biesecker LG, Conrad DF, Cooper GM, Cox NJ, Daly MJ, Gerstein MB, Goldstein DB, Hirschhorn JN, Leal SM, Pennacchio LA, Stamatoyannopoulos JA, Sunyaev SR, Valle D, Voight BF, Winckler W, Gunter C. Guidelines for investigating causality of sequence variants in human disease. Nature 2014; 508:469-76. [PMID: 24759409 PMCID: PMC4180223 DOI: 10.1038/nature13127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 928] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of rare genetic variants is accelerating, and clear guidelines for distinguishing disease-causing sequence variants from the many potentially functional variants present in any human genome are urgently needed. Without rigorous standards we risk an acceleration of false-positive reports of causality, which would impede the translation of genomic research findings into the clinical diagnostic setting and hinder biological understanding of disease. Here we discuss the key challenges of assessing sequence variants in human disease, integrating both gene-level and variant-level support for causality. We propose guidelines for summarizing confidence in variant pathogenicity and highlight several areas that require further resource development.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G MacArthur
- 1] Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA [2] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - T A Manolio
- Division of Genomic Medicine, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - D P Dimmock
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
| | - H L Rehm
- 1] Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Partners Healthcare Center for Personalized Genetic Medicine, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA [2] Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - J Shendure
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98115, USA
| | - G R Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - D R Adams
- 1] NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Institutes of Health Office of Rare Diseases Research and National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA [2] Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - R B Altman
- Departments of Bioengineering & Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - S E Antonarakis
- 1] Department of Genetic Medicine, University of Geneva Medical School, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland [2] iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - E A Ashley
- Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - J C Barrett
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH, UK
| | - L G Biesecker
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - D F Conrad
- Departments of Genetics, Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - G M Cooper
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way, Huntsville, Alabama 35806, USA
| | - N J Cox
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - M J Daly
- 1] Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA [2] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - M B Gerstein
- 1] Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA [2] Departments of Computer Science, Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - D B Goldstein
- Center for Human Genome Variation, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - J N Hirschhorn
- 1] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA [2] Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - S M Leal
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - L A Pennacchio
- 1] Genomics Division, MS 84-171, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA [2] US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California 94598, USA
| | - J A Stamatoyannopoulos
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, 1705 Northeast Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - S R Sunyaev
- 1] Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - D Valle
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - B F Voight
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - W Winckler
- 1] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA [2] Next Generation Diagnostics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA (W.W.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA (C.G.)
| | - C Gunter
- 1] HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way, Huntsville, Alabama 35806, USA [2] Next Generation Diagnostics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA (W.W.); Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA (C.G.)
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8
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Álvarez G, Varela J, Márquez P, Gabay M, Arias Rivas CE, Cuchilla K, Echeverría GA, Piro OE, Chorilli M, Leal SM, Escobar P, Serna E, Torres S, Yaluff G, Vera de Bilbao NI, González M, Cerecetto H. Optimization of antitrypanosomatid agents: identification of nonmutagenic drug candidates with in vivo activity. J Med Chem 2014; 57:3984-99. [PMID: 24749923 DOI: 10.1021/jm500018m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi parasite, was described thousands of years ago. Currently, it affects millions of people, mostly in Latin America, and there are not suitable drugs for treating it. As an attempt to find appropriate drugs to deal with this problem, we report here on the design, synthesis, and characterization of 82 new compounds. Trypanosomicidal behavior in vitro showed more than 20 outstanding derivatives with anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity. Furthermore, we studied the nonspecific toxicity against mammalian cells determining their selectivity and also performed mutagenicity studies. Proof of concept, in vivo studies, was conducted with two of the most promising derivatives (77 and 80). They were identified as candidates because they have (i) very simple and cost-effective syntheses; (ii) activity against different stages and strains of the parasite showing excellent in vivo behavior during the acute phase of Chagas disease; and (iii) neither nonspecific toxicity nor mutagenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guzmán Álvarez
- Grupo de Química Medicinal, Laboratorio de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias-Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República , 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
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9
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Leal SM, Pino N, Stashenko EE, Martínez JR, Escobar P. Antiprotozoal activity of essential oils derived fromPiperspp. grown in Colombia. Journal of Essential Oil Research 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2013.820669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Das S, Chen QB, Saucier JD, Drescher B, Zong Y, Morgan S, Forstall J, Meriwether A, Toranzo R, Leal SM. The Drosophila T-box transcription factor Midline functions within the Notch-Delta signaling pathway to specify sensory organ precursor cell fates and regulates cell survival within the eye imaginal disc. Mech Dev 2013; 130:577-601. [PMID: 23962751 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We report that the T-box transcription factor Midline (Mid), an evolutionary conserved homolog of the vertebrate Tbx20 protein, functions within the Notch-Delta signaling pathway essential for specifying the fates of sensory organ precursor (SOP) cells. These findings complement an established history of research showing that Mid regulates the cell-fate specification of diverse cell types within the developing heart, epidermis and central nervous system. Tbx20 has been detected in unique neuronal and epithelial cells of embryonic eye tissues in both mice and humans. However, the mechanisms by which either Mid or Tbx20 function to regulate cell-fate specification or other critical aspects of eye development including cell survival have not yet been elucidated. We have also gathered preliminary evidence suggesting that Mid may play an indirect, but vital role in selecting SOP cells within the third-instar larval eye disc by regulating the expression of the proneural gene atonal. During subsequent pupal stages, Mid specifies SOP cell fates as a member of the Notch-Delta signaling hierarchy and is essential for maintaining cell viability by inhibiting apoptotic pathways. We present several new hypotheses that seek to understand the role of Mid in regulating developmental processes downstream of the Notch receptor that are critical for specifying unique cell fates, patterning the adult eye and maintaining cellular homeostasis during eye disc morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeshna Das
- The Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, United States
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11
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Leal SM, Amado DF, Kouznetsov VV, Escobar P. In vitro antileishmanial, trypanocidal, and Mammalian cell activities of diverse n,n' -dihetaryl substituted diamines and related compounds. Sci Pharm 2013; 81:43-55. [PMID: 23641328 PMCID: PMC3617668 DOI: 10.3797/scipharm.1205-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The leishmaniasis and Chagas diseases constitute a serious public health problem worldwide with few and ineffective treatment options. The search for new antiparasitic candidates at the initial steps of drug discovery and development is still necessary. The synthesis of 22 de novo synthetized N,N′-dihetaryl-alkyldiamine derivatives and in vitro antiparasitic activity were evaluated for the first time against intracellular and extracellular forms of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum, L. (Viannia) panamensis, L. (Leishmania) amazonensis, and Trypanosoma cruzi. Additionally, the toxicity on mammalian cells was determined. Some of these substituted N,N′-diamines (25–35 % of the tested compounds) showed interesting results against free-living forms of parasites with activities at the inhibitory concentration (IC50) level of 1.96 to 28.83 μM for L. (L.) infantum promastigotes and IC50 of 0.02 to 5.31 μM for T. cruzi epimastigotes. No activity at the IC50 level on intracellular amastigotes of T. cruzi was observed. However, N1,N2-dibenzylethane-1,2-diamine 5a revealed an important activity against the intracellular amastigotes of L. infantum (IC50 25.42 μM ±0.33) and L. panamensis (IC50 58.20 μM ±3.23), while their analogue N1,N4-dibenzylbutane-1,4-diamine 5c resulted in activity only against L. panamensis (IC50 11.19 μM ±0.20) without toxicity on Vero and THP-1 mammalian cells. The active compounds against intracellular parasites with low toxicity in mammalian cells may be considered for future studies in experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Leal
- Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales, CINTROP, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
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12
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Lee K, Chiu I, Santos-Cortez RLP, Basit S, Khan S, Azeem Z, Andrade PB, Kim SS, Ahmad W, Leal SM. Novel OTOA mutations cause autosomal recessive non-syndromic hearing impairment in Pakistani families. Clin Genet 2012; 84:294-6. [PMID: 23173898 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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R. Romero Bohorquez A, Escobar Rivero P, M. Leal S, V. Kouznetsov V. In Vitro Activity Against Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania chagasi Parasites of 2,4-Diaryl 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroquinoline Derivatives. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2012. [DOI: 10.2174/157018012802652994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Lee K, Khan S, Islam A, Ansar M, Andrade PB, Kim S, Santos-Cortez RLP, Ahmad W, Leal SM. Novel TMPRSS3 variants in Pakistani families with autosomal recessive non-syndromic hearing impairment. Clin Genet 2011; 82:56-63. [PMID: 21534946 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2011.01695.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the TMPRSS3 gene are known to cause autosomal recessive non-syndromic hearing impairment (ARNSHI). After undergoing a genome scan, 10 consanguineous Pakistani families with ARNSHI were found to have significant or suggestive evidence of linkage to the TMPRSS3 region. In order to elucidate if the TMPRSS3 gene is responsible for ARNSHI in these families, the gene was sequenced using DNA samples from these families. Six TMPRSS3 variants were found to cosegregate in 10 families. None of these variants were detected in 500 control chromosomes. Four novel variants, three of which are missense [c.310G>A (p.Glu104Lys), c.767C>T (p.Ala256Val) and c.1273T>C (p.Cys425Arg)] and one nonsense [c.310G>T (p.Glu104Stop)], were identified. The pathogenicity of novel missense variants was investigated through bioinformatics analyses. Additionally, the previously reported deletion c.208delC (p.His70ThrfsX19) was identified in one family and the known mutation c.1219T>C (p.Cys407Arg) was found in five families, which makes c.1219T>C (p.Cys407Arg) as the most common TMPRSS3 mutation within the Pakistani population. Identification of these novel variants lends support to the importance of elements within the low-density lipoprotein receptor A (LDLRA) and serine protease domains in structural stability, ligand binding and proteolytic activity for proper TMPRSS3 function within the inner ear.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza 700DE,Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Mendoza-Fandino GA, Gee JM, Ben-Dor S, Gonzalez-Quevedo C, Lee K, Kobayashi Y, Hartiala J, Myers RM, Leal SM, Allayee H, Patel PI. A novel g.-1258G>A mutation in a conserved putative regulatory element of PAX9 is associated with autosomal dominant molar hypodontia. Clin Genet 2010; 80:265-72. [PMID: 21443745 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2010.01529.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the transcription factor PAX9 which plays a critical role in the switching of odontogenic potential from the epithelium to the mesenchyme during tooth development cause autosomal dominant non-syndromic hypodontia primarily affecting molars. Linkage analysis on a family segregating autosomal dominant molar hypodontia with markers flanking and within PAX9 yielded a maximum multipoint LOD score of 3.6. No sequence variants were detected in the coding or 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions (UTRs) of PAX9. However, we identified a novel g.-1258G>A sequence variant in all affected individuals of the family but not in the unaffected family members or in 3088 control chromosomes. This mutation is within a putative 5'-regulatory sequence upstream of PAX9 highly conserved in primates, somewhat conserved in ungulates and carnivores but not conserved in rodents. Bioinformatics analysis of the sequence determined that there was no abolition or creation of a putative binding site for known transcription factors. Based on our previous findings that haploinsufficiency for PAX9 leads to hypodontia, we postulate that the g.-1258G>A variant reduces the expression of PAX9 which underlies the hypodontia phenotype in this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Mendoza-Fandino
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Kondkar AA, Bray MS, Leal SM, Nagalla S, Liu DJ, Jin Y, Dong JF, Ren Q, Whiteheart SW, Shaw C, Bray PF. VAMP8/endobrevin is overexpressed in hyperreactive human platelets: suggested role for platelet microRNA. J Thromb Haemost 2010; 8:369-78. [PMID: 19943878 PMCID: PMC3312605 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2009.03700.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variation in platelet reactivity contributes to disorders of hemostasis and thrombosis, but the molecular mechanisms are not well understood. OBJECTIVES To discover associations between interindividual platelet variability and the responsible platelet genes, and to begin to define the molecular mechanisms altering platelet gene expression. SUBJECTS/METHODS Two hundred and eighty-eight healthy subjects were phenotyped for platelet responsiveness. Platelet RNA from subjects demonstrating hyperreactivity (n=18) and hyporeactivity (n=11) was used to screen the human transcriptome. RESULTS Distinctly different mRNA profiles were observed between subjects with differing platelet reactivity. Increased levels of mRNA for VAMP8/endobrevin, a critical v-SNARE involved in platelet granule secretion, were associated with platelet hyperreactivity (Q=0.0275). Validation studies of microarray results showed 4.8-fold higher mean VAMP8 mRNA levels in hyperreactive than hyporeactive platelets (P=0.0023). VAMP8 protein levels varied 13-fold among platelets from these normal subjects, and were 2.5-fold higher in hyperreactive platelets (P=0.05). Among our cohort of 288 subjects, a VAMP8 single-nucleotide polymorphism (rs1010) was associated with platelet reactivity in an age-dependent manner (P<0.003). MicroRNA-96 was predicted to bind to the 3'-untranslated regionof VAMP8 mRNA and was detected in platelets. Overexpression of microRNA-96 in VAMP8-expressing cell lines caused a dose-dependent decrease in VAMP8 protein and mRNA, suggesting a role in VAMP8 mRNA degradation. CONCLUSIONS These findings support a role for VAMP8/endobrevin in the heterogeneity of platelet reactivity, and suggest a role for microRNA-96 in the regulation of VAMP8 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Kondkar
- Thomas Jefferson University, The Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research and the Department of Medicine, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Svendsen PC, Formaz-Preston A, Leal SM, Brook WJ. The Tbx20 homologs midline and H15 specify ventral fate in the Drosophila melanogaster leg. Development 2009; 136:2689-93. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.037911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Regional fates in the developing limbs of Drosophila melanogasterare controlled by selector gene transcription factors. Ventral fate in the fly leg is specified by the expression of the ligand Wingless. We present evidence that midline and H15, members of the Tbx20 class of T-box transcription factors, are key mediators of the Wingless signal in the formation of the ventral region of the fly leg. midline and H15 are restricted to identical ventral domains of expression through activation by Wingless and repression by the dorsal signal Decapentaplegic. midline and H15 function redundantly and cell autonomously in the formation of ventral-specific structures. Conversely, midlineis sufficient to induce ventral fate. Finally, the induction of ectopic ventral fate by mid is compromised when Wingless signaling is attenuated, suggesting that Wingless acts both upstream and in parallel with midline/H15 to specify ventral fate. Based on these results,we propose that midline and H15 may be considered as the selector genes for ventral leg fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia C. Svendsen
- Genes and Development Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Ann Formaz-Preston
- Genes and Development Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Sandra M. Leal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5018, Hattiesburg, MS 39406-0001, USA
| | - William J. Brook
- Genes and Development Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary AB, Canada T2N 4N1
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Teixeira MZ, Leal SM, Ceschin VMFA. Homeopathic practice in Intensive Care Units: objective semiology, symptom selection and a series of sepsis cases. HOMEOPATHY 2009; 97:206-13. [PMID: 19371570 DOI: 10.1016/j.homp.2008.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Revised: 06/15/2008] [Accepted: 08/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Homeopathy has been used for more than two hundred years to treat chronic disease using various approaches in a wide range of diseases. However, for acute disease and critical illness, application has been limited by inadequate training of homeopathic physicians and the small number of pertinent clinical studies. In view of the difficulty of practising homeopathy in Intensive Care Units (ICU), a protocol was developed to facilitate description of objective homeopathic symptoms with a ranking of symptoms appropriate for these situations (Protocol for Objective Homeopathic Semiology). Examples of favorable results with individualized homeopathic treatments for a series of cases of Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (sepsis) are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Z Teixeira
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Leal SM, Qian L, Lacin H, Bodmer R, Skeath JB. Neuromancer1 and Neuromancer2 regulate cell fate specification in the developing embryonic CNS of Drosophila melanogaster. Dev Biol 2008; 325:138-50. [PMID: 19013145 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2008] [Revised: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
T-box genes encode a large family of transcription factors that regulate many developmental processes in vertebrates and invertebrates. In addition to their roles in regulating embryonic heart and epidermal development in Drosophila, we provide evidence that the T-box transcription factors neuromancer1 (nmr1) and neuromancer2 (nmr2) play key roles in embryonic CNS development. We verify that nmr1 and nmr2 function in a partially redundant manner to regulate neuronal cell fate by inhibiting even-skipped (eve) expression in specific cells in the CNS. Consistent with their redundant function, nmr1 and nmr2 exhibit overlapping yet distinct protein expression profiles within the CNS. Of note, nmr2 transcript and protein are expressed in identical patterns of segment polarity stripes, defined sets of neuroblasts, many ganglion mother cells and discrete populations of neurons. However, while we observe nmr1 transcripts in segment polarity stripes and specific neural precursors in early stages of CNS development, we first detect Nmr1 protein in later stages of CNS development where it is restricted to discrete subsets of Nmr2-positive neurons. Expression studies identify nearly all Nmr1/2 co-expressing neurons as interneurons, while a single Eve-positive U/CQ motor neuron weakly co-expresses Nmr2. Lineage studies map a subset of Nmr1/2-positive neurons to neuroblast lineages 2-2, 6-1, and 6-2 while genetic studies reveal that nmr2 collaborates with nkx6 to regulate eve expression in the CNS. Thus, nmr1 and nmr2 appear to act together as members of the combinatorial code of transcription factors that govern neuronal subtype identity in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Leal
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Bhatti A, Lee K, McDonald ML, Hassan MJ, Gutala R, Ansar M, Ahmad W, Leal SM. Mapping of a new autosomal recessive non-syndromic hearing impairment locus (DFNB45) to chromosome 1q43-q44. Clin Genet 2008; 73:395-8. [PMID: 18325041 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2008.00976.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Naeem M, Jelani M, Lee K, Ali G, Chishti MS, Wali A, Gul A, John P, Hassan MJ, Leal SM, Ahmad W. Ectodermal dysplasia of hair and nail type: mapping of a novel locus to chromosome 17p12-q21.2. Br J Dermatol 2007; 155:1184-90. [PMID: 17107387 PMCID: PMC6155468 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07509.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ectodermal dysplasias (EDs) describe a large and complex group of disorders characterized by abnormal development of the skin and appendages (hair, nails, teeth and sweat glands). Of the approximately 200 different EDs, about 30 have been studied at the molecular level. In an effort to understand the molecular bases of ED of hair and nail type, we studied a Pakistani consanguineous family with multiple affected individuals. OBJECTIVES To localize the gene responsible for the autosomal recessive form of ED of hair and nail type. METHODS Genotyping of nine members of the family, including five affected and four normal individuals was performed using microsatellite markers mapping to candidate regions, harbouring genes involved in related phenotypes. Five epithelial keratin genes located in the candidate region were sequenced to identify the pathogenic mutation. RESULTS We mapped the disease locus to a 24.2-cM interval flanked by markers D17S839 and D17S1299 on chromosome 17p12-q21.2 (Z(max) = 4.4). DNA sequencing of five epithelial keratin candidate genes, present in the disease locus, did not reveal any pathogenic mutation in the affected individuals. CONCLUSIONS The gene for ED of hair and nail type has been mapped to chromosome 17p12-q21.2 in a Pakistani consanguineous family. Failure to detect mutations in epithelial keratin genes suggests that the mutation may lie either in regulatory regions of one of the epithelial keratin genes or in another unknown gene, located in the linkage interval, with a possible role in the development of ectodermal appendages.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Naeem
- Department of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Wali A, John P, Gul A, Lee K, Chishti MS, Ali G, Hassan MJ, Leal SM, Ahmad W. A novel locus for alopecia with mental retardation syndrome (APMR2) maps to chromosome 3q26.2-q26.31. Clin Genet 2006; 70:233-9. [PMID: 16922726 PMCID: PMC6155482 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2006.00661.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Congenital alopecia may occur either alone or in association with ectodermal and other abnormalities. On the bases of such associations, several different syndromes featuring congenital alopecia can be distinguished. Alopecia with mental retardation syndrome (APMR) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder, clinically characterized by total or partial hair loss and mental retardation. In the present study, a five-generation Pakistani family with multiple affected individuals with APMR was ascertained. Patients in this family exhibited typical features of APMR syndrome. The disease locus was mapped to chromosome 3q26.2-q26.31 by carrying out a genome scan followed by fine mapping. A maximum two-point logarithm of odds (LOD) score of 2.93 at theta=0.0 was obtained at markers D3S3053 and D3S2309. Multipoint linkage analysis resulted in a maximum LOD score of 4.57 with several markers, which supports the linkage. The disease locus was flanked by markers D3S1564 and D3S2427, which corresponds to 9.6-cM region according to the Rutgers combined linkage-physical map of the human genome (build 35) and contains 5.6 Mb. The linkage interval of the APMR locus identified here does not overlap with the one described previously; therefore, this locus has been designated as APMR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wali
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Wang QJ, Li QZ, Rao SQ, Lee K, Huang XS, Yang WY, Zhai SQ, Guo WW, Guo YF, Yu N, Zhao YL, Yuan H, Guan J, Leal SM, Han DY, Shen Y. AUNX1, a novel locus responsible for X linked recessive auditory and peripheral neuropathy, maps to Xq23-27.3. J Med Genet 2006; 43:e33. [PMID: 16816020 PMCID: PMC2564562 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2005.037929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We report here the genetic characterisation of a large five generation Chinese family with the phenotypic features of auditory neuropathy and progressive peripheral sensory neuropathy, and the genetic feature of X linked recessive inheritance. Disease onset was at adolescence (at an average age of 13 years for six affected subjects). The degree of hearing impairment varied from mild to severe, with decreased otoacoustic emissions; auditory brainstem responses were lacking from onset. METHODS Two-point and multipoint model based linkage analysis using the MILNK and LINKMAP programs of the FASTLINK software package produced maximum two-point and multipoint LOD scores of 2.41 and 2.41, respectively. RESULTS These findings define a novel X linked auditory neuropathy locus/region (AUNX1, Xq23-q27.3). This region is 42.09 cM long and contains a 28.07 Mb region with flanking markers DXS1220 and DXS8084, according to the Rutgers Combined Linkage-Physical Map, build 35. However, mutation screen of the candidate gene SLC6A14 within the region did not identify the causative genetic determinant for this large Chinese family.
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Naeem M, Wajid M, Lee K, Leal SM, Ahmad W. A mutation in the hair matrix and cuticle keratin KRTHB5 gene causes ectodermal dysplasia of hair and nail type. J Med Genet 2006; 43:274-9. [PMID: 16525032 PMCID: PMC2563238 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2005.033381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ectodermal dysplasias are developmental disorders affecting tissues of ectodermal origin. To date, four different types of ectodermal dysplasia involving only hair and nails have been described. In an effort to understand the molecular bases of this form of ectodermal dysplasia, large Pakistani consanguineous kindred with multiple affected individuals has been ascertained from a remote region in Pakistan. OBJECTIVE To identify the gene underlying the phenotype. METHODS Microsatellite markers were genotyped in candidate regions and two point and multipoint parametric linkage analysis carried out. RESULTS The disease locus was mapped to a 16.6 centimorgan region on chromosome 12q12-q14.1 (Zmax = 8.2), which harbours six type II hair keratin genes. DNA sequence analysis revealed a homozygous missense mutation in the hair matrix and cuticle keratin KRTHB5, leading to histidine substitution of a conserved arginine residue (R78H) located in the head domain. CONCLUSIONS This report provides the first direct evidence relating to the molecular pathogenesis of pure hair-nail ectodermal dysplasias.
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Ferguson PJ, Chen S, Tayeh MK, Ochoa L, Leal SM, Pelet A, Munnich A, Lyonnet S, Majeed HA, El-Shanti H. Homozygous mutations in LPIN2 are responsible for the syndrome of chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis and congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia (Majeed syndrome). J Med Genet 2006; 42:551-7. [PMID: 15994876 PMCID: PMC1736104 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2005.030759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Majeed syndrome is an autosomal recessive, autoinflammatory disorder characterised by chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis and congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia. The objectives of this study were to map, identify, and characterise the Majeed syndrome causal gene and to speculate on its function and role in skin and bone inflammation. METHODS Six individuals with Majeed syndrome from two unrelated families were identified for this study. Homozygosity mapping and parametric linkage analysis were employed for the localisation of the gene responsible for Majeed syndrome. Direct sequencing was utilised for the identification of mutations within the genes contained in the region of linkage. Expression studies and in silico characterisation of the identified causal gene and its protein were carried out. RESULTS The phenotype of Majeed syndrome includes inflammation of the bone and skin, recurrent fevers, and dyserythropoietic anaemia. The clinical picture of the six affected individuals is briefly reviewed. The gene was mapped to a 5.5 cM interval (1.8 Mb) on chromosome 18p. Examination of genes in this interval led to the identification of homozygous mutations in LPIN2 in affected individuals from the two families. LPIN2 was found to be expressed in almost all tissues. The function of LPIN2 and its role in inflammation remains unknown. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that homozygous mutations in LPIN2 result in Majeed syndrome. Understanding the aberrant immune response in this condition will shed light on the aetiology of other inflammatory disorders of multifactorial aetiology including isolated chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis, Sweet syndrome, and psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Ferguson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology/Rheumatology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Pedra SRFF, Hornberger LK, Leal SM, Taylor GP, Smallhorn JF. Cardiac function assessment in patients with family history of nonhypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a prenatal and postnatal study. Pediatr Cardiol 2005; 26:543-52. [PMID: 16132314 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-004-0688-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Nonobstructive cardiomyopathies (CMs) may be familial in 20â<euro>"55% of cases. Little is known about the role of fetal echocardiography in such cases. We evaluated the cardiac function serially pre- and postnatally in cases with a family history of nonobstructive CM. The fetal and postnatal studies were performed in the echocardiogarphy laboratory at a tertiary institution. Twenty-six cases from 16 families with a family history of CM were studied. Three fetal echocardiograms were performed at or near 18, 25, and 32 weeks of gestation for complete cardiac functional assessment. Postnatally clinical evaluation, electrocardiogram, and an echocardiogram were performed within the first 3 months, with serial reevaluation for those identified with CM. The mean follow-up was 46 +/- 9 months. Abnormal cardiac function was observed in 8 cases (30%). Six had a previously affected sibling, 1 had other family members affected, and 1 had both antecedents. Four had dilated CM diagnosed prenatally of which 1 recovered, 2 died in utero, and 1 died soon after birth. The remaining 4 had normal fetal echoes and were diagnosed with CM in the first 3 months of life. Three had dilated CM with recovery, and 1 had restrictive CM requiring cardiac transplantation. This study demonstrates a high familial recurrence rate of CM. Fetal echo is useful for early diagnosis, although a normal study does not preclude ventricular dysfunction at a later stage, justifying serial prenatal and postnatal evaluation. Early identification may expedite listing for transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R F F Pedra
- Division of Cardiology and the Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
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Irshad S, Santos RLP, Muhammad D, Lee K, McArthur N, Haque S, Ahmad W, Leal SM. Localization of a novel autosomal recessive non-syndromic hearing impairment locus DFNB55 to chromosome 4q12-q13.2. Clin Genet 2005; 68:262-7. [PMID: 16098016 PMCID: PMC2910366 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2005.00492.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary hearing impairment (HI) is the most genetically heterogeneous trait known in humans. So far, 54 autosomal recessive non-syndromic hearing impairment (ARNSHI) loci have been mapped, and 21 ARNSHI genes have been identified. Here is reported the mapping of a novel ARNSHI locus, DFNB55, to chromosome 4q12-q13.2 in a consanguineous Pakistani family. A maximum multipoint LOD score of 3.5 was obtained at marker D4S2638. The region of homozygosity and the 3-unit support interval are flanked by markers D4S2978 and D4S2367. The region spans 8.2 cm on the Rutgers combined linkage-physical map and contains 11.5 Mb. DFNB55 represents the third ARNSHI locus mapped to chromosome 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Irshad
- Department of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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28
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Santos RLP, Wajid M, Pham TL, Hussan J, Ali G, Ahmad W, Leal SM. Low prevalence of Connexin 26 (GJB2) variants in Pakistani families with autosomal recessive non-syndromic hearing impairment. Clin Genet 2005; 67:61-8. [PMID: 15617550 PMCID: PMC2909104 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2005.00379.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Pakistani population has become an important resource for research on autosomal recessive non-syndromic hearing impairment (ARNSHI) due to the availability of large extended and highly consanguineous pedigrees. Here is presented the first report on the prevalence of gap junction beta-2 (GJB2) variants in Pakistan. One hundred and ninety-six unrelated Pakistani families with ARNSHI were recruited for a study on the genetics of NSHI. DNA sequencing of the GJB2 coding region was done on two affected individuals per family. Evolutionary conservation and predicted effect on the protein product were studied in order to hypothesize whether or not a variant was potentially deleterious. Homozygous putatively functional GJB2 variants were identified in 6.1% of families. None of the putatively functional GJB2 variants were observed in the compound heterozygous state. The six putatively causative variants noted were 231G > A(W77X), 71G > A(W24X), 167delT, 95G > A(R32H), 358-360delGAG(delE120), and 269T > C(L90P), with 231G > A(W77X) and 71G > A(W24X) being the most common. In addition, five benign polymorphisms, 380G > A(R127H), 457G > A(V153I), 493C > T(R165W), 79G > A(V27I), and 341 A > G(E114G), were identified within this population. In a few individuals, benign polymorphisms were observed to occur on the same haplotype, namely [457G > A(V153I); 493C > T(R165W)] and [79G > A(V27I); 341 A > G(E114G)]. The spectrum of GJB2 sequence variants in Pakistan may reflect shared origins of hearing impairment alleles within the Indian subcontinent. The high degree of consanguinity within Pakistan may have maintained the GJB2 prevalence at a much lower rate than within India and other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L P Santos
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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29
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Aslam M, Chahrour MH, Razzaq A, Haque S, Yan K, Leal SM, Ahmad W. A novel locus for autosomal recessive form of hypotrichosis maps to chromosome 3q26.33-q27.3. J Med Genet 2005; 41:849-52. [PMID: 15520410 PMCID: PMC1735610 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2004.019729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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30
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Rafiq MA, Ansar M, Pham T, Amin-ud-Din M, Anwar M, Haque S, Chahrour MH, Yan K, Leal SM, Ahmad W. Localization of a novel locus for hereditary nail dysplasia to chromosome 17q25.1-17q25.3. Clin Genet 2005; 66:73-8. [PMID: 15200512 PMCID: PMC6141021 DOI: 10.1111/j.0009-9163.2004.00273.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report on a six-generation Pakistani consanguineous family with autosomal recessive transmission of a form of hereditary nail dysplasia. Affected individuals presented with onycholysis of fingernails and anonychia of toenails. Associated abnormalities of ectodermal appendages were not observed in any of the affected individuals. Linkage has been established to chromosome 17q. A maximum multipoint analysis logarithm of the odds ratio score of 4.85 was obtained at marker D17S1301. Due to the consanguineous nature of this kindred, the gene for nail dysplasia is probably contained within a 5.0-cM (3 MB on the sequence-based physical map) region of homozygosity flanked by markers D17S1807 and D17S937.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Rafiq
- Department of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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31
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Huang SS, Leal SM, Chen CL, Liu IH, Huang JS. Identification of insulin receptor substrate proteins as key molecules for the TβR‐V/LRP‐1‐mediated growth inhibitory signaling cascade in epithelial and myeloid cells. FASEB J 2004; 18:1719-21. [PMID: 15371331 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-1872fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The type V TGF-beta receptor (TbetaR-V) mediates IGF-independent growth inhibition by IGFBP-3 and mediates growth inhibition by TGF-beta1 in concert with the other TGF-beta receptor types. TbetaR-V was recently found to be identical to LRP-1. Here we find that insulin and (Q3A4Y15L16) IGF-I (an IGF-I analog that has a low affinity for IGFBP-3) antagonize growth inhibition by IGFBP-3 in mink lung epithelial cells (Mv1Lu cells) stimulated by serum. In these cells, IGFBP-3 induces serine-specific dephosphorylation of IRS-1 and IRS-2. The IGFBP-3-induced dephosphorylation of IRS-2 is prevented by cotreatment of cells with insulin, (Q3A4Y15L16) IGF-I, or TbetaR-V/LRP-1 antagonists. The magnitude of the IRS-2 dephosphorylation induced by IGFBP-3 positively correlates with the degree of growth inhibition by IGFBP-3 in Mv1Lu cells and mutant cells derived from Mv1Lu cells. Stable transfection of murine 32D myeloid cells (which lack endogenous IRS proteins and are insensitive to growth inhibition by IGFBP-3) with IRS-1 or IRS-2 cDNA confers sensitivity to growth inhibition by IGFBP-3; this IRS-mediated growth inhibition can be completely reversed by insulin in 32D cells stably expressing IRS-2 and the insulin receptor. These results suggest that IRS-1 and IRS-2 are key molecules for the TbetaR-V/LRP-1-mediated growth inhibitory signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuan Shian Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 South Grand Boulevard St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.
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32
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Bart G, Heilig M, LaForge KS, Pollak L, Leal SM, Ott J, Kreek MJ. Substantial attributable risk related to a functional mu-opioid receptor gene polymorphism in association with heroin addiction in central Sweden. Mol Psychiatry 2004; 9:547-9. [PMID: 15037869 PMCID: PMC6141020 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Bart
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - M Heilig
- Division of Psychiatry, NEUROTEC, Karolinska Institute, M57 Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - KS LaForge
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - L Pollak
- Division of Psychiatry, NEUROTEC, Karolinska Institute, M57 Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - SM Leal
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - J Ott
- The Laboratory of Statistical Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - MJ Kreek
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Psychiatry, NEUROTEC, Karolinska Institute, M57 Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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33
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Huang SS, Leal SM, Chen CL, Liu IH, Huang JS. Cellular growth inhibition by TGF-β1involves IRS proteins. FEBS Lett 2004; 565:117-21. [PMID: 15135063 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.03.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2004] [Revised: 03/24/2004] [Accepted: 03/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In Mv1Lu cells, insulin partially reverses transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) growth inhibition in the presence of alpha5beta1 integrin antagonists. TGF-beta1 appears to induce phosphorylation of IRS-2 in these cells; this is inhibited by a TGF-beta antagonist known to reverse TGF-beta growth inhibition. Stable transfection of 32D myeloid cells (which lack endogenous IRS proteins and are insensitive to growth inhibition by TGF-beta1) with IRS-1 or IRS-2 cDNA confers sensitivity to growth inhibition by TGF-beta1; this IRS-mediated growth inhibition can be partially reversed by insulin in 32D cells stably expressing IRS-2 and the insulin receptor (IR). These results suggest that growth inhibition by TGF-beta1 involves IRS proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuan Shian Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 South Grand Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.
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34
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Leal SM, Kumar N, Neckameyer WS. GABAergic modulation of motor-driven behaviors in juvenileDrosophila and evidence for a nonbehavioral role for GABA transport. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 61:189-208. [PMID: 15389689 DOI: 10.1002/neu.20061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We have identified specific GABAergic-modulated behaviors in the juvenile stage of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster via systemic treatment of second instar larvae with the potent GABA transport inhibitor DL-2,4-diaminobutyric acid (DABA). DABA significantly inhibited motor-controlled body wall and mouth hook contractions and impaired rollover activity and contractile responses to touch stimulation. The perturbations in locomotion and rollover activity were reminiscent of corresponding DABA-induced deficits in locomotion and the righting reflex observed in adult flies. The effects were specific to these motor-controlled behaviors, because DABA-treated larvae responded normally in olfaction and phototaxis assays. Recovery of these behaviors was achieved by cotreatment with the vertebrate GABA(A) receptor antagonist picrotoxin. Pharmacological studies performed in vitro with plasma membrane vesicles isolated from second instar larval tissues verified the presence of high-affinity, saturable GABA uptake mechanisms. GABA uptake was also detected in plasma membrane vesicles isolated from behaviorally quiescent stages. Competitive inhibition studies of [3H]-GABA uptake into plasma membrane vesicles from larval and pupal tissues with either unlabeled GABA or the transport inhibitors DABA, nipecotic acid, or valproic acid, revealed differences in affinities. GABAergic-modulation of motor behaviors is thus conserved between the larval and adult stages of Drosophila, as well as in mammals and other vertebrate species. The pharmacological studies reveal shared conservation of GABA transport mechanisms between Drosophila and mammals, and implicate the involvement of GABA and GABA transporters in regulating physiological processes distinct from neurotransmission during behaviorally quiescent stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Leal
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Blvd., St. Louis, Missouri 63103, USA
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35
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Zhu M, Yang T, Wei S, DeWan AT, Morell RJ, Elfenbein JL, Fisher RA, Leal SM, Smith RJH, Friderici KH. Mutations in the gamma-actin gene (ACTG1) are associated with dominant progressive deafness (DFNA20/26). Am J Hum Genet 2003; 73:1082-91. [PMID: 13680526 PMCID: PMC1180488 DOI: 10.1086/379286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2003] [Accepted: 08/14/2003] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related hearing loss (presbycusis) is a significant problem in the population. The genetic contribution to age-related hearing loss is estimated to be 40%-50%. Gene mutations that cause nonsyndromic progressive hearing loss with early onset may provide insight into the etiology of presbycusis. We have identified four families segregating an autosomal dominant, progressive, sensorineural hearing loss phenotype that has been linked to chromosome 17q25.3. The critical interval containing the causative gene was narrowed to approximately 2 million bp between markers D17S914 and D17S668. Cochlear-expressed genes were sequenced in affected family members. Sequence analysis of the gamma-actin gene (ACTG1) revealed missense mutations in highly conserved actin domains in all four families. These mutations change amino acids that are conserved in all actins, from protozoa to mammals, and were not found in >100 chromosomes from normal hearing individuals. Much of the specialized ultrastructural organization of the cells in the cochlea is based on the actin cytoskeleton. Many of the mutations known to cause either syndromic or nonsyndromic deafness occur in genes that interact with actin (e.g., the myosins, espin, and harmonin). The mutations we have identified are in various binding domains of actin and are predicted to mildly interfere with bundling, gelation, polymerization, or myosin movement and may cause hearing loss by hindering the repair or stability of cochlear cell structures damaged by noise or aging. This is the first description of a mutation in cytoskeletal, or nonmuscle, actin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zhu
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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36
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Abstract
The type V TGF-beta receptor (TbetaR-V)/IGFBP-3 receptor mediates the IGF-independent growth inhibition induced by IGFBP-3. It also mediates the growth inhibitory response to TGF-beta1 in concert with other TGF-beta receptor types, and its loss may contribute to the malignant phenotype of human carcinoma cells. Here we demonstrate that TbetaR-V is identical to LRP-1/alpha2M receptor as shown by MALDI-TOF analysis of tryptic peptides of TbetaR-V purified from bovine liver. In addition, 125I-IGFBP-3 affinity-labeled TbetaR-V in Mv1Lu cells is immunoprecipitated by antibodies to LRP-1 and TbetaR-V. RAP, an LRP-1 antagonist, inhibits binding of 125I-TGF-beta1 and 125I-IGFBP-3 to TbetaR-V and diminishes IGFBP-3-induced growth inhibition in Mv1Lu cells. Absent or low levels of LRP-1, as with TbetaR-V, have been linked to the malignant phenotype of carcinoma cells. Mutagenized Mv1Lu cells selected for reduced expression of LRP-1 have an attenuated growth inhibitory response to TGF-beta1 and IGFBP-3. LRP-1-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts lack a growth inhibitory response to TGF-beta1 and IGFBP-3. On the other hand, stable transfection of H1299 human lung carcinoma cells with LRP-1 cDNA restores the growth inhibitory response. These results suggest that the LRP-1/TbetaR-V/IGFBP-3 receptor is required for the growth inhibitory response to IGFBP-3 and TGF-beta1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuan Shian Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 South Grand Blvd., St. Louis, Missouri 63104, USA.
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37
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Abstract
A family ascertained in the United States displays significant evidence of linkage to 17q25.3 (maximum two-point LOD score 6.32). The non-syndromic autosomal-dominant hearing-loss loci DFNA20 and DFNA26 map to this region. The 3-unit support interval and haplotype for this USA kindred falls within the interval for DFNA20 and DFNA26 and reduces the region to 6.05 cM, according to the deCode genetic map. The same gene is probably responsible for both DFNA20/DFNA26. In addition, the USH1G locus maps to this region and could be an allelic variant of the gene responsible for DFNA20/DFNA26. Clinical data is presented for this kindred, where hearing-impaired family members present with sloping audiograms with mid- and high-frequency hearing loss, which progresses to hearing loss that affects all frequencies. The mean age of onset of hearing impairment is 13.2 years of age (standard deviation: 4.6 years).
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Affiliation(s)
- A T DeWan
- The Laboratory of Statistical Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
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38
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Varga R, Kelley PM, Keats BJ, Starr A, Leal SM, Cohn E, Kimberling WJ. Non-syndromic recessive auditory neuropathy is the result of mutations in the otoferlin (OTOF) gene. J Med Genet 2003; 40:45-50. [PMID: 12525542 PMCID: PMC1735255 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.40.1.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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39
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Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) stimulate endothelial cell growth through interactions with their tyrosine kinase receptors to stimulate intracellular signaling events. This culminates in the expression of specific gene products that induce a cellular response in numerous physiological processes, including hematopoeisis, oncogenesis and embryogenesis. The primordial function of VEGF can be revealed by studying VEGF-mediated signaling pathways in the powerful and tractable model system, Drosophila melanogaster, which has proved invaluable in furthering our understanding of conserved developmental themes.
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40
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Abstract
We have identified several GABAergic-modulated behaviors in Drosophila melanogaster by employing a pharmacological approach to disrupt GABA transporter function in vivo. Systemic treatment of adult female flies with the GABA transport inhibitors DL-2,4-diaminobutyric acid (DABA) or R,S-nipecotic acid (NipA), resulted in diminished locomotor activity, deficits in geotaxis, and the induction of convulsive behaviors with a secondary loss of the righting reflex. Pharmacological evidence suggested that the observed behavioral phenotypes were specific to disruption of GABA transporter function and GABAergic activity. The effects of GABA reuptake inhibitors on locomotor activity were dose dependent, pharmacologically distinct, and paralleled their known effects in mammalian systems. Recovery of normal locomotor activity and the righting reflex in DABA- and NipA-treated flies was achieved by coadministration of bicuculline (BIC), a GABA receptor antagonist that supresses GABAergic activity in mammals. Recovery of these behaviors was also achieved by coadministration of gabapentin, an anticonvulsant agent that interacts with mammalian GABAergic systems. Finally, behavioral effects were selective because other specific behaviors such as feeding activity and female sexual receptivity were not affected. Related pharmacological analyses performed in vitro on isolated Drosophila synaptic plasma membrane vesicles demonstrated high affinity, saturable uptake mechanisms for [3H]-GABA; further competitive inhibition studies with DABA and NipA demonstrated their ability to inhibit [3H]-GABA transport. The existence of experimentally accessible GABA transporters in Drosophila that share conserved pharmacological properties with their mammalian counterparts has resulted in the identification of specific behaviors that are modulated by GABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Leal
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Blvd., St. Louis, Missouri 63103, USA
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41
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Leal SM. Phenotypes and genetic analysis of psychiatric and neuropsychiatric traits. Am J Med Genet 2001; 105:4-7. [PMID: 11424993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
A workshop was held at Rockefeller University entitled "Phenotypes and Genetic Analysis of Complex Traits." The purpose of the workshop was to examine phenotype definition for complex traits, in particular, psychiatric and neuropsychiatric traits. An additional goal of the workshop was to examine statistical genetic approaches that specifically address the oligogenic nature of psychiatric traits. An overview of topics that were addressed and discussed at the workshop is presented in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Leal
- The Rockefeller University, Laboratory of Statistical Genetics, New York, New York 10021, USA.
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42
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Abstract
Due to their oligogenic inheritance, the identification of susceptibility loci for complex traits by classical selection criteria has not been very successful. One way to address this problem is to identify statistics that measure the effect of more than one locus simultaneously. In the approach described here, a p-value is assigned to a combination of loci under the null hypothesis that none of them is linked to the disease locus. In order to examine the power of this method to detect multiple loci, the Genetic Analysis Workshop 12 general population simulated data set was analyzed using variance component methods. Using the described novel selection criteria resulted in an increase of power, however, a rejection of the null hypothesis has to be interpreted with care.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wille
- Laboratory of Statistical Genetics, Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, Box 192, New York, NY 10021, USA
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43
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Hu FZ, Preston RA, Post JC, White GJ, Kikuchi LW, Wang X, Leal SM, Levenstien MA, Ott J, Self TW, Allen G, Stiffler RS, McGraw C, Pulsifer-Anderson EA, Ehrlich GD. Mapping of a gene for severe pediatric gastroesophageal reflux to chromosome 13q14. JAMA 2000; 284:325-34. [PMID: 10891964 PMCID: PMC6148744 DOI: 10.1001/jama.284.3.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) has not previously been widely regarded as a hereditary disease. A few reports have suggested, however, that a genetic component may contribute to the incidence of GER, especially in its severe or chronic forms. OBJECTIVE To identify a genetic locus that cosegregates with a severe pediatric GER phenotype in families with multiple affected members. DESIGN A genome-wide scan of families affected by severe pediatric GER using polymorphic microsatellite markers spaced at an average of 8 centimorgans (cM), followed by haplotyping and by pairwise and multipoint linkage analyses. SETTING General US community, with research performed in a university tertiary care hospital. SUBJECTS Affected and unaffected family members from 5 families having multiple individuals affected by severe pediatric GER, identified through a patient support group. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Determination of inheritance patterns and linkage of a genetic locus with the severe pediatric GER phenotype by logarithm-of-odds (lod) score analysis, considering a lod score of 3 or greater as evidence of linkage. RESULTS In these families, severe pediatric GER followed an autosomal dominant hereditary pattern with high penetrance. A gene for severe pediatric GER was mapped to a 13-cM region on chromosome 13q between microsatellite markers D13S171 and D13S263. A maximum multifamily 2-point lod score of 5.58 and a maximum multifamily multipoint lod score of 7.15 were obtained for marker D13S1253 at map position 35 cM when presumptively affected persons were modeled as unknown (a maximum multipoint score of 4.88 was obtained when presumptively affected persons were modeled as unaffected). CONCLUSION These data suggest that a gene for severe pediatric GER maps to chromosome 13q14. JAMA. 2000;284:325-334
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Affiliation(s)
- F Z Hu
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Room 1030, Allegheny General Hospital, 320 E North Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA
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44
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Bulayeva KB, Leal SM, Pavlova TA, Kurbanov R, Coover S, Bulayev O, Byerley W. The ascertainment of multiplex schizophrenia pedigrees from Daghestan genetic isolates (Northern Caucasus, Russia). Psychiatr Genet 2000; 10:67-72. [PMID: 10994643 PMCID: PMC6240907 DOI: 10.1097/00041444-200010020-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the preliminary ascertainment of multiplex schizophrenia pedigrees from the isolated mountain region of Daghestan (Northern Caucasus, Russia). Daghestan has a population of two million people and contains 26 aboriginal ethnic groups. Many of the ethnic groups reside in remote mountain villages that can be classified as 'primary isolates'. Prolonged reproductive isolation and severe environmental conditions in the highlands have created diverse, genetically isolated ethnic populations in Daghestan. A number of the isolates in this region contain large extended multiplex schizophrenia pedigrees that are ideal for genetic analyses. During summer expeditions of 1996 and 1997, 14 separate large multiplex schizophrenia pedigrees were ascertained from 14 different mountain villages. Of the 14 kindreds, one had 50 schizophrenic cases available for ascertainment, one had 32, and another had 24. Seven of the remaining pedigrees had between 11 and 23 living cases. Within the kindreds, the number of males with chronic schizophrenia was at least twice that of females. The average age of onset of schizophrenia is 21.2 years for offspring of consanguineous marriages and 17.4 years for offspring of nonconsanguineous marriages (P = 0.033). Although the pedigrees ascertained from the remote mountain villages may not be representative of the general population, they are unique kindreds for mapping schizophrenia susceptibility genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Bulayeva
- N.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.
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Salam AA, Häfner FM, Linder TE, Spillmann T, Schinzel AA, Leal SM. A novel locus (DFNA23) for prelingual autosomal dominant nonsyndromic hearing loss maps to 14q21-q22 in a Swiss German kindred. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 66:1984-8. [PMID: 10777717 PMCID: PMC1378045 DOI: 10.1086/302931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2000] [Accepted: 03/27/2000] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
DFNA23, a novel locus for autosomal dominant nonsyndromic hearing loss, was identified in a Swiss German kindred. DNA samples were obtained from 22 family members in three generations: 10 with hearing impairment caused by the DFNA23 locus, 8 unaffected offspring, and 4 spouses of hearing-impaired pedigree members. In this kindred, the hearing-impaired family members have prelingual bilateral symmetrical hearing loss. All audiograms from hearing-impaired individuals displayed sloping curves, with hearing ability ranging from normal hearing to mild hearing loss in low frequencies, normal hearing to profound hearing loss in mid frequencies, and moderate to profound hearing loss in high frequencies. A conductive component existed for 50% of the hearing-impaired family members. The majority of the hearing-impaired family members did not display progression of hearing loss. The DFNA23 locus maps to 14q21-q22. Linkage analysis was carried out under a fully penetrant autosomal dominant mode of inheritance with no phenocopies. A maximum multipoint LOD score of 5.1 occurred at Marker D14S290. The 3.0-LOD unit support interval is 9.4 cM and ranged from marker D14S980 to marker D14S1046.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Salam
- Laboratory of Statistical Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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46
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Abstract
The benefits and costs of stratification of affected-sib-pair (ASP) data were examined in three situations: (1) when there is no difference in identity-by-descent (IBD) allele sharing between stratified and unstratified ASP data sets; (2) when there is an increase in IBD allele sharing in one of the stratified groups; and (3) when the data are stratified on the basis of IBD allele-sharing status at one locus, and the stratified ASPs are then analyzed for linkage at a second locus. When there is no difference in IBD sharing between strata, a penalty is always paid for stratifying the data. The loss of power to detect linkage in the stratified ASP data sets is the result of multiple testing and the smaller sample size within individual strata. In the case in which etiologic heterogeneity (i.e., severity of phenotype, age at onset) represents genetic heterogeneity, the power to detect linkage can be increased by stratifying the ASP data. This benefit is obtained when there is sufficient IBD allele sharing and sample sizes. Once linkage has been established for a given locus, data can be stratified on the basis of IBD status at this locus and can be tested for linkage at a second locus. When the relative risk is in the vicinity of 1, the power to detect linkage at the second locus is always greater for the unstratified ASP data set. Even for values of the relative risk that diverge sufficiently from 1, with adequate sample sizes and IBD allele sharing, the benefits of stratifying ASP data are minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Leal
- The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, Box 192, New York, NY 10021-6399, USA.
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Gordon D, Leal SM, Heath SC, Ott J. An analytic solution to single nucleotide polymorphism error-detection rates in nuclear families: implications for study design. Pac Symp Biocomput 2000:663-74. [PMID: 10902214 PMCID: PMC6148745 DOI: 10.1142/9789814447331_0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Recently, there has been increased interest in using Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) as a method for detecting genes for complex traits. SNPs are diallelic markers that have the potential to be inexpensively produced using chip technology. It has been suggested that SNPs will be beneficial in study designs that utilize trio data (father, mother, child). In our previous work, we calculated the probability of detecting Mendelian errors at a SNP locus for a trio randomly selected from a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The highest error-detection rate was 30%. Here we investigate the error-detection rate when additional sibs are genotyped. We define an error to be a change from a 1 allele to a 2 allele, or vice versa. Typing one additional sib increases the detection rate on average by 10-13%. Typing two additional sibs increases the detection rate on average by 14-19%. The increase in the detection rate is dependent on the allele frequencies. Equal allele frequencies produce the lowest detection rates, independent of true error rates and number of offspring genotyped. Typing additional siblings not only improves error-detection rates, but can also provide additional linkage information. In order to increase linkage information and error-detection rates, at least two additional siblings should be ascertained when available.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gordon
- Laboratory of Statistical Genetics, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021-6399, USA
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Peixoto LB, Leal SM, Silva CE, Moreira SM, Ortiz J. Double outlet right ventricle with anterior and left-sided aorta and subpulmonary ventricular septal defect. Arq Bras Cardiol 1999; 73:441-50. [PMID: 10887365 DOI: 10.1590/s0066-782x1999001100005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Double outlet right ventricle (DORV) is a heterogeneous group of abnormal ventriculoarterial connections where, by definition, both great arteries (pulmonary artery and aorta) arise primarily from the morphologically right ventricle. This condition affects 1-1.5% of the patients with congenital heart diseases, with a frequency of 1 in each 10,000 live births. We report the case of an 18-day-old infant with DORV and extremely rare anatomical features, such as anterior and left-sided aorta and subpulmonary ventricular septal defect (VSD). In addition to the anatomic features, the role of the echocardiogram for guiding the diagnosis and the surgical therapy of this congenital heart disease are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Peixoto
- Centro de Cardiologia Não Invasiva de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Chung WK, Luke A, Cooper RS, Rotini C, Vidal-Puig A, Rosenbaum M, Chua M, Solanes G, Zheng M, Zhao L, LeDuc C, Eisberg A, Chu F, Murphy E, Schreier M, Aronne L, Caprio S, Kahle B, Gordon D, Leal SM, Goldsmith R, Andreu AL, Bruno C, DiMauro S, Leibel RL. Genetic and physiologic analysis of the role of uncoupling protein 3 in human energy homeostasis. Diabetes 1999; 48:1890-5. [PMID: 10480626 PMCID: PMC6155469 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.48.9.1890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
By virtue of its potential effects on rates of energy expenditure, uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) is an obesity candidate gene. We identified nine sequence variants in UCP3, including Val9Met, Val102Ile, Arg282Cys, and a splice site mutation in the intron between exons 6 and 7. The splice mutation results in an inability to synthesize mRNA for the long isoform (UCP3L) of UCP3. Linkage (sib pair), association, and transmission disequilibrium testing studies on 942 African-Americans did not suggest a significant effect of UCP3 on body composition in this group. In vastus lateralis skeletal muscle of individuals homozygous for the splice mutation, no UCP3L mRNA was detectable; the short isoform (UCP3S) was present in an increased amount. In this muscle, we detected no alterations of in vitro mitochondrial coupling activity, mitochondrial respiratory enzyme activity, or systemic oxygen consumption or respiratory quotient at rest or during exercise. These genetic and physiologic data suggest the following possibilities: UCP3S has uncoupling capabilities equivalent to UCP3L; other UCPs may compensate for a deficiency of bioactive UCP3L; UCP3L does not function primarily as a mitochondrial uncoupling protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- W K Chung
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
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Winick JD, Blundell ML, Galke BL, Salam AA, Leal SM, Karayiorgou M. Homozygosity mapping of the Achromatopsia locus in the Pingelapese. Am J Hum Genet 1999; 64:1679-85. [PMID: 10330355 PMCID: PMC1377911 DOI: 10.1086/302423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Achromatopsia, or total color blindness (also referred to as "rod monochromacy"), is a severe retinal disorder characterized clinically by an inability to distinguish colors, impaired visual acuity in daylight, photophobia, and nystagmus. Inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, achromatopsia is rare in the general population (1:20,000-1:50,000). Among the Pingelapese people of the Eastern Caroline Islands, however, the disorder occurs at an extremely high frequency, as recounted in Oliver Sacks's popular book The Island of the Colorblind: 4%-10% of this island population have the disorder and approximately 30% carry the gene. This extraordinary enrichment of the disease allele most likely resulted from a sharp reduction in population in the late 18th century, in the aftermath of a typhoon and subsequent geographic and cultural isolation. To obtain insights into the genetic basis of achromatopsia, as well as into the genetic history of this region of Micronesia, a genomewide search for linkage was performed in three Pingelapese kindreds with achromatopsia. A two-step search was used with a DNA pooling strategy, followed by genotyping of individual family members. Genetic markers that displayed a shift toward homozygosity in the affected DNA pool were used to genotype individual members of the kindreds, and an achromatopsia locus was identified on 8q21-q22. A maximal multipoint LOD score of 9.5 was observed with marker D8S1707. Homozygosity was seen for three adjacent markers (D8S275, D8S1119, and D8S1707), whereas recombination was observed with the flanking markers D8S1757 and D8S270, defining the outer boundaries of the disease-gene locus that spans a distance of <6.5cM.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Winick
- The Rockefeller University, New York, USA
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