1
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Van de Poël A, Toledo-Sherman L, Breccia P, Cachope R, Bate JR, Angulo-Herrera I, Wishart G, Matthews KL, Martin SL, Peacock M, Barnard A, Cox HC, Jones G, McAllister G, Vater H, Esmieu W, Clissold C, Lamers M, Leonard P, Jarvis RE, Blackaby W, Eznarriaga M, Lazari O, Yates D, Rose M, Jang SW, Muñoz-Sanjuan I, Dominguez C. Structure-Based Exploration of Selectivity for ATM Inhibitors in Huntington's Disease. J Med Chem 2021; 64:5018-5036. [PMID: 33783225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Our group has recently shown that brain-penetrant ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) kinase inhibitors may have potential as novel therapeutics for the treatment of Huntington's disease (HD). However, the previously described pyranone-thioxanthenes (e.g., 4) failed to afford selectivity over a vacuolar protein sorting 34 (Vps34) kinase, an important kinase involved with autophagy. Given that impaired autophagy has been proposed as a pathogenic mechanism of neurodegenerative diseases such as HD, achieving selectivity over Vps34 became an important objective for our program. Here, we report the successful selectivity optimization of ATM over Vps34 by using X-ray crystal structures of a Vps34-ATM protein chimera where the Vps34 ATP-binding site was mutated to approximate that of an ATM kinase. The morpholino-pyridone and morpholino-pyrimidinone series that resulted as a consequence of this selectivity optimization process have high ATM potency and good oral bioavailability and have lower molecular weight, reduced lipophilicity, higher aqueous solubility, and greater synthetic tractability compared to the pyranone-thioxanthenes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leticia Toledo-Sherman
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, 6080 Center Drive, Los Angeles, California 90045, United States
| | - Perla Breccia
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Roger Cachope
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, 6080 Center Drive, Los Angeles, California 90045, United States
| | - Jennifer R Bate
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | | | - Grant Wishart
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Kim L Matthews
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Sarah L Martin
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Marcus Peacock
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Amy Barnard
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Helen C Cox
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Graham Jones
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - George McAllister
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Huw Vater
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - William Esmieu
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Cole Clissold
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Marieke Lamers
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Philip Leonard
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Rebecca E Jarvis
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Wesley Blackaby
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Maria Eznarriaga
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Ovadia Lazari
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Dawn Yates
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Mark Rose
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, 6080 Center Drive, Los Angeles, California 90045, United States
| | - Sung-Wook Jang
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, 6080 Center Drive, Los Angeles, California 90045, United States
| | - Ignacio Muñoz-Sanjuan
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, 6080 Center Drive, Los Angeles, California 90045, United States
| | - Celia Dominguez
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, 6080 Center Drive, Los Angeles, California 90045, United States
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Toledo-Sherman L, Breccia P, Cachope R, Bate JR, Angulo-Herrera I, Wishart G, Matthews KL, Martin SL, Cox HC, McAllister G, Penrose SD, Vater H, Esmieu W, Van de Poël A, Van de Bospoort R, Strijbosch A, Lamers M, Leonard P, Jarvis RE, Blackaby W, Barnes K, Eznarriaga M, Dowler S, Smith GD, Fischer DF, Lazari O, Yates D, Rose M, Jang SW, Muñoz-Sanjuan I, Dominguez C. Optimization of Potent and Selective Ataxia Telangiectasia-Mutated Inhibitors Suitable for a Proof-of-Concept Study in Huntington’s Disease Models. J Med Chem 2019; 62:2988-3008. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Toledo-Sherman
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, 6080 Center Drive, Los Angeles, California 90045, United States
| | - Perla Breccia
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Roger Cachope
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, 6080 Center Drive, Los Angeles, California 90045, United States
| | - Jennifer R. Bate
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | | | - Grant Wishart
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Kim L. Matthews
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Sarah L. Martin
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Helen C. Cox
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - George McAllister
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, 6080 Center Drive, Los Angeles, California 90045, United States
| | | | - Huw Vater
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - William Esmieu
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | | | | | | | - Marieke Lamers
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Philip Leonard
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Rebecca E. Jarvis
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Wesley Blackaby
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Karen Barnes
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Maria Eznarriaga
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Simon Dowler
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Graham D. Smith
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - David F. Fischer
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Ovadia Lazari
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Dawn Yates
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Mark Rose
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, 6080 Center Drive, Los Angeles, California 90045, United States
| | - Sung-Wook Jang
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, 6080 Center Drive, Los Angeles, California 90045, United States
| | - Ignacio Muñoz-Sanjuan
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, 6080 Center Drive, Los Angeles, California 90045, United States
| | - Celia Dominguez
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, 6080 Center Drive, Los Angeles, California 90045, United States
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3
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Luckhurst CA, Aziz O, Beaumont V, Bürli RW, Breccia P, Maillard MC, Haughan AF, Lamers M, Leonard P, Matthews KL, Raphy G, Stott AJ, Munoz-Sanjuan I, Thomas B, Wall M, Wishart G, Yates D, Dominguez C. Development and characterization of a CNS-penetrant benzhydryl hydroxamic acid class IIa histone deacetylase inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:83-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Desroy N, Housseman C, Bock X, Joncour A, Bienvenu N, Cherel L, Labeguere V, Rondet E, Peixoto C, Grassot JM, Picolet O, Annoot D, Triballeau N, Monjardet A, Wakselman E, Roncoroni V, Le Tallec S, Blanque R, Cottereaux C, Vandervoort N, Christophe T, Mollat P, Lamers M, Auberval M, Hrvacic B, Ralic J, Oste L, van der Aar E, Brys R, Heckmann B. Discovery of 2-[[2-Ethyl-6-[4-[2-(3-hydroxyazetidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl]piperazin-1-yl]-8-methylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl]methylamino]-4-(4-fluorophenyl)thiazole-5-carbonitrile (GLPG1690), a First-in-Class Autotaxin Inhibitor Undergoing Clinical Evaluation for the Treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. J Med Chem 2017; 60:3580-3590. [PMID: 28414242 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autotaxin is a circulating enzyme with a major role in the production of lysophosphatic acid (LPA) species in blood. A role for the autotaxin/LPA axis has been suggested in many disease areas including pulmonary fibrosis. Structural modifications of the known autotaxin inhibitor lead compound 1, to attenuate hERG inhibition, remove CYP3A4 time-dependent inhibition, and improve pharmacokinetic properties, led to the identification of clinical candidate GLPG1690 (11). Compound 11 was able to cause a sustained reduction of LPA levels in plasma in vivo and was shown to be efficacious in a bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model in mice and in reducing extracellular matrix deposition in the lung while also reducing LPA 18:2 content in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Compound 11 is currently being evaluated in an exploratory phase 2a study in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Desroy
- Galapagos SASU , 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | | | - Xavier Bock
- Galapagos SASU , 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Agnès Joncour
- Galapagos SASU , 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Natacha Bienvenu
- Galapagos SASU , 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Laëtitia Cherel
- Galapagos SASU , 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | | | - Emilie Rondet
- Galapagos SASU , 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | | | | | - Olivier Picolet
- Galapagos SASU , 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Denis Annoot
- Galapagos SASU , 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | | | - Alain Monjardet
- Galapagos SASU , 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | | | | | | | - Roland Blanque
- Galapagos SASU , 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Celine Cottereaux
- Galapagos SASU , 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Nele Vandervoort
- Galapagos NV , Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | | | - Patrick Mollat
- Galapagos SASU , 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Marieke Lamers
- Charles River Laboratories , Chesterford Research Park, CB10 1XL Saffron Walden, United Kingdom
| | - Marielle Auberval
- Galapagos SASU , 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Boska Hrvacic
- Fidelta Ltd. , Prilaz baruna Filipovića 29, Zagreb, HR-10000, Croatia
| | - Jovica Ralic
- Fidelta Ltd. , Prilaz baruna Filipovića 29, Zagreb, HR-10000, Croatia
| | - Line Oste
- Galapagos NV , Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | | | - Reginald Brys
- Galapagos NV , Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Bertrand Heckmann
- Galapagos SASU , 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
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5
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Luckhurst CA, Breccia P, Stott AJ, Aziz O, Birch HL, Bürli RW, Hughes SJ, Jarvis RE, Lamers M, Leonard PM, Matthews KL, McAllister G, Pollack S, Saville-Stones E, Wishart G, Yates D, Dominguez C. Potent, Selective, and CNS-Penetrant Tetrasubstituted Cyclopropane Class IIa Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:34-9. [PMID: 26819662 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Potent and selective class IIa HDAC tetrasubstituted cyclopropane hydroxamic acid inhibitors were identified with high oral bioavailability that exhibited good brain and muscle exposure. Compound 14 displayed suitable properties for assessment of the impact of class IIa HDAC catalytic site inhibition in preclinical disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Luckhurst
- BioFocus, Charles River, Chesterford Research
Park, Saffron Walden, Essex, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Perla Breccia
- BioFocus, Charles River, Chesterford Research
Park, Saffron Walden, Essex, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Stott
- BioFocus, Charles River, Chesterford Research
Park, Saffron Walden, Essex, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Omar Aziz
- BioFocus, Charles River, Chesterford Research
Park, Saffron Walden, Essex, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Helen L. Birch
- BioFocus, Charles River, Chesterford Research
Park, Saffron Walden, Essex, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Roland W. Bürli
- BioFocus, Charles River, Chesterford Research
Park, Saffron Walden, Essex, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha J. Hughes
- BioFocus, Charles River, Chesterford Research
Park, Saffron Walden, Essex, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca E. Jarvis
- BioFocus, Charles River, Chesterford Research
Park, Saffron Walden, Essex, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Marieke Lamers
- BioFocus, Charles River, Chesterford Research
Park, Saffron Walden, Essex, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Philip M. Leonard
- BioFocus, Charles River, Chesterford Research
Park, Saffron Walden, Essex, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Kim L. Matthews
- BioFocus, Charles River, Chesterford Research
Park, Saffron Walden, Essex, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - George McAllister
- BioFocus, Charles River, Chesterford Research
Park, Saffron Walden, Essex, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Scott Pollack
- BioFocus, Charles River, Chesterford Research
Park, Saffron Walden, Essex, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Saville-Stones
- BioFocus, Charles River, Chesterford Research
Park, Saffron Walden, Essex, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Grant Wishart
- BioFocus, Charles River, Chesterford Research
Park, Saffron Walden, Essex, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Dawn Yates
- BioFocus, Charles River, Chesterford Research
Park, Saffron Walden, Essex, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Celia Dominguez
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation Inc., 6080 Center Drive, Suite 100, Los Angeles, California 90045, United States
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6
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Bannwarth MA, Grovermann C, Schreinemachers P, Ingwersen J, Lamers M, Berger T, Streck T. Non-hazardous pesticide concentrations in surface waters: An integrated approach simulating application thresholds and resulting farm income effects. J Environ Manage 2016; 165:298-312. [PMID: 26431614 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide application rates are high and increasing in upland agricultural systems in Thailand producing vegetables, fruits and ornamental crops, leading to the pollution of stream water with pesticide residues. The objective of this study was to determine the maximum per hectare application rates of two widely used pesticides that would achieve non-hazardous pesticide concentrations in the stream water and to evaluate how farm household incomes would be affected if farmers complied with these restricted application rates. For this purpose we perform an integrated modeling approach of a hydrological solute transport model (the Soil and Water Assessment Tool, SWAT) and an agent-based farm decision model (Mathematical Programming-based Multi-Agent Systems, MPMAS). SWAT was used to simulate the pesticide fate and behavior. The model was calibrated to a 77 km(2) watershed in northern Thailand. The results show that to stay under a pre-defined eco-toxicological threshold, the current average application of chlorothalonil (0.80 kg/ha) and cypermethrin (0.53 kg/ha) would have to be reduced by 80% and 99%, respectively. The income effect of such reductions was simulated using MPMAS. The results suggest that if farm households complied with the application thresholds then their income would reduce by 17.3% in the case of chlorothalonil and by 38.3% in the case of cypermethrin. Less drastic income effects can be expected if methods of integrated pest management were more widely available. The novelty of this study is to combine two models from distinctive disciplines to evaluate pesticide reduction scenarios based on real-world data from a single study site.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Bannwarth
- Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, Biogeophysics Section, University of Hohenheim, Germany.
| | - C Grovermann
- Department for Land Use Economics in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Hohenheim, Germany
| | - P Schreinemachers
- AVRDC-The World Vegetable Center, P.O. Box 42, Shanhua, Tainan 74199, Taiwan
| | - J Ingwersen
- Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, Biogeophysics Section, University of Hohenheim, Germany
| | - M Lamers
- Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, Biogeophysics Section, University of Hohenheim, Germany
| | - T Berger
- Department for Land Use Economics in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Hohenheim, Germany
| | - T Streck
- Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, Biogeophysics Section, University of Hohenheim, Germany
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7
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Schroeder T, Pechtel S, Lamers M, Dienst A, Schuler E, Rachlis E, Wegener N, Kündgen A, Kondakci M, Fenk R, Haas R, Germing U, Kobbe G. 121 PERIPHERAL BLOOD (PB) WILMS' TUMOR 1 (WT1) EXPRESSION QUANTIFIED BY A STANDARDIZED EUROPEAN LEUKEMIA NET (ELN)-CERTIFIED ASSAY AS PROGNOSTIC AND MINIMAL RESIDUAL DISEASE (MRD) MARKER IN MDS. Leuk Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s0145-2126(15)30122-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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8
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Wityak J, McGee KF, Conlon MP, Song RH, Duffy BC, Clayton B, Lynch M, Wang G, Freeman E, Haber J, Kitchen DB, Manning DD, Ismail J, Khmelnitsky Y, Michels P, Webster J, Irigoyen M, Luche M, Hultman M, Bai M, Kuok ID, Newell R, Lamers M, Leonard P, Yates D, Matthews K, Ongeri L, Clifton S, Mead T, Deupree S, Wheelan P, Lyons K, Wilson C, Kiselyov A, Toledo-Sherman L, Beconi M, Muñoz-Sanjuan I, Bard J, Dominguez C. Lead optimization toward proof-of-concept tools for Huntington's disease within a 4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)pyrimidine class of pan-JNK inhibitors. J Med Chem 2015; 58:2967-87. [PMID: 25760409 DOI: 10.1021/jm5013598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Through medicinal chemistry lead optimization studies focused on calculated properties and guided by X-ray crystallography and computational modeling, potent pan-JNK inhibitors were identified that showed submicromolar activity in a cellular assay. Using in vitro ADME profiling data, 9t was identified as possessing favorable permeability and a low potential for efflux, but it was rapidly cleared in liver microsomal incubations. In a mouse pharmacokinetics study, compound 9t was brain-penetrant after oral dosing, but exposure was limited by high plasma clearance. Brain exposure at a level expected to support modulation of a pharmacodynamic marker in mouse was achieved when the compound was coadministered with the pan-cytochrome P450 inhibitor 1-aminobenzotriazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Wityak
- †CHDI Foundation, Inc., 6080 Center Drive, Suite 100, Los Angeles, California 90045, United States
| | - Kevin F McGee
- ‡Albany Molecular Research Inc. (AMRI), 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212-5098, United States
| | - Michael P Conlon
- ‡Albany Molecular Research Inc. (AMRI), 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212-5098, United States
| | - Ren Hua Song
- ‡Albany Molecular Research Inc. (AMRI), 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212-5098, United States
| | - Bryan C Duffy
- ‡Albany Molecular Research Inc. (AMRI), 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212-5098, United States
| | - Brent Clayton
- ‡Albany Molecular Research Inc. (AMRI), 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212-5098, United States
| | - Michael Lynch
- ‡Albany Molecular Research Inc. (AMRI), 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212-5098, United States
| | - Gwen Wang
- ‡Albany Molecular Research Inc. (AMRI), 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212-5098, United States
| | - Emily Freeman
- ‡Albany Molecular Research Inc. (AMRI), 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212-5098, United States
| | - James Haber
- ‡Albany Molecular Research Inc. (AMRI), 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212-5098, United States
| | - Douglas B Kitchen
- ‡Albany Molecular Research Inc. (AMRI), 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212-5098, United States
| | - David D Manning
- ‡Albany Molecular Research Inc. (AMRI), 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212-5098, United States
| | - Jiffry Ismail
- ‡Albany Molecular Research Inc. (AMRI), 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212-5098, United States
| | - Yuri Khmelnitsky
- ‡Albany Molecular Research Inc. (AMRI), 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212-5098, United States
| | - Peter Michels
- ‡Albany Molecular Research Inc. (AMRI), 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212-5098, United States
| | - Jeff Webster
- ‡Albany Molecular Research Inc. (AMRI), 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212-5098, United States
| | - Macarena Irigoyen
- ‡Albany Molecular Research Inc. (AMRI), 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212-5098, United States
| | - Michele Luche
- ‡Albany Molecular Research Inc. (AMRI), 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212-5098, United States
| | - Monica Hultman
- ‡Albany Molecular Research Inc. (AMRI), 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212-5098, United States
| | - Mei Bai
- ‡Albany Molecular Research Inc. (AMRI), 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212-5098, United States
| | - IokTeng D Kuok
- ‡Albany Molecular Research Inc. (AMRI), 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212-5098, United States
| | - Ryan Newell
- ‡Albany Molecular Research Inc. (AMRI), 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212-5098, United States
| | - Marieke Lamers
- §BioFocus Discovery Services, Charles River Laboratories, Chesterford Research Park, Little Chesterford, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Leonard
- §BioFocus Discovery Services, Charles River Laboratories, Chesterford Research Park, Little Chesterford, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Dawn Yates
- §BioFocus Discovery Services, Charles River Laboratories, Chesterford Research Park, Little Chesterford, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Kim Matthews
- §BioFocus Discovery Services, Charles River Laboratories, Chesterford Research Park, Little Chesterford, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Lynette Ongeri
- §BioFocus Discovery Services, Charles River Laboratories, Chesterford Research Park, Little Chesterford, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Clifton
- §BioFocus Discovery Services, Charles River Laboratories, Chesterford Research Park, Little Chesterford, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Tania Mead
- §BioFocus Discovery Services, Charles River Laboratories, Chesterford Research Park, Little Chesterford, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Deupree
- ∥Tandem Laboratories, 2202 Ellis Road, Durham, North Carolina 27703, United States
| | - Pat Wheelan
- ∥Tandem Laboratories, 2202 Ellis Road, Durham, North Carolina 27703, United States
| | - Kathy Lyons
- ⊥Pharmacokinetics Consultant to CHDI, P.O. Box 64, Holland, New York 14080, United States
| | - Claire Wilson
- #Evotec, 114 Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4SA, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Kiselyov
- †CHDI Foundation, Inc., 6080 Center Drive, Suite 100, Los Angeles, California 90045, United States
| | - Leticia Toledo-Sherman
- †CHDI Foundation, Inc., 6080 Center Drive, Suite 100, Los Angeles, California 90045, United States
| | - Maria Beconi
- †CHDI Foundation, Inc., 6080 Center Drive, Suite 100, Los Angeles, California 90045, United States
| | - Ignacio Muñoz-Sanjuan
- †CHDI Foundation, Inc., 6080 Center Drive, Suite 100, Los Angeles, California 90045, United States
| | - Jonathan Bard
- †CHDI Foundation, Inc., 6080 Center Drive, Suite 100, Los Angeles, California 90045, United States
| | - Celia Dominguez
- †CHDI Foundation, Inc., 6080 Center Drive, Suite 100, Los Angeles, California 90045, United States
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9
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Bannwarth MA, Sangchan W, Hugenschmidt C, Lamers M, Ingwersen J, Ziegler AD, Streck T. Pesticide transport simulation in a tropical catchment by SWAT. Environ Pollut 2014; 191:70-79. [PMID: 24811948 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The application of agrochemicals in Southeast Asia is increasing in rate, variety and toxicity with alarming speed. Understanding the behavior of these different contaminants within the environment require comprehensive monitoring programs as well as accurate simulations with hydrological models. We used the SWAT hydrological model to simulate the fate of three different pesticides, one of each usage type (herbicide, fungicide and insecticide) in a mountainous catchment in Northern Thailand. Three key parameters were identified: the sorption coefficient, the decay coefficient and the coefficient controlling pesticide percolation. We yielded satisfactory results simulating pesticide load dynamics during the calibration period (NSE: 0.92-0.67); the results during the validation period were also acceptable (NSE: 0.61-0.28). The results of this study are an important step in understanding the modeling behavior of these pesticides in SWAT and will help to identify thresholds of worst-case scenarios in order to assess the risk for the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Bannwarth
- Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, Biogeophysics Section, Hohenheim University, Emil-Wolff-Str. 27, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - W Sangchan
- Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, Biogeophysics Section, Hohenheim University, Emil-Wolff-Str. 27, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - C Hugenschmidt
- Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, Biogeophysics Section, Hohenheim University, Emil-Wolff-Str. 27, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - M Lamers
- Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, Biogeophysics Section, Hohenheim University, Emil-Wolff-Str. 27, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - J Ingwersen
- Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, Biogeophysics Section, Hohenheim University, Emil-Wolff-Str. 27, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - A D Ziegler
- Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, 119260, Singapore
| | - T Streck
- Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, Biogeophysics Section, Hohenheim University, Emil-Wolff-Str. 27, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
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10
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Pucher J, Gut T, Mayrhofer R, El-Matbouli M, Viet PH, Ngoc NT, Lamers M, Streck T, Focken U. Pesticide-contaminated feeds in integrated grass carp aquaculture: toxicology and bioaccumulation. Dis Aquat Organ 2014; 108:137-147. [PMID: 24553419 DOI: 10.3354/dao02710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Effects of dissolved pesticides on fish are widely described, but little is known about effects of pesticide-contaminated feeds taken up orally by fish. In integrated farms, pesticides used on crops may affect grass carp that feed on plants from these fields. In northern Vietnam, grass carp suffer seasonal mass mortalities which may be caused by pesticide-contaminated plants. To test effects of pesticide-contaminated feeds on health and bioaccumulation in grass carp, a net-cage trial was conducted with 5 differently contaminated grasses. Grass was spiked with 2 levels of trichlorfon/fenitrothion and fenobucarb. Unspiked grass was used as a control. Fish were fed at a daily rate of 20% of body mass for 10 d. The concentrations of fenitrothion and fenobucarb in pond water increased over time. Effects on fish mortality were not found. Fenobucarb in feed showed the strongest effects on fish by lowering feed uptake, deforming the liver, increasing blood glucose and reducing cholinesterase activity in blood serum, depending on feed uptake. Fenobucarb showed increased levels in flesh in all treatments, suggesting bio-concentration. Trichlorfon and fenitrothion did not significantly affect feed uptake but showed concentration-dependent reduction of cholinesterase activity and liver changes. Fenitrothion showed bioaccumulation in flesh which was dependant on feed uptake, whereas trichlorfon was only detected in very low concentrations in all treatments. Pesticide levels were all detected below the maximum residue levels in food. The pesticide-contaminated feeds tested did not cause mortality in grass carp but were associated with negative physiological responses and may increase susceptibility to diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pucher
- Life Science Center, and Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, Biogeophysics, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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11
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Bürli RW, Luckhurst CA, Aziz O, Matthews KL, Yates D, Lyons KA, Beconi M, McAllister G, Breccia P, Stott AJ, Penrose SD, Wall M, Lamers M, Leonard P, Müller I, Richardson CM, Jarvis R, Stones L, Hughes S, Wishart G, Haughan AF, O'Connell C, Mead T, McNeil H, Vann J, Mangette J, Maillard M, Beaumont V, Munoz-Sanjuan I, Dominguez C. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of potent and selective class IIa histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors as a potential therapy for Huntington's disease. J Med Chem 2013; 56:9934-54. [PMID: 24261862 DOI: 10.1021/jm4011884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of class IIa histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes have been suggested as a therapeutic strategy for a number of diseases, including Huntington's disease. Catalytic-site small molecule inhibitors of the class IIa HDAC4, -5, -7, and -9 were developed. These trisubstituted diarylcyclopropanehydroxamic acids were designed to exploit a lower pocket that is characteristic for the class IIa HDACs, not present in other HDAC classes. Selected inhibitors were cocrystallized with the catalytic domain of human HDAC4. We describe the first HDAC4 catalytic domain crystal structure in a "closed-loop" form, which in our view represents the biologically relevant conformation. We have demonstrated that these molecules can differentiate class IIa HDACs from class I and class IIb subtypes. They exhibited pharmacokinetic properties that should enable the assessment of their therapeutic benefit in both peripheral and CNS disorders. These selective inhibitors provide a means for evaluating potential efficacy in preclinical models in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland W Bürli
- BioFocus , Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, Essex, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
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12
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Chown SL, Lee JE, Hughes KA, Barnes J, Barrett PJ, Bergstrom DM, Convey P, Cowan DA, Crosbie K, Dyer G, Frenot Y, Grant SM, Herr D, Kennicutt MC, Lamers M, Murray A, Possingham HP, Reid K, Riddle MJ, Ryan PG, Sanson L, Shaw JD, Sparrow MD, Summerhayes C, Terauds A, Wall DH. Conservation. Challenges to the future conservation of the Antarctic. Science 2012; 337:158-9. [PMID: 22798586 DOI: 10.1126/science.1222821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S L Chown
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa.
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13
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Treydte A, Salvatierra A, Sauerborn J, Lamers M. Modelling llama population development under environmental and market constraints in the Bolivian highlands. Ecol Modell 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2011.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Achatz-Straussberger G, Zaborsky N, Königsberger S, Feichtner S, Lenz S, Peckl-Schmid D, Lamers M, Achatz G. Limited humoral immunoglobulin E memory influences serum immunoglobulin E levels in blood. Clin Exp Allergy 2009; 39:1307-13. [PMID: 19489847 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03278.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The switch of B cells expressing membrane-bound Igs, which serve as antigen receptors, to antibody-secreting plasmablasts and finally to non-dividing, long-lived plasma cells (PCs) lacking an antigen receptor, marks the terminal differentiation of a B cell. Antibody-secreting PCs represent the key cell type for the maintenance of a proactive humoral immunological memory. Although some populations of long-lived PCs persist in the spleen, most of them return to their 'place of birth' and travel to the bone marrow or invade inflamed tissues, where they survive up to several months in survival niches as resident, immobile cells. Existing data strongly support the notion that isotype-specific receptor signalling influences the migration behaviour of plasmablasts to the bone marrow. The recent observation in the murine system that the immigration of plasmablasts and the final differentiation to long-lived PCs in the bone marrow is dependent on the expressed B-cell isotype and the related expression of chemokine receptors leads to the conclusion that during a T-helper type 2 (Th2)-mediated immune response in wild type mice, IgE plasmablasts do not have the same chance to contribute to long-lived PC memory as IgG1 plasmablasts. The overall limited humoral IgE memory additionally restricts the quantity of IgE Igs in the serum.
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15
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Luger E, Lamers M, Achatz-Straussberger G, Geisberger R, Inführ D, Breitenbach M, Crameri R, Achatz G. Somatic diversity of the immunoglobulin repertoire is controlled in an isotype-specific manner. Eur J Immunol 2001; 31:2319-30. [PMID: 11477544 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200108)31:8<2319::aid-immu2319>3.0.co;2-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We have studied two aspects of the IgE immune response. First, we have compared the kinetics of the IgE response to the T cell-dependent antigen ph-Ox coupled to ovalbumin with that of the IgG1 response and we have assessed the quality of the IgE response. Second, we have studied the generation of somatic diversity, understood as the combined effect of somatic mutation and the selection of D(iversity) and J(oining) elements, in germinal center B cells at the molecular level, using the germ-line sequence of the prototype anti-ph-Ox heavy chain variable element V(H)Ox1 as reference. We evaluated sequences derived from mu-, gamma 1- and epsilon-variable elements and showed that somatic diversification was different for all isotypes studied. We further compared the IgE responses of wild-type mice with those of mice expressing a truncated cytoplasmic IgE tail (IgE(KVK Delta tail)). IgE(KVK Delta tail) mice showed a more diverse sequence pattern. We corroborated previous results suggesting that short CDR3 regions are indicative for high-affinity antibodies by measuring relative affinities of phage-expressed Fab fragments with prototype long and short CDR3 regions. Therefore, the composition of the antigen-receptor is responsible for the selection process and the expansion of antigen-specific cells, leading to an isotype-specific antibody repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Luger
- Department of Genetics and General Biology, Institut für Genetik, Salzburg, Austria
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16
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Achatz G, Luger E, Geisberger R, Achatz-Straussberger G, Breitenbach M, Lamers M. The IgE antigen receptor: a key regulator for the production of IgE antibodies. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2001; 124:31-4. [PMID: 11306919 DOI: 10.1159/000053661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulins in general form a substantial component of serum proteins, and play a role in homeostatic mechanisms, a first line of defense against pathogenic organisms and in immunological memory. In the secreted form, immunoglobulins represent the effector arm of the humoral immune system. However, immunoglobulins are not only secreted, but can also be expressed on the surface of a B lymphocyte (membrane immunoglobulin), and, in this physical state, most likely convey signals to steer the B cell along its differentiation pathway. A step forward in the understanding of the role of membrane immunoglobulins other than membrane IgM or IgD was achieved with two mouse lines with mutations in the epsilon heavy chain gene. In IgE(DeltaM1M2) mice serum IgE is reduced to less than 10% of normal mice, while IgE(KVKDeltatail) mice show a reduction of 50%, reflecting a serious impairment of the IgE-mediated immune response. We think that the cytoplasmic tail of IgE is involved in a signal transduction which leads to the expression of high quantities and qualities of secreted IgE immunoglobulins.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Achatz
- Institut für Genetik und Allgemeine Biologie, Salzburg, Austria.
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17
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Lamers M, Perrakis A, Enzlin J, Winterwerp H, de Wind N, Sixma T. Crystal structure of the E. coliDNA mismatch repair protein MutS in complex with a GT mismatch. Acta Crystallogr A 2000. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767300022546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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18
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Brownlie P, Ceska T, Lamers M, Romier C, Stier G, Teo H, Suck D. The crystal structure of an intact human Max-DNA complex: new insights into mechanisms of transcriptional control. Structure 1997; 5:509-20. [PMID: 9115440 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-2126(97)00207-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Max belongs to the basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper (bHLHZ) family of transcription factors. Max is able to form homodimers and heterodimers with other members of this family, which include Mad, Mxi1 and Myc; Myc is an oncoprotein implicated in cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. The homodimers and heterodimers compete for a common DNA target site (the E box) and rearrangement amongst these dimer forms provides a complex system of transcriptional regulation. Max is also regulated by phosphorylation at a site preceding the basic region. We report here the first crystal structure of an intact bHLHZ protein bound to its target site. RESULTS The X-ray crystal structure of the intact human Max protein homodimer in complex with a 13-mer DNA duplex was determined to 2.8 A resolution and refined to an R factor of 0.213. The C-terminal domains in both chains of the Max dimer are disordered. In contrast to the DNA observed in complex with other bHLH and bHLHZ proteins, the DNA in the Max complex is bent by about 25 degrees, directed towards the protein. Intimate contacts with interdigitating sidechains give rise to the formation of tetramers in the crystal. CONCLUSIONS The structure confirms the importance of the HLH and leucine zipper motifs in dimerization as well as the mode of E box recognition which was previously analyzed by X-ray crystallography of shortened constructs. The disorder observed in the C-terminal domain suggests that contacts with additional protein components of the transcription machinery are necessary for ordering the secondary structure. The tetramers seen in the crystal are consistent with the tendency of Max and other bHLHZ and HLH proteins to form higher order oligomers in solution and may play a role in DNA looping. The location of the two phosphorylation sites at Ser1 and Ser10 (the latter is the N-cap of the basic helix) suggests how phosphorylation could disrupt DNA binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Brownlie
- EMBL Structural Biology Programme, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
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19
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Scott DW, Lamers M, Köhler G, Sidman CL, Maddox B, Carsetti R. Role of c-myc and CD45 in spontaneous and anti-receptor-induced apoptosis in adult murine B cells. Int Immunol 1996; 8:1375-85. [PMID: 8921415 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/8.9.1375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Although adult murine B cells can be stimulated to proliferate by Igm receptor cross-linking, we and others have shown that these cells will undergo apoptosis in vitro in a dose-, time- and temperature-dependent manner with polyclonal but not monoclonal anti-IgM, To test the role of c-myc and cell cycle progression in B cell apoptosis, we examined normal, Sp6 anti-TNP lg and E micro-myc transgenic splenocytes for receptor-mediated apoptosis in vitro. In normal mice, both spontaneous and anti-IgM-induced programmed cell death were specifically blocked by antisense oligodeoxynucleotides for the c-myc proto-oncogene, whereas nonsense myc oligonucleotides and irrelevant oligonucleotides had only a minor effect. Similarly, TNP-dextran-induced apoptosis in Sp6 anti-TNF transgenics was inhibited by antisense c-myc. This effect was not due to the mitogenic effects of unmethylated CpG-containing sequences because ones lacking this motif, as well as methylated oligonucleotides containing this motif, prevented apoptosis, and mitogenic doses of lipopolysaccharide failed to inhibit anti-IgM-driven cell death. Importantly, antisense c-myc also prevented the anti-IgM-induced increase in myc protein species. Moreover, spontaneous apoptosis in vitro was exaggerated in E micro-myc transgenic B cells. To examine the role of CD45 in anti-IgM-induced apoptosis, we treated spleen cells from CD45 knockout mice, which do not proliferate with anti-IgM, and found that B cells from these underwent apoptosis normally despite the lack of entry into S. These data suggest that anti-IgM driven apoptosis does not require CD45. Rather, apoptosis may be due to an overexpression of myc protein in the absence of signals which can drive B cells productively into S, but the failure to proliferate normally is insufficient for apoptosis to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Scott
- Immunology Department, American Red Cross Holland Laboratory, Rockville, MD 20855, USA
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20
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Abstract
Granzyme A, a granule-associated serine proteinase of activated cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells, has been reported to play a critical role in DNA fragmentation of target cells. To address the question of the biological role of granzyme A, we have now generated a granzyme A-deficient mouse mutant by homologous recombination. Western blot analysis, enzyme assays and reverse transcription-PCR confirmed the absence of granzyme A in activated T cells. In addition, deletion of granzyme A does not alter the expression patterns of other granule components, such as granzymes B-G and perforin. Granzyme A-deficient mice are healthy and show normal hematopoietic development. Most notably, their in vitro- and ex vivo-derived cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells are indistinguishable from those of normal mice in causing membrane disruption, apoptosis and DNA fragmentation in target cells. Furthermore, granzyme A-deficient mice readily recover from both lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and Listeria monocytogenes infections and eradicate syngeneic tumors with kinetics similar to the wild-type strain. These results demonstrate that granzyme A does not play a primary role in cell-mediated cytotoxicity, as has been assumed previously.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Base Sequence
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- DNA Primers
- Exons
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression
- Granzymes
- Hematopoiesis/genetics
- Killer Cells, Natural/enzymology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Listeriosis/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/immunology
- Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus
- Mice
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Insertional
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Serine Endopeptidases/deficiency
- Serine Endopeptidases/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/enzymology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ebnet
- Max-Planck-Institut für Immunbiologie, Freiburg, Germany
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21
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Kopf M, Baumann H, Freer G, Freudenberg M, Lamers M, Kishimoto T, Zinkernagel R, Bluethmann H, Köhler G. Impaired immune and acute-phase responses in interleukin-6-deficient mice. Nature 1994; 368:339-42. [PMID: 8127368 DOI: 10.1038/368339a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1362] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a multifunctional cytokine that regulates various aspects of the immune response, acute-phase reaction and haematopoiesis (for reviews see refs 1, 2). In vitro, leukaemia inhibitory factor, oncostatin M, ciliary neurotrophic factor and interleukin-11 display overlapping activities with IL-6. This functional redundancy may be explained by the interactions of specific binding receptors with a common signal-transducing receptor (gp130) (for reviews see refs 3, 4). To elucidate the unique function of IL-6 in vivo, we have disrupted the IL-6 gene by homologous recombination. IL-6-deficient mice develop normally. They fail to control efficiently vaccinia virus and infection with Listeria monocytogenes, a facultative intracellular bacterium. The T-cell-dependent antibody response against vesicular stomatitis virus is impaired. Further, the inflammatory acute-phase response after tissue damage or infection is severely compromised, whereas it is only moderately affected after challenge with lipopolysaccharide. We conclude that IL-6 production induced by injury or infection is an important in vivo SOS signal which coordinates activities of liver cells, macrophages and lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kopf
- Max-Planck-Institut für Immunbiologie, Freiburg, Germany
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22
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Ceska T, Lamers M, Monaci P, Nicosia A, Cortese R, Suck D. The X-ray structure of an atypical homeodomain present in the rat liver transcription factor LFB1/HNF1 and implications for DNA binding. EMBO J 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb05828.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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23
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Ceska TA, Lamers M, Monaci P, Nicosia A, Cortese R, Suck D. The X-ray structure of an atypical homeodomain present in the rat liver transcription factor LFB1/HNF1 and implications for DNA binding. EMBO J 1993; 12:1805-10. [PMID: 8491173 PMCID: PMC413399 DOI: 10.2210/pdb1lfb/pdb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor LFB1/HNF1 from rat liver nuclei is a 628 amino acid protein that functions as a dimer binding to the inverted palindrome GTTAATN-ATTAAC consensus site. We have crystallized a 99 residue protein containing the homeodomain portion of LFB1, and solved its structure using X-ray diffraction data to 2.8 A resolution. The topology and orientation of the helices is essentially the same as that found in the engrailed, MAT alpha 2 and Antennapedia homeodomains, even though the LFB1 homeodomain contains 21 more residues. The 21 residue insertion is found in an extension of helix 2 and consequent lengthening of the connecting loop between helix 2 and helix 3. Comparison with the engrailed homeodomain-DNA complex indicates that the mode of interaction with DNA is similar in both proteins, with a number of conserved contacts in the major groove. The extra 21 residues of the LFB1 homeodomain are not involved in DNA binding. Binding of the LFB1 dimer to a B-DNA palindromic consensus sequence requires either a conformational change of the DNA (presumably bending), or a rearrangement of the subunits relative to the DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Ceska
- EMBL, Biological Structures and Biocomputing Programme, Heidelberg, Germany
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24
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Abstract
Rearrangement of the separated V, D and J segments of immunoglobulin heavy and light chain genes is an ordered and regulated process essential for the production and diversification of antibodies in mammals. Only one allele of the heavy and light chain gene locus is found functionally rearranged in normal B cells. The second allele is either non-functionally or incompletely rearranged, a phenomenon known as allelic exclusion. Recently, we and others have shown that expression of a rearranged mu gene introduced into the germline of mice leads to inhibition of rearrangement of endogenous heavy chain genes. It has been suggested that mu also exerts a positive influence on kappa light chain gene rearrangement. Here we show that a functionally rearranged delta gene is also able to prevent endogenous heavy chain gene rearrangement and could promote kappa light chain gene rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Iglesias
- Max-Planck-Institut für Immunobiologie, Freiburg, FRG
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