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Buranasinsup S, Wiratsudakul A, Chantong B, Maklon K, Suwanpakdee S, Jiemtaweeboon S, Sakcamduang W. Prevalence and characterization of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from veterinary staff, pets, and pet owners in Thailand. J Infect Public Health 2023; 16 Suppl 1:194-202. [PMID: 37973494 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Companion animals may act as antimicrobial resistance (AMR) reservoirs. This study investigated the prevalence and AMR patterns of Escherichia coli in pets and people in close contact with pets. METHODS A total of 955 samples were collected from veterinary clinics across Thailand by rectal and skin or ear swabs from dogs and cats and fecal swabs from veterinarians, veterinary assistants, and pet owners. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the obtained isolates were investigated using Sensititre™ MIC plates against 21 different antimicrobial drugs. RESULTS Escherichia coli from pets was frequently resistant to ampicillin (100%) and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (100%), whereas E. coli from pet owners, veterinarians, and veterinary assistants was mostly resistant to tetracycline. The multiple antibiotic resistance index revealed that multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates were frequently found in dogs (34.92%), cats (62.12%), veterinarians (61.11%), veterinarian assistants (36.36%), and pet owners (47.62%). The most common AMR genes identified in this study were blaCTX-M, blaTEM, tetA, and tetB, which were associated with the antimicrobial susceptibility results. Additionally, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-associated genes (i.e., blaCTX-M, blaTEM, and blaSHV) were found in 21.69%, 71.97%, 27.78%, and 21.43% of E. coli isolated from dogs, cats, veterinarians, and pet owners, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrated the presence of AMR genes, particularly ESBL-associated genes, in E. coli isolated from healthy pets and veterinarians. This implies that these sources of E. coli could potentially be reservoirs for antibiotic resistance, thereby increasing the risk of harm to both humans and animals. These findings highlight the importance of implementing effective AMR control measures in veterinary practices, as bacteria resistant to commonly used antimicrobials are present in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutipen Buranasinsup
- Department of Pre-Clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Anuwat Wiratsudakul
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Boonrat Chantong
- Department of Pre-Clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Khuanwalai Maklon
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Sarin Suwanpakdee
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Sineenard Jiemtaweeboon
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Walasinee Sakcamduang
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
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George SE, Smink M, Sangkachai N, Wiratsudakul A, Sakcamduang W, Suwanpakdee S, Sleeman JM. Stakeholder attitudes and perspectives on wildlife disease surveillance as a component of a One Health approach in Thailand. One Health 2023; 17:100600. [PMID: 37559823 PMCID: PMC10407262 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Coordinated wildlife disease surveillance (WDS) can help professionals across disciplines effectively safeguard human, animal, and environmental health. The aims of this study were to understand how WDS in Thailand is utilized, valued, and can be improved within a One Health framework. An online questionnaire was distributed to 183 professionals (55.7% response rate) across Thailand working in wildlife, marine animal, livestock, domestic animal, zoo animal, environmental, and public health sectors. Twelve semi-structured interviews with key professionals were then performed. Three-quarters of survey respondents reported using WDS data and information. Sectors agreed upon ranking disease control (76.5% of respondents) as the most beneficial outcome of WDS, while fostering new ideas through collaboration was valued by few participants (2.0%). Accessing data collected by one's own sector was identified as the most challenging (50%) yet least difficult to improve (88.3%). Having legal authority to conduct WDS was the second most frequently identified challenge. Interviewees explained that legal documentation required for cross-institutional collaborations posed a barrier to efficient communication and use of human resources. Survey respondents identified allocation of human resources (75.5%), adequate budget (71.6%), and having a clear communication system between sectors (71.6%) as highest priority areas for improvement to WDS in Thailand. Authorization from administrative officials and support from local community members were identified as challenges during in-person interviews. Future outreach may be directed toward these groups. As 42.9% of marine health professionals had difficulty knowing whom to contact in other sectors and 28.4% of survey respondents indicated that communication with marine health professionals was not applicable to their work, connecting the marine sector with other sectors may be prioritized. This study identifies priorities for addressing current challenges in the establishment of a general WDS system and information management system in Thailand while presenting a model for such evaluation in other regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Elise George
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Moniek Smink
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Computer Sciences, 1210 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Nareerat Sangkachai
- Thailand National Wildlife Health Center, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, 999 Phuttamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, 999 Phuttamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Anuwat Wiratsudakul
- Thailand National Wildlife Health Center, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, 999 Phuttamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, 999 Phuttamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, 999 Phuttamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Walasinee Sakcamduang
- Thailand National Wildlife Health Center, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, 999 Phuttamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, 999 Phuttamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Sarin Suwanpakdee
- Thailand National Wildlife Health Center, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, 999 Phuttamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, 999 Phuttamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, 999 Phuttamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Jonathan M. Sleeman
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Rd, Madison, WI 53711, USA
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Poltep K, Phadungsombat J, Kosoltanapiwat N, Hanboonkunupakarn B, Wiriyarat W, Suwanpakdee S, Prompiram P, Nakayama EE, Suzuki K, Iwamoto H, Shioda T, Leaungwutiwong P. Correction to: Performance of the nonstructural 1 Antigen Rapid Test for detecting all four DENV serotypes in clinical specimens from Bangkok, Thailand. Virol J 2023; 20:259. [PMID: 37950312 PMCID: PMC10638808 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02236-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kanaporn Poltep
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi road, 10400, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
- Mahidol-Osaka Center for Infectious Diseases (MOCID), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi road, 10400, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals (MoZWE), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon Sai 4 Road, 73170, Phutthamonthon, Nakhonpathom, Thailand
| | - Juthamas Phadungsombat
- Mahidol-Osaka Center for Infectious Diseases (MOCID), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi road, 10400, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, 3-1, Yamada-oka, 565-0871, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nathamon Kosoltanapiwat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi road, 10400, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Borimas Hanboonkunupakarn
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi road, 10400, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Witthawat Wiriyarat
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals (MoZWE), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon Sai 4 Road, 73170, Phutthamonthon, Nakhonpathom, Thailand
| | - Sarin Suwanpakdee
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals (MoZWE), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon Sai 4 Road, 73170, Phutthamonthon, Nakhonpathom, Thailand
| | - Phirom Prompiram
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals (MoZWE), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon Sai 4 Road, 73170, Phutthamonthon, Nakhonpathom, Thailand
| | - Emi E Nakayama
- Mahidol-Osaka Center for Infectious Diseases (MOCID), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi road, 10400, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, 3-1, Yamada-oka, 565-0871, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keita Suzuki
- POCT Business Unit, TANAKA Kikinzoku Kogyo K.K, 2-73, 254-0076, Shinmachi, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hisahiko Iwamoto
- POCT Business Unit, TANAKA Kikinzoku Kogyo K.K, 2-73, 254-0076, Shinmachi, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Shioda
- Mahidol-Osaka Center for Infectious Diseases (MOCID), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi road, 10400, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, 3-1, Yamada-oka, 565-0871, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Pornsawan Leaungwutiwong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi road, 10400, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Sangkachai N, Chaiwattanarungruengpaisan S, Thongdee M, Suksai P, Tangsudjai S, Wongluechai P, Suwanpakdee S, Wiriyarat W, Buddhirongawatr R, Prasittichai L, Skulpong A, Okada PA, Puthavathana P, Paungpin W. Serological and Molecular Surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Captive Tigers ( Panthera tigris), Thailand. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233350. [PMID: 36496872 PMCID: PMC9736889 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an emerging infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. Given the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants, continuous surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in animals is important. To monitor SARS-CoV-2 infection in wildlife in Thailand, we collected 62 blood samples and nine nasal- and rectal-swab samples from captive tigers (Panthera tigris) in Ratchaburi province in Thailand during 2020-2021. A plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) was employed to detect SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies. A real-time RT-PCR assay was performed to detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Our findings demonstrated that four captive tigers (6.5%, 4/62) had SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies against Wuhan Hu-1 and the Delta variant, while no SARS-CoV-2 RNA genome could be detected in all swab samples. Moreover, a low-level titer of neutralizing antibodies against the Omicron BA.2 subvariant could be found in only one seropositive tiger. The source of SARS-CoV-2 infection in these tigers most likely came from close contact with the infected animals' caretakers who engaged in activities such as tiger petting and feeding. In summary, we described the first case of natural SARS-CoV-2 infection in captive tigers during the COVID-19 outbreak in Thailand and provided seroepidemiological-based evidence of human-to-animal transmission. Our findings highlight the need for continuous surveillance of COVID-19 among the captive tiger population and emphasize the need to adopt a One Health approach for preventing and controlling outbreaks of COVID-19 zoonotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nareerat Sangkachai
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Somjit Chaiwattanarungruengpaisan
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Metawee Thongdee
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Parut Suksai
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Siriporn Tangsudjai
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Peerawat Wongluechai
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Sarin Suwanpakdee
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Witthawat Wiriyarat
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Ruangrat Buddhirongawatr
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | | | - Anurux Skulpong
- Wildlife Rescue Center III (Khao Prathap Chang), Ratchaburi 70110, Thailand
| | | | - Pilaipan Puthavathana
- Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Weena Paungpin
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-896-701-400
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5
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Poltep K, Phadungsombat J, Kosoltanapiwat N, Hanboonkunupakarn B, Wiriyarat W, Suwanpakdee S, Prompiram P, Nakayama EE, Suzuki K, Iwamoto H, Shioda T, Leaungwutiwong P. Performance of the onstructural 1 Antigen Rapid Test for detecting all four DENV serotypes in clinical specimens from Bangkok, Thailand. Virol J 2022; 19:169. [PMID: 36303183 PMCID: PMC9610331 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01904-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dengue is an arboviral disease that has a large effect on public health in subtropical and tropical countries. Rapid and accurate detection of dengue infection is necessary for diagnosis and disease management. We previously developed highly sensitive immunochromatographic devices, the TKK 1st and TKK 2nd kits, based on dengue virus (DENV) nonstructural protein 1 detection. However, these TKK kits were evaluated mainly using DENV type 2 clinical specimens collected in Bangladesh, and further validation using clinical specimens of other serotypes was needed. METHODS In the present study, one of the TKK kits, TKK 2nd, was evaluated using 10 DENV-1, 10 DENV-2, 4 DENV-3, 16 DENV-4, and 10 zika virus-infected clinical specimens collected in Bangkok, Thailand. RESULTS The TKK 2nd kit successfully detected all four DENV serotypes in patient serum specimens and did not show any cross-reactivities against zika virus serum specimens. The IgM and/or IgG anti-DENV antibodies were detected in seven serum specimens, but did not seem to affect the results of antigen detection in the TKK 2nd kit. CONCLUSION The results showed that the TKK 2nd kit successfully detected all four DENV serotypes in clinical specimens and confirmed the potential of the kit for dengue diagnosis in endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanaporn Poltep
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi road, Ratchathewi, 10400, Bangkok, Thailand
- Mahidol-Osaka Center for Infectious Diseases (MOCID), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi road, Ratchathewi, 10400, Bangkok, Thailand
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals (MoZWE), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon Sai 4 Road, 73170, Phutthamonthon, Nakhonpathom, Thailand
| | - Juthamas Phadungsombat
- Mahidol-Osaka Center for Infectious Diseases (MOCID), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi road, Ratchathewi, 10400, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, 3-1, Yamada-oka, 565-0871, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nathamon Kosoltanapiwat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi road, Ratchathewi, 10400, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Borimas Hanboonkunupakarn
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi road, Ratchathewi, 10400, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Witthawat Wiriyarat
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals (MoZWE), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon Sai 4 Road, 73170, Phutthamonthon, Nakhonpathom, Thailand
| | - Sarin Suwanpakdee
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals (MoZWE), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon Sai 4 Road, 73170, Phutthamonthon, Nakhonpathom, Thailand
| | - Phirom Prompiram
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals (MoZWE), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon Sai 4 Road, 73170, Phutthamonthon, Nakhonpathom, Thailand
| | - Emi E Nakayama
- Mahidol-Osaka Center for Infectious Diseases (MOCID), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi road, Ratchathewi, 10400, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, 3-1, Yamada-oka, 565-0871, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keita Suzuki
- POCT Business Unit, TANAKA Kikinzoku Kogyo K.K, 2-73, 254-0076, Shinmachi, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hisahiko Iwamoto
- POCT Business Unit, TANAKA Kikinzoku Kogyo K.K, 2-73, 254-0076, Shinmachi, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Shioda
- Mahidol-Osaka Center for Infectious Diseases (MOCID), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi road, Ratchathewi, 10400, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, 3-1, Yamada-oka, 565-0871, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Pornsawan Leaungwutiwong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi road, Ratchathewi, 10400, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Thanapongtharm W, Suwanpakdee S, Chumkaeo A, Gilbert M, Wiratsudakul A. Current characteristics of animal rabies cases in Thailand and relevant risk factors identified by a spatial modeling approach. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009980. [PMID: 34851953 PMCID: PMC8668119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The situation of human rabies in Thailand has gradually declined over the past four decades. However, the number of animal rabies cases has slightly increased in the last ten years. This study thus aimed to describe the characteristics of animal rabies between 2017 and 2018 in Thailand in which the prevalence was fairly high and to quantify the association between monthly rabies occurrences and explainable variables using the generalized additive models (GAMs) to predict the spatial risk areas for rabies spread. Our results indicate that the majority of animals affected by rabies in Thailand are dogs. Most of the affected dogs were owned, free or semi-free roaming, and unvaccinated. Clusters of rabies were highly distributed in the northeast, followed by the central and the south of the country. Temporally, the number of cases gradually increased after June and reached a peak in January. Based on our spatial models, human and cattle population density as well as the spatio-temporal history of rabies occurrences, and the distances from the cases to the secondary roads and country borders are identified as the risk factors. Our predictive maps are applicable for strengthening the surveillance system in high-risk areas. Nevertheless, the identified risk factors should be rigorously considered and integrated into the strategic plans for the prevention and control of animal rabies in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarin Suwanpakdee
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, and the Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Arun Chumkaeo
- Songkhla Provincial Livestock Office, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Marius Gilbert
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab. (SpELL), University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
- Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS), University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anuwat Wiratsudakul
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, and the Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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Premashthira S, Suwanpakdee S, Thanapongtharm W, Sagarasaeranee O, Thichumpa W, Sararat C, Wiratsudakul A. The Impact of Socioeconomic Factors on Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Dog Owners on Dog Rabies Control in Thailand. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:699352. [PMID: 34490393 PMCID: PMC8416909 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.699352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a deadly zoonotic disease responsible for almost 60,000 deaths each year, especially in Africa and Asia including Thailand. Dogs are the major reservoirs for rabies virus in these settings. This study thus used the concept of knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) to identify socioeconomic factors that contribute to the differences in the canine rabies occurrences in high and low-risk areas which were classified by a Generalized Additive Model (GAM). Multistage sampling was then applied to designate the study locations and a KAP-based questionnaire was used to retrieve data and relevant perspectives from the respondents. Based on the responses from 476 participants living across four regions of Thailand, we found that the knowledge of the participants was positively correlated with their behaviors but negatively associated with the attitudes. Participants who are male, younger, educated at the level of middle to high school, or raising more dogs are likely to have negative attitudes but good knowledge on rabies prevention and control whereas farmers with lower income had better attitudes regardless of their knowledge. We found that people in a lower socioeconomic status with a lack of knowledge are not willing to pay at a higher vaccine price. Public education is a key to change dog owners' behaviors. Related authorities should constantly educate people on how to prevent and control rabies in their communities. Our findings should be applicable to other countries with similar socioeconomic statuses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarin Suwanpakdee
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, and the Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | | | | | - Weerakorn Thichumpa
- Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chayanin Sararat
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anuwat Wiratsudakul
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, and the Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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Chaiwattanarungruengpaisan S, Thepapichaikul W, Paungpin W, Ketchim K, Suwanpakdee S, Thongdee M. Potentially Pathogenic Leptospira in the Environment of an Elephant Camp in Thailand. Trop Med Infect Dis 2020; 5:tropicalmed5040183. [PMID: 33291225 PMCID: PMC7768412 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed5040183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospira is the causative agent of leptospirosis, a globally emerging zoonotic disease. The infection is commonly acquired through contact with the contaminated environment. To extend the knowledge on environmental source of leptospirosis, we investigated the presence of Leptospira in an elephant camp setting where the interaction between humans, animals, and the shared environment occur particularly when engaging in recreational activities. In this study, a total of 24 environmental samples were collected from an elephant camp area in western Thailand. All samples were processed for Leptospira isolation using the EMJH medium. The identification of Leptospira species was carried out by partial 16S rRNA and secY gene sequencing. Of those 24 samples, 18 samples (75%) were culture-positive for Leptospira. The recovered leptospires were mostly derived from water and soil sampled from a river and a mud pond, the main areas for recreational activities. The majority of the isolates were classified into “Pathogens” clade (89%, 16/18) and more than half of the isolates (61%, 11/18) contained species of the “Saprophytes” clade. Notably, two soil isolates from the river beach sampling area were found to contain leptospiral DNA with high similarity to the pathogenic L. interrogans and L. santarosai. The evidence of diverse Leptospira species, particularly those belonging to the “Pathogens” clade, suggest that the shared environments of an elephant camp can serve as potential infection source and may pose a risk to the elephant camp tourists and workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somjit Chaiwattanarungruengpaisan
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (S.C.); (W.P.); (K.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Wasinee Thepapichaikul
- Livestock and Wildlife Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Sai Yok, Kanchanaburi 71150, Thailand;
| | - Weena Paungpin
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (S.C.); (W.P.); (K.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Kanokwan Ketchim
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (S.C.); (W.P.); (K.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Sarin Suwanpakdee
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (S.C.); (W.P.); (K.K.); (S.S.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Metawee Thongdee
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (S.C.); (W.P.); (K.K.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-2441-5236
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Ratanakorn P, Suwanpakdee S, Wiriyarat W, Eiamampai K, Chaichoune K, Wiratsudakul A, Sariya L, Puthavathana P. Satellite telemetry tracks flyways of Asian Openbill storks in relation to H5N1 avian influenza spread and ecological change. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:349. [PMID: 30445946 PMCID: PMC6240270 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1683-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asian Openbills, Anastomus oscitans, have long been known to migrate from South to Southeast Asia for breeding and nesting. In Thailand, the first outbreak of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) infection in the Openbills coincided with the outbreak in the poultry. Therefore, the flyways of Asian Openbills was determined to study their role in the spread of H5N1 HPAI virus to poultry and wild birds, and also within their flocks. RESULTS Flyways of 5 Openbills from 3 colonies were monitored using Argos satellite transmitters with positioning by Google Earth Programme between 2007 and 2013. None of the Openbills tagged with satellite telemeters moved outside of Thailand. Their home ranges or movement areas varied from 1.6 to 23,608 km2 per month (95% utility distribution). There was no positive result of the viral infection from oral and cloacal swabs of the Openbills and wild birds living in the vicinity by viral isolation and genome detection during 2007 to 2010 whereas the specific antibody was not detected on both Openbills and wild birds by using microneutralization assay after 2008. The movement of these Openbills did not correlate with H5N1 HPAI outbreaks in domestic poultry but correlated with rice crop rotation and populations of the apple snails which are their preferred food. Viral spread within the flocks of Openbills was not detected. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that Openbills played no role in the spread of H5N1 HPAI virus, which was probably due to the very low prevalence of the virus during the monitoring period. This study revealed the ecological factors that control the life cycle of Asian Openbills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parntep Ratanakorn
- Department of Clinical Science and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Sarin Suwanpakdee
- Department of Clinical Science and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Witthawat Wiriyarat
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
- Department of Preclinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Krairat Eiamampai
- Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Kridsada Chaichoune
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
- Department of Preclinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Anuwat Wiratsudakul
- Department of Clinical Science and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Ladawan Sariya
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Pilaipan Puthavathana
- Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand.
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand.
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Chaiwattanarungruengpaisan S, Suwanpakdee S, Sangkachai N, Chamsai T, Taruyanon K, Thongdee M. Potentially Pathogenic Leptospira Species Isolated from a Waterfall in Thailand. Jpn J Infect Dis 2017; 71:65-67. [PMID: 29093324 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2017.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We collected water and soil samples from a waterfall in Thailand to investigate the presence of potentially pathogenic Leptospira. Isolation of Leptospira from all the 17 environmental samples was successful. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, a diverse group of Leptospira species was recovered from waterfall samples including 2 pathogenic species (Leptospira alstonii [5/17, 29%] and Leptospira kmetyi [1/17, 6%]); 1 intermediate species (Leptospira wolffii [9/17, 53%]); and 2 non-pathogenic species (Leptospira meyeri [1/17, 6%] and Leptospira idonii [1/17, 6%]). The high prevalence of pathogenic and intermediate Leptospira indicates that a waterfall may serve as a natural reservoir of possible pathogens of leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarin Suwanpakdee
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Mahidol University.,Department of Clinical Science and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University
| | - Nareerat Sangkachai
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Mahidol University
| | - Tatiyanuch Chamsai
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Mahidol University
| | | | - Metawee Thongdee
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Mahidol University
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Ratanakorn P, Wiratsudakul A, Wiriyarat W, Eiamampai K, Farmer AH, Webster RG, Chaichoune K, Suwanpakdee S, Pothieng D, Puthavathana P. Satellite tracking on the flyways of brown-headed gulls and their potential role in the spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49939. [PMID: 23209623 PMCID: PMC3509151 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown-headed gulls (Larus brunnicephalus), winter visitors of Thailand, were tracked by satellite telemetry during 2008-2011 for investigating their roles in the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus spread. Eight gulls negative for influenza virus infection were marked with solar-powered satellite platform transmitters at Bang Poo study site in Samut Prakarn province, Thailand; their movements were monitored by the Argos satellite tracking system, and locations were mapped. Five gulls completed their migratory cycles, which spanned 7 countries (China, Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam) affected by the HPAI H5N1 virus. Gulls migrated from their breeding grounds in China to stay overwinter in Thailand and Cambodia; while Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, and Vietnam were the places of stopovers during migration. Gulls traveled an average distance of about 2400 km between Thailand and China and spent 1-2 weeks on migration. Although AI surveillance among gulls was conducted at the study site, no AI virus was isolated and no H5N1 viral genome or specific antibody was detected in the 75 gulls tested, but 6.6% of blood samples were positive for pan-influenza A antibody. No AI outbreaks were reported in areas along flyways of gulls in Thailand during the study period. Distance and duration of migration, tolerability of the captive gulls to survive the HPAI H5N1 virus challenge and days at viral shedding after the virus challenging suggested that the Brown-headed gull could be a potential species for AI spread, especially among Southeast Asian countries, the epicenter of H5N1 AI outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parntep Ratanakorn
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | | | | | - Krairat Eiamampai
- Department of National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Ministry of Natural Resource and Environment, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Adrian H. Farmer
- Wild Ecological Solutions, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Robert G. Webster
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | | | - Sarin Suwanpakdee
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Duangrat Pothieng
- Department of National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Ministry of Natural Resource and Environment, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pilaipan Puthavathana
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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Changbunjong T, Weluwanarak T, Chamsai T, Sedwisai P, Ngamloephochit S, Suwanpakdee S, Yongyuttawichai P, Wiratsudakul A, Chaichoun K, Ratanakorn P. Occurrence of ectoparasites on rodents in Sukhothai Province, northern Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2010; 41:1324-1330. [PMID: 21329306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A survey of ectoparasites on rodents was carried out bimonthly from April 2008 to March 2009 in 3 districts of Sukhothai Province, northern Thailand. A total of 130 rodents comprising 8 species of hosts were captured and examined for ectoparasites. The hosts examined were Bandicota indica, Bandicota savilei, Rattus losea, Rattus rattus, Rattus exulans, Rattus norvegicus, Menetes berdmorei and Tamiops mcclellandii. Ninety-seven ectoparasites were collected: 1 species of tick (Hemaphysalis bandicota), 2 species of mites (Laelaps nuttali and Laelaps echidninus), and 1 species of flea (Xenopsylla cheopis) were identified. The infestation rates by ticks, mites and fleas on the rodents were 0.77, 5.38 and 6.15%, respectively. Monitoring the rodent population and their ectoparasites is important for future planning of prevention and control of zoonotic diseases in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanasak Changbunjong
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Disease in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.
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Changbunjong T, Buddhirongawatr R, Suwanpakdee S, Siengsanan J, Yongyuttawichai P, Cheewajorn K, Jangjaras J, Sangloung C, Ratanakorn P. A survey of ectoparasitic arthropods on domestic animals in Tak Province, Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2009; 40:435-442. [PMID: 19842427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In July 2008 a survey of ectoparasites on domestic animals was conducted in the Royal Thai Army areas of operation along the Thai-Myanmar Border, Tak Province, Thailand. Eleven different ectoparasites were collected: two species of hard ticks (Ixodidae), three species of fleas (Siphonaptera) and 6 species of sucking or chewing lice (2 species each in the suborders Anoplura, Ischnocera and Amblycera) were collected. Domestic dogs (Canis lupusfamiliaris) (n = 94) were found infested with 2 species of flea Ctenocephalides felis orientis (86.2%) and Echidnophaga gallinacea (1.1%), one species of tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus (21.3%), and one louse species, Heterodoxus spiniger (7.4%). Domestic cats (Felis catus) (n = 6) were found infested with only flea species, Ctenocephalides felis felis (100%) and E. gallinacea (33.3%). Cattle (Bos indicus) (n = 11) had Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (72.7%), Linognathus vituli (27.3%), and Solenopotes capillatus (9.1%) present, while chickens (Gallus domesticus) (n = 10) had infestations with E. gallinacea (20%), and 3 lice species, Lipeurus caponis (10%), Goniodes dissimilis (10%) and Menopon gallinae (60%). This is believed to be the first report of S. capillatus collected in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanasak Changbunjong
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Disease in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.
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Chaichoune K, Wiriyarat W, Thitithanyanont A, Phonarknguen R, Sariya L, Suwanpakdee S, Noimor T, Chatsurachai S, Suriyaphol P, Ungchusak K, Ratanakorn P, Webster RG, Thompson M, Auewarakul P, Puthavathana P. Indigenous sources of 2007-2008 H5N1 avian influenza outbreaks in Thailand. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:216-22. [PMID: 19088292 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.005660-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of H5N1 avian influenza show strong seasonality. It is not clear where the source of virus originates from in each new outbreak season. This study sought to understand the nature of viral resurgence in recent outbreak seasons in Thailand, where the epidemic is relatively well controlled. In such a situation, indigenous viruses surviving the inter-outbreak season would have to pass through a bottleneck. In order to look for evidence of the bottleneck effect, viral genome sequences from recent outbreaks in the country were analysed. H5N1 avian influenza viruses were isolated from six outbreaks in the rainy season and winter of 2007 through to early 2008. Most of the outbreaks were in the Yom-Nan River basin in the southern part of the northern region of the country. Sequences of these viral isolates were identified as clade 1, genotype Z, similar to viruses from previous years in the central region of the country. The sequences clustered into two groups, one of which was closely related to viruses isolated from the same area in July 2006. These analyses indicated that there was a strong bottleneck effect on the virus population and that only a few lineages remained in the area. In addition, evidence of reassortment among these viruses was found. These indicated re-emergence of viruses from a small pool of indigenous sources that had been silently perpetuated over the dry summer months. Therefore, an approach to eradicate H5N1 avian influenza from the area by eliminating these local reservoirs may be feasible and should be seriously considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kridsada Chaichoune
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
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Kledmanee K, Suwanpakdee S, Krajangwong S, Chatsiriwech J, Suksai P, Suwannachat P, Sariya L, Buddhirongawatr R, Charoonrut P, Chaichoun K. Development of multiplex polymerase chain reaction for detection of Ehrlichia canis, Babesia spp and Hepatozoon canis in canine blood. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2009; 40:35-39. [PMID: 19323031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been developed for simultaneous detection of canine blood parasites, Ehrlichia canis, Babesia spp and Hepatozoon canis, from blood samples in a single reaction. The multiplex PCR primers were specific to E. canis VirB9, Babesia spp 16S rRNA and H. canis 16S rRNA genes. Specificity of the amplicons was confirmed by DNA sequencing. The assay was evaluated using normal canine and infected blood samples, which were detected by microscopic examination. This multiplex PCR offers scope for simultaneous detection of three important canine blood parasites and should be valuable in monitoring parasite infections in dogs and ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Kledmanee
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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