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Sanchez-Garcia G, Bryant BJ, Martin SL. Cultural Considerations and Response to Trauma for Displaced Children at the Border. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2024; 33:125-140. [PMID: 38395500 DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2023.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The United States has long been the leading destination for Latin Americans seeking refuge. However, in the last 7 years, many children from Mexico and northern Central America, composed of El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala, have joined this migratory flow. The experience of forced migration is intense, chronic, and complex for children in their home countries, during their journey, and on arrival in the United States. Their stories can inform clinical practices, such as Psychological First Aid and Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, to promote resilience in children in vulnerable conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sarah L Martin
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, 800 N. Mesa Street, El Paso, TX 79902, USA
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2
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Martin SL, Uribe C, Strafella AP. PET imaging of synaptic density in Parkinsonian disorders. J Neurosci Res 2024; 102:e25253. [PMID: 37814917 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic dysfunction and altered synaptic pruning are present in people with Parkinsonian disorders. Dopamine loss and alpha-synuclein accumulation, two hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD) pathology, contribute to synaptic dysfunction and reduced synaptic density in PD. Atypical Parkinsonian disorders are likely to have unique spatiotemporal patterns of synaptic density, differentiating them from PD. Therefore, quantification of synaptic density has the potential to support diagnoses, monitor disease progression, and treatment efficacy. Novel radiotracers for positron emission tomography which target the presynaptic vesicle protein SV2A have been developed to quantify presynaptic density. The radiotracers have successfully investigated synaptic density in preclinical models of PD and people with Parkinsonian disorders. Therefore, this review will summarize the preclinical and clinical utilization of SV2A radiotracers in people with Parkinsonian disorders. We will evaluate how SV2A abundance is associated with other imaging modalities and the considerations for interpreting SV2A in Parkinsonian pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Martin
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carme Uribe
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Unitat de Psicologia Medica, Departament de Medicina, Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio P Strafella
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Edmond J. Safra Parkinson Disease Program, Neurology Division, Toronto Western Hospital & Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Goodman LC, Elmore JS, Mayes TL, Minhajuddin A, Slater H, Blader JC, Liberzon I, Baronia RB, Bivins EJ, LaGrone JM, Jackson S, Martin SL, Brown R, Soares JC, Wakefield SM, Trivedi MH. Linking trauma to mental health in the statewide Texas Youth Depression and Suicide Research Network (TX-YDSRN). Psychiatry Res 2024; 331:115620. [PMID: 38091894 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/02/2024]
Abstract
Rates of youth depression and suicide are rising worldwide and represent public health crises. The present study examined the relationship between trauma history and symptoms of depression, suicidal ideation, and anxiety among suicidal and depressed youth. A diverse group of 1000 8-20-year-olds enrolled in the statewide Texas Youth Depression and Suicide Research Network (TX-YDSRN) reported their trauma history (Traumatic Events Screening Inventory for Children) and symptoms of depression (Patient Health Questionnaire for adolescents; PHQ-A), anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale; GAD-7), and suicidality (Concise Health Risk Tracking scale; CHRT-SR). Nearly half of the sample reported exposure to multiple categories of traumatic experiences. Number of trauma exposure categories significantly predicted PHQ-A and GAD-7 scores. Exposure to interpersonal trauma and to sexual trauma were significantly associated with PHQ-A, GAD-7, and CHRT-SR scores. The number of trauma exposure categories was associated with increased levels of anxiety and depression; however, only exposure to interpersonal or sexual trauma was associated with more suicidality. Clinicians should assess trauma exposure in patients seeking psychiatric care, especially for interpersonal and sexual trauma, which may be predictive of increased risk for suicidality in depressed youth. Future work should disentangle the effects of specific trauma types from multiple trauma exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynnel C Goodman
- Center for Depression Research and Clinical Care, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Joshua S Elmore
- Center for Depression Research and Clinical Care, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Taryn L Mayes
- Center for Depression Research and Clinical Care, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Abu Minhajuddin
- Center for Depression Research and Clinical Care, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Peter O'Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Holli Slater
- Center for Depression Research and Clinical Care, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Joseph C Blader
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Israel Liberzon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Regina B Baronia
- Department of Psychiatry, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Emily J Bivins
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Sierra Jackson
- Office of Clinical Research, JPS Health Network, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Sarah L Martin
- Department of Psychiatry, Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, El Paso, USA
| | - Ryan Brown
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jair C Soares
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UT Health Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, UT Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sarah M Wakefield
- Department of Psychiatry, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Madhukar H Trivedi
- Center for Depression Research and Clinical Care, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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Edwards SA, Martin SL, Rainey T, Whitaker G, Greenwood DC, Jones A, Sivan M. Influence of acute fasting on pain tolerance in healthy subjects: a randomised crossover study. Front Pain Res (Lausanne) 2023; 4:1153107. [PMID: 37753146 PMCID: PMC10518402 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2023.1153107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although chronic pain and obesity are global health crises with substantial healthcare costs, little is known about the relationship between pain perception and eating behaviours. Food consumption has been reported to provide an analgesic effect by the release of neurotransmitters modulating the pain network. However, whether short-term (acute) fasting affects pain perception remains unclear. Purpose This study aimed to investigate the effect of acute fasting on pain perception and whether attention and mood changes drove the observed changes. Patients and methods The cold pressor test (CPT) was used to investigate the pain tolerance of 25 healthy participants in both non-fasting and 12-h fasting sessions. They were randomised to either session with a crossover to the other after at least 24 h, with the experimenter blinded to the sessions. The pain tolerance was measured using a Stroop task in both attentive and distracted states. The Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire was used to capture the mood, and a 10-point hunger scale was used to measure hunger. Mixed-effects models were used to investigate the influence of fasting and distraction on pain perception, accounting for the repeated measures. Results Fasting reduced CPT pain tolerance, with fasting participants twice as likely to withdraw their hands early (hazard ratio = 2.4, 95% CI: 1.3-4.5). Though men tolerated CPT pain longer than women, there was no evidence that men responded to fasting differently than women (p = 0.9). In addition, no evidence supporting that fasting affected attention or mood was found. Nonetheless, it increased hunger scores by 2.7 points on a 10-point scale (95% CI: 1.2-4.2) and decreased blood glucose concentration levels by 0.51 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.19-0.84). Conclusion Acute fasting reduces pain tolerance in the healthy participants, and this effect is independent of gender and attention or mood changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A. Edwards
- The Human Pain Research Group, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah L. Martin
- The Human Pain Research Group, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Timothy Rainey
- The Human Pain Research Group, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Grace Whitaker
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ingeniería en Salud, Universidad de Valparaiso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Darren C. Greenwood
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Jones
- The Human Pain Research Group, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Manoj Sivan
- The Human Pain Research Group, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Smart K, Uribe C, Desmond KL, Martin SL, Vasdev N, Strafella AP. Preliminary Assessment of Reference Region Quantification and Reduced Scanning Times for [ 18F]SynVesT-1 PET in Parkinson's Disease. Mol Imaging 2023; 2023:1855985. [PMID: 37622164 PMCID: PMC10445483 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1855985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic density in the central nervous system can be measured in vivo using PET with [18F]SynVesT-1. While [18F]SynVesT-1 has been proven to be a powerful radiopharmaceutical for PET imaging of neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD), its currently validated acquisition and quantification protocols are invasive and technically challenging in these populations due to the arterial sampling and relatively long scanning times. The objectives of this work were to evaluate a noninvasive (reference tissue) quantification method for [18F]SynVesT-1 in PD patients and to determine the minimum scan time necessary for accurate quantification. [18F]SynVesT-1 PET scans were acquired in 5 patients with PD and 3 healthy control subjects for 120 min with arterial blood sampling. Quantification was performed using the one-tissue compartment model (1TCM) with arterial input function, as well as with the simplified reference tissue model (SRTM) to estimate binding potential (BPND) using centrum semiovale (CS) as a reference region. The SRTM2 method was used with k2' fixed to either a sample average value (0.037 min-1) or a value estimated first through coupled fitting across regions for each participant. Direct SRTM estimation and the Logan reference region graphical method were also evaluated. There were no significant group differences in CS volume, radiotracer uptake, or efflux (ps > 0.47). Each fitting method produced BPND estimates in close agreement with those derived from the 1TCM (subject R2s > 0.98, bias < 10%), with no difference in bias between the control and PD groups. With SRTM2, BPND estimates from truncated scan data as short as 80 min produced values in excellent agreement with the data from the full 120 min scans (bias < 6%). While these are preliminary results from a small sample of patients with PD (n = 5), this work suggests that accurate synaptic density quantification may be performed without blood sampling and with scan time under 90 minutes. If further validated, these simplified procedures for [18F]SynVesT-1 PET quantification can facilitate its application as a clinical research imaging technology and allow for larger study samples and include a broader scope of patients including those with neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Smart
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 1R8
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College St., Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 1R8
| | - Carme Uribe
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 1R8
- Unitat de Psicologia Medica, Departament de Medicina, Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kimberly L. Desmond
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 1R8
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College St., Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 1R8
| | - Sarah L. Martin
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 1R8
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 1R8
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College St., Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 1R8
| | - Antonio P. Strafella
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 1R8
- Edmond J. Safra Parkinson Disease Program, Neurology Division, Toronto Western Hospital & Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 2S8
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Riddle DB, Guzick A, Minhajuddin A, Smárason O, Armstrong GM, Slater H, Mayes TL, Goodman LC, Baughn DL, Martin SL, Wakefield SM, Blader J, Brown R, Goodman WK, Trivedi MH, Storch EA. Obsessive-compulsive disorder in youth and young adults with depression: Clinical characteristics of comorbid presentations. J Obsessive Compuls Relat Disord 2023; 38:100820. [PMID: 37521713 PMCID: PMC10373162 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocrd.2023.100820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), anxiety disorders, and depressive disorders are highly comorbid, and each contribute to significant functional impairment for affected youth. Comorbid anxiety disorders in depressed youth have been associated with greater depressive symptom severity and impairment, but the impact of comorbid OCD in this population remains unclear. Accordingly, the present study examined the differential clinical characteristics of youth with depression and comorbid OCD relative to age/gender matched depressed youth with no such comorbidity and to those with depression and a comorbid (non-OCD) anxiety disorder. A sample of 797 youth and young adults ages 8-20 years who met diagnostic criteria for depression alone, depression with co-occurring OCD or any anxiety disorder were included in the present study. Rates of comorbid anxiety and OCD were very high (60.5% and 15.5%, respectively). Relative to youth with only depression, depressed youth with comorbid OCD or anxiety had greater severity of depression, suicidality, and overall impairment in social, physical, and emotional functioning. These results highlight the contribution of OCD or anxiety comorbidity in more complex clinical presentations for depressed youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Riddle
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Andrew Guzick
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Abu Minhajuddin
- Peter O'Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Orri Smárason
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gabrielle M Armstrong
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Holli Slater
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Taryn L Mayes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Lynnel C Goodman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Denise L Baughn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Sarah L Martin
- Department of Psychiatry, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Sarah M Wakefield
- Department of Psychiatry, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Joseph Blader
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ryan Brown
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Wayne K Goodman
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Madhukar H Trivedi
- Peter O'Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Eric A Storch
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Dwivedi R, Drumm BT, Griffin CS, Dudem S, Bradley E, Alkawadri T, Martin SL, Sergeant GP, Hollywood MA, Thornbury KD. Excitatory cholinergic responses in mouse primary bronchial smooth muscle require both Ca 2+ entry via l-type Ca 2+ channels and store operated Ca 2+ entry via Orai channels. Cell Calcium 2023; 112:102721. [PMID: 37023533 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2023.102721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Malfunctions in airway smooth muscle Ca2+-signalling leads to airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ca2+-release from intracellular stores is important in mediating agonist-induced contractions, but the role of influx via l-type Ca2+ channels is controversial. We re-examined roles of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ store, refilling of this store via store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) and l-type Ca2+ channel pathways on carbachol (CCh, 0.1-10 µM)-induced contractions of mouse bronchial rings and intracellular Ca2+ signals of mouse bronchial myocytes. In tension experiments, the ryanodine receptor (RyR) blocker dantrolene (100 µM) reduced CCh-responses at all concentrations, with greater effects on sustained rather than initial components of contraction. 2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB, 100 μM), in the presence of dantrolene, abolished CCh-responses, suggesting the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ store is essential for contraction. The SOCE blocker GSK-7975A (10 µM) reduced CCh-contractions, with greater effects at higher (e.g. 3 and 10 µM) CCh concentrations. Nifedipine (1 µM), abolished remaining contractions in GSK-7975A (10 µM). A similar pattern was observed on intracellular Ca2+-responses to 0.3 µM CCh, where GSK-7975A (10 µM) substantially reduced Ca2+ transients induced by CCh, and nifedipine (1 µM) abolished remaining responses. When nifedipine (1 µM) was applied alone it had less effect, reducing tension responses at all CCh concentrations by 25% - 50%, with greater effects at lower (e.g. 0.1 and 0.3 µM) CCh concentrations. When nifedipine (1 µM) was examined on the intracellular Ca2+-response to 0.3 µM CCh, it only modestly reduced Ca2+ signals, while GSK-7975A (10 µM) abolished remaining responses. In conclusion, Ca2+-influx from both SOCE and l-type Ca2+ channels contribute to excitatory cholinergic responses in mouse bronchi. The contribution of l-type Ca2+ channels was especially pronounced at lower doses of CCh, or when SOCE was blocked. This suggests l-type Ca2+ channels might be a potential target for bronchoconstriction under certain circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dwivedi
- Smooth Muscle Research Centre, Dundalk Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Dundalk, Co. Louth, A91 K584, Ireland
| | - B T Drumm
- Smooth Muscle Research Centre, Dundalk Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Dundalk, Co. Louth, A91 K584, Ireland
| | - C S Griffin
- Smooth Muscle Research Centre, Dundalk Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Dundalk, Co. Louth, A91 K584, Ireland
| | - S Dudem
- Smooth Muscle Research Centre, Dundalk Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Dundalk, Co. Louth, A91 K584, Ireland
| | - E Bradley
- Smooth Muscle Research Centre, Dundalk Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Dundalk, Co. Louth, A91 K584, Ireland
| | - T Alkawadri
- Smooth Muscle Research Centre, Dundalk Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Dundalk, Co. Louth, A91 K584, Ireland
| | - S L Martin
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - G P Sergeant
- Smooth Muscle Research Centre, Dundalk Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Dundalk, Co. Louth, A91 K584, Ireland
| | - M A Hollywood
- Smooth Muscle Research Centre, Dundalk Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Dundalk, Co. Louth, A91 K584, Ireland
| | - K D Thornbury
- Smooth Muscle Research Centre, Dundalk Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Dundalk, Co. Louth, A91 K584, Ireland.
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Ray NJ, Lawson RA, Martin SL, Sigurdsson HP, Wilson J, Galna B, Lord S, Alcock L, Duncan GW, Khoo TK, O’Brien JT, Burn DJ, Taylor JP, Rea RC, Bergamino M, Rochester L, Yarnall AJ. Free-water imaging of the cholinergic basal forebrain and pedunculopontine nucleus in Parkinson's disease. Brain 2022; 146:1053-1064. [PMID: 35485491 PMCID: PMC9976974 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Free-water imaging can predict and monitor dopamine system degeneration in people with Parkinson's disease. It can also enhance the sensitivity of traditional diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) metrics for indexing neurodegeneration. However, these tools are yet to be applied to investigate cholinergic system degeneration in Parkinson's disease, which involves both the pedunculopontine nucleus and cholinergic basal forebrain. Free-water imaging, free-water-corrected DTI and volumetry were used to extract structural metrics from the cholinergic basal forebrain and pedunculopontine nucleus in 99 people with Parkinson's disease and 46 age-matched controls. Cognitive ability was tracked over 4.5 years. Pearson's partial correlations revealed that free-water-corrected DTI metrics in the pedunculopontine nucleus were associated with performance on cognitive tasks that required participants to make rapid choices (behavioural flexibility). Volumetric, free-water content and DTI metrics in the cholinergic basal forebrain were elevated in a sub-group of people with Parkinson's disease with evidence of cognitive impairment, and linear mixed modelling revealed that these metrics were differently associated with current and future changes to cognition. Free water and free-water-corrected DTI can index cholinergic degeneration that could enable stratification of patients in clinical trials of cholinergic interventions for cognitive decline. In addition, degeneration of the pedunculopontine nucleus impairs behavioural flexibility in Parkinson's disease, which may explain this region's role in increased risk of falls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Ray
- Correspondence to: Nicola Jane Ray Brooks Building Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester M15 6GX, UK E-mail:
| | - Rachael A Lawson
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Sarah L Martin
- Health, Psychology and Communities Research Centre, Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Hilmar P Sigurdsson
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Joanna Wilson
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Brook Galna
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK,Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Sue Lord
- Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lisa Alcock
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Gordon W Duncan
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK,NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tien K Khoo
- School of Medicine & Dentistry, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia,School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John T O’Brien
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David J Burn
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - John-Paul Taylor
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - River C Rea
- Health, Psychology and Communities Research Centre, Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Lynn Rochester
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK,The Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Alison J Yarnall
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK,The Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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9
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Martin SL, Jones AKP, Brown CA, Kobylecki C, Whitaker GA, El-Deredy W, Silverdale MA. Altered Pain Processing Associated with Administration of Dopamine Agonist and Antagonist in Healthy Volunteers. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12030351. [PMID: 35326306 PMCID: PMC8946836 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12030351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Striatal dopamine dysfunction is associated with the altered top-down modulation of pain processing. The dopamine D2-like receptor family is a potential substrate for such effects due to its primary expression in the striatum, but evidence for this is currently lacking. Here, we investigated the effect of pharmacologically manipulating striatal dopamine D2 receptor activity on the anticipation and perception of acute pain stimuli in humans. Participants received visual cues that induced either certain or uncertain anticipation of two pain intensity levels delivered via a CO2 laser. Rating of the pain intensity and unpleasantness was recorded. Brain activity was recorded with EEG and analysed via source localisation to investigate neural activity during the anticipation and receipt of pain. Participants completed the experiment under three conditions, control (Sodium Chloride), D2 receptor agonist (Cabergoline), and D2 receptor antagonist (Amisulpride), in a repeated-measures, triple-crossover, double-blind study. The antagonist reduced an individuals’ ability to distinguish between low and high pain following uncertain anticipation. The EEG source localisation showed that the agonist and antagonist reduced neural activations in specific brain regions associated with the sensory integration of salient stimuli during the anticipation and receipt of pain. During anticipation, the agonist reduced activity in the right mid-temporal region and the right angular gyrus, whilst the antagonist reduced activity within the right postcentral, right mid-temporal, and right inferior parietal regions. In comparison to control, the antagonist reduced activity within the insula during the receipt of pain, a key structure involved in the integration of the sensory and affective aspects of pain. Pain sensitivity and unpleasantness were not changed by D2R modulation. Our results support the notion that D2 receptor neurotransmission has a role in the top-down modulation of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Martin
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15 6GX, UK
- The Human Pain Research Group, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (A.K.P.J.); (C.A.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Anthony K. P. Jones
- The Human Pain Research Group, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (A.K.P.J.); (C.A.B.)
| | - Christopher A. Brown
- The Human Pain Research Group, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (A.K.P.J.); (C.A.B.)
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Christopher Kobylecki
- Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Neurology, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford M6 8HD, UK; (C.K.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Grace A. Whitaker
- Advanced Center for Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Federico Santa María Technical University, Valparaíso 1680, Chile;
| | - Wael El-Deredy
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ingeniería en Salud, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaiso 1680, Chile;
| | - Monty A. Silverdale
- Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Neurology, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford M6 8HD, UK; (C.K.); (M.A.S.)
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10
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Shaligram D, Skokauskas N, Aragones E, Azeem MW, Bala A, Bernstein B, Cama S, Canessa L, Silva FD, Engelhard C, Garrido G, Guerrero APS, Hunt J, Jadhav M, Martin SL, Miliauskas C, Nalugya J, Nazeer A, Ong SH, Robertson P, Sassi R, Seker A, Watkins M, Leventhal B. International perspective on integrated care models in child and adult mental health. Int Rev Psychiatry 2022; 34:101-117. [PMID: 35699101 DOI: 10.1080/09540261.2022.2059346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The dearth of child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) is a global problem. Integrating CAMHS in primary care has been offered as a solution. We sampled integrated care perspectives from colleagues around the world. Our findings include various models of integrated care namely: the stepped care model in Australia; shared care in the United Kingdom (UK) and Spain; school-based collaborative care in Qatar, Singapore and the state of Texas in the US; collaborative care in Canada, Brazil, US, and Uruguay; coordinated care in the US; and, developing collaborative care models in low-resource settings, like Kenya and Micronesia. These findings provide insights into training initiatives necessary to build CAMHS workforce capacity using integrated care models, each with the ultimate goal of improving access to care. Despite variations and progress in implementing integrated care models internationally, common challenges exist: funding within complex healthcare systems, limited training mechanisms, and geopolitical/policy issues. Supportive healthcare policy, robust training initiatives, ongoing quality improvement and measurement of outcomes across programs would provide data-driven support for the expansion of integrated care and ensure its sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Enric Aragones
- Institut de Recerca en Atencio Primaria Jordi Gol, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Shireen Cama
- Cambridge Health Alliance/Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Laura Canessa
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | | | | | | | | | - Jeffrey Hunt
- Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School, USA
| | | | - Sarah L Martin
- Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, Texas, USA
| | | | - Joyce Nalugya
- Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Uganda
| | | | | | - Paul Robertson
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Roberto Sassi
- University of British Columbia, BC Children's Hospital, Canada
| | - Asilay Seker
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | -
- The University of Texas System, Texas, USA
| | - Michael Watkins
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Texas, USA
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11
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Salcido A, Robles EH, Chaudhary K, Alvarado L, Iñiguez SD, Vargas-Medrano J, Diaz-Pacheco V, Villanos MT, Gadad BS, Martin SL. Association of ADHD and Obesity in Hispanic Children on the US-Mexico Border: A Retrospective Analysis. Front Integr Neurosci 2022; 15:749907. [PMID: 35069136 PMCID: PMC8766828 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2021.749907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric obesity and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are rising health concerns in the United States, especially among Hispanic children and adolescents. Research on Hispanic children and adolescents indicates disproportionately higher prevalence rates of obesity in this community but scant data on ADHD prevalence rates. In contrast, a plethora of research studies across the general population examines the relationship between childhood obesity and ADHD. In addition, there is a lack of research that examines the role of ethnicity and sub-ethnic group correlations in ADHD, particularly in the Hispanic population. Existing studies in the general population indicate ADHD may be a risk factor for being overweight compared to normal controls. The objective of the present study is to examine the prevalence of obesity in children with ADHD compared to children in the general population in a predominately Hispanic sample on the US-Mexico border. A total of 7,270 pediatric medical records were evaluated. The retrospective analysis included Body Mass Index (BMI) and related health variables, and ethnicity and showed that children with ADHD are more likely to be underweight. In conclusion, no significant relationship existed between obesity and ADHD among Hispanic children on the US-Mexico Border, and instead we found the opposite correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Salcido
- Department of Psychiatry, Paul L Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Eden Hernandez Robles
- Department of Psychiatry, Paul L Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Kiran Chaudhary
- Department of Psychiatry, Paul L Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Luis Alvarado
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Consulting Lab, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Sergio D. Iñiguez
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Javier Vargas-Medrano
- Department of Psychiatry, Paul L Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Valeria Diaz-Pacheco
- Department of Psychiatry, Paul L Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Maria Theresa Villanos
- Department of Pediatrics, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Bharathi S. Gadad
- Department of Psychiatry, Paul L Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
- Bharathi S. Gadad,
| | - Sarah L. Martin
- Department of Psychiatry, Paul L Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Sarah L. Martin,
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12
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Umucu E, Lo CL, Lee B, Vargas-Medrano J, Diaz-Pacheco V, Misra K, Martin SL, Thompson PM, Gadad BS. Is Gratitude Associated With Suicidal Ideation in Veterans With Mental Illness and Student Veterans With PTSD Symptoms? J Nerv Ment Dis 2022; 210:26-31. [PMID: 34417422 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The present study is aimed to identify the effect of gratitude as an adaptive regulating mechanism from suicidal ideation (SI) for veterans with mental illness (study 1) and student veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms (study 2) in the United States. Descriptive statistics and regression analyses were used to examine sociodemographic characteristics and relationships between gratitude and SI. Our study 1 consisted of 156 veterans with mental illness. The mean age for study 1 was 37.85. Our study 2 consisted of 232 student veterans with PTSD symptoms. The mean age for study 2 was 28.43. Higher gratitude scores in study 1 and study 2 were significantly associated with lower SI scores after adjusting for demographics and depression. This study partially supports the association between gratitude and SI in veterans with mental illness. Based on the results from this study, gratitude interventions may be effective in reducing SI when working with veterans with mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Umucu
- Department of Counseling, Educational Psychology and Special Education, College of Education, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Chu-Ling Lo
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso
| | - Beatrice Lee
- Department of Counseling, Educational Psychology and Special Education, College of Education, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | | | | | - Kiran Misra
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas
| | - Sarah L Martin
- Department of Psychiatry, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine
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13
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Rea RC, Berlot R, Martin SL, Craig CE, Holmes PS, Wright DJ, Bon J, Pirtošek Z, Ray NJ. Quantitative EEG and cholinergic basal forebrain atrophy in Parkinson's disease and mild cognitive impairment. Neurobiol Aging 2021; 106:37-44. [PMID: 34233212 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cholinergic degeneration is a key feature of dementia in neurodegenerative conditions including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Quantitative electro-encephalography (EEG) metrics are altered in both conditions from early stages, and recent research in people with Lewy body and AD dementia suggests these changes may be associated with atrophy in cholinergic basal forebrain nuclei (cBF). To determine if these relationships exist in predementia stages of neurodegenerative conditions, we studied resting-state EEG and in vivo cBF volumes in 31 people with PD (without dementia), 21 people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 21 age-matched controls. People with PD showed increased power in slower frequencies and reduced alpha reactivity compared to controls. Volumes of cholinergic cell clusters corresponding to the medial septum and vertical and horizontal limb of the diagonal band, and the posterior nucleus basalis of Meynert, correlated positively with; alpha reactivity in people with PD (p< 0.01); and pre-alpha power in people with MCI (p< 0.05). These results suggest that alpha reactivity and pre-alpha power are related to changes in cBF volumes in MCI and PD without dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- River C Rea
- Department of Psychology, Health, Psychology, and Communities Research Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.
| | - Rok Berlot
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sarah L Martin
- Department of Psychology, Health, Psychology, and Communities Research Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Chesney E Craig
- Department of Psychology, Health, Psychology, and Communities Research Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Paul S Holmes
- Department of Psychology, Health, Psychology, and Communities Research Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - David J Wright
- Department of Psychology, Health, Psychology, and Communities Research Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Jurij Bon
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia; University Psychiatric Clinic Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Zvezdan Pirtošek
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nicola J Ray
- Department of Psychology, Health, Psychology, and Communities Research Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
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14
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Van de Poël A, Toledo-Sherman L, Breccia P, Cachope R, Bate JR, Angulo-Herrera I, Wishart G, Matthews KL, Martin SL, Peacock M, Barnard A, Cox HC, Jones G, McAllister G, Vater H, Esmieu W, Clissold C, Lamers M, Leonard P, Jarvis RE, Blackaby W, Eznarriaga M, Lazari O, Yates D, Rose M, Jang SW, Muñoz-Sanjuan I, Dominguez C. Structure-Based Exploration of Selectivity for ATM Inhibitors in Huntington's Disease. J Med Chem 2021; 64:5018-5036. [PMID: 33783225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Our group has recently shown that brain-penetrant ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) kinase inhibitors may have potential as novel therapeutics for the treatment of Huntington's disease (HD). However, the previously described pyranone-thioxanthenes (e.g., 4) failed to afford selectivity over a vacuolar protein sorting 34 (Vps34) kinase, an important kinase involved with autophagy. Given that impaired autophagy has been proposed as a pathogenic mechanism of neurodegenerative diseases such as HD, achieving selectivity over Vps34 became an important objective for our program. Here, we report the successful selectivity optimization of ATM over Vps34 by using X-ray crystal structures of a Vps34-ATM protein chimera where the Vps34 ATP-binding site was mutated to approximate that of an ATM kinase. The morpholino-pyridone and morpholino-pyrimidinone series that resulted as a consequence of this selectivity optimization process have high ATM potency and good oral bioavailability and have lower molecular weight, reduced lipophilicity, higher aqueous solubility, and greater synthetic tractability compared to the pyranone-thioxanthenes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leticia Toledo-Sherman
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, 6080 Center Drive, Los Angeles, California 90045, United States
| | - Perla Breccia
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Roger Cachope
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, 6080 Center Drive, Los Angeles, California 90045, United States
| | - Jennifer R Bate
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | | | - Grant Wishart
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Kim L Matthews
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Sarah L Martin
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Marcus Peacock
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Amy Barnard
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Helen C Cox
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Graham Jones
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - George McAllister
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Huw Vater
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - William Esmieu
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Cole Clissold
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Marieke Lamers
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Philip Leonard
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Rebecca E Jarvis
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Wesley Blackaby
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Maria Eznarriaga
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Ovadia Lazari
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Dawn Yates
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Mark Rose
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, 6080 Center Drive, Los Angeles, California 90045, United States
| | - Sung-Wook Jang
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, 6080 Center Drive, Los Angeles, California 90045, United States
| | - Ignacio Muñoz-Sanjuan
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, 6080 Center Drive, Los Angeles, California 90045, United States
| | - Celia Dominguez
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, 6080 Center Drive, Los Angeles, California 90045, United States
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15
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Vargas-Medrano J, Diaz-Pacheco V, Castaneda C, Miranda-Arango M, Longhurst MO, Martin SL, Ghumman U, Mangadu T, Chheda S, Thompson PM, Gadad BS. Psychological and neurobiological aspects of suicide in adolescents: Current outlooks. Brain Behav Immun Health 2020; 7:100124. [PMID: 32835300 PMCID: PMC7405877 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Suicidality is one of the leading causes of death among young adults in the United States and represents a significant health problem worldwide. The suicide rate among adolescents in the United States has increased dramatically in the latest years and has been accompanied by considerable changes in youth suicide, especially among young girls. Henceforth, we need a good understanding of the risk factors contributing to suicidal behavior in youth. An explanatory model for suicidal behavior that links clinical and psychological risk factors to the underlying neurobiological, neuropsychological abnormalities related to suicidal behavior might predict to help identify treatment options and have empirical value. Our explanatory model proposes that developmental, biological factors (genetics, proteomics, epigenetics, immunological) and psychological or clinical (childhood adversities) may have causal relevance to the changes associated with suicidal behavior. In this way, our model integrates findings from several perspectives in suicidality and attempts to explain the relationship between various neurobiological, genetic, and clinical observations in suicide research, offering a comprehensive hypothesis to facilitate understanding of this complex outcome. Unraveling the knowledge of the complex interplay of psychological, biological, sociobiological, and clinical risk factors is highly essential, concerning the development of effective prevention strategy plans for suicidal ideation and suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Vargas-Medrano
- Department of Psychiatry, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
- Southwest Brain Bank, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, El Paso, TX, 79905, University of Texas, El Paso, USA
| | - Valeria Diaz-Pacheco
- Department of Psychiatry, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
- Southwest Brain Bank, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, El Paso, TX, 79905, University of Texas, El Paso, USA
| | - Christopher Castaneda
- Department of Psychiatry, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Manuel Miranda-Arango
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Melanie O Longhurst
- Department of Psychiatry, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Sarah L. Martin
- Department of Psychiatry, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Usman Ghumman
- Department of Psychiatry, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Thenral Mangadu
- Minority AIDS Research Center, Department of Health Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Sadhana Chheda
- Department of Pediatrics, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Peter M. Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
- Southwest Brain Bank, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, El Paso, TX, 79905, University of Texas, El Paso, USA
| | - Bharathi S. Gadad
- Department of Psychiatry, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
- Southwest Brain Bank, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, El Paso, TX, 79905, University of Texas, El Paso, USA
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16
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Pledger A, Johnson M, Brewin P, Phillips J, Martin SL, Yu D. Characterising the geomorphological and physicochemical effects of water injection dredging on estuarine systems. J Environ Manage 2020; 261:110259. [PMID: 32148319 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dredging is a globally important aquatic system management activity, used for navigation improvement, contamination removal, aggregate production and/or flood risk mitigation. Despite widespread application, understanding of the environmental effects of some dredging types remains limited. Field campaigns in 2016 and 2017 in the River Parrett estuary, UK, therefore investigated the geomorphic and physicochemical effects of Water Injection Dredging (WID), a poorly studied hydrodynamic dredging technology. WID, applied to restore channel capacity for the maintenance of flood water conveyance in the tidal River Parrett, influenced surface elevations but not grain-size characteristics of dredged bed sediments. Topographic alterations due to the 2016 WID operation were short-lived, lasting less than 10 months, although benefits of the 2017 WID operation, in terms of volumetric change, outlasted the ≈12-month study period. Dredging had a significant impact on water physicochemistry (pH, dissolved oxygen, total suspended solids and turbidity) when comparing pre- and during-dredging conditions within the dredge reach, although time-series analysis found dredging effects were comparable in magnitude to tidal effects for some parameters. WID is typically targeted at the thalweg and not the banks, rendering the geomorphic signature of the method different to those of other, often more invasive dredging technologies (e.g. mechanical dredging methods). Further, thalweg not bankside dredging may have potential positive ecological implications, particularly where the majority of biomass is located within the channel margins, as in the tidal River Parrett. Collectively, data suggest WID can be an effective method for sediment dispersal within tidal systems although regular application may be required to maintain cross sectional areas, particularly where management precedes periods of low flows and/or high rates of sediment accumulation. In future, more work is required to better understand both the physical and ecological implications of WID as a flood risk management tool in estuaries and rivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Pledger
- Department of Geography, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK; AP Environmental Solutions, 15 Hillside, Sawston, Cambridge, CB22 3BL, UK.
| | - Matthew Johnson
- School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Philip Brewin
- Somerset Drainage Boards Consortium, Bradbury House, 33-34 Market Street, Highbridge, Somerset, TA9 3BW, UK
| | - John Phillips
- Environment Agency, Rivers House, East Quay, Bridgwater, Somerset, TA6 4YS, UK
| | - Sarah L Martin
- Department of Geography, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Dapeng Yu
- Department of Geography, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
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17
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Martin SL, Jones AKP, Brown CA, Kobylecki C, Silverdale MA. A neurophysiological investigation of anticipation to pain in Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 51:611-627. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Martin
- The Human Pain Research Group Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology University of Manchester Manchester UK
| | - Anthony K. P. Jones
- The Human Pain Research Group Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology University of Manchester Manchester UK
| | | | - Christopher Kobylecki
- Institution is Department of Neurology Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust Manchester Academic Health Science Centre The University of Manchester Manchester UK
| | - Monty A. Silverdale
- Institution is Department of Neurology Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust Manchester Academic Health Science Centre The University of Manchester Manchester UK
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18
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Toledo-Sherman L, Breccia P, Cachope R, Bate JR, Angulo-Herrera I, Wishart G, Matthews KL, Martin SL, Cox HC, McAllister G, Penrose SD, Vater H, Esmieu W, Van de Poël A, Van de Bospoort R, Strijbosch A, Lamers M, Leonard P, Jarvis RE, Blackaby W, Barnes K, Eznarriaga M, Dowler S, Smith GD, Fischer DF, Lazari O, Yates D, Rose M, Jang SW, Muñoz-Sanjuan I, Dominguez C. Optimization of Potent and Selective Ataxia Telangiectasia-Mutated Inhibitors Suitable for a Proof-of-Concept Study in Huntington’s Disease Models. J Med Chem 2019; 62:2988-3008. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Toledo-Sherman
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, 6080 Center Drive, Los Angeles, California 90045, United States
| | - Perla Breccia
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Roger Cachope
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, 6080 Center Drive, Los Angeles, California 90045, United States
| | - Jennifer R. Bate
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | | | - Grant Wishart
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Kim L. Matthews
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Sarah L. Martin
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Helen C. Cox
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - George McAllister
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, 6080 Center Drive, Los Angeles, California 90045, United States
| | | | - Huw Vater
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - William Esmieu
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | | | | | | | - Marieke Lamers
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Philip Leonard
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Rebecca E. Jarvis
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Wesley Blackaby
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Karen Barnes
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Maria Eznarriaga
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Simon Dowler
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Graham D. Smith
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - David F. Fischer
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Ovadia Lazari
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Dawn Yates
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Mark Rose
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, 6080 Center Drive, Los Angeles, California 90045, United States
| | - Sung-Wook Jang
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, 6080 Center Drive, Los Angeles, California 90045, United States
| | - Ignacio Muñoz-Sanjuan
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, 6080 Center Drive, Los Angeles, California 90045, United States
| | - Celia Dominguez
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, 6080 Center Drive, Los Angeles, California 90045, United States
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Martin SL, Reid AJ, Verkhratsky A, Magnaghi V, Faroni A. Gene expression changes in dorsal root ganglia following peripheral nerve injury: roles in inflammation, cell death and nociception. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:939-947. [PMID: 30761997 PMCID: PMC6404509 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.250566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Subsequent to a peripheral nerve injury, there are changes in gene expression within the dorsal root ganglia in response to the damage. This review selects factors which are well-known to be vital for inflammation, cell death and nociception, and highlights how alterations in their gene expression within the dorsal root ganglia can affect functional recovery. The majority of studies used polymerase chain reaction within animal models to analyse the dynamic changes following peripheral nerve injuries. This review aims to highlight the factors at the gene expression level that impede functional recovery and are hence are potential targets for therapeutic approaches. Where possible the experimental model, specific time-points and cellular location of expression levels are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Martin
- Blond McIndoe Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Adam J Reid
- Blond McIndoe Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester; University Hospital of South Manchester, Department of Plastic and Burns, Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Valerio Magnaghi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Faroni
- Blond McIndoe Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Williams
- College of Pharmacy, Roseman University of Health Sciences, Henderson, NV
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Abstract
PURPOSE Results of a survey-based study assessing rates of depression and depressive symptoms among pharmacy residents are reported. METHODS In a time-series study conducted during the 2015-16 residency year, pharmacy residents nationwide were invited to participate in a series of online surveys (administered in September and December 2015 and March 2016). Survey participants reported demographic data and provided information on residency characteristics and perceived family and program support; the survey incorporated the 9-item depression screening component of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Descriptive statistics were used to estimate rates of depression and depressive symptoms. RESULTS There were 633, 542, and 749 respondents to the September, December, and March surveys, respectively, for an overall response rate of 20.5%. The mean age of respondents was 26.9 years. Among respondents to the March survey, 39.9% (95% confidence interval, 36.2-43.2%) reported moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms. The rate of severe depressive symptoms (as measured by PHQ-9 scores) increased from 3.2% in the September survey to 7.8% in the March survey (p < 0.05); rates of self-reported low depressive symptoms decreased over the same time period (p < 0.05). By comparison, rates of depressive symptoms in medical residents have been reported to be in the range of 30%. CONCLUSION A survey of pharmacy residents found that the rate of depressive symptoms, as measured by the PHQ-9, was higher than reported rates in the U.S. general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Williams
- College of Pharmacy-Henderson Campus, Roseman University of Health Sciences, Henderson, NV.
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Martin SL, Connelly N, Parsons C, Blackstone K. Simply delivered meals: a tale of collaboration. Am J Manag Care 2018; 24:301-304. [PMID: 29939505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Western medicine is undergoing a transition toward transparency of quality and costs, and healthcare systems are striving to achieve the Triple Aim, a framework for improving the patient experience of care, improving the health of populations, and reducing the per capita cost of healthcare. Meanwhile, there is growing recognition of the impact of social determinants of health and a new federal requirement for nonprofit hospitals to implement prevention strategies. A specialized meal delivery program called Simply Delivered for ME (SDM) was formed in an effort to improve care and reduce 30-day hospital readmission rates.The Maine Medical Center (MMC) partnered with the Southern Maine Agency on Aging to offer SDM on a voluntary basis to high-risk Medicare patients already enrolled in the Community-based Care Transition Program (CCTP) at MMC. We report the results of the 2-year intervention in terms of 30-day hospital readmission rates and cost measures (ie, return on investment and cost savings).Of the 622 MMC patients who received SDM during the 24 months, the 30-day readmission rate was 10.3% (compared with the 16.6% 30-day rate of hospital readmission at baseline [ie, before the adoption of CCTP]) for all-cause readmissions. The cost savings for reduced readmissions were $212,160. The return on investment was 387%, or a benefit-cost ratio of $3.87 for every $1.00 spent on meals. Programs such as SDM may reduce the rate of hospital readmission among high-risk older adults and, thereby, yield lower healthcare costs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nancy Connelly
- Southern Maine Agency on Aging, 136 US Rte 1, Scarborough, ME 04074.
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Reihill JA, Moffitt KL, Jones AM, Elborn JS, Martin SL. P91 Trypsin-like protease activity predicts disease severity and patient mortality in adults with cystic fibrosis. Thorax 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2016-209333.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Piper BJ, Desrosiers CE, Lipovsky JW, Rodney MA, Baker RP, McCall KL, Nichols SD, Martin SL. Use and Misuse of Opioids in Maine: Results From Pharmacists, the Prescription Monitoring, and the Diversion Alert Programs. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2016; 77:556-65. [PMID: 27340958 PMCID: PMC4987068 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2016.77.556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although opioids have substantial efficacy for acute pain management, escalation to opioid misuse and abuse is a persistent concern. This report assesses the current status of the opioid epidemic in Maine using three complementary data sets. METHOD A representative sample of pharmacists (N = 275) completed an online survey regarding the extent that opioids affected their practice. A county-level analysis of opioid prescriptions (N = 1.22 million) reported to the Maine Prescription Monitoring Program (M-PMP) in 2014 and the agents implicated in arrests as reported to the Maine Diversion Alert Program (DAP, N = 2,700) in 2014/15 also was completed. RESULTS A significantly greater number of pharmacists agreed that opioid misuse (85.9%), rather than diversion (76.8%) or access (54.2%), was a concern. Only half (56.2%) reported use of the M-PMP. Opioids were dispensed to 22.4% of residents (37.7% of women in their 80s). This was enough to supply everyone in Maine with a 16.1-day supply. Buprenorphine accounted for almost half of opioid prescriptions to young adults (46.3% women, 49.3% men). Arrests increased by 13.3% from 2014 to 2015, and the proportion of arrests that involved prescription opioids decreased while those involving stimulants and heroin were elevated. CONCLUSIONS Pharmacists are very aware of the potential for opioid misuse, but many do not consistently use the M-PMP. There continues to be substantial legitimate use, as well as criminal activity, involving oxycodone and other prescription opioids. Continued vigilance and use of tools like the PMP and DAP are necessary to minimize nonmedical use of opioids in Maine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. Piper
- Department of Psychology, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine,Department of Molecular & Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine,Husson University School of Pharmacy, Bangor, Maine,Correspondence may be sent to Brian J. Piper at 221 Kanbar Hall, Department of Psychology, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME 04011, or via email at: or
| | | | - John W. Lipovsky
- Maine Office of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, Augusta, Maine
| | | | | | | | - Stephanie D. Nichols
- Husson University School of Pharmacy, Bangor, Maine,Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine
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Martin SL, Baker RP, Piper BJ. Evaluation of urban-rural differences in pharmacy practice needs in Maine with the MaPPNA. Pharm Pract (Granada) 2015; 13:669. [PMID: 26759622 PMCID: PMC4696125 DOI: 10.18549/pharmpract.2015.04.669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Maine is a rural state with an aging population located in the northeastern United States. Pharmacists play an important role in serving the public’s health as they are often the most available point-of-contact within a community. Objective: To assess the current pharmacy practice needs as viewed by licensed pharmacists across our rural state, and to distinguish issues that are unique to rural pharmacy practice. Methods: An online survey was sent to all licensed pharmacists in the state in the fall of 2014 (n=1,262) to assess their pharmacy practice needs, and specify an rural-specific needs, within the categories of (1) opioid misuse, abuse, and diversion, (2) challenges associated with access to healthcare, (3) poly-pharmacy use, (4) meeting the needs of special populations, (5) lack of antibiotic stewardship, and (6) resources, such as staffing. Results: The response rate was 22.1 % (n=279). We found the most agreed upon issue facing pharmacists’ in Maine is opioid use, misuse and diversion, followed closely by shortages in staffing. We also learned that pharmacists’ view pharmaceutical care for older adults, those with low health literacy, and those with mental disabilities more time-consuming. Some urban-rural differences were discovered in with regard to the pharmacists’ views; such as the magnitude of the distance barrier, and limited transportation options available to rural residents. Issues related to polypharmacy were viewed as more problematic by pharmacists practicing in urban versus rural sites. Conclusions: Pharmaceutical care in Maine must focus on meeting the needs of the elderly, those with disabilities, and those with limited health literacy. As with the rest of the nation, opioids challenge pharmacy practice in a variety of ways. These findings clarify areas that present opportunities for pharmacists to focus more specifically on Maine’s largely rural population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Martin
- School of Pharmacy, Husson University . Bangor, ME ( United States ).
| | - Robert P Baker
- School of Pharmacy, Husson University. Bangor , ME ( United States ).
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Moffitt KL, Martin SL, Chalmers J, Walker B. P102 Development of a Novel Assay for the Detection of Active Neutrophil Elastase in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Thorax 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-207770.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Abstract
Here, we report evaluation results of implementing a health promotion program for individuals with serious mental illnesses. Healthy Amistad aimed to address four behaviors: physical inactivity, nutrition choices, smoking, and seeking access to health care. The evaluation employed a mixed-method study design to assess changes in the health of individuals in the program. Process measures assessed the implementation of the program. A pre-post examination was used to compare data associated with behaviors. Data sources included the 2008 and 2009 annual surveys, clinical data, interviews for staff, interviews with members, and an on-site observation. Participants were staff and members of Amistad. Those involved with the Peer Patient Navigator lost weight; new physically active activities were being offered. A new salad bar and healthier menu was offered in the Amistad cafeteria. Interviews revealed that 11 members lost a total of 150 pounds. The percentage reporting visits to an emergency room more than once in the last 6 months decreased from 58% to 37%, the percentage calling the crisis line less often increased from 75% to 86%, and the percentage reporting that they had become more satisfied with their life since joining Amistad improved from 76% to 88%. Individuals with serious mental illnesses are benefiting from programs that focus on the mitigation of disease states manifested from issues with physical inactivity, nutrition, smoking, and health access. Evaluation of the Healthy Amistad program has shown a positive influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Bud Martin
- University of Maine at Farmington, Community Health Education, Farmington, Maine, USA
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Martin SL, Hardy TM, Tollefsbol TO. Medicinal chemistry of the epigenetic diet and caloric restriction. Curr Med Chem 2014; 20:4050-9. [PMID: 23895687 DOI: 10.2174/09298673113209990189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The pronounced effects of the epigenetic diet (ED) and caloric restriction (CR) have on epigenetic gene regulation have been documented in many pre-clinical and clinical studies. Understanding epigenetics is of high importance because of the concept that external factors such as nutrition and diet may possess the ability to alter gene expression without modifying the DNA sequence. The ED introduces bioactive medicinal chemistry compounds such as sulforaphane (SFN), curcumin (CCM), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and resveratrol (RSV) that are thought to aid in extending the human lifespan. CR, although similar to ED in the target of longevity, mildly reduces the total daily calorie intake while concurrently providing all beneficial nutrients. Both CR and ED may act as epigenetic modifiers to slow the aging process through histone modification, DNA methylation, and by modulating microRNA expression. CR and ED have been proposed as two important mechanisms that modulate and potentially slow the progression of age-related diseases such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, obesity, Alzheimer's and osteoporosis to name a few. While many investigators have examined CR and ED as separate entities, this review will primarily focus on both as they relate to age-related diseases, their epigenetic effects and their medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Martin
- CH175, 1300 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294-1170 USA.
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Moffitt KL, Martin SL, Jones AM, Webb AK, Cardwell C, Tunney MM, Elborn JS. Inflammatory and immunological biomarkers are not related to survival in adults with Cystic Fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 2013; 13:63-8. [PMID: 23860440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa pulmonary infection is associated with a decline in lung function and reduced survival in people with Cystic Fibrosis (CF). Damaging inflammatory and immunological mediators released in the lungs can be used as markers of chronic infection, inflammation and lung tissue damage. METHODS Clinical samples were collected from CF patients and healthy controls. Serum IgG and IgA anti-Pseudomonas antibodies, sputum IL-8 and TNFα, plasma IL-6 and urine TNFr1 were measured by ELISA. Sputum neutrophil elastase (NE), cathepsin S and cathepsin B were measured by spectrophotometric and fluorogenic assays. The relationship between IgG and IgA, inflammatory mediators and long-term survival was determined. RESULTS IgG and IL-6 positively correlated with mortality. However, multivariate analysis demonstrated that after adjusting for FEV(1), IgG was not independently related to mortality. A relationship was observed between IgG and IL-6, TNFα, TNFr1 and between IgA and IL8, cathepsin S and cathepsin B. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that biomarkers of inflammation are not independent predictors of survival in people with CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Moffitt
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - S L Martin
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - A M Jones
- Manchester Adult CF Centre, South Manchester University Hospitals NHS Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - A K Webb
- Manchester Adult CF Centre, South Manchester University Hospitals NHS Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - C Cardwell
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - M M Tunney
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - J S Elborn
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom.
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Martin SL. Commentary on 'Intimate partner violence during pregnancy and associated mental health symptoms among pregnant women in Tanzania: a cross-sectional study'. BJOG 2013; 120:947. [PMID: 23914356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S L Martin
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Martin SL, Moffitt KL, McDowell A, Greenan C, Bright-Thomas RJ, Jones AM, Webb AK, Elborn JS. Association of airway cathepsin B and S with inflammation in cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol 2010; 45:860-8. [PMID: 20632407 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.21274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Irreversible tissue damage within the cystic fibrosis (CF) lung is mediated by proteolytic enzymes during an inflammatory response. Serine proteinases, in particular neutrophil elastase (NE), have been implicated however, members of the cysteine proteinase family may also be involved. The aim of this study was to determine cathepsin B and S levels in cystic fibrosis (CF) sputum and to assess any relationship to recognized markers of inflammation such as sputum NE, interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), urine TNF receptor 1 (TNFr1), plasma IL-6, and serum C-reactive protein (CRP). Proteinase activities were measured in the sputum of 36 clinically stable CF patients using spectrophotometric and fluorogenic assays. Immunoblots were also used to confirm enzyme activity data. All other parameters were measured by ELISA. Patients had a mean age of 27.2 (8.2) years, FEV. of 1.6 (0.79) L and BMI of 20.7 (2.8). Both cathepsin B and S activities were detected in all samples, with mean concentrations of 18.0 (13.5) microg/ml and 1.6 (0.88) microg/ml, respectively and were found to correlate not only with each other but with NE, TNF-alpha and IL-8 (in all cases . < 0.05). Airway cathepsin B further correlated with circulatory IL-6 and CRP however, no relationship for either cathepsin was observed with urine TNFr1. This data indicates that cathepsin B and S may have important roles in the pathophysiology of CF lung disease and could have potential as markers of inflammation in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Martin
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University, Belfast, UK.
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Abstract
Data from the Maine Pregnancy Risk Monitoring System (2004-2005) were used to assess smoking cessation and smoking cessation advice given to pregnant women during their prenatal visits. Women’s insurance type was classified as public (MaineCare; n = 1016) or private (eg, health maintenance organization; n = 1340). Prepregnancy smokers were asked if their health care provider discussed quitting or had suggested any specific cessation methods from a list of proven-effective strategies. The most general question was, “During any of your prenatal care visits, did a doctor, nurse, or other health care worker spend time with you discussing how to quit smoking?” This question was used in regression modeling to determine if differences existed in advice giving by insurance type. Compared with women who had private insurance, women with public insurance were less likely to have quit smoking but reportedly more often advised to seek booklet or videos to help them quit, referred to the state-run quit line, counseled to seek family support to help them quit, advised to use a nicotine patch, and provided with specific instructions about how to quit. In regression models, insurance type was a significant correlate of spending time discussing how to quit. When age and income were included in the model, only income remained significant for the lowest versus the highest income group. In Maine, it appears that health care providers are offering smoking cessation advice to pregnant women, although more so to women of lower income.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice W. Martin
- Department of Community Health and Recreation, University of Maine at Farmington
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Spriggs AL, Halpern CT, Martin SL. Continuity of adolescent and early adult partner violence victimisation: association with witnessing violent crime in adolescence. J Epidemiol Community Health 2009; 63:741-8. [PMID: 19416930 DOI: 10.1136/jech.2008.078592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although exposure to peer and family violence is a documented risk factor for adolescent dating violence, less is known about the relationship between violent crime exposure and dating violence victimisation. METHODS Participants in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (n = 4794) aged 13-17 years self-reported witnessing violent crime (someone being shot or stabbed) in the 12 months prior to Wave I interview (1994-95), physical partner violence victimisation within the 18 months prior to Wave II interview (1995-96), and physical and sexual partner violence victimisation within the 18 months prior to Wave III interview (2001). RESULTS Twelve per cent of respondents reported dating violence victimisation at Wave II. Witnessing violent crime was positively associated with victimisation in crude (OR = 2.11, 95% CI 1.56 to 2.86) and adjusted (AOR = 1.53, 95% CI 1.09 to 2.15) analyses. Of the adolescent partner violence victims (n = 549), 32% reported continued victimisation into early adulthood; after adjusting for gender, age, urbanicity and childhood maltreatment history, witnessing violent crime in adolescence was negatively associated with having non-violent relationships in early adulthood (AOR = 0.40, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.84). In cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses, associations between violent crime exposure and victimisation did not vary by age, gender or race/ethnicity. CONCLUSION Adolescents exposed to violent crime experience an increased risk of partner violence victimisation in adolescence and continuing victimisation into adulthood. Targeting dating violence prevention and intervention programmes to geographic areas with high levels of violent crime may be an efficient strategy to reach higher risk adolescents. Reducing community violent crime may also have spillover effects on partner violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Spriggs
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between the level of disability impairment and physical and sexual assault in a sample of US women at least 18 years of age. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Retrospective longitudinal study of 6273 non-institutionalized US women from 8000 women participating in the 1995-1996 National Violence Against Women (NVAW) Survey. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Women's experiences of physical and sexual assault in the 12 months before the NVAW interview. RESULTS Most women reported having no disability (n = 5008, 79.8%) and/or not experiencing an assault in the year before their interview (n = 6018, 95.9%). Less than 5% (n = 280) reported having a disability that severely limited daily activities, and 15.7% (n = 985) reported having a disability that moderately limited activities. Less than 4% (n = 218) of the women reported a physical-only assault, and less than 1% (n = 37) reported being sexually assaulted. Women with severe disability impairments were four times more likely to be sexually assaulted than women with no reported disabilities (RR = 4.0, 95% CI 1.5 to 10.6). Little difference in the risk of sexual assault was found between women with moderate disability impairments and those reporting no disabilities (RR = 1.0, 95% CI 0.3 to 2.8). Women with severe (RR = 1.6, 95% CI 0.9 to 3.0) and moderate (RR = 1.2, 95% CI 0.8 to 1.9) disability impairments were at greater risk, although not quite significantly so, of physical-only assault than were women without a disability. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that women with disabilities that severely limit activities of daily living are at increased risk of sexual assault.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Casteel
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7505, USA.
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Ward DS, Linnan L, Vaughn A, Neelon B, Martin SL, Fulton JE. Characteristics associated with US Walk to School programs. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2007; 4:67. [PMID: 18093327 PMCID: PMC2262900 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5868-4-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2007] [Accepted: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Participation in Walk to School (WTS) programs has grown substantially in the US since its inception; however, no attempt has been made to systematically describe program use or factors associated with implementation of environment/policy changes. Describe the characteristics of schools' WTS programs by level of implementation. Representatives from 450 schools from 42 states completed a survey about their WTS program's infrastructure and activities, and perceived impact on walking to school. Level of implementation was determined from a single question to which respondents reported participation in WTS Day only (low), WTS Day and additional programs (medium), or making policy/environmental change (high). The final model showed number of community groups involved was positively associated with higher level of implementation (OR = 1.78, 95%CI = 1.44, 2.18), as was funding (OR = 1.56, 95%CI = 1.26, 1.92), years of participation (OR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.23, 1.70), and use of a walkability assessment (OR = 3.22, 95%CI = 1.84, 5.64). Implementation level was modestly associated with increased walking (r = 0.18). Strong community involvement, some funding, repeat participation, and environmental audits are associated with progms that adopt environmental/policy change, and seem to facilitate walking to school.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianne S Ward
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
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Sanford C, Marshall SW, Martin SL, Coyne-Beasley T, Waller AE, Cook PJ, Norwood T, Demissie Z. Deaths from violence in North Carolina, 2004: how deaths differ in females and males. Inj Prev 2007; 12 Suppl 2:ii10-ii16. [PMID: 17170164 PMCID: PMC2563482 DOI: 10.1136/ip.2006.012617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify gender differences in violent deaths in terms of incidence, circumstances, and methods of death. DESIGN Analysis of surveillance data. SETTING North Carolina, a state of 8.6 million residents on the eastern seaboard of the US. SUBJECTS 1674 North Carolina residents who died from violence in the state during 2004. METHODS Information on violent deaths was collected by the North Carolina Violent Death Reporting System using data from death certificates, medical examiner reports, and law enforcement agency incidence reports. RESULTS Suicide and homicide rates were lower for females than males. For suicides, females were more likely than males to have a diagnosis of depression (55% v 36%), a current mental health problem (66% v 42%), or a history of suicide attempts (25% v 13%). Firearms were the sole method of suicide in 65% of males and 42% of females. Poisonings were more common in female than male suicides (37% v 12%). Male and female homicide victims were most likely to die from a handgun or a sharp instrument. Fifty seven percent of female homicides involved intimate partner violence, compared with 13% of male homicides. Among female homicides involving intimate partner violence, 78% occurred in the woman's home. White females had a higher rate of suicide than African-American females, but African-American females had a higher rate of homicide than white females. CONCLUSIONS The incidence, circumstances, and methods of fatal violence differ greatly between females and males. These differences should be taken into account in the development of violence prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sanford
- Injury and Violence Prevention Branch, Division of Public Health, NC Department Health and Human Services, Raleigh, NC 27699-1915, USA.
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Clark SA, Martin SL, Pozniak A, Steel A, Ward B, Dunning J, Henderson DC, Nelson M, Gazzard B, Kelleher P. Tuberculosis antigen-specific immune responses can be detected using enzyme-linked immunospot technology in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 patients with advanced disease. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 150:238-44. [PMID: 17672869 PMCID: PMC2219352 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03477.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There are limited data on the efficacy of T cell-based assays to detect tuberculosis (TB) antigen-specific responses in immune-deficient human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients. The aim of this study is to determine whether TB antigen-specific immune responses can be detected in patients with HIV-1 infection, especially in those with advanced disease (CD4 T cell count < 300 cells/microl). An enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay, which detects interferon (IFN)-gamma secreted by T cells exposed to TB antigens, was used to assess specific immune responses in a prospective study of 201 HIV-1-infected patients with risk factors for TB infection, attending a single HIV unit. The performance of the ELISPOT assay to detect TB antigen-specific immune responses is independent of CD4 T cell counts in HIV-1 patients. The sensitivity and specificity of this assay for the diagnosis of active tuberculosis does not differ significantly from values obtained in immunocompetent subjects. The negative predictive value of the TB ELISPOT test is 98.2%. A positive predictive value of 86% for the diagnosis of active tuberculosis was found when the combined number of early secretory antigen target-6 (ESAT-6) and culture filtrate protein-10 (CFP-10) IFN-gamma spots to CD4 T cell count ratio was > 1.5. TB antigen-specific immune responses can be detected in HIV patients with low CD4 T cell counts using ELISPOT technology in a routine diagnostic laboratory and is a useful test to exclude TB infection in immune-deficient HIV-1 patients. A combination of TB antigen-specific IFN-gamma responses and CD4 T cell counts has the potential to distinguish active tuberculosis from latent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Clark
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College, Chelsea & Westminster HospitalLondon, UK
| | - S L Martin
- Division of Immunology Hammersmith Hospitals NHS TrustLondon, UK
| | - A Pozniak
- HIV/GUM Directorate, Chelsea & Westminster NHS Foundation TrustLondon, UK
| | - A Steel
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College, Chelsea & Westminster HospitalLondon, UK
| | - B Ward
- HIV/GUM Directorate, Chelsea & Westminster NHS Foundation TrustLondon, UK
| | - J Dunning
- HIV/GUM Directorate, Chelsea & Westminster NHS Foundation TrustLondon, UK
| | - D C Henderson
- Division of Immunology Hammersmith Hospitals NHS TrustLondon, UK
| | - M Nelson
- HIV/GUM Directorate, Chelsea & Westminster NHS Foundation TrustLondon, UK
| | - B Gazzard
- HIV/GUM Directorate, Chelsea & Westminster NHS Foundation TrustLondon, UK
| | - P Kelleher
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College, Chelsea & Westminster HospitalLondon, UK
- Division of Immunology Hammersmith Hospitals NHS TrustLondon, UK
- HIV/GUM Directorate, Chelsea & Westminster NHS Foundation TrustLondon, UK
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Active travel to school provides youth with an opportunity to accumulate minutes of physical activity toward meeting recommended levels. METHODS The study included a nationally representative sample of U.S. children, aged 9 to 15 years, and one of their parents from 2004 (2256 pairs aged 11 to 15 and 5177 pairs aged 9 to 13). The objective was to estimate the prevalence of living within a mile of school, and of those who lived within a mile, the prevalence of active travel to school. Geographic, demographic, attitudinal, and behavioral correlates of active travel (defined as walking or bicycling to school one or more times during a usual week) were identified. RESULTS Nearly 35% of children live within a mile of school. Among those, 47.9% were classified as active travelers. Adjusted correlates were identified from each domain (three demographic, two geographic, two attitudinal, five behavioral), explaining approximately 10% of the variance in logistic regression models. CONCLUSIONS More than a third of youth aged 9 to 15 years live within a mile of school, but less than half of these students walk or bike to school even 1 day per week. The lowest proportions of active travelers among the independent correlates include students in the South, students living in rural areas, and students of parents with an advanced degree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Martin
- Program Evaluation Across the Nation Using Technology, Farmington, Maine, USA.
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Abstract
Unregulated apoptosis can be due to a disruption in the balance and control of both intra- and inter-cellular proteolytic activities leading to various disease states. Many proteases involved in apoptotic processes are yet to be identified; however, several are already well characterized. Caspases traditionally held the predominant role as prime mediators of execution. However, latterly, evidence has accumulated that non-caspases, including calpains, cathepsins, granzymes and the proteasome have roles in mediating and promoting cell death. Increasingly, research is implicating serine proteases within apoptotic processing, particularly in the generation of nuclear events such as condensation, fragmentation and DNA degradation observed in late-stage apoptosis. Serine proteases therefore are emerging as providing additional or alternative therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Moffitt
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK.
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Martin SL. Morgentaler v. The Queen in the Supreme Court of Canada. Can J Women Law 2006; 2:422-31. [PMID: 17076040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In Morgentaler v. R., the Supreme Court of Canada struck down the abortion provisions in the Criminal Code. In a five to two split, a majority of the Supreme Court judges found that section 251 offended a pregnant woman's constitutionally protected right not to be deprived of her "life, liberty, and security of the person." Sheilah Martin reviews the three majority judgments and focuses on the decision written by Madame Justice Wilson. She believes that Madame Justice Wilson's opinion merits special attention in several regards: her conclusions on the constitutional rights of pregnant women; her recognition and validation of women's perspectives on abortion; and her approach to balancing women's interests in reproductive self-determination against the state's interest in regulating reproduction. Sheilah Martin concludes that this decision will reverberate far into the future. Even though it fails to establish clear guidelines concerning governmental power to control access to abortion, its principles outline the legal framework in which future litigation will occur, and it will limit and shape the terms of any ensuing political debate. In addition, Madame Justice Wilson's judgment holds great promise for those looking to the Court to promote the rights of women and other historically disadvantaged groups.
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Martin SL, Li WLP, Furano AV, Boissinot S. The structures of mouse and human L1 elements reflect their insertion mechanism. Cytogenet Genome Res 2005; 110:223-8. [PMID: 16093676 DOI: 10.1159/000084956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2003] [Accepted: 02/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
L1 is an abundant, interspersed repeated DNA element of mammalian genomes. It has achieved its high copy number via retrotransposition. Like other non-LTR retrotransposons, L1 insertion into chromosomal DNA apparently occurs by target-site primed reverse transcription, or TPRT. L1 retrotransposition often generates elements with 5' truncations that are flanked by a duplication of the genomic target site (TSD). It is typically assumed that the 5' truncated elements are the consequence of poor processivity of the L1 reverse transcriptase. However, we find that the majority of young L1 elements from both the human and mouse genomes are truncated at sequences that can basepair with the target site. Thus, to whatever extent truncation is a consequence of poor processivity, we suggest that truncation is likely to occur when target site sequence can basepair with L1 sequence. This finding supports a model for insertion that occurs by two sequential TPRT reactions, the second of which relies upon the homology between the target site and L1. Because perfect heteroduplex formation is not required for all insertions, a dynamic relationship between the primer, template and enzyme during reverse transcription is inferred. 5' truncation may be a successful evolutionary strategy that is exploited by L1 as a means to escape host suppression of transposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Martin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80045, USA.
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Moore JE, Shaw A, Millar BC, Martin SL, Murphy PG, Downey DG, Ennis M, Elborn JS. Reduction in neutrophil elastase concentration by recombinant alphal-antitrypsin (recAAT) does not alter bacterial loading in the sputum of cystic fibrosis patients. Br J Biomed Sci 2004; 61:146-7. [PMID: 15462261 DOI: 10.1080/09674845.2004.11732661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J E Moore
- Northern Ireland Public Health Laboratory, Department of Bacteriology, Belfast City Hospital, Northern Ireland, UK.
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McGarvey LPA, Dunbar K, Martin SL, Brown V, Macmahon J, Ennis M, Elborn JS. Cytokine concentrations and neutrophil elastase activity in bronchoalveolar lavage and induced sputum from patients with cystic fibrosis, mild asthma and healthy volunteers. J Cyst Fibros 2004; 1:269-75. [PMID: 15463826 DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(02)00098-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Induced sputum (IS) has been proposed as a non-invasive alternative to bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) for the assessment and monitoring of airways inflammation. The aim of this study was to compare both methods in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). The possible differences between subjects with CF, mild asthma and healthy volunteers (HV) was also assessed. METHOD In a single centre, randomised, two way crossover study, 11 patients with CF, 9 mild asthmatics (MA) and 11 HV underwent BAL and hypertonic saline induction on consecutive days. Free neutrophil elastase (NE), neutrophil elastase/alpha(1)-anti-trypsin complex (NE-AAT), tumour necrosis factor receptor (p55) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) were measured in cell free supernatants. RESULTS Three CF patients reported serious adverse events following BAL. NE was usually undetectable in both IS or BAL samples and NE-AAT concentrations did not differ consistently between the two sampling methods. IL-8 and p55 levels in the CF patients tended to be higher in IS samples compared with BAL samples (median 19,860 vs. 3,855 pg/ml and 2.55 vs. 0.29 ng/ml, respectively). There was a significant difference in mean p55 concentrations between CF, MA and HV in IS samples (P=0.003) but not in BAL samples (P=0.36). The difference in mean IL-8 concentrations in IS samples between subject groups was statistically different (P=0.023). CONCLUSIONS IS samples can be safely obtained from CF patients. Analysis of IS samples can help to characterize the inflammatory process in the airways of CF patients. The serious adverse events following BAL in 3 CF patients highlight an inherent risk associated with this procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P A McGarvey
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Level 8, Belfast City Hospital, Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AB, Northern Ireland, UK.
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Abstract
Mammalian hibernators downregulate processes of energy production and consumption while maintaining cellular homeostasis. Energetic costs of transcription must be balanced with demands for gene products. Data from nuclear run-on assays indicate transcriptional initiation is reduced two fold in torpid golden-mantled ground squirrels ( Spermophilus lateralis) as compared to euthermic animals between bouts of torpor. In addition, elongation rates across the temperature range experienced by hibernators indicate a virtual arrest of transcription at the low body temperatures of torpor. Finally, there is no seasonal compensation or species-specific adaptation for increased elongational capacity in the cold. Thus, it appears that hibernators are not specifically adapted to continue transcription during torpor. Taken together, these data indicate that transcription arrests during torpor because of a moderate depression of initiation and a more severe inhibition of elongation, largely due to temperature effects. Restoration of euthermic body temperatures during the interbout arousals reverses this transcriptional depression and permits gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- F van Breukelen
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, Denver, CO 80262-B111, USA
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Deloukas P, Matthews LH, Ashurst J, Burton J, Gilbert JG, Jones M, Stavrides G, Almeida JP, Babbage AK, Bagguley CL, Bailey J, Barlow KF, Bates KN, Beard LM, Beare DM, Beasley OP, Bird CP, Blakey SE, Bridgeman AM, Brown AJ, Buck D, Burrill W, Butler AP, Carder C, Carter NP, Chapman JC, Clamp M, Clark G, Clark LN, Clark SY, Clee CM, Clegg S, Cobley VE, Collier RE, Connor R, Corby NR, Coulson A, Coville GJ, Deadman R, Dhami P, Dunn M, Ellington AG, Frankland JA, Fraser A, French L, Garner P, Grafham DV, Griffiths C, Griffiths MN, Gwilliam R, Hall RE, Hammond S, Harley JL, Heath PD, Ho S, Holden JL, Howden PJ, Huckle E, Hunt AR, Hunt SE, Jekosch K, Johnson CM, Johnson D, Kay MP, Kimberley AM, King A, Knights A, Laird GK, Lawlor S, Lehvaslaiho MH, Leversha M, Lloyd C, Lloyd DM, Lovell JD, Marsh VL, Martin SL, McConnachie LJ, McLay K, McMurray AA, Milne S, Mistry D, Moore MJ, Mullikin JC, Nickerson T, Oliver K, Parker A, Patel R, Pearce TA, Peck AI, Phillimore BJ, Prathalingam SR, Plumb RW, Ramsay H, Rice CM, Ross MT, Scott CE, Sehra HK, Shownkeen R, Sims S, Skuce CD, Smith ML, Soderlund C, Steward CA, Sulston JE, Swann M, Sycamore N, Taylor R, Tee L, Thomas DW, Thorpe A, Tracey A, Tromans AC, Vaudin M, Wall M, Wallis JM, Whitehead SL, Whittaker P, Willey DL, Williams L, Williams SA, Wilming L, Wray PW, Hubbard T, Durbin RM, Bentley DR, Beck S, Rogers J. The DNA sequence and comparative analysis of human chromosome 20. Nature 2001; 414:865-71. [PMID: 11780052 DOI: 10.1038/414865a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The finished sequence of human chromosome 20 comprises 59,187,298 base pairs (bp) and represents 99.4% of the euchromatic DNA. A single contig of 26 megabases (Mb) spans the entire short arm, and five contigs separated by gaps totalling 320 kb span the long arm of this metacentric chromosome. An additional 234,339 bp of sequence has been determined within the pericentromeric region of the long arm. We annotated 727 genes and 168 pseudogenes in the sequence. About 64% of these genes have a 5' and a 3' untranslated region and a complete open reading frame. Comparative analysis of the sequence of chromosome 20 to whole-genome shotgun-sequence data of two other vertebrates, the mouse Mus musculus and the puffer fish Tetraodon nigroviridis, provides an independent measure of the efficiency of gene annotation, and indicates that this analysis may account for more than 95% of all coding exons and almost all genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Deloukas
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.
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McDowell A, Mahenthiralingam E, Moore JE, Dunbar KE, Webb AK, Dodd ME, Martin SL, Millar BC, Scott CJ, Crowe M, Elborn JS. PCR-based detection and identification of Burkholderia cepacia complex pathogens in sputum from cystic fibrosis patients. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39:4247-55. [PMID: 11724828 PMCID: PMC88532 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.39.12.4247-4255.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PCR amplification of the recA gene followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was investigated for the rapid detection and identification of Burkholderia cepacia complex genomovars directly from sputum. Successful amplification of the B. cepacia complex recA gene from cystic fibrosis (CF) patient sputum samples containing B. cepacia genomovar I, Burkholderia multivorans, B. cepacia genomovar III, Burkholderia stabilis, and Burkholderia vietnamiensis was demonstrated. In addition, the genomovar identifications determined directly from sputum were the same as those obtained after selective culturing. Sensitivity experiments revealed that recA-based PCR could reliably detect B. cepacia complex organisms to concentrations of 10(6) CFU g of sputum(-1). To fully assess the diagnostic value of the method, sputum samples from 100 CF patients were screened for B. cepacia complex infection by selective culturing and recA-based PCR. Selective culturing identified 19 samples with presumptive B. cepacia complex infection, which was corroborated by phenotypic analyses. Of the culture-positive sputum samples, 17 were also detected directly by recA-based PCR, while 2 samples were negative. The isolates cultured from both recA-negative sputum samples were subsequently identified as Burkholderia gladioli. RFLP analysis of the recA amplicons revealed 2 patients (12%) infected with B. multivorans, 11 patients (65%) infected with B. cepacia genomovar III-A, and 4 patients (23%) infected with B. cepacia genomovar III-B. These results demonstrate the potential of recA-based PCR-RFLP analysis for the rapid detection and identification of B. cepacia complex genomovars directly from sputum. Where the sensitivity of the assay proves a limitation, sputum samples can be analyzed by selective culturing followed by recA-based analysis of the isolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- A McDowell
- Molecular Epidemiology Research Unit, Northern Ireland Public Health Laboratory, Department of Bacteriology, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom BT9 7AB.
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Abstract
Cellular and organismal homeostasis must be maintained across a body temperature (Tb) range of 0 to 37 degrees C during mammalian hibernation. Hibernators depress biosynthetic activities including protein synthesis, concordant with limited energy availability and temperature effects on reaction rates. We used polysome analysis to show that initiation of protein synthesis ceases during entrance into torpor in golden-mantled ground squirrels (Spermophilus lateralis) when Tb reaches 18 degrees C. Elongation of preinitiated polypeptides continues slowly throughout the torpor bout. As Tb begins to rise, initiation resumes even at temperatures below 18 degrees C, although the euthermic polysome pattern is not reestablished. At precisely 18 degrees C, there is a large increase in initiation events and a complete restoration of euthermic polysome distribution patterns. These data indicate a role for both passive and active depression of translation during torpor and are consistent with a requirement for new protein biosynthesis during each interbout arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- F van Breukelen
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado 80262-B111, USA
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Halpern CT, Oslak SG, Young ML, Martin SL, Kupper LL. Partner violence among adolescents in opposite-sex romantic relationships: findings from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Am J Public Health 2001; 91:1679-85. [PMID: 11574335 PMCID: PMC1446854 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.91.10.1679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This report examines (1) the prevalence of psychological and minor physical violence victimization in a nationally representative sample of adolescents and (2) associations between sociodemographic factors and victimization. METHODS Analyses are based on 7500 adolescents who reported exclusively heterosexual romantic relationships in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Items from the Conflict Tactics Scale were used to measure victimization. Associations between victimization patterns and sociodemographic characteristics were assessed with polytomous logistic regression. RESULTS One third of adolescents reported some type of victimization, and 12% reported physical violence victimization. Although most sociodemographic characteristics were significantly associated with victimization, patterns varied by sex and type of victimization. CONCLUSIONS Psychological and minor physical violence victimization is common in opposite-sex romantic relationships during adolescence. The sex-specific associations between sociodemographic characteristics and patterns of partner violence victimization underscore the importance of pursuing longitudinal, theory-driven investigations of the characteristics and developmental histories of both partners in a couple to advance understanding of this public health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Halpern
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7400, USA.
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Clark KA, Dee DL, Bale PL, Martin SL. Treatment compliance among prenatal care patients with substance abuse problems. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2001; 27:121-36. [PMID: 11373030 DOI: 10.1081/ada-100103122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
There is an insufficient number of substance abuse treatment programs available to pregnant women; however, even when women do enroll in treatment, they often choose not to comply with particular components of their treatment. To better understand what factors are associated with a woman's likelihood of compliance with treatment, this study assesses 244 pregnant, substance-using women enrolled in a specialized substance abuse treatment program. Women who complied with treatment referrals are compared with those who did not comply with referrals on various factors including their sociodemographic characteristics, types of substance use before and during pregnancy, experiences of violence before and during pregnancy, and prior substance use treatment. Bivariate analysis found that outpatient treatment compliance was more likely among women who smoked cigarettes before pregnancy, women who had received previous substance abuse treatment, and women whose partner had received previous substance abuse treatment. Outpatient treatment compliance did not vary by sociodemographic characteristics, any other type of substance use, or the women's experiences of violence. Inpatient treatment compliance was more likely among women who received prior substance abuse treatment; however, no other characteristic was found to be associated with inpatient treatment compliance. Logistic regression analyses, which controlled for various factors, suggested that past experiences with substance abuse treatment by the woman or her partner were significantly associated with treatment referral compliance. These findings suggest that the previous treatment experiences of women and their partners are important factors in shaping a successful substance abuse treatment program for pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Clark
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7400, USA.
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Martin SL, Griffin JM, Kupper LL, Petersen R, Beck-Warden M, Buescher PA. Stressful life events and physical abuse among pregnant women in North Carolina. Matern Child Health J 2001; 5:145-52. [PMID: 11605719 DOI: 10.1023/a:1011339716244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study estimates the prevalence of stressful life events and physical abuse among North Carolina women prior to infant delivery, and examines potential associations between abuse and the other stressors. METHODS Data were from the North Carolina Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, a statewide representative survey of over 2,600 postpartum women. The survey assessed women's sociodemographic characteristics and their experiences of physical abuse and 13 other stressful life events before delivery. The prevalences of each life event and abuse were estimated. Logistic regression modeled the probability of women having high levels of stressful life events in relation to physical abuse and sociodemographics. RESULTS Most women were married, white, high school graduates, aged 20 or older. The most common stressful life events were residential moves, increased arguing with husbands/partners, family member hospitalizations, financial hardship, and deaths of loved ones. Fourteen percent of women had high levels of stressful events (5 or more), and almost 9% were physically abused. Abuse was positively associated with increased arguing with husbands/partners, physical fighting, having someone close with an alcohol/drug problem, becoming separated/divorced, and financial hardship. Logistic regression analysis showed that a high level of stressful life events was significantly more likely among women abused both before and during pregnancy (OR = 11.94) and among women abused before but not during pregnancy (OR = 14.19). CONCLUSIONS The high frequency of multiple stressful events and abuse in women's lives suggests that women's care providers should ask their patients about these issues, and offer appropriate referral/interventions to those in need.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Martin
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7400, USA.
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