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Yeo HJ, Ha M, Shin DH, Lee HR, Kim YH, Cho WH. Development of a Novel Biomarker for the Progression of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:599. [PMID: 38203769 PMCID: PMC10779374 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The progression of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is diverse and unpredictable. We identified and validated a new biomarker for IPF progression. To identify a candidate gene to predict progression, we assessed differentially expressed genes in patients with advanced IPF compared with early IPF and controls in three lung sample cohorts. Candidate gene expression was confirmed using immunohistochemistry and Western blotting of lung tissue samples from an independent IPF clinical cohort. Biomarker potential was assessed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of serum samples from the retrospective validation cohort. We verified that the final candidate gene reflected the progression of IPF in a prospective validation cohort. In the RNA-seq comparative analysis of lung tissues, CD276, COL7A1, CTSB, GLI2, PIK3R2, PRAF2, IGF2BP3, and NUPR1 were up-regulated, and ADAMTS8 was down-regulated in the samples of advanced IPF. Only CTSB showed significant differences in expression based on Western blotting (n = 12; p < 0.001) and immunohistochemistry between the three groups of the independent IPF cohort. In the retrospective validation cohort (n = 78), serum CTSB levels were higher in the progressive group (n = 25) than in the control (n = 29, mean 7.37 ng/mL vs. 2.70 ng/mL, p < 0.001) and nonprogressive groups (n = 24, mean 7.37 ng/mL vs. 2.56 ng/mL, p < 0.001). In the prospective validation cohort (n = 129), serum CTSB levels were higher in the progressive group than in the nonprogressive group (mean 8.30 ng/mL vs. 3.00 ng/mL, p < 0.001). After adjusting for baseline FVC, we found that CTSB was independently associated with IPF progression (adjusted OR = 2.61, p < 0.001). Serum CTSB levels significantly predicted IPF progression (AUC = 0.944, p < 0.001). Serum CTSB level significantly distinguished the progression of IPF from the non-progression of IPF or healthy control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Ju Yeo
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea;
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea; (D.H.S.); (H.R.L.)
| | - Mihyang Ha
- Interdisciplinary Program of Genomic Data Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Pusan National University Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Shin
- Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea; (D.H.S.); (H.R.L.)
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Rin Lee
- Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea; (D.H.S.); (H.R.L.)
| | - Yun Hak Kim
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Hyun Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea;
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea; (D.H.S.); (H.R.L.)
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Smyth P, Sasiwachirangkul J, Williams R, Scott CJ. Cathepsin S (CTSS) activity in health and disease - A treasure trove of untapped clinical potential. Mol Aspects Med 2022; 88:101106. [PMID: 35868042 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Amongst the lysosomal cysteine cathepsin family of proteases, cathepsin S (CTSS) holds particular interest due to distinctive properties including a normal restricted expression profile, inducible upregulation and activity at a broad pH range. Consequently, while CTSS is well-established as a member of the proteolytic cocktail within the lysosome, degrading unwanted and damaged proteins, it has increasingly been shown to mediate a number of distinct, more selective roles including antigen processing and antigen presentation, and cleavage of substrates both intra and extracellularly. Increasingly, aberrant CTSS expression has been demonstrated in a variety of conditions and disease states, marking it out as both a biomarker and potential therapeutic target. This review seeks to contextualise CTSS within the cysteine cathepsin family before providing an overview of the broad range of pathologies in which roles for CTSS have been identified. Additionally, current clinical progress towards specific inhibitors is detailed, updating the position of the field in exploiting this most unique of proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Smyth
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Jutharat Sasiwachirangkul
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Rich Williams
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Christopher J Scott
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK.
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McKelvey MC, Bradbury I, McDowell C, Calfee CS, Weldon S, O'Kane CM, McAuley DF, Taggart CC. The relationship between plasma cystatin C, mortality and acute respiratory distress syndrome subphenotype in the HARP-2 trial. CRIT CARE RESUSC 2022; 24:251-258. [PMID: 38046206 PMCID: PMC10692599 DOI: 10.51893/2022.3.oa4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the performance of cystatin C as a prognostic and predictive marker in a trial of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Design, patients and setting: A retrospective analysis was performed on plasma samples from patients included in the HARP-2 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibition with simvastatin in acute lung injury to reduce pulmonary dysfunction) trial - a multicentre, phase 2b trial carried out in general intensive care units across 40 hospitals in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Cystatin C concentrations in plasma obtained from 466 patients with ARDS (before they were randomly assigned in the trial) were quantified by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Results: In a univariate analysis, plasma cystatin C concentrations were significantly higher in patients with ARDS who did not survive past 28 days (odds ratio [OR], 1.39 [95% CI, 1.12-1.72]; P = 0.002). In a multivariate model adjusted for selected covariates, cystatin C concentrations remained higher among patients with ARDS who did not survive, although this did not reach statistical significance (OR, 1.28 [95% CI, 0.96-1.71]; P = 0.090). Cystatin C concentration was also significantly associated with hyperinflammatory ARDS (OR, 2.64 [95% CI, 1.83-3.89]; P < 0.001). In multivariate models adjusted for both cystatin C concentration and ARDS subphenotype, hyperinflammatory ARDS was prognostic for mortality (OR, 2.06 [95% CI, 1.16-3.64]; P = 0.013) but cystatin C concentration was not (OR, 1.16 [95% CI, 0.85-1.57]; P = 0.346). In a multivariate analysis, hyperinflammatory ARDS was predictive of a beneficial effect of simvastatin on mortality (OR, 2.05 [95% CI, 1.16-3.62]; P = 0.014) but cystatin C concentration was not (OR, 1.10 [95% CI, 0.77-1.56]; P = 0.614). Conclusion: The association between cystatin C concentration and mortality in ARDS may be dependent on inflammatory subphenotype. Cystatin C concentration does not appear to add to existing prognostic or predictive approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. McKelvey
- Airway Innate Immunity Research Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | | | - Cliona McDowell
- Northern Ireland Clinical Trials Unit, Royal Hospitals, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Carolyn S. Calfee
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine Program, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sinead Weldon
- Airway Innate Immunity Research Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Cecilia M. O'Kane
- Critical Care Research Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Daniel F. McAuley
- Critical Care Research Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
- Regional Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Clifford C. Taggart
- Airway Innate Immunity Research Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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Glasgow AMA, Greene CM. Epithelial damage in the cystic fibrosis lung: the role of host and microbial factors. Expert Rev Respir Med 2022; 16:737-748. [PMID: 35833354 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2022.2100350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The airway epithelium is a key system within the lung. It acts as a physical barrier to inhaled factors, and can actively remove unwanted microbes and particles from the lung via the mucociliary escalator. On a physiological level, it senses the presence of pathogens and initiates innate immune responses to combat their effects. Hydration of the airways is also controlled by the epithelium. Within the cystic fibrosis (CF) lung, these properties are suboptimal and contribute to the pulmonary manifestations of CF. AREAS COVERED In this review, we discuss how various host and microbial factors can contribute to airway epithelium dysfunction in the CF lung focusing on mechanisms relating to the mucociliary escalator and protease expression and function. We also explore how alterations in microRNA expression can impact the behavior of the airway epithelium. EXPERT OPINION Notwithstanding the unprecedented benefits that CFTR modulator drugs now provide to the health of CF sufferers, it will be important to delve more deeply into additional mechanisms underpinning CF lung disease such as those illustrated here in an attempt to counteract these aberrant processes and further enhance quality of life for people with CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlene M A Glasgow
- Lung Biology Group, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Catherine M Greene
- Lung Biology Group, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Heib M, Weiß J, Saggau C, Hoyer J, Fuchslocher Chico J, Voigt S, Adam D. Ars moriendi: Proteases as sculptors of cellular suicide. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res 2022; 1869:119191. [PMID: 34973300 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Ars moriendi, which translates to "The Art of Dying," encompasses two Latin texts that gave advice on how to die well and without fear according to the Christian precepts of the late Middle Ages. Given that ten to hundred billion cells die in our bodies every day, it is obvious that the concept of a well and orderly ("regulated") death is also paramount at the cellular level. In apoptosis, as the most well-studied form of regulated cell death, proteases of the caspase family are the central mediators. However, caspases are not the only proteases that act as sculptors of cellular suicide, and therefore, we here provide an overview of the impact of proteases in apoptosis and other forms of regulated cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Heib
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jonas Weiß
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Carina Saggau
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Justus Hoyer
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Susann Voigt
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Dieter Adam
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
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Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a quantitative molecular imaging modality increasingly used to study pulmonary disease processes and drug effects on those processes. The wide range of drugs and other entities that can be radiolabeled to study molecularly targeted processes is a major strength of PET, thus providing a noninvasive approach for obtaining molecular phenotyping information. The use of PET to monitor disease progression and treatment outcomes in DLD has been limited in clinical practice, with most of such applications occurring in the context of research investigations under clinical trials. Given the high costs and failure rates for lung drug development efforts, molecular imaging lung biomarkers are needed not only to aid these efforts but also to improve clinical characterization of these diseases beyond canonical anatomic classifications based on computed tomography. The purpose of this review article is to provide an overview of PET applications in characterizing lung disease, focusing on novel tracers that are in clinical development for DLD molecular phenotyping, and briefly address considerations for accurately quantifying lung PET signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avanti V Gulhane
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, United States
| | - Delphine L Chen
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, United States
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Bo C, Zhang J, Sai L, Du Z, Yu G, Li C, Li M, Peng C, Jia Q, Shao H. Integrative transcriptomic and proteomic analysis reveals mechanisms of silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. BMC Pulm Med 2022; 22:13. [PMID: 34991559 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-021-01807-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Silicosis is a systemic disease characterized by persistent inflammation and incurable pulmonary fibrosis. Although great effort has been made to understand the pathogenesis of the disease, molecular mechanism underlying silicosis is not fully elucidated. This study was aimed to explore proteomic and transcriptomic changes in rat model of silicosis. Methods Twenty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups with 10 rats in each group. Rats in the model group were intratracheally instilled with 50 mg/mL silicon dioxide (1 mL per rat) and rats in the control group were treated with 1.0 mL saline (1 mL per rat). Twenty-eight days later, transcriptomic analysis by microarray and tandem mass tags (TMT)-based proteomic analysis were performed to reveal the expression of mRNAs and proteins in lung tissues. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were applied to analyze the altered genes and proteins. The integrated analysis was performed between transcriptome and proteome. The data were further verified by RT-qPCR and parallel reaction monitoring (PRM). Results In total, 1769 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 650 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified between the silicosis model and control groups. The integrated analysis showed 250 DEPs were correlated to the corresponding DEGs (cor-DEPs-DEGs), which were mainly enriched in phagosome, leukocyte transendothelial migration, complement and coagulation cascades and cellular adhesion molecule (CAM). These pathways are interrelated and converged at common points to produce an effect. GM2a, CHI3L1, LCN2 and GNAI1 are involved in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and inflammation contributing to fibrosis. Conclusion Our comprehensive transcriptome and proteome data provide new insights into the mechanisms of silicosis and helpful information for more targeted prevention and treatment of silicosis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12890-021-01807-w.
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Yoo Y, Choi E, Kim Y, Cha Y, Um E, Kim Y, Kim Y, Lee YS. Therapeutic potential of targeting cathepsin S in pulmonary fibrosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 145:112245. [PMID: 34772578 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin S (CTSS), a lysosomal protease, belongs to a family of cysteine cathepsin proteases that promote degradation of damaged proteins in the endolysosomal pathway. Aberrant CTSS expression and regulation are associated with the pathogenesis of several diseases, including lung diseases. CTSS overexpression causes a variety of pathological processes, including pulmonary fibrosis, with increased CTSS secretion and accelerated extracellular matrix remodeling. Compared to many other cysteine cathepsin family members, CTSS has unique features that it presents limited tissue expression and retains its enzymatic activity at a neutral pH, suggesting its decisive involvement in disease microenvironments. In this review, we investigated the role of CTSS in lung disease, exploring recent studies that have indicated that CTSS mediates fibrosis in unique ways, along with its structure, substrates, and distinct regulation. We also outlined examples of CTSS inhibitors in clinical and preclinical development and proposed CTSS as a potential therapeutic target for pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- YoungJo Yoo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-720, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Choi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-720, Republic of Korea
| | - Yejin Kim
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-720, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunyoung Cha
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-720, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhye Um
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-720, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghwa Kim
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-720, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunji Kim
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-720, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Sil Lee
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-720, Republic of Korea.
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Lepissier A, Addy C, Hayes K, Noel S, Bui S, Burgel PR, Dupont L, Eickmeier O, Fayon M, Leal T, Lopes C, Downey DG, Sermet-Gaudelus I. Inflammation biomarkers in sputum for clinical trials in cystic fibrosis: current understanding and gaps in knowledge. J Cyst Fibros 2021; 21:691-706. [PMID: 34772643 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Sputum biomarkers hold promise as a direct measure of inflammation within the cystic fibrosis (CF) lung, but variability in study design and sampling methodology have limited their use. A full evaluation of the reliability, validity and clinical relevance of individual biomarkers is required to optimise their use within CF clinical research. OBJECTIVES A biomarker Special Interest Working Group was established within the European Cystic Fibrosis Society-Clinical Trials Network Standardisation Committee, to perform a review of the evidence regarding sputum biomarkers in CF. METHODS From the 139 included articles, we identified 71 sputum biomarkers to undergo evaluation of their clinimetric properties, responsiveness, discriminant, concurrent and convergent validity. RESULTS Current evidence confirms the potential of sputum biomarkers as outcome measures in clinical trials. Inconsistency in responsiveness, concurrent and convergent validity require further research into these markers and processing standardisation before translation into wider use. Of the 71 biomarkers identified, Neutrophil Elastase (NE), IL-8, TNF-α and IL-1β, demonstrated validity and responsiveness to be currently considered for use in clinical trials. Other biomarkers show future promise, including IL-6, calprotectin, HMGB-1 and YKL-40. CONCLUSION A concerted international effort across the cystic fibrosis community is needed to promote high quality biomarker trial design, establish large population-based biomarker studies, and work together to create standards for collection, storage and analysis of sputum biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agathe Lepissier
- Paediatric Center for Cystic Fibrosis, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares, Mucoviscidose et Maladies Apparentées, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades 149 rue de Sévres, Paris 75743, France; INSERM U1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, 160 rue de Vaugirard, Paris 75743, France; European Reference Network (ERN Lung)
| | - Charlotte Addy
- Northern Ireland Clinical Research Facility, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL; All Wales Adult Cystic Fibrosis Centre, University Hopsital Llandough, Penlan Road, CF64 2XX
| | - Kate Hayes
- Northern Ireland Clinical Research Facility, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL
| | - Sabrina Noel
- INSERM U1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, 160 rue de Vaugirard, Paris 75743, France
| | - Stéphanie Bui
- Université de Bordeaux (INSERM U1045), CHU de Bordeaux, (CIC1401), F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Pierre-Régis Burgel
- European Reference Network (ERN Lung); National Reference Cystic Fibrosis Center and Department of Respiratory Medicine, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, 75014, France; Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016 and Université de Paris; Paris 75014, France
| | - Lieven Dupont
- University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Olaf Eickmeier
- Facharzt für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt a.M., Johann Wolfgang-Goethe-Universität, Allergologie, Pneumologie & Mukoviszidose, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt/Main
| | - Michael Fayon
- Université de Bordeaux (INSERM U1045), CHU de Bordeaux, (CIC1401), F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Teresinha Leal
- Louvain Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Carlos Lopes
- Departamento do Tórax, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon
| | - Damian G Downey
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL
| | - Isabelle Sermet-Gaudelus
- Paediatric Center for Cystic Fibrosis, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares, Mucoviscidose et Maladies Apparentées, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades 149 rue de Sévres, Paris 75743, France; INSERM U1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, 160 rue de Vaugirard, Paris 75743, France; European Reference Network (ERN Lung); Service de Pneumologie et Allergologie Pédiatriques, Centre de Ressources et de Compétence de la Mucoviscidose, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades 149 rue de Sévres, INSERM U1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Sorbonne, Paris 75743, France.
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Hussein NA, Malla S, Pasternak MA, Terrero D, Brown NG, Ashby CR, Assaraf YG, Chen ZS, Tiwari AK. The role of endolysosomal trafficking in anticancer drug resistance. Drug Resist Updat 2021; 57:100769. [PMID: 34217999 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2021.100769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) remains a major obstacle towards curative treatment of cancer. Despite considerable progress in delineating the basis of intrinsic and acquired MDR, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Emerging evidences suggest that dysregulation in endolysosomal compartments is involved in mediating MDR through multiple mechanisms, such as alterations in endosomes, lysosomes and autophagosomes, that traffic and biodegrade the molecular cargo through macropinocytosis, autophagy and endocytosis. For example, altered lysosomal pH, in combination with transcription factor EB (TFEB)-mediated lysosomal biogenesis, increases the sequestration of hydrophobic anti-cancer drugs that are weak bases, thereby producing an insufficient and off-target accumulation of anti-cancer drugs in MDR cancer cells. Thus, the use of well-tolerated, alkalinizing compounds that selectively block Vacuolar H⁺-ATPase (V-ATPase) may be an important strategy to overcome MDR in cancer cells and increase chemotherapeutic efficacy. Other mechanisms of endolysosomal-mediated drug resistance include increases in the expression of lysosomal proteases and cathepsins that are involved in mediating carcinogenesis and chemoresistance. Therefore, blocking the trafficking and maturation of lysosomal proteases or direct inhibition of cathepsin activity in the cytosol may represent novel therapeutic modalities to overcome MDR. Furthermore, endolysosomal compartments involved in catabolic pathways, such as macropinocytosis and autophagy, are also shown to be involved in the development of MDR. Here, we review the role of endolysosomal trafficking in MDR development and discuss how targeting endolysosomal pathways could emerge as a new therapeutic strategy to overcome chemoresistance in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor A Hussein
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, 43614, OH, USA
| | - Saloni Malla
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, 43614, OH, USA
| | - Mariah A Pasternak
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, 43614, OH, USA
| | - David Terrero
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, 43614, OH, USA
| | - Noah G Brown
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, 43614, OH, USA
| | - Charles R Ashby
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Yehuda G Assaraf
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA.
| | - Amit K Tiwari
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, 43614, OH, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, 43614, OH, USA.
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Paul S, Ruiz-Manriquez LM, Ledesma-Pacheco SJ, Benavides-Aguilar JA, Torres-Copado A, Morales-Rodríguez JI, De Donato M, Srivastava A. Roles of microRNAs in chronic pediatric diseases and their use as potential biomarkers: A review. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 699:108763. [PMID: 33460581 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.108763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding highly conserved RNA molecules that can act as master regulators of gene expression in a sequence-specific manner either by translation repression or mRNA degradation, influencing a wide range of biologic processes that are essential for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Chronic pediatric diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide among children and the recent evidence indicates that aberrant miRNA expression significantly contributes to the development of chronic pediatric diseases. This review focuses on the role of miRNAs in five major chronic pediatric diseases including bronchial asthma, congenital heart diseases, cystic fibrosis, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and epilepsy, and their potential use as novel biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujay Paul
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Queretaro, Av. Epigmenio Gonzalez, No. 500 Fracc. San Pablo, 76130, Queretaro, Mexico.
| | - Luis M Ruiz-Manriquez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Queretaro, Av. Epigmenio Gonzalez, No. 500 Fracc. San Pablo, 76130, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - S Janin Ledesma-Pacheco
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Queretaro, Av. Epigmenio Gonzalez, No. 500 Fracc. San Pablo, 76130, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Javier A Benavides-Aguilar
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Queretaro, Av. Epigmenio Gonzalez, No. 500 Fracc. San Pablo, 76130, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Andrea Torres-Copado
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Queretaro, Av. Epigmenio Gonzalez, No. 500 Fracc. San Pablo, 76130, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Jonathan I Morales-Rodríguez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Queretaro, Av. Epigmenio Gonzalez, No. 500 Fracc. San Pablo, 76130, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Marcos De Donato
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Queretaro, Av. Epigmenio Gonzalez, No. 500 Fracc. San Pablo, 76130, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Aashish Srivastava
- Section of Bioinformatics, Clinical Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, 5021, Norway; Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, 5021, Norway
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12
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Jain R, Baines A, Khan U, Wagner BD, Sagel SD. Evaluation of airway and circulating inflammatory biomarkers for cystic fibrosis drug development. J Cyst Fibros 2020; 20:50-56. [PMID: 32622665 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2020.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Biomarkers of inflammation in blood and sputum can play a critical role in anti-inflammatory drug development in cystic fibrosis (CF). The objectives of this analysis were to examine relationships between airway and systemic measurements of inflammation, associations between inflammatory biomarkers and FEV1, differences in airway and systemic inflammation by baseline covariates, reproducibility of serum biomarkers, and to assess the effects of freezing and delayed processing on sputum analyte measurements. METHODS We analyzed baseline and serial concentrations of inflammatory markers in blood and induced sputum collected from individuals with CF ages 10 years and older who participated in a multicenter clinical trial. RESULTS Among circulating biomarkers, serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and serum amyloid A (SAA) correlated most strongly with each other (rs = 0.85). Comparing sputum-based inflammation measurements, sputum neutrophil elastase and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were the most highly correlated (rs = 0.88). Markers most strongly correlated with ppFEV1 were serum hsCRP (rs = -0.55), SAA (rs =-0.58), and sputum neutrophil elastase (rs = -0.53). Within-subject standard deviation was consistently lower than between-subject standard deviation for all serum biomarkers. Serum calprotectin and MPO had the highest ratio of between-to-within subject variability. Freezing and delayed sputum processing were not associated with significant differences in measurements of sputum neutrophil elastase, IL-1β, or MPO. CONCLUSIONS Among the biomarkers analyzed, serum hsCRP and sputum neutrophil elastase are promising candidates to include in CF anti-inflammatory clinical trials to avoid redundancy, minimize variation, and serve as correlates of lung disease severity and change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raksha Jain
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas 75390-8558, TX, USA.
| | - Arthur Baines
- Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Therapeutics Development Network Coordinating Center, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Umer Khan
- Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Therapeutics Development Network Coordinating Center, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brandie D Wagner
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Scott D Sagel
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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13
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Reihill J, Moffitt K, Douglas L, Stuart Elborn J, Jones A, Lorraine Martin S. Sputum trypsin-like protease activity relates to clinical outcome in cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 2020; 19:647-653. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2019.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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14
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Brown R, Nath S, Lora A, Samaha G, Elgamal Z, Kaiser R, Taggart C, Weldon S, Geraghty P. Cathepsin S: investigating an old player in lung disease pathogenesis, comorbidities, and potential therapeutics. Respir Res 2020; 21:111. [PMID: 32398133 PMCID: PMC7216426 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-020-01381-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated expression and activity of cathepsin S (CTSS), a lysosomal protease and a member of the cysteine cathepsin protease family, is linked to the pathogenesis of multiple diseases, including a number of conditions affecting the lungs. Extracellular CTSS has potent elastase activity and by processing cytokines and host defense proteins, it also plays a role in the regulation of inflammation. CTSS has also been linked to G-coupled protein receptor activation and possesses an important intracellular role in major histocompatibility complex class II antigen presentation. Modulated CTSS activity is also associated with pulmonary disease comorbidities, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. CTSS is expressed in a wide variety of immune cells and is biologically active at neutral pH. Herein, we review the significance of CTSS signaling in pulmonary diseases and associated comorbidities. We also discuss CTSS as a plausible therapeutic target and describe recent and current clinical trials examining CTSS inhibition as a means for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Brown
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Sridesh Nath
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Centre, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Alnardo Lora
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Centre, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Ghassan Samaha
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Centre, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Ziyad Elgamal
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Centre, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Ryan Kaiser
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Centre, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Clifford Taggart
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Sinéad Weldon
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Patrick Geraghty
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Centre, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Centre, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
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15
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Laucirica DR, Garratt LW, Kicic A. Progress in Model Systems of Cystic Fibrosis Mucosal Inflammation to Understand Aberrant Neutrophil Activity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:595. [PMID: 32318073 PMCID: PMC7154161 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to recurrent infection in cystic fibrosis (CF), powerful innate immune signals trigger polymorphonuclear neutrophil recruitment into the airway lumen. Exaggerated neutrophil proteolytic activity results in sustained inflammation and scarring of the airways. Consequently, neutrophils and their secretions are reliable clinical biomarkers of lung disease progression. As neutrophils are required to clear infection and yet a direct cause of airway damage, modulating adverse neutrophil activity while preserving their pathogen fighting function remains a key area of CF research. The factors that drive their pathological behavior are still under investigation, especially in early disease when aberrant neutrophil behavior first becomes evident. Here we examine the latest findings of neutrophils in pediatric CF lung disease and proposed mechanisms of their pathogenicity. Highlighted in this review are current and emerging experimental methods for assessing CF mucosal immunity and human neutrophil function in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Laucirica
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Luke W Garratt
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Anthony Kicic
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
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16
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Lalmanach G, Saidi A, Bigot P, Chazeirat T, Lecaille F, Wartenberg M. Regulation of the Proteolytic Activity of Cysteine Cathepsins by Oxidants. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1944. [PMID: 32178437 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21061944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides their primary involvement in the recycling and degradation of proteins in endo-lysosomal compartments and also in specialized biological functions, cysteine cathepsins are pivotal proteolytic contributors of various deleterious diseases. While the molecular mechanisms of regulation via their natural inhibitors have been exhaustively studied, less is currently known about how their enzymatic activity is modulated during the redox imbalance associated with oxidative stress and their exposure resistance to oxidants. More specifically, there is only patchy information on the regulation of lung cysteine cathepsins, while the respiratory system is directly exposed to countless exogenous oxidants contained in dust, tobacco, combustion fumes, and industrial or domestic particles. Papain-like enzymes (clan CA, family C1, subfamily C1A) encompass a conserved catalytic thiolate-imidazolium pair (Cys25-His159) in their active site. Although the sulfhydryl group (with a low acidic pKa) is a potent nucleophile highly susceptible to chemical modifications, some cysteine cathepsins reveal an unanticipated resistance to oxidative stress. Besides an introductory chapter and peculiar attention to lung cysteine cathepsins, the purpose of this review is to afford a concise update of the current knowledge on molecular mechanisms associated with the regulation of cysteine cathepsins by redox balance and by oxidants (e.g., Michael acceptors, reactive oxygen, and nitrogen species).
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17
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Small DM, Brown RR, Doherty DF, Abladey A, Zhou-Suckow Z, Delaney RJ, Kerrigan L, Dougan CM, Borensztajn KS, Holsinger L, Booth R, Scott CJ, López-Campos G, Elborn JS, Mall MA, Weldon S, Taggart CC. Targeting of cathepsin S reduces cystic fibrosis-like lung disease. Eur Respir J 2019; 53:13993003.01523-2018. [PMID: 30655278 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01523-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin S (CatS) is upregulated in the lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). However, its role in CF lung disease pathogenesis remains unclear.In this study, β-epithelial Na+ channel-overexpressing transgenic (βENaC-Tg) mice, a model of CF-like lung disease, were crossed with CatS null (CatS-/-) mice or treated with the CatS inhibitor VBY-999.Levels of active CatS were elevated in the lungs of βENaC-Tg mice compared with wild-type (WT) littermates. CatS-/-βENaC-Tg mice exhibited decreased pulmonary inflammation, mucus obstruction and structural lung damage compared with βENaC-Tg mice. Pharmacological inhibition of CatS resulted in a significant decrease in pulmonary inflammation, lung damage and mucus plugging in the lungs of βENaC-Tg mice. In addition, instillation of CatS into the lungs of WT mice resulted in inflammation, lung remodelling and upregulation of mucin expression. Inhibition of the CatS target, protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2), in βENaC-Tg mice resulted in a reduction in airway inflammation and mucin expression, indicating a role for this receptor in CatS-induced lung pathology.Our data indicate an important role for CatS in the pathogenesis of CF-like lung disease mediated in part by PAR2 and highlight CatS as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna M Small
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.,These two authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Ryan R Brown
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.,These two authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Declan F Doherty
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Anthony Abladey
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Zhe Zhou-Suckow
- Dept of Translational Pulmonology, Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rebecca J Delaney
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Lauren Kerrigan
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Caoifa M Dougan
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Keren S Borensztajn
- INSERM UMRS_933, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Hôpital Trousseau, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Christopher J Scott
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Guillermo López-Campos
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - J Stuart Elborn
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.,Respiratory Medicine, Imperial College and Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
| | - Marcus A Mall
- Dept of Translational Pulmonology, Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Dept of Pediatric Pulmonology and Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Sinéad Weldon
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Clifford C Taggart
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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18
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Webster MJ, Reidel B, Tan CD, Ghosh A, Alexis NE, Donaldson SH, Kesimer M, Ribeiro CMP, Tarran R. SPLUNC1 degradation by the cystic fibrosis mucosal environment drives airway surface liquid dehydration. Eur Respir J 2018; 52:13993003.00668-2018. [PMID: 30190268 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00668-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The multi-organ disease cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator gene (CFTR) that lead to diminished transepithelial anion transport. CF lungs are characterised by airway surface liquid (ASL) dehydration, chronic infection/inflammation and neutrophilia. Dysfunctional CFTR may upregulate the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC), further exacerbating dehydration. We previously demonstrated that short palate lung and nasal epithelial clone 1 (SPLUNC1) negatively regulates ENaC in normal airway epithelia.Here, we used pulmonary tissue samples, sputum and human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) to determine whether SPLUNC1 could regulate ENaC in a CF-like environment.We found reduced endogenous SPLUNC1 in CF secretions, and rapid degradation of recombinant SPLUNC1 (rSPLUNC1) by CF secretions. Normal sputum, containing SPLUNC1 and SPLUNC1-derived peptides, inhibited ENaC in both normal and CF HBECs. Conversely, CF sputum activated ENaC, and rSPLUNC1 could not reverse this phenomenon. Additionally, we observed upregulation of ENaC protein levels in human CF bronchi. Unlike SPLUNC1, the novel SPLUNC1-derived peptide SPX-101 resisted protease degradation, bound apically to HBECs, inhibited ENaC and prevented ASL dehydration following extended pre-incubation with CF sputum.Our data indicate that CF mucosal secretions drive ASL hyperabsorption and that protease-resistant peptides, e.g. SPX-101, can reverse this effect to rehydrate CF ASL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan J Webster
- Marsico Lung Institute, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Boris Reidel
- Marsico Lung Institute, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Chong D Tan
- Marsico Lung Institute, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Arunava Ghosh
- Marsico Lung Institute, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Neil E Alexis
- Center for Asthma and Lung Biology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Scott H Donaldson
- Marsico Lung Institute, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mehmet Kesimer
- Marsico Lung Institute, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Carla M P Ribeiro
- Marsico Lung Institute, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Dept of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Robert Tarran
- Marsico Lung Institute, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA .,Dept of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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19
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene that codes for the CFTR anion channel. In the absence of functional CFTR, the epithelial Na+ channel is also dysregulated. Airway surface liquid (ASL) hydration is maintained by a balance between epithelial sodium channel (ENaC)-led Na+ absorption and CFTR-dependent anion secretion. This finely tuned homeostatic mechanism is required to maintain sufficient airway hydration to permit the efficient mucus clearance necessary for a sterile lung environment. In CF airways, the lack of CFTR and increased ENaC activity lead to ASL/mucus dehydration that causes mucus obstruction, neutrophilic infiltration, and chronic bacterial infection. Rehydration of ASL/mucus in CF airways can be achieved by inhibiting Na+ absorption with pharmacological inhibitors of ENaC. Areas covered: In this review, we discuss ENaC structure and function and its role in CF lung disease and focus on ENaC inhibition as a potential therapeutic target to rehydrate CF mucus. We also discuss the failure of the first generation of pharmacological inhibitors of ENaC and recent alternate strategies to attenuate ENaC activity in the CF lung. Expert opinion: ENaC is an attractive therapeutic target to rehydrate CF ASL that may serve as a monotherapy or function in parallel with other treatments. Given the increased number of strategies being employed to inhibit ENaC, this is an exciting and optimistic time to be in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Moore
- a Marsico Lung Institute , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Robert Tarran
- a Marsico Lung Institute , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA.,b Department of Cell Biology & Physiology , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
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20
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Figueira MF, Webster MJ, Tarran R. CrossTalk proposal: mucosal acidification drives early progressive lung disease in cystic fibrosis. J Physiol 2018; 596:3433-3437. [PMID: 30014571 DOI: 10.1113/jp275425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam F Figueira
- Cystic Fibrosis Center/Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Megan J Webster
- Cystic Fibrosis Center/Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Robert Tarran
- Cystic Fibrosis Center/Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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21
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McElvaney OJ, Gunaratnam C, Reeves EP, McElvaney NG. A specialized method of sputum collection and processing for therapeutic interventions in cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 2018; 18:203-211. [PMID: 29960875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease is characterized by aggressive neutrophil-dominated inflammation mediated in large part by neutrophil elastase (NE), an omnivorous protease released by activated or disintegrating neutrophils and a key therapeutic target. To date, several short-term studies have shown that anti-NE compounds can inhibit NE and have anti-inflammatory effects. However, progression to large-scale or multicenter clinical trials has been hampered by the fact that the current gold standard methodology of evaluating airway NE inhibition, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), is invasive, difficult to standardize across sites and excludes those with severe lung disease. Attempts to utilize sputum that is either spontaneously expectorated (SS) or induced (IS) have been hindered by poor reproducibility, often due to the various processing methods employed. In this study, we evaluate TEmperature-controlled Two-step Rapid Isolation of Sputum (TETRIS), a specialized method for the acquisition and processing of SS and IS. Using TETRIS, we show for the first time that NE activity and cytokine levels are comparable in BAL, SS and IS samples taken from the same people with CF (PWCF) on the same day once this protocol is used. We correlate biomarkers in TETRIS-processed IS and clinical outcome measures including FEV1, and show stability and reproducible inhibition of NE over time in IS processed by TETRIS. The data offer a tremendous opportunity to evaluate prognosis and therapeutic interventions in CF and to study the full spectrum of people with PWCF, many of whom have been excluded from previous studies due to being unfit for BAL or unable to expectorate sputum.
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Affiliation(s)
- O J McElvaney
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C Gunaratnam
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - E P Reeves
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - N G McElvaney
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
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22
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Laguna TA, Williams CB, Nunez MG, Welchlin-Bradford C, Moen CE, Reilly CS, Wendt CH. Biomarkers of inflammation in infants with cystic fibrosis. Respir Res 2018; 19:6. [PMID: 29310632 PMCID: PMC5759377 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0713-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are urgent needs for clinically relevant biomarkers to identify children with cystic fibrosis (CF) at risk for more progressive lung disease and to serve as outcome measures for clinical trials. Our objective was to investigate three targeted biomarkers in a population of asymptomatic CF infants. Methods Urine, blood and lung function data were collected for 2 years from clinically stable infants diagnosed with CF by newborn screening. A subset of CF infants had bronchoscopy with lavage performed at 6 months and 1 year. Urine was collected quarterly from healthy control infants. Expectorated sputum and urine were collected quarterly for 2 years from clinically stable CF adults. Desmosine, club cell secretory protein (CCSP) and cathepsin B concentrations were measured and compared. Mixed effects models were used to identify associations between biomarker concentrations and clinical characteristics. Receiver operator characteristic curves were generated to investigate the sensitivity and specificity of the biomarkers. Results Urinary cathepsin B was significantly higher in CF infants compared to healthy infants (p = 0.005). CF infant airway and urinary cathepsin B concentrations were significantly lower compared to adult CF subjects (p = 0.002 & p = 0.022, respectively). CF infant airway CCSP was significantly higher than adult CF subjects (p < 0.001). There was a significant correlation between CF infant plasma CCSP and BALF CCSP (p = 0.046). BALF CCSP was negatively associated with IL-8 (p = 0.017). There was no correlation between biomarker concentration and FEV0.5. Conclusions Cathepsin B and CCSP show promise as biomarkers of inflammation in CF infants. Further study is needed. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12931-017-0713-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa A Laguna
- Minnesota CF Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, 420 Delaware St. SE; MMC-742, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Cynthia B Williams
- Minnesota CF Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, 420 Delaware St. SE; MMC-742, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Myra G Nunez
- Minnesota CF Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, 420 Delaware St. SE; MMC-742, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Cole Welchlin-Bradford
- Minnesota CF Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, 420 Delaware St. SE; MMC-742, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Catherine E Moen
- Minnesota CF Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, 420 Delaware St. SE; MMC-742, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Cavan S Reilly
- School of Public Health, Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Chris H Wendt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Minnesota and Veterans Administration Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Puglia M, Landi C, Gagliardi A, Breslin L, Armini A, Brunetti J, Pini A, Bianchi L, Bini L. The proteome speciation of an immortalized cystic fibrosis cell line: New perspectives on the pathophysiology of the disease. J Proteomics 2018; 170:28-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Bragonzi A, Horati H, Kerrigan L, Lorè NI, Scholte BJ, Weldon S. Inflammation and host-pathogen interaction: Cause and consequence in cystic fibrosis lung disease. J Cyst Fibros 2017; 17:S40-S45. [PMID: 29107600 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) lung disease is associated with dysregulation of host defence systems, which ultimately disrupts the balance between inflammation and resolution and leaves the host susceptible to repeated infection. However, the mechanisms underlying these defects are complex and continue to garner significant interest among the CF research community. This review explores emerging data on novel aspects of innate host defence with promising biomarker and therapeutic potential for CF lung disease. Improved understanding of inflammation and host defence against pathogens in patients and animal models during the progression of CF lung disease is pivotal for the discovery of new therapeutics that can limit and/or prevent damage from birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Bragonzi
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Hamed Horati
- Pediatric Pulmonology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lauren Kerrigan
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, BT97BL, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Ivan Lorè
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Bob J Scholte
- Pediatric Pulmonology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sinéad Weldon
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, BT97BL, United Kingdom.
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25
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Ibrahim SA, El-Ghonaimy EA, Hassan H, Mahana N, Mahmoud MA, El-Mamlouk T, El-Shinawi M, Mohamed MM. Hormonal-receptor positive breast cancer: IL-6 augments invasion and lymph node metastasis via stimulating cathepsin B expression. J Adv Res 2016; 7:661-70. [PMID: 27482469 PMCID: PMC4957008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hormonal-receptor positive (HRP) breast cancer patients with positive metastatic axillary lymph nodes are characterized by poor prognosis and increased mortality rate. The mechanisms by which cancer cells invade lymph nodes have not yet been fully explored. Several studies have shown that expression of IL-6 and the proteolytic enzyme cathepsin B (CTSB) was associated with breast cancer poor prognosis. In the present study, the effect of different concentrations of recombinant human IL-6 on the invasiveness capacity of HRP breast cancer cell line MCF-7 was tested using an in vitro invasion chamber assay. The impact of IL-6 on expression and activity of CTSB was also investigated. IL-6 treatment promoted the invasiveness potential of MCF-7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, MCF-7 cells displayed elevated CTSB expression and activity associated with loss of E-cadherin and upregulation of vimentin protein levels upon IL-6 stimulation. To validate these results in vivo, the level of expression of IL-6 and CTSB in the carcinoma tissues of HRP-breast cancer patients with positive and negative axillary metastatic lymph nodes (pLNs and nLNs) was assessed. Western blot and immunohistochemical staining data showed that expression of IL-6 and CTSB was higher in carcinoma tissues in HRP-breast cancer with pLNs than those with nLNs patients. ELISA results showed carcinoma tissues of HRP-breast cancer with pLNs exhibited significantly elevated IL-6 protein levels by approximately 2.8-fold compared with those with nLNs patients (P < 0.05). Interestingly, a significantly positive correlation between IL-6 and CTSB expression was detected in clinical samples of HRP-breast cancer patients with pLNs (r = 0.78, P < 0.01). Collectively, this study suggests that IL-6-induced CTSB may play a role in lymph node metastasis, and that may possess future therapeutic implications for HRP-breast cancer patients with pLNs. Further studies are necessary to fully identify IL-6/CTSB axis in different molecular subtypes of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif A Ibrahim
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Eslam A El-Ghonaimy
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Hebatallah Hassan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Noha Mahana
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | | | - Tahani El-Mamlouk
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Shinawi
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Mona M Mohamed
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
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26
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Withana NP, Ma X, McGuire HM, Verdoes M, van der Linden WA, Ofori LO, Zhang R, Li H, Sanman LE, Wei K, Yao S, Wu P, Li F, Huang H, Xu Z, Wolters PJ, Rosen GD, Collard HR, Zhu Z, Cheng Z, Bogyo M. Non-invasive Imaging of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Using Cathepsin Protease Probes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19755. [PMID: 26797565 PMCID: PMC4726431 DOI: 10.1038/srep19755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a lethal, chronic, progressive disease characterized by formation of scar tissue within the lungs. Because it is a disease of unknown etiology, it is difficult to diagnose, to predict disease course and to devise treatment strategies. Recent evidence suggests that activated macrophages play key roles in the pathology of IPF. Therefore, imaging probes that specifically recognize these pools of activated immune cells could provide valuable information about how these cells contribute to the pathobiology of the disease. Here we demonstrate that cysteine cathepsin-targeted imaging probes can be used to monitor the contribution of macrophages to fibrotic disease progression in the bleomycin-induced murine model of pulmonary fibrosis. Furthermore, we show that the probes highlight regions of macrophage involvement in fibrosis in human biopsy tissues from IPF patients. Finally, we present first-in-human results demonstrating non-invasive imaging of active cathepsins in fibrotic lesions of patients with IPF. Together, our findings validate small molecule cysteine cathepsin probes for clinical PET imaging and suggest that they have the potential to be used to generate mechanistically-informative molecular information regarding cellular drivers of IPF disease severity and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimali P Withana
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Xiaowei Ma
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Helen M McGuire
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Martijn Verdoes
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | | | - Leslie O Ofori
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Ruiping Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Laura E Sanman
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Ke Wei
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Shaobo Yao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Peilin Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Respiratory Disease, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Zuojun Xu
- Respiratory Disease, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Paul J Wolters
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - Glenn D Rosen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Harold R Collard
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - Zhaohui Zhu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Zhen Cheng
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Matthew Bogyo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.,Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
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Abstract
Cysteine cathepsin protease activity is frequently dysregulated in the context of neoplastic transformation. Increased activity and aberrant localization of proteases within the tumour microenvironment have a potent role in driving cancer progression, proliferation, invasion and metastasis. Recent studies have also uncovered functions for cathepsins in the suppression of the response to therapeutic intervention in various malignancies. However, cathepsins can be either tumour promoting or tumour suppressive depending on the context, which emphasizes the importance of rigorous in vivo analyses to ascertain function. Here, we review the basic research and clinical findings that underlie the roles of cathepsins in cancer, and provide a roadmap for the rational integration of cathepsin-targeting agents into clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oakley C Olson
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
- Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Johanna A Joyce
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Lausanne, Switzerland
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28
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Lecaille F, Lalmanach G, Andrault PM. Antimicrobial proteins and peptides in human lung diseases: A friend and foe partnership with host proteases. Biochimie 2015; 122:151-68. [PMID: 26341472 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lung antimicrobial proteins and peptides (AMPs) are major sentinels of innate immunity by preventing microbial colonization and infection. Nevertheless bactericidal activity of AMPs against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria is compromised in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis (CF) and asthma. Evidence is accumulating that expression of harmful human serine proteases, matrix metalloproteases and cysteine cathepsins is markedely increased in these chronic lung diseases. The local imbalance between proteases and protease inhibitors compromises lung tissue integrity and function, by not only degrading extracellular matrix components, but also non-matrix proteins. Despite the fact that AMPs are somewhat resistant to proteolytic degradation, some human proteases cleave them efficiently and impair their antimicrobial potency. By contrast, certain AMPs may be effective as antiproteases. Host proteases participate in concert with bacterial proteases in the degradation of key innate immunity peptides/proteins and thus may play immunomodulatory activities during chronic lung diseases. In this context, the present review highlights the current knowledge and recent discoveries on the ability of host enzymes to interact with AMPs, providing a better understanding of the role of human proteases in innate host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Lecaille
- INSERM, UMR 1100, Pathologies Respiratoires: Protéolyse et Aérosolthérapie, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Equipe 2: « Mécanismes Protéolytiques dans l'Inflammation », Université François Rabelais, F-37032 Tours cedex, France.
| | - Gilles Lalmanach
- INSERM, UMR 1100, Pathologies Respiratoires: Protéolyse et Aérosolthérapie, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Equipe 2: « Mécanismes Protéolytiques dans l'Inflammation », Université François Rabelais, F-37032 Tours cedex, France
| | - Pierre-Marie Andrault
- INSERM, UMR 1100, Pathologies Respiratoires: Protéolyse et Aérosolthérapie, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Equipe 2: « Mécanismes Protéolytiques dans l'Inflammation », Université François Rabelais, F-37032 Tours cedex, France
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Zhang L, Fu XH, Yu Y, Shui RH, Li C, Zeng HY, Qiao YL, Ni LY, Wang Q. Treatment with CA-074Me, a Cathepsin B inhibitor, reduces lung interstitial inflammation and fibrosis in a rat model of polymyositis. J Transl Med 2015; 95:65-77. [PMID: 25384123 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Revised: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin B (CB) is involved in the turnover of proteins and has various roles in maintaining the normal metabolism of cells. In our recent study, CB is increased in the muscles of polymyositis/dermatomyositis (PM/DM). However, the role of CB in interstitial lung disease (ILD) has not been reported. ILD is a frequent complication of PM/DM, which is the leading cause of death in PM/DM. It carries high morbidity and mortality in connective tissue diseases, characterized by an overproduction of inflammatory cytokines and induced fibrosis, resulting in respiratory failure. The etiology and pathogenesis of ILD remain incompletely understood. This study investigated whether treatment with CA-074Me, a specific inhibitor of CB, attenuates ILD in PM. CB expression, inflammation, and fibrosis were analyzed in the lung tissues from patients with PM/DM. The animal model of PM was induced in guinea pigs with Coxsackie virus B1 (CVB1). CA-074Me was given 24 h after CVB1 injection for 7 consecutive days. At the end of the experiment, the animals were killed and lung tissues were collected for the following analysis. Inflammation, fibrosis and apoptosis cells, and cytokines were assessed by histological examinations and immunohistochemical analyses, western blot analysis and transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling assay. In patients with PM/DM, the protein levels of CB were significantly elevated in lung tissues compared with healthy controls, which correlated with increases in inflammation and fibrosis. Similarly, the expression of CB, inflammation and fibrosis, CD8(+) T cell, CD68(+) cell, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, transforming growth factor-beta1 infiltrations, and apoptotic cell death were significantly increased in lung tissues of the guinea-pig model of CVB1-induced PM. These changes were attenuated by the administration of CA-074Me. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that PM/DM increases CB expression in lung tissues and inhibition of CB reduces ILD in a guinea-pig model of CVB1-induced PM. This finding suggests that CB may be a potential therapeutic target for ILD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiao-Hong Fu
- Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai Pudong Gongli Hospital, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ruo-Hong Shui
- Department of Pathology, Tumor Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Chun Li
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hai-Ying Zeng
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yu-Lei Qiao
- Department of thoracic surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Li-Yan Ni
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Skin Diseases Hospital, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
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30
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Hentschel J, Fischer N, Janhsen WK, Markert UR, Lehmann T, Sonnemann J, Böer K, Pfister W, Hipler UC, Mainz JG. Protease-antiprotease imbalances differ between Cystic Fibrosis patients' upper and lower airway secretions. J Cyst Fibros 2015; 14:324-33. [PMID: 25286826 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Balanced levels of proteases and anti-proteases are essential in host defense systems. In CF patients' lungs, elevated protease/anti-protease-ratios contribute to damage of airway tissue and premature death with the inherited disease. Little is known about upper airway protease equilibrium in CF. METHODS Neutrophil elastase (NE), Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)9, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMP)1, cathepsin S (CTSS) and the corresponding cellular distribution were assessed in the nasal lavage (NL) and sputum of 40 CF patients. RESULTS Concentrations of all proteases and anti-proteases were markedly higher in sputum than in NL (NE: 10-fold, SLPI: 5000-fold). Interestingly, the NE/SLPI ratio was 726-fold higher in NL compared to sputum, while the MMP9/TIMP1 ratio was 4.5-fold higher in sputum compared to NL. DISCUSSION This first study to compare protease/anti-protease networks of CF upper and lower airways by NL and sputum reveals substantial differences between both compartments' immunological responses. This finding may have implications for sinonasal and pulmonary treatment, possibly leading to new therapeutic approaches.
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31
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Tan CD, Hobbs C, Sameni M, Sloane BF, Stutts MJ, Tarran R. Cathepsin B contributes to Na+ hyperabsorption in cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cultures. J Physiol 2014; 592:5251-68. [PMID: 25260629 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.267286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease, the absence of functional CF transmembrane conductance regulator results in Cl(-)/HCO3 (-) hyposecretion and triggers Na(+) hyperabsorption through the epithelial Na(+) channel (ENaC), which contribute to reduced airway surface liquid (ASL) pH and volume. Prostasin, a membrane-anchored serine protease with trypsin-like substrate specificity has previously been shown to activate ENaC in CF airways. However, prostasin is typically inactive below pH 7.0, suggesting that it may be less relevant in acidic CF airways. Cathepsin B (CTSB) is present in both normal and CF epithelia and is secreted into ASL, but little is known about its function in the airways. We hypothesized that the acidic ASL seen in CF airways may stimulate CTSB to activate ENaC, contributing to Na(+) hyperabsorption and depletion of CF ASL volume. In Xenopus laevis oocytes, CTSB triggered α- and γENaC cleavage and induced an increase in ENaC activity. In bronchial epithelia from both normal and CF donor lungs, CTSB localized to the apical membrane. In normal and CF human bronchial epithelial cultures, CTSB was detected at the apical plasma membrane and in the ASL. CTSB activity was significantly elevated in acidic ASL, which correlated with increased abundance of ENaC in the plasma membrane and a reduction in ASL volume. This acid/CTSB-dependent activation of ENaC was ameliorated with the cell impermeable, CTSB-selective inhibitor CA074, suggesting that CTSB inhibition may have therapeutic relevance. Taken together, our data suggest that CTSB is a pathophysiologically relevant protease that activates ENaC in CF airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Da Tan
- Cystic Fibrosis/Pulmonary Research and Treatment Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Carey Hobbs
- Cystic Fibrosis/Pulmonary Research and Treatment Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mansoureh Sameni
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Bonnie F Sloane
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - M Jackson Stutts
- Cystic Fibrosis/Pulmonary Research and Treatment Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Robert Tarran
- Cystic Fibrosis/Pulmonary Research and Treatment Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Girón-Moreno RM, Justicia JL, Yamamoto S, Valenzuela C, Cisneros C, Gómez-Punter RM, Fernandes-Vasconcelos G, Ancochea J. Role of C-reactive protein as a biomarker for prediction of the severity of pulmonary exacerbations in patients with cystic fibrosis. BMC Pulm Med 2014; 14:150. [PMID: 25248567 PMCID: PMC4193132 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-14-150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pulmonary exacerbation is one of the main risk factors for death in patients with cystic fibrosis. Several biomarkers have proven useful in the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary exacerbations, although none has been associated with severity. The objective of the present study was to investigate whether C-reactive protein (CRP) level was associated with the severity of pulmonary exacerbation requiring admission to hospital in patients with cystic fibrosis. Methods We designed a severity index for exacerbations based on 4 clinical parameters and determined whether there was an association between CRP levels and severity of the exacerbation. We also investigated the association between CRP and baseline functional and clinical variables. Results Twenty-seven patients with cystic fibrosis required 62 admissions to hospital. CRP levels were not significantly associated with the severity index, although they were associated with specific patient characteristics: colonization by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, treatment with oral corticosteroids, and number of severe exacerbations treated with intravenous antibiotics during the previous year. Conclusions CRP level is not associated with the severity of pulmonary exacerbations, but it is associated with specific clinical characteristics. This simple scoring system (severity index) could prove very useful for evaluating the severity of exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Maria Girón-Moreno
- Pulmonology Department, la Princesa Institute for Health Research (IP), Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain.
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Weldon S, McNally P, McAuley DF, Oglesby IK, Wohlford-Lenane CL, Bartlett JA, Scott CJ, McElvaney NG, Greene CM, McCray PB, Taggart CC. miR-31 dysregulation in cystic fibrosis airways contributes to increased pulmonary cathepsin S production. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 190:165-74. [PMID: 24940638 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201311-1986oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Cathepsin S (CTSS) activity is increased in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid from patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). This activity contributes to lung inflammation via degradation of antimicrobial proteins, such as lactoferrin and members of the β-defensin family. OBJECTIVES In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that airway epithelial cells are a source of CTSS, and mechanisms underlying CTSS expression in the CF lung. METHODS Protease activity was determined using fluorogenic activity assays. Protein and mRNA expression were analyzed by ELISA, Western blotting, and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS In contrast to neutrophil elastase, CTSS activity was detectable in 100% of CF BAL fluid samples from patients without Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. In this study, we identified epithelial cells as a source of pulmonary CTSS activity with the demonstration that CF airway epithelial cells express and secrete significantly more CTSS than non-CF control cells in the absence of proinflammatory stimulation. Furthermore, levels of the transcription factor IRF-1 correlated with increased levels of its target gene CTSS. We discovered that miR-31, which is decreased in the CF airways, regulates IRF-1 in CF epithelial cells. Treating CF bronchial epithelial cells with a miR-31 mimic decreased IRF-1 protein levels with concomitant knockdown of CTSS expression and secretion. CONCLUSIONS The miR-31/IRF-1/CTSS pathway may play a functional role in the pathogenesis of CF lung disease and may open up new avenues for exploration in the search for an effective therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinéad Weldon
- 1 Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, and
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Lecaille F, Naudin C, Sage J, Joulin-Giet A, Courty A, Andrault PM, Veldhuizen RA, Possmayer F, Lalmanach G. Specific cleavage of the lung surfactant protein A by human cathepsin S may impair its antibacterial properties. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:1701-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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35
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Moffitt KL, Martin SL, Jones AM, Webb AK, Cardwell C, Tunney MM, Elborn JS. Inflammatory and immunological biomarkers are not related to survival in adults with Cystic Fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 2013; 13:63-8. [PMID: 23860440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa pulmonary infection is associated with a decline in lung function and reduced survival in people with Cystic Fibrosis (CF). Damaging inflammatory and immunological mediators released in the lungs can be used as markers of chronic infection, inflammation and lung tissue damage. METHODS Clinical samples were collected from CF patients and healthy controls. Serum IgG and IgA anti-Pseudomonas antibodies, sputum IL-8 and TNFα, plasma IL-6 and urine TNFr1 were measured by ELISA. Sputum neutrophil elastase (NE), cathepsin S and cathepsin B were measured by spectrophotometric and fluorogenic assays. The relationship between IgG and IgA, inflammatory mediators and long-term survival was determined. RESULTS IgG and IL-6 positively correlated with mortality. However, multivariate analysis demonstrated that after adjusting for FEV(1), IgG was not independently related to mortality. A relationship was observed between IgG and IL-6, TNFα, TNFr1 and between IgA and IL8, cathepsin S and cathepsin B. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that biomarkers of inflammation are not independent predictors of survival in people with CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Moffitt
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - S L Martin
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - A M Jones
- Manchester Adult CF Centre, South Manchester University Hospitals NHS Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - A K Webb
- Manchester Adult CF Centre, South Manchester University Hospitals NHS Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - C Cardwell
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - M M Tunney
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - J S Elborn
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a frequent and lethal autosomal recessive disease, caused by mutations in the gene encoding the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR). Before the discovery of the CFTR gene, several hypotheses attempted to explain the etiology of this disease, including the possible role of a chloride channel, diverse alterations in mitochondrial functions, the overexpression of the lysosomal enzyme α-glucosidase and a deficiency in the cytosolic enzyme glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Because of the diverse mitochondrial changes found, some authors proposed that the affected gene should codify for a mitochondrial protein. Later, the CFTR cloning and the demonstration of its chloride channel activity turned the mitochondrial, lysosomal and cytosolic hypotheses obsolete. However, in recent years, using new approaches, several investigators reported similar or new alterations of mitochondrial functions in Cystic Fibrosis, thus rediscovering a possible role of mitochondria in this disease. Here, we review these CFTR-driven mitochondrial defects, including differential gene expression, alterations in oxidative phosphorylation, calcium homeostasis, oxidative stress, apoptosis and innate immune response, which might explain some characteristics of the complex CF phenotype and reveals potential new targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Gabriel Valdivieso
- Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED CONICET-UCA), Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Medical Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina (UCA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Zhou L, El-Deiry W, Wang W, Ingram ME, Katz SI. Extracellular protease imaging for cell mass tracking of xenografted human malignant pleural mesothelioma. Oncol Rep 2012; 28:883-8. [PMID: 22751990 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.1888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is locally aggressive and challenging to quantitate non-invasively in vivo, particularly in orthotopic models of disease. We describe imaging of extracellular protease activity, typically elevated in locally aggressive tumors, as a novel method for tracking MPM in vivo. Mice bearing human MPM subcutaneous flank xenografted tumors were imaged with ProSense 680, an optical imaging agent of extracellular cysteine protease activity. The relative contribution of extracellular cysteine proteases to the ProSense tumor signal was estimated using RT-PCR quantitation of cysteine protease RNA expression of the MPM cell lines and compared to ArrayExpress microarray RNA expression data from human MPM tumors. Feasibility of orthotopic intraperitoneal MPM cell mass tracking with fluorescence signal was evaluated using CellVue Maroon-coated MSTO-211H and compared to bioluminescent signal using luciferase-transfected MSTO-211H cells. ProSense 680 yielded a robust tumor signal in MPM subcutaneous grafts, primarily resulting from MPM secretion of cathepsin L demonstrated not only by RT-PCR data on MPM cell lines but also by microarray expression data from resected human patient tumors. CellVue Maroon intraperitoneal tumor signal was robust and durable indicating feasibility of intraperitoneal cell mass tracking of orthotopically-xenografted MPM. Optical imaging of extracellular cysteine protease activity is useful for tracking MPM tumor cell mass in vivo. Intraperitoneal MPM cell mass tracking of fluorescently labeled tumor is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Zhou
- Department of Medicine (Hematology/Oncology), Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
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Reeves EP, Bergin DA, Fitzgerald S, Hayes E, Keenan J, Henry M, Meleady P, Vega-carrascal I, Murray MA, Low TB, Mccarthy C, O'brien E, Clynes M, Gunaratnam C, Mcelvaney NG. A novel neutrophil derived inflammatory biomarker of pulmonary exacerbation in cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 2012; 11:100-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2011.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Fekkar A, Balloy V, Pionneau C, Marinach-Patrice C, Chignard M, Mazier D. Secretome of human bronchial epithelial cells in response to the fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus analyzed by differential in-gel electrophoresis. J Infect Dis 2012; 205:1163-72. [PMID: 22357658 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For years, the analysis of innate responses to the major mold pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus has been restricted to specialized cells, such as professional phagocytes. More recently, the contribution of the airway epithelial barrier has been assessed and studies have shown that it was able to sense and react to the Aspergillus infection, for example, by producing cytokines. METHODS To further explore the reaction of the respiratory epithelium to the fungus, we analyzed the proteome response of a human bronchial epithelial cell line to Aspergillus infection using difference gel electrophoresis. We studied the protein pattern of BEAS-2B cell culture supernatant after interaction of the cells with Aspergillus during a 15-hour coculture. RESULTS We found formerly unknown aspects of bronchial cell behavior during Aspergillus infection: bronchial cells are able to develop both cellular defense mechanisms (ie, thioredoxin system activation) and immune reactions (ie, lysosomal degranulation and cathepsin activation) in response to the fungal aggression. CONCLUSIONS Bronchial epithelial cells appear to be a more important effector of antifungal defense than expected. Degranulation of lysosomal enzymes that might be responsible for both fungal growth inhibition and host cell damage suggests that inductors/inhibitors of these pathways may be potential targets of therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fekkar
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U945, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris, France.
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Mohamed MM. Monocytes conditioned media stimulate fibronectin expression and spreading of inflammatory breast cancer cells in three-dimensional culture: A mechanism mediated by IL-8 signaling pathway. Cell Commun Signal 2012; 10:3. [PMID: 22321604 PMCID: PMC3293033 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-10-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is the most aggressive form of breast cancer characterized by invasion of carcinoma cells into dermal lymphatic vessels where they form tumor emboli over expressing adhesion molecule E-cadherin. Although invasion and metastasis are dynamic processes controlled by complex interaction between tumor cells and microenvironment the mechanisms by which soluble mediators may regulate motility and invasion of IBC cells are poorly understood. The present study investigated the effect of media conditioned by human monocytes U937 secreted cytokines, chemokines and growth factors on the expression of adhesion molecules E-cadherin and fibronectin of human IBC cell line SUM149. Furthermore, cytokines signaling pathway involved were also identified. Results U937 secreted cytokines, chemokines and growth factors were characterized by cytokine antibody array. The major U937 secreted cytokines/chemokines were interleukin-8 (IL-8) and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2). When SUM149 cells were seeded in three dimensional (3D) models with media conditioned by U937 secreted cytokines, chemokines and growth factors; results showed: 1) changes in the morphology of IBC cells from epithelial to migratory spindle shape branched like structures; 2) Over-expression of adhesion molecule fibronectin and not E-cadherin. Further analysis revealed that over-expression of fibronectin may be mediated by IL-8 via PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Conclusion The present results suggested that cytokines secreted by human monocytes may promote chemotactic migration and spreading of IBC cell lines. Results also indicated that IL-8 the major secreted cytokine by U937 cells may play essential role in fibronectin expression by SUM149 cells via interaction with IL-8 specific receptors and stimulation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona M Mohamed
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt.
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Naudin C, Joulin-Giet A, Couetdic G, Plésiat P, Szymanska A, Gorna E, Gauthier F, Kasprzykowski F, Lecaille F, Lalmanach G. Human cysteine cathepsins are not reliable markers of infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25577. [PMID: 21980493 PMCID: PMC3182231 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins have emerged as new players in inflammatory lung disorders. Their activities are dramatically increased in the sputum of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, suggesting that they are involved in the pathophysiology of CF. We have characterized the cathepsins in CF expectorations and evaluated their use as markers of colonization by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The concentrations of active cathepsins B, H, K, L and S were the same in P. aeruginosa-positive (19 Ps+) and P. aeruginosa-negative (6 Ps−) samples, unlike those of human neutrophil elastase. Also the cathepsin inhibitory potential and the cathepsins/cathepsin inhibitors imbalance remained unchanged and similar (∼2-fold) in the Ps+ and Ps− groups (p<0.001), which correlated with the breakdown of their circulating cystatin-like inhibitors (kininogens). Procathepsins, which may be activated autocatalytically, are a potential proteolytic reservoir. Immunoblotting and active-site labeling identified the double-chain cathepsin B, the major cathepsin in CF sputum, as the main molecular form in both Ps+ and Ps− samples, despite the possible release of the ∼31 kDa single-chain form from procathepsin B by sputum elastase. Thus, the hydrolytic activity of cysteine cathepsins was not correlated with bacterial colonization, indicating that cathepsins, unlike human neutrophil elastase, are not suitable markers of P. aeruginosa infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Naudin
- Inserm U618, Université François Rabelais, Protéases et Vectorisation Pulmonaires, Tours, France
| | - Alix Joulin-Giet
- Inserm U618, Université François Rabelais, Protéases et Vectorisation Pulmonaires, Tours, France
| | - Gérard Couetdic
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, CHU Jean Minjoz, Besançon, France
| | - Patrick Plésiat
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, CHU Jean Minjoz, Besançon, France
| | - Aneta Szymanska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Sobieskiego, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Emilia Gorna
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Sobieskiego, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Francis Gauthier
- Inserm U618, Université François Rabelais, Protéases et Vectorisation Pulmonaires, Tours, France
| | - Franciszek Kasprzykowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Sobieskiego, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Fabien Lecaille
- Inserm U618, Université François Rabelais, Protéases et Vectorisation Pulmonaires, Tours, France
| | - Gilles Lalmanach
- Inserm U618, Université François Rabelais, Protéases et Vectorisation Pulmonaires, Tours, France
- * E-mail:
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