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Cowton VM, Dunlop JI, Cole SJ, Swann RE, Patel AH. The Neutralizing Antibody Responses of Individuals That Spontaneously Resolve Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071391. [PMID: 35891372 PMCID: PMC9318067 DOI: 10.3390/v14071391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major global health problem. In the majority of cases the virus is not cleared by the host immune response and progresses to chronic infection. Studies of the neutralizing antibody responses in individuals that naturally clear infection are limited. Understanding what constitutes a successful antibody response versus one that has 'failed' and resulted in chronic infection is important to understand what type of antibody response would need to be elicited by a protective vaccine. Samples from spontaneous clearers are difficult to obtain therefore studies are often limited. In our study through HCV Research UK, we had access to a cohort of over 200 samples. We identified the samples that contained HCV neutralizing antibodies using ELISA and HCV pseudoparticle (HCVpp) assays. We then utilised mutagenesis and cross-competition analysis to determine the profile of the neutralizing antibody responses. In addition, we analysed a cohort of samples from chronic infection using the same techniques to enable direct comparison of the antibody profiles observed in both cohorts. We conclude that similar profiles are present in both cohorts indicating that it is not the neutralizing antibody response per se that determines the outcome of infection. These data will provide useful information for future HCV vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M. Cowton
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (J.I.D.); (S.J.C.); (R.E.S.); (A.H.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)-141-330-2988
| | - James I. Dunlop
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (J.I.D.); (S.J.C.); (R.E.S.); (A.H.P.)
| | - Sarah J. Cole
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (J.I.D.); (S.J.C.); (R.E.S.); (A.H.P.)
| | - Rachael E. Swann
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (J.I.D.); (S.J.C.); (R.E.S.); (A.H.P.)
- Department of Gastroenterology, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK
| | - Arvind H. Patel
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (J.I.D.); (S.J.C.); (R.E.S.); (A.H.P.)
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Salas JH, Urbanowicz RA, Guest JD, Frumento N, Figueroa A, Clark KE, Keck Z, Cowton VM, Cole SJ, Patel AH, Fuerst TR, Drummer HE, Major M, Tarr AW, Ball JK, Law M, Pierce BG, Foung SKH, Bailey JR. An Antigenically Diverse, Representative Panel of Envelope Glycoproteins for Hepatitis C Virus Vaccine Development. Gastroenterology 2022; 162:562-574. [PMID: 34655573 PMCID: PMC8792218 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Development of a prophylactic hepatitis C virus (HCV) vaccine will require accurate and reproducible measurement of neutralizing breadth of vaccine-induced antibodies. Currently available HCV panels may not adequately represent the genetic and antigenic diversity of circulating HCV strains, and the lack of standardization of these panels makes it difficult to compare neutralization results obtained in different studies. Here, we describe the selection and validation of a genetically and antigenically diverse reference panel of 15 HCV pseudoparticles (HCVpps) for neutralization assays. METHODS We chose 75 envelope (E1E2) clones to maximize representation of natural polymorphisms observed in circulating HCV isolates, and 65 of these clones generated functional HCVpps. Neutralization sensitivity of these HCVpps varied widely. HCVpps clustered into 15 distinct groups based on patterns of relative sensitivity to 7 broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. We used these data to select a final panel of 15 antigenically representative HCVpps. RESULTS Both the 65 and 15 HCVpp panels span 4 tiers of neutralization sensitivity, and neutralizing breadth measurements for 7 broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies were nearly equivalent using either panel. Differences in neutralization sensitivity between HCVpps were independent of genetic distances between E1E2 clones. CONCLUSIONS Neutralizing breadth of HCV antibodies should be defined using viruses spanning multiple tiers of neutralization sensitivity rather than panels selected solely for genetic diversity. We propose that this multitier reference panel could be adopted as a standard for the measurement of neutralizing antibody potency and breadth, facilitating meaningful comparisons of neutralization results from vaccine studies in different laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan H Salas
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Richard A Urbanowicz
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Research, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Johnathan D Guest
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland; Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Nicole Frumento
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alexis Figueroa
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kaitlyn E Clark
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Zhenyong Keck
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Vanessa M Cowton
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah J Cole
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Arvind H Patel
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas R Fuerst
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland; Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Heidi E Drummer
- Viral Entry and Vaccines Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marian Major
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Alexander W Tarr
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Research, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan K Ball
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Research, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mansun Law
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Brian G Pierce
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland; Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Steven K H Foung
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Justin R Bailey
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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Cole SJ, Mitra SS, Robinson JA, Jen S, Paceley MS, Carr KA, Riquino M, Wright K. "Thanks for hearing me out": Voices of social work students during COVID-19. Qual Soc Work 2021; 20:63-66. [PMID: 34253955 PMCID: PMC8261371 DOI: 10.1177/1473325020981073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As social work educators and students, the COVID-19 pandemic impacted our teaching and learning in challenging ways. We embarked on a qualitative research study to better understand the ways in which the pandemic was affecting the social work students in our program. Three faculty mentors worked collaboratively with five social work students across BSW, MSW, and PhD programs to interview 66 BSW and MSW students about their experiences, challenges, and hopes during the early months of the pandemic. BSW and MSW students led the analysis and early dissemination for the project. This essay describes the unique experiences of social work students by using a research poem to capture the emotional and experiential aspects of the students we interviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Cole
- Sarah J Cole, University of Kansas, School
of Social, 1545 Lilac Lane, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kelechi Wright
- School of Social Welfare, University of Kansas,
Lawrence, USA
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4
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Rihn SJ, Merits A, Bakshi S, Turnbull ML, Wickenhagen A, Alexander AJT, Baillie C, Brennan B, Brown F, Brunker K, Bryden SR, Burness KA, Carmichael S, Cole SJ, Cowton VM, Davies P, Davis C, De Lorenzo G, Donald CL, Dorward M, Dunlop JI, Elliott M, Fares M, da Silva Filipe A, Freitas JR, Furnon W, Gestuveo RJ, Geyer A, Giesel D, Goldfarb DM, Goodman N, Gunson R, Hastie CJ, Herder V, Hughes J, Johnson C, Johnson N, Kohl A, Kerr K, Leech H, Lello LS, Li K, Lieber G, Liu X, Lingala R, Loney C, Mair D, McElwee MJ, McFarlane S, Nichols J, Nomikou K, Orr A, Orton RJ, Palmarini M, Parr YA, Pinto RM, Raggett S, Reid E, Robertson DL, Royle J, Cameron-Ruiz N, Shepherd JG, Smollett K, Stewart DG, Stewart M, Sugrue E, Szemiel AM, Taggart A, Thomson EC, Tong L, Torrie LS, Toth R, Varjak M, Wang S, Wilkinson SG, Wyatt PG, Zusinaite E, Alessi DR, Patel AH, Zaid A, Wilson SJ, Mahalingam S. A plasmid DNA-launched SARS-CoV-2 reverse genetics system and coronavirus toolkit for COVID-19 research. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001091. [PMID: 33630831 PMCID: PMC7906417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the underlying cause of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), has led to a worldwide pandemic causing substantial morbidity, mortality, and economic devastation. In response, many laboratories have redirected attention to SARS-CoV-2, meaning there is an urgent need for tools that can be used in laboratories unaccustomed to working with coronaviruses. Here we report a range of tools for SARS-CoV-2 research. First, we describe a facile single plasmid SARS-CoV-2 reverse genetics system that is simple to genetically manipulate and can be used to rescue infectious virus through transient transfection (without in vitro transcription or additional expression plasmids). The rescue system is accompanied by our panel of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (against nearly every viral protein), SARS-CoV-2 clinical isolates, and SARS-CoV-2 permissive cell lines, which are all openly available to the scientific community. Using these tools, we demonstrate here that the controversial ORF10 protein is expressed in infected cells. Furthermore, we show that the promising repurposed antiviral activity of apilimod is dependent on TMPRSS2 expression. Altogether, our SARS-CoV-2 toolkit, which can be directly accessed via our website at https://mrcppu-covid.bio/, constitutes a resource with considerable potential to advance COVID-19 vaccine design, drug testing, and discovery science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzannah J. Rihn
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Andres Merits
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Siddharth Bakshi
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew L. Turnbull
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Arthur Wickenhagen
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Carla Baillie
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Brennan
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Brown
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Kirstyn Brunker
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Steven R. Bryden
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kerry A. Burness
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Carmichael
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah J. Cole
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Vanessa M. Cowton
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Davies
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Davis
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Giuditta De Lorenzo
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Claire L. Donald
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Dorward
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - James I. Dunlop
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Elliott
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Mazigh Fares
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ana da Silva Filipe
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph R. Freitas
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wilhelm Furnon
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Rommel J. Gestuveo
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, Miagao, Iloilo, Philippines
| | - Anna Geyer
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Giesel
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel M. Goldfarb
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Goodman
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Rory Gunson
- West of Scotland Specialist Virology Centre, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - C. James Hastie
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Vanessa Herder
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Hughes
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Johnson
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Natasha Johnson
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alain Kohl
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Kerr
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Leech
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kathy Li
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Gauthier Lieber
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Xiang Liu
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rajendra Lingala
- Indian Immunologicals Ltd (IIL), Rakshapuram, Gachibowli Post, Hyderabad Telangana, India
| | - Colin Loney
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Mair
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Marion J. McElwee
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Steven McFarlane
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jenna Nichols
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kyriaki Nomikou
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Orr
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. Orton
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Massimo Palmarini
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Yasmin A. Parr
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Rute Maria Pinto
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha Raggett
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Reid
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - David L. Robertson
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie Royle
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Cameron-Ruiz
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - James G. Shepherd
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Smollett
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas G. Stewart
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Meredith Stewart
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Sugrue
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Agnieszka M. Szemiel
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Aislynn Taggart
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Emma C. Thomson
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Lily Tong
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Leah S. Torrie
- Drug Discovery Unit (DDU), Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Toth
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Margus Varjak
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sainan Wang
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Stuart G. Wilkinson
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Paul G. Wyatt
- Drug Discovery Unit (DDU), Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Zusinaite
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Dario R. Alessi
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Arvind H. Patel
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ali Zaid
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sam J. Wilson
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Suresh Mahalingam
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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Corron LK, Stock MK, Cole SJ, Hulse CN, Garvin HM, Klales AR, Stull KE. Standardizing ordinal subadult age indicators: Testing for observer agreement and consistency across modalities. Forensic Sci Int 2021; 320:110687. [PMID: 33461006 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal and dental data for subadult analyses obtained from dry bones or various types of medical images, such as computed tomography (CT) scans or conventional radiographs/x-rays, should be consistent and repeatable to ensure method applicability across modalities and support combining study samples. The present study evaluates observer agreement of epiphyseal fusion and dental development stages obtained on CT scans of a U.S. sample and the consistency of epiphyseal fusion stages between CT scans and projected scan radiographs/scout images (U.S. CT sample), and between dry bones and conventional x-rays (Colombian osteological sample). Results show that both intra- and interobserver agreements of scores on CT scans were high (intra: mean Cohen's kappa=0.757-0.939, inter: mean Cohen's kappa=0.773-0.836). Agreements were lower for dental data (intra: mean Cohen's kappa=0.757, inter: mean Cohen's kappa=0.773-0.0.820) compared to epiphyseal fusion data (intra: mean Cohen's kappa=0.939, inter: mean Cohen's kappa=0.807-0.836). Consistency of epiphyseal fusion stages was higher between dry bones and conventional x-rays than between CT scans and scout images (mean Cohen's kappa=0.708-0.824 and 0.726-0.738, respectively). Differences rarely surpassed a one-stage value between observers or modalities. The complexity of some ossification patterns and superimposition had a greater negative impact on agreement and consistency rates than observer experience. Results suggest ordinal subadult skeletal data can be collected and combined across modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Corron
- Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Reno, United States.
| | - M K Stock
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Metropolitan State University of Denver, United States
| | - S J Cole
- Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Reno, United States
| | - C N Hulse
- Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Reno, United States
| | - H M Garvin
- Department of Anatomy, Des Moines University, United States
| | - A R Klales
- Forensic Anthropology Program, Washburn University, United States
| | - K E Stull
- Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Reno, United States; University of Pretoria, South Africa
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6
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Cowton VM, Owsianka AM, Fadda V, Ortega-Prieto AM, Cole SJ, Potter JA, Skelton JK, Jeffrey N, Di Lorenzo C, Dorner M, Taylor GL, Patel AH. Development of a structural epitope mimic: an idiotypic approach to HCV vaccine design. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:7. [PMID: 33420102 PMCID: PMC7794244 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-00269-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
HCV vaccine development is stymied by the high genetic diversity of the virus and the variability of the envelope glycoproteins. One strategy to overcome this is to identify conserved, functionally important regions—such as the epitopes of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs)—and use these as a basis for structure-based vaccine design. Here, we report an anti-idiotype approach that has generated an antibody that mimics a highly conserved neutralizing epitope on HCV E2. Crucially, a mutagenesis screen was used to identify the antibody, designated B2.1 A, whose binding characteristics to the bNAb AP33 closely resemble those of the original antigen. Protein crystallography confirmed that B2.1 A is a structural mimic of the AP33 epitope. When used as an immunogen B2.1 A induced antibodies that recognized the same epitope and E2 residues as AP33 and most importantly protected against HCV challenge in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M Cowton
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Garscube Campus, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ania M Owsianka
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Garscube Campus, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, UK
| | - Valeria Fadda
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, Fife, UK
| | | | - Sarah J Cole
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Garscube Campus, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jane A Potter
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, Fife, UK
| | - Jessica K Skelton
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nathan Jeffrey
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Garscube Campus, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, UK
| | - Caterina Di Lorenzo
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Garscube Campus, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, UK
| | - Marcus Dorner
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Garry L Taylor
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, Fife, UK
| | - Arvind H Patel
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Garscube Campus, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, UK.
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8
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Duncan HD, Bray MJ, Kapadia SA, Bowling TE, Cole SJ, Gabe SM, Walters ER, Silk DB. Prospective randomized comparison of two different sized percutaneous endoscopically placed gastrostomy tubes. Clin Nutr 2007; 15:317-20. [PMID: 16844064 DOI: 10.1016/s0261-5614(96)80007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/1996] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We performed a prospective randomised study of two different sized percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tubes to determine if tube size influenced the incidence of PEG-related complications. Patients were given prophylactic cefuroxime, if not already on antibiotics at the time of PEG insertion. Fifty-two PEGs were successfully placed, 26 in each group. Most patients who required a PEG had suffered a cerebrovascular event (82.7%). There were no procedure-related deaths. The mean ages (standard deviation) for the 12 and 20 French Gauge (FG) groups were 78.7 (8.9) and 73.9 (14.4) years, respectively, with no statistical difference. There were no significant differences in mortality (9 deaths in the 12 FG and 11 deaths in the 20 FG groups), number of peristomal infections (8 infections in the 12 FG and 12 infections in the 20 FG groups), episodes of leakage (12 leakages in the 12 FG and 17 leakages in the 20 FG groups) or tube blockage (2 blockage episodes in the 12 FG and 1 blockage episode in the 20 FG groups) between the two groups over a follow-up period of 190 days. The incidence of insertion- and feeding-related complications was thus not influenced by tube size. As the smaller PEG tubes were easier and less traumatic to insert we conclude that there are grounds for considering the more widespread use of the narrower diameter 12 FG PEG tubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H D Duncan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Central Middlesex Hospital NHS Trust, Acton Lane, London NW107NS, UK
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9
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Fitzgerald DP, Cole SJ, Hammond A, Seaman C, Cooper HM. Characterization of neogenin-expressing neural progenitor populations and migrating neuroblasts in the embryonic mouse forebrain. Neuroscience 2006; 142:703-16. [PMID: 16908105 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2006] [Revised: 06/19/2006] [Accepted: 06/22/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have demonstrated a role for netrin-1-deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) interactions in both axon guidance and neuronal migration. Neogenin, a member of the DCC receptor family, has recently been shown to be a chemorepulsive axon guidance receptor for the repulsive guidance molecule (RGM) family of guidance cues [Rajagopalan S, Deitinghoff L, Davis D, Conrad S, Skutella T, Chedotal A, Mueller B, Strittmatter S (2004) Neogenin mediates the action of repulsive guidance molecule. Nat Cell Biol 6:755-762]. Here we show that neogenin is present on neural progenitors, including neurogenic radial glia, in the embryonic mouse forebrain suggesting that neogenin expression is a hallmark of neural progenitor populations. Neogenin-positive progenitors were isolated from embryonic day 14.5 forebrain using flow cytometry and cultured as neurospheres. Neogenin-positive progenitors gave rise to neurospheres displaying a high proliferative and neurogenic potential. In contrast, neogenin-negative forebrain cells did not produce long-term neurosphere cultures and did not possess a significant neurogenic potential. These observations argue strongly for a role for neogenin in neural progenitor biology. In addition, we also observed neogenin on parvalbumin- and calbindin-positive interneuron neuroblasts that were migrating through the medial and lateral ganglionic eminences, suggesting a role for neogenin in tangential migration. Therefore, neogenin may be a multi-functional receptor regulating both progenitor activity and neuroblast migration in the embryonic forebrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Fitzgerald
- Queensland Brain Institute, Neural Migration Laboratory, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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10
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Abstract
This prospective study was undertaken to determine the value of manometric studies in predicting postoperative dysphagia in patients undergoing laparoscopic Toupet fundoplication. Two hundred and twenty-nine out of 401 patients (57%) had preoperative dysphagia, and 26 patients had late postoperative dysphagia (6.5%). Eight patients who had no preoperative dysphagia developed dysphagia following surgery. There were no significant differences in esophageal motility for patients without postoperative dysphagia (n = 375) compared with those with postoperative dysphagia (n = 26). Among patients with postoperative dysphagia as a new symptom (n = 8), six had normal preoperative distal esophageal pressures, and none had esophageal hypomotility. In those with both pre- and postoperative dysphagia 15 of 18 had normal esophageal motility and hypomotility was only found in one. The positive predictive values of distal esophageal hypomotility and other measures for postoperative dysphagia are poor. In conclusion, preoperative manometry does not predict postoperative dysphagia following laparoscopic Toupet partial fundoplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Cole
- Department of Surgery, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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11
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Abstract
With the aim of improving end organ treatment, we describe a new system of classifying irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) according to clinical features into four groups, spastic colon syndrome (SCS), functional diarrhea (FD), diarrhea-predominant spastic colon syndrome (DPSCS), and midgut dysmotility (MGD). The aim of the study was to investigate fasting and postprandial distal colonic motility in the four groups of patients and to compare the results with normal controls. Distal colonic motility studies were performed in the unprepared colon. 2.5-hr recordings were made from four channels with a standard meal administered at 0.5 hr. The intubated colon was treated as a study segment and data analyzed for study segment activity index (SSAI) and number and mean amplitude of pressure peaks over 30-min epochs. Patients with SCS had significantly higher (P < 0.05) mean amplitude of pressure peaks (60 min, 120 min) and SSAI (120 min) than controls and patients with FD, DPSCS, and MGD. In contrast, patients with FD and DPSCS had significantly (P < 0.05) lower postprandial SSAI than controls and patients with SCS (60 min, 120 min). With the exception of raised postprandial mean amplitude of pressure peaks (120 min), MGD patients had normal distal colonic motility. Division of IBS patients into subgroups has highlighted significant differences in distal colonic motility that provide insights into etiopathogenesis and should assist targeting of current and newly developed therapies, particularly receptor active agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Cole
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Central Middlesex Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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12
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Abstract
This review covers the recent advances that have been made in intestinal motility. Failure to stimulate the cephalic response when enteral tube feeding via the nasogastric route is important in contributing to enteral tube feeding related diarrhoea, which cannot be initially overcome by the use of fibre containing feeds. Dysfunction of the nervous system and visceral hypersensitivity appear to be important in contributing to the symptoms associated with irritable bowel syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Cole
- Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, UK
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13
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Abstract
We report a case of out of hospital defibrillation in a 15-year-old schoolgirl who developed ventricular fibrillation (VF) in association with butane gas inhalation. Although defibrillation performed by an attending paramedic was successful in restoring a cardiac output, her clinical course was complicated by severe neurological impairment. Reports of successful resuscitation following volatile substance abuse are rare and we believe this is the first documented evidence of VF associated with butane gas. This case illustrates the tragedy of such abuse in fit young people and we briefly review the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Williams
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, Tayside, UK
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14
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15
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Fujishima Y, Nordlund P, Pelosi G, Schofield CJ, Cole SJ, Baldwin JE, Hajdu J. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies on a recombinant isopenicillin N synthase from Cephalosporium acremonium. J Mol Biol 1994; 242:712-4. [PMID: 7932729 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1994.1622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant isopenicillin N synthase from Cephalosporium acremonium was expressed in Escherichia coli and the protein was purified. After nearly 5000 crystallization trials, the apo enzyme was crystallized by the hanging drop vapour diffusion technique, using polyethylene glycol and lithium sulphate as precipitants. Two crystal forms have been obtained with either octahedral or elongated prismatic habits. The larger octahedral crystals (0.1 mm over-all dimensions) belong to space group I4 with unit cell dimensions of a = b = 124.7 A, c = 156.9 A, and diffract X-rays to about 3.5 A resolution at synchrotrons. The crystallographic asymmetric unit contains a dimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Fujishima
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, University of Oxford, U.K
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16
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17
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Abstract
A middle-aged man re-presented with a Broca's aphasia due to a recurrent fronto-cingulate anaplastic astrocytoma. Although the language disturbance did not improve with dexamethasone therapy, within 4 weeks of treatment with procarbazine, CCNU and vincristine, the dysphasia had almost completely resolved. The anatomico-functional aspects and possible mechanisms of production and resolution of the aphasia are discussed. Assessment of dysphasias in patients undergoing intensive therapy for brain neoplasms is often neglected, but it can provide good objective information about the efficacy of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Cole
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
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18
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Cole SJ, Gillett JD. The influence of the brain hormone on retention of blood in the mid-gut of the mosquito Aedes aegypti (L.). III. The involvement of the ovaries and ecdysone. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1979; 205:411-22. [PMID: 41256 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1979.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Most female mosquitoes require a blood-meal in order to produce mature oöcytes. An egg development neurosecretory hormone (EDNH), which is produced in the medial neurosecretory cells (m.n.c.) of the brain and stored in the corpus cardiacum, is released into the haemolymph following the ingestion of blood and is essential for the promotion of ovarian development to maturity. It has been shown that a factor from the m.n.c., presumably EDNH, is necessary if the blood-meal is to be retained in the mid-gut until the oöcytes approach maturity. The present paper shows that retention is not a direct result of the action of EDNH, but is dependent on the ovaries and may well involve ecdysone. Removal of the ovaries before a blood-meal leads to early haem-defaecation, but delay can be restored by injection of ecdysterone. Sub-threshold feeders and mosquitoes decapitated immediately after the intake of blood, each of which would be expected to eliminate the blood-meal early, also show a delay in the onset of haem-defaecation when injected with ecdysterone. Further, both in ovariectomized insects and sub-threshold feeders the time of onset of haem-defaecation is associated with the dose of ecdysterone given.
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Cole SJ, Gillett JD. The influence of the brain hormone on retention of blood in the mid-gut of the mosquito Aedes aegypti (L). II. Early elimination following removal of the medial neurosecretory cells of the brain. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1978; 202:307-11. [PMID: 28529 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1978.0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Development of the oöcytes beyond the resting stage to maturity in mosquitoes is triggered by an egg development neurosecretory hormone from the brain. This hormone is produced by the medial neurosecretory cells of the pars intercerebralis, and in anautogenous species is stored in the corpus cardiacum until a blood-meal is taken. Removal of the head of the mosquito
Aedes aegypti
(L.), shortly after completion of a blood-meal, has previously been shown not only to prevent oöcyte maturation, but also to result in early elimination of the blood-meal. The work described in this paper shows that it is a factor originating in the medial neuro-secretory cells, presumably egg development neurosecretory hormone, which is essential if the blood-meal is to be retained in the mid-gut until the oöcytes are nearing maturity.
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Gillett JD, Cole SJ, Reeves D. The influence of the brain hormone on retention of blood in the mid-gut of the mosquito Aedes aegypti (L.). Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1975; 190:359-67. [PMID: 240165 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1975.0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Development of the oöcytes after a blood-meal in the mosquito
Aedes aegypti
occurs in two phases:
initiation
, which is independent of hormonal action, and
promotion
to maturity, which is dependent on a neurosecretory hormone from the brain (acting through the endocrine system of the thorax). During the promotion-phase, material for the growth of the oöcytes is mobilized from the blood in the mid-gut. The work described here explores the possibility and confirms that one of the functions of the brain hormone is to retain the blood in the mid-gut until development of the oöcytes is complete.
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Cole SJ, Curthoys GC, Magnusson EA. Ligand binding by metalloporphyrins. I. Thermodynamic functions of porphyriniron(II)-pyridine complexes. J Am Chem Soc 1970; 92:2991-6. [PMID: 5446951 DOI: 10.1021/ja00713a011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Cole SJ. Fissural Pattern in Four Asiatic Brains. J Anat 1920; 54:311-23. [PMID: 17103908 PMCID: PMC1262883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
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Cole SJ. Remarks on Some Points in the Fissuration of the Cerebrum. J Anat Physiol 1911; 46:54-68. [PMID: 17232912 PMCID: PMC1288898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
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Cole SJ. On Some Morphological Aspects of Microcephalic Idiocy. J Anat Physiol 1910; 44:315-44. [PMID: 17232853 PMCID: PMC1289234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
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