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Kumar A, Jain D, Bahuguna J, Bhaiyya M, Dubey SK, Javed A, Goel S. Machine learning assisted and smartphone integrated homogeneous electrochemiluminescence biosensor platform for sample to answer detection of various human metabolites. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 238:115582. [PMID: 37572409 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
The sensitive and accurate detection of glucose and lactate is essential for early diagnosis and effective management of diabetes complications. Herein, a 3D Printed ECL imaging system integrated with a Smartphone has been demonstrated to advance the traditional ECL to make a portable, affordable, and turnkey point-of-care solution to detect various human metabolites. A universal cross-platform application was introduced for analyzing ECL emitted signals to automate the whole detection process for real-time monitoring and rapid diagnostics. The developed ECL system was successfully applied and validated for detecting glucose and lactate using a single-electrode ECL biosensing platform. For glucose and lactate detection, the device showed a linear range from 0.1 mM to 1 mM and 0.1 mM-4 mM with a detection limit (LoD) of 0.04 mM and 0.1 mM, and a quantification limit (LoQ) of 0.142 mM and 0.342 mM, respectively. The developed method was evaluated for device stability, accuracy, interference, and real sample analysis. Furthermore, to assist in selecting the accurate and economic ECL sensing platform, SE-ECL devices fabricated via different fabrication approaches such as Laser-Induced Graphene, Screen Printing, and 3D Printing are studied for the conductivity of electrode and its significance on ECL signal. It was observed that emitted ECL signal is independent of the electrical conductivity for the same concentration of analytes. The findings suggested that the developed miniaturized point-of-care ECL platform would be a comprehensive and integrated solution for detecting other human metabolites and have the potential to be used in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kumar
- MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronics (MMNE) Lab, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India; Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Dravyansh Jain
- MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronics (MMNE) Lab, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Janhvi Bahuguna
- MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronics (MMNE) Lab, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Manish Bhaiyya
- MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronics (MMNE) Lab, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India; Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Satish Kumar Dubey
- MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronics (MMNE) Lab, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Arshad Javed
- MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronics (MMNE) Lab, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Sanket Goel
- MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronics (MMNE) Lab, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India; Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India.
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Mohan JM, Dudala S, Amreen K, Javed A, Dubey SK, Goel S. Microfluidic Device Integrated With PDMS Microchannel and Unmodified ITO Glass Electrodes for Highly Sensitive, Specific, and Point-of-Care Detection of Copper and Mercury. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2023; 22:881-888. [PMID: 37022373 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2023.3241827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This work delves upon developing a two-layer plasma-bonded microfluidic device with a microchannel layer and electrodes for electroanalytical detection of heavy metal ions. The three-electrode system was realized on an ITO-glass slide by suitably etching the ITO layer with the help of CO2 laser. The microchannel layer was fabricated using a PDMS soft-lithography method wherein the mold created by maskless lithography. The optimized dimensions opted to develop a microfluidic device with length of 20 mm, width of 0.5 mm and gap of 1 mm. The device, with bare unmodified ITO electrodes, was tested to detect Cu and Hg by a portable potentiostat connected with a smartphone. The analytes were introduced in the microfluidic device with a peristaltic pump at an optimal flow rate of [Formula: see text]/min. The device exhibited sensitive electro-catalytic sensing of both the metals by achieving an oxidation peak at -0.4 V and 0.1 V for Cu and Hg respectively. Furthermore, square wave voltammetry (SWV) approach was used to analyze the scan rate effect and concentration effect. The device also used to simultaneously detect both the analytes. During simultaneous sensing of Hg and Cu, the linear range was observed between [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text], the limit of detection (LOD) was found to be [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] for Cu and Hg respectively. Further, no interference with other co-existing metal ions was found manifesting the specificity of the device to Cu and Hg. Finally, the device was successfully tested with real samples like tap water, lake water, and serum with remarkable recovery percentages. Such portable devices pave way for detecting various heavy metal ions in a point-of-care environment. The developed device can also be used for detection of other heavy metals like cadmium, lead, zinc etc., by modifying the working electrode with the various nanocomposites.
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Fande S, Srikanth S, U S J, Amreen K, Dubey SK, Javed A, Goel S. A protocol to execute a lab-on-chip platform for simultaneous culture and electrochemical detection of bacteria. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:102327. [PMID: 37243603 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we present a protocol for a miniaturized microfluidic device that enables quantitative tracking of bacterial growth. We describe steps for fabricating a screen-printed electrode, a laser-induced graphene heater, and a microfluidic device with its integrations. We then detail the electrochemical detection of bacteria using a microfluidic fuel cell. The laser-induced graphene heater provides the temperature for the bacterial culture, and metabolic activity is recognized using a bacterial fuel cell. Please see Srikanth et al.1 for comprehensive information on the application and execution of this protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Fande
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India; MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronic (MMNE) Lab, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Sangam Srikanth
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India; MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronic (MMNE) Lab, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Jayapiriya U S
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India; MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronic (MMNE) Lab, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Khairunnisa Amreen
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India; MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronic (MMNE) Lab, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Satish Kumar Dubey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India; MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronic (MMNE) Lab, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Arshad Javed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India; MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronic (MMNE) Lab, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Sanket Goel
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India; MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronic (MMNE) Lab, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India.
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Lahari SA, Amreen K, Dubey SK, Ponnalagu RN, Goel S. Optimized porous carbon-fibre microelectrode for multiplexed, highly reproducible and repeatable detection of heavy metals in real water samples. Environ Res 2023; 220:115192. [PMID: 36587721 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.115192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This work demonstrates the simultaneous identification of four hazardous heavy metals in water samples, namely copper, lead, cadmium, and mercury. A simple yet selective electrode with the simplest fabrication procedure was used. The modified porous carbon threads coated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) was employed as a working electrode. The surface chemistry and morphology of the AuNPs deposited porous carbon thread surface were examined. The electrocatalytic activity of the metals on the Au-modified thread surface was observed using the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) technique. Furthermore, all four metal ions were detected simultaneously, and no interference was observed. Individual and simultaneous experiments to test the impact of concentration revealed that the limit of detection (LoD) was observed to be 1.126 μM, 1.419 μM, 0.966 μM, 0.736 μM for the Cd2+, Pb2+, Cu2+, and Hg2+ metal ions respectively in a linear concentration range of 10-110 μM of each. Subsequently, the study of pH, interference with coexisting metal ions, repeatability study, and stability analysis was also performed. A real sample analysis utilising three different lake water samples is also carried out to further understand the application of the proposed sensor. A good recovery rate is achieved, and the results are reported. This work paves way for the on-field applicability of the present heavy metal detection platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreerama Amrutha Lahari
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, 500078, India; MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronics Lab (MMNE), Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - Khairunnisa Amreen
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, 500078, India; MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronics Lab (MMNE), Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - Satish Kumar Dubey
- MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronics Lab (MMNE), Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, 500078, India; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - R N Ponnalagu
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, 500078, India; MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronics Lab (MMNE), Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, 500078, India.
| | - Sanket Goel
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, 500078, India; MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronics Lab (MMNE), Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, 500078, India.
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Awasthi V, Malik P, Goel R, Srivastava P, Dubey SK. Nanogap-Rich Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy-Active Substrate Based on Double-Step Deposition and Annealing of the Au Film over the Back Side of Polished Si. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:10250-10260. [PMID: 36757206 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c21378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a highly sensitive and rapid detection technique that is used for detection of various analytes in trace quantities. We present a sensitive, large-area, and nanogap-rich SERS-active substrate by altering a thin gold (Au) film on the unpolished side of a single-side polished silicon wafer by repeated thermal deposition and annealing in an argon environment. The repeated thermal deposition and annealing process was compared on both sides of a one-side-polished silicon wafer; however, the rear side (etched/unpolished side) demonstrated a more enhanced Raman signal owing to the larger effective area. The proposed substrate can be fabricated easily, having a high density of hotspots distributed uniformly all over the substrate. This ensures easy, rapid, and sensitive detection of analytes with a high degree of reproducibility, repeatability, and acceptable uniformity. The optimized substrate shows a high degree of stability with time when exposed to the ambient environment for a longer duration of 148 days. The reported substrate can detect up to 10-11 M concentrations of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT), with limits of detection (LODs) of 1.22 and 1.26 ng/L, respectively. This work not only presents the efficient and sensitive SERS-active substrate but also shows the advantages of using the rear side of a one-side-polished silicon substrate as a SERS-active chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimarsh Awasthi
- SeNSE Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi 110016, India
| | - Pariksha Malik
- Nanostech Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi 110016, India
| | - Richa Goel
- SeNSE Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi 110016, India
| | - Pankaj Srivastava
- Nanostech Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi 110016, India
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Srikanth S, Jayapiriya U, Dubey SK, Javed A, Goel S. A lab-on-chip platform for simultaneous culture and electrochemical detection of bacteria. iScience 2022; 25:105388. [DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Mohan JM, Amreen K, Javed A, Dubey SK, Goel S. Miniaturized 3D printed electrochemical platform with optimized Fibrous carbon electrode for non-interfering hypochlorite sensing. Chemosphere 2022; 302:134915. [PMID: 35568213 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
3D printing technology based electrochemical device can provide ease of fabrication, cost effectiveness, rapid detection and lower limit of detection. Herein, a novel, customized, portable and inexpensive 3D printed electrochemical device, has been presented. Fibrous carbon Toray paper, deposited with gold nanoparticles through electrodeposition, used as a working electrode which Further device was tested with 1 mM sodium hypochlorite using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV) in 0.1 M PBS. Hypochlorite has a pivotal role in supporting the growing chemical and paper industries and finds diverse uses in several clinical applications. It is primarily used for disinfecting food, water and surfaces. The scan rate study was carried out from 20 mVs-1 to 250 mVs-1 using cyclic voltammetry technique. The diffusion coefficient obtained from scan rate effect was 1.39 × 10-6 cm2s-1. The concentration range was evaluated with SWV technique, in a linear range of 0.6 μM-40 μM, with a detection limit of 0.7 μM. The device was further analyzed to ensure non-interference from co-existing chemicals like sodium chloride, potassium nitrate, sodium carbonate, sodium nitrite. Real sample analysis was done with sea, artificial sea and tap water with impressive recovery values. In summary, the developed working electrode can be customized and modified based on testing analyte; thus, the proposed device can be used for various other biochemical analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaligam Murali Mohan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - Khairunnisa Amreen
- MEMS, Microfluidics and Nano Electronics Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - Arshad Javed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - Satish Kumar Dubey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - Sanket Goel
- MEMS, Microfluidics and Nano Electronics Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, 500078, India.
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Rishi M, Amreen K, Gohel K, Javed A, Dubey SK, Goel S. Three Different Rapidly Prototyped Polymeric Substrates with Interdigitated Electrodes for Escherichia coli Sensing: A Comparative Study. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2022; 22:337-344. [PMID: 35820008 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2022.3190290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This work delves upon the development of different types of miniaturized and 3D printed devices having interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) for the detection of Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria. The IDEs were fabricated using different approaches including laser-induced graphene (LIG) on polyamide, direct laser writing on glass, and polymeric 3D printing technique, and their suitability for bacteria detection has been compared. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique was employed to detect the E. coli bacteria in the prepared miniaturized devices, and the sensory response was compared. EIS was performed in the frequency range between 1 Hz to 1 MHz to record the bacterial growth and activities as a function of change in electrical impedance, and detection performance of the different miniaturized devices with IDEs were compared. It was observed that the LIG-based IDE sensor provided better sensitivity compared to that of the other two approaches. The obtained results indicate that the magnitude of impedance changes by around 2.5 mΩ per doubling of E.coli cells. With fast and flexible fabrication process capabilities, such microdevices may be used as suitable IDE sensors for microscale pathogenic detection for biomedical and clinical analysis.
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Lahari SA, Amreen K, Dubey SK, R N P, Goel S. Modified Ultra Micro-Carbon Electrode for Efficient Ammonia Sensing for Water Quality Assessment. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2022; 22:301-307. [PMID: 35788459 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2022.3188605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Ammonia is one of the most prominent and hazardous water pollutants; hence its selective and sensitive detection in water is crucial for monitoring water quality and determining its usability. In the present work, a simple, cost-effective electrochemical sensor for the detection of ammonia is presented. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified ultra-micro-carbon thread electrode (UME/MWCNT) has been realized. The electro-catalytic activity of ammonia is studied by voltammetry and amperometry techniques and the results are presented. The microscopic characterization of UME/MWCNT for surface morphology analysis was also carried out. Further, the UME/MWCNT based electrochemical sensor was tested for its practical application by exploring various parameters like the effect of scan rate, pH and interference from co-existing bio-chemicals like nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, hydrazine, H2O2, uric acid, ascorbic acid and dopamine along with real sample analysis. The developed sensor can efficiently detect ammonia in a linear range of 10 μM to 1 mM which is well within the permissible safe drinking water limit. The limit of detection (LoD) and limit of quantification (LoQ) obtained for the developed sensor were 8.69 μM and 26.33 μM respectively. The negligible interference, good reproducibility, and appreciable recovery values indicated the potential of the developed UME for real-time ammonia detection. As a flexible electrode, UME can be further modified and fabricated as a microfluidic or a miniaturized device for a portable electrochemical sensing platform in future.
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Mishra P, Pandey R, Tripathi S, Dubey SK, Tripathi YB. Bronco T (Shirisadi kasaya), a polyherbal formulation prevents LPS induced septicemia in rats. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2022; 26:1513-1523. [PMID: 35302196 DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202203_28216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Here, Bronco T (BT), a polyherbal formulation developed in 1984 for treating asthma, has been repurposed against septicemia-induced ALI. MATERIALS AND METHODS Lipopolysaccharides (3 mg/kg BW) were injected intraperitoneally before 24 hours of surgery to assess the cardiorespiratory parameters, blood PaO2/FiO2 and MPO, pulmonary water content and histological changes in the lungs. The pentoxifylline (PTX) (25 mg/kg BW) was used as the positive control and given one hour before LPS. BT was given 3 hours (orally at different doses of 3, 1.5 and 0.75 g/kg BW) before LPS. RESULTS The LPS treated group showed significant bradypnea, hypotension and bradycardia, through elongated peaks (RR) and (MAP) respectively and finally death after 95 minutes of LPS injection. The PTX and BT (3 g/kg BW) pretreatment significantly prevented these changes (dose-dependent in the BT group). The survival in these groups was maintained up to 190 min after LPS. The Pentoxifylline showed a better response (75%) than Bronco T (72%). In both the treatments, a significant decrease in pulmonary water content and minimal neutrophil infiltration and intact alveoli-capillary membrane was seen in the transverse section (T.S) of the lungs. CONCLUSIONS Significant improvement was noted in survival time with lesser tissue damage and improved pulmonary function was observed by pre-treating with Bronco T in LPS induced septicemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mishra
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Physiology, Cardiology and Kriya Sharir, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
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Singh RK, Kumar PS, Amreen K, Dubey SK, Goel S. Disposable Miniaturized Electrochemical Sensing Platform with Laser-Induced Reduced Graphene Oxide Electrodes for Multiplexed Biochemical Analysis. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2022; PP. [DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2022.3216312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronics (MMNE) Laboratory, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, India
| | - Pavar Sai Kumar
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronics (MMNE) Laboratory, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, India
| | - Khairunnisa Amreen
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, MMES, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronics (MMNE) Laboratory, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, India
| | - Satish Kumar Dubey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sanket Goel
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, MMES, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronics (MMNE) Laboratory, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, India
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Goel S, Rao LT, Rewatkar P, Khan H, Kumar Dubey S, Javed A, Kim GM, Goel S. Single microfluidic fuel cell with three fuels – formic acid, glucose and microbes: A comparative performance investigation. J Electrochem Sci Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.5599/jese.1092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of microfluidic and nanofluidic devices is gaining remarkable attention due to the emphasis put on miniaturization of conventional energy conversion and storage processes. A microfluidic fuel cell can integrate flow of electrolytes, electrode-electrolyte interactions, and power generation in a microfluidic channel. Such microfluidic fuel cells can be categorized on the basis of electrolytes and catalysts used for power generation. In this work, for the first time, a single microfluidic fuel cell was harnessed by using different fuels like glucose, microbes and formic acid. Herein, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) acted as electrode material, and performance investigations were carried out separately on the same microfluidic device for three different types of fuel cells (formic acid, microbial and enzymatic). The fabricated miniaturized microfluidic device was successfully used to harvest energy in microwatts from formic acid, microbes and glucose, without any metallic catalyst. The developed microfluidic fuel cells can maintain stable open-circuit voltage, which can be used for energizing various low-power portable devices or applications.
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Srikanth S, Raut S, Dubey SK, Ishii I, Javed A, Goel S. Experimental studies on droplet characteristics in a microfluidic flow focusing droplet generator: effect of continuous phase on droplet encapsulation. Eur Phys J E Soft Matter 2021; 44:108. [PMID: 34455490 DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-021-00115-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of droplet-based microfluidic assays depends on droplet size, pattern, generation rate, etc. The size of the droplet is affected by numerous variables as flow rate ratio, viscosity ratio, microchannel geometry, surfactants, nature of fluids and other dimensionless numbers. This work reports rigorous analysis and optimization of the behavior of droplets with change in flow rate ratio and viscosity ratio in a flow-focusing device. Droplets were produced for different flow rate ratios maintaining a constant aqueous phase and varying the continuous phase, to have capillary numbers ranging from 0.01 to 0.1. It was observed that the droplet size decreased with the increase in flow rate ratio, and vice versa. It was noted that as the viscosity ratio was increased, the dispersed phase elongated before the complete breakup and long droplets were formed in the microchannel. Smaller droplets were formed for lower viscosity ratios with a combination of higher flow rate ratios. An empirical relation has been developed to predict the droplet length in terms of capillary number and flow rate ratio for different viscosity ratios. In addition, microparticle encapsulation in individual droplets was attempted to realize the effect of flow rate of the continuous phase for various flow rate ratios on encapsulation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangam Srikanth
- MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronics Lab, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, 500078, India
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - Sushil Raut
- Digital Monozukuri (Manufacturing) Education Research Centre, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-0046, Japan
| | - Satish Kumar Dubey
- MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronics Lab, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, 500078, India
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - Idaku Ishii
- Robotics Lab, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8527, Japan
| | - Arshad Javed
- MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronics Lab, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, 500078, India
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - Sanket Goel
- MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronics Lab, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, 500078, India.
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, 500078, India.
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Dudala S, Srikanth S, Dubey SK, Javed A, Goel S. Rapid Inkjet-Printed Miniaturized Interdigitated Electrodes for Electrochemical Sensing of Nitrite and Taste Stimuli. Micromachines (Basel) 2021; 12:mi12091037. [PMID: 34577681 PMCID: PMC8470320 DOI: 10.3390/mi12091037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports on single step and rapid fabrication of interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) using an inkjet printing-based approach. A commercial inkjet-printed circuit board (PCB) printer was used to fabricate the IDEs on a glass substrate. The inkjet printer was optimized for printing IDEs on a glass substrate using a carbon ink with a specified viscosity. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in the frequency range of 1 Hz to 1 MHz was employed for chemical sensing applications using an electrochemical workstation. The IDE sensors demonstrated good nitrite quantification abilities, detecting a low concentration of 1 ppm. Taste simulating chemicals were used to experimentally analyze the ability of the developed sensor to detect and quantify tastes as perceived by humans. The performance of the inkjet-printed IDE sensor was compared with that of the IDEs fabricated using maskless direct laser writing (DLW)-based photolithography. The DLW–photolithography-based fabrication approach produces IDE sensors with excellent geometric tolerances and better sensing performance. However, inkjet printing provides IDE sensors at a fraction of the cost and time. The inkjet printing-based IDE sensor, fabricated in under 2 min and costing less than USD 0.3, can be adapted as a suitable IDE sensor with rapid and scalable fabrication process capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohan Dudala
- MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronics Lab, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India; (S.D.); (S.S.); (S.K.D.); (A.J.)
| | - Sangam Srikanth
- MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronics Lab, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India; (S.D.); (S.S.); (S.K.D.); (A.J.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Satish Kumar Dubey
- MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronics Lab, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India; (S.D.); (S.S.); (S.K.D.); (A.J.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Arshad Javed
- MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronics Lab, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India; (S.D.); (S.S.); (S.K.D.); (A.J.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Sanket Goel
- MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronics Lab, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India; (S.D.); (S.S.); (S.K.D.); (A.J.)
- Correspondence:
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Mohan JM, Amreen K, Kulkarni MB, Javed A, Dubey SK, Goel S. Optimized ink jetted paper device for electroanalytical detection of picric acid. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 208:112056. [PMID: 34425529 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.112056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Picric acid (PA) is one of the essential components utilized in manufacturing of explosives. Therefore, the detection of trace amount of PA is critical in forensic science, criminal investigation, military security and environmental safety. Owing to these attributes, development of a simple, rapid and point-of-care (POC) analytical method for PA detection and quantification is crucial. Herein, a low-cost, POC, ink jetted paper device has been developed for electroanalytical detection of PA. Inkjet printing is an economic fabrication process used for extruding several nanomaterials with diversified applications. By improving the ink viscosity, inkjet printers can simplify the fabrication of paper-based electrochemical sensor, and provide easy, fast, environmental friendly and viable for large scale production sensors, thereby adding its commercialization potential. In this work, a commercially available circuit board printer and an inexpensive high viscosity carbon conductive ink were used to print an electrochemical paper device. The fabricated device was used for electrochemical detection of PA using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and wave voltammetry (SWV). Various parameters like effect of potential scan rate from 10 mVs-1 to 300 mVs-1, effect of variable PA concentration effect was studied. A linear concentration range of 4 μM to 60 μM was obtained. For a working electrode of 7 mm2 surface area, the limit of detection (LOD) was 4.04 μM (922.56 ppb) which was less than the prescribed safe limit of 8 μM. Effect of interference with other chemicals was examined using SWV with the co-existing metals like zinc, lead, copper and mercury. Finally, real sample analysis for tap and lake water was successfully performed with the device. The developed cost-effective paper-based ink-jetted platform, with further fine-tuning and surface modifications, can be used for sensing various analytes as a point-of-care device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaligam Murali Mohan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Hyderabad, 500078, India; MEMS, Microfluidics and Nano Electronics Laboratory, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - Khairunnisa Amreen
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Hyderabad, 500078, India; MEMS, Microfluidics and Nano Electronics Laboratory, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - Madhusudan B Kulkarni
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Hyderabad, 500078, India; MEMS, Microfluidics and Nano Electronics Laboratory, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - Arshad Javed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Hyderabad, 500078, India; MEMS, Microfluidics and Nano Electronics Laboratory, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - Satish Kumar Dubey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Hyderabad, 500078, India; MEMS, Microfluidics and Nano Electronics Laboratory, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - Sanket Goel
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Hyderabad, 500078, India; MEMS, Microfluidics and Nano Electronics Laboratory, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Hyderabad, 500078, India.
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Murali Mohan J, Amreen K, Javed A, Dubey SK, Goel S. Electrochemical Mini-Platform with Thread based Electrodes for Interference Free Arsenic Detection. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2021; 21:117-124. [PMID: 34280106 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2021.3098035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Herein, a fully integrated thread/textile-based electrochemical sensing device has been demonstrated. A hydrophilic conductive carbon thread, chemically modified with gold nanoparticles through an electrodeposition process, was used as a working electrode (WE). The hydrophilic thread coated with Ag/AgCl and an unmodified bare hydrophilic thread were used as reference electrode (RE) and counter electrode (CE) respectively. The device was fabricated with hydrophilic conductive carbon threads supported by capillary tubes and these integrated electrodes were placed in a 2 mL glass vial. The physico-chemical characterization of the working electrode was carried out using SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Furthermore, the fabricated sensing platform, was tested for electrochemical sensing of arsenic. The electrocatalytic oxidation activity of arsenic in the designed platform was investigated via cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave Voltammetry (SWV). An oxidation peak at -0.4 V corresponding to the oxidation of arsenic was obtained. Scan rate effect was performed using CV analysis and the diffusion coefficient was found to be 2.478×10-10 with a regression coefficient of R2 = 0.9647. Further, concentration effect was accomplished in the linear range 0.4 μM to 60 μM. The limit of detection was obtained as 0.416 μM. For the practical application, effect of interference from other chemicals and real sample analysis from the tap water and blood serum sample was carried out which gave remarkable recovery values.
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Srikanth S, Dudala S, Jayapiriya US, Mohan JM, Raut S, Dubey SK, Ishii I, Javed A, Goel S. Droplet-based lab-on-chip platform integrated with laser ablated graphene heaters to synthesize gold nanoparticles for electrochemical sensing and fuel cell applications. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9750. [PMID: 33963200 PMCID: PMC8105317 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88068-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlled, stable and uniform temperature environment with quick response are crucial needs for many lab-on-chip (LOC) applications requiring thermal management. Laser Induced Graphene (LIG) heater is one such mechanism capable of maintaining a wide range of steady state temperature. LIG heaters are thin, flexible, and inexpensive and can be fabricated easily in different geometric configurations. In this perspective, herein, the electro-thermal performance of the LIG heater has been examined for different laser power values and scanning speeds. The experimented laser ablated patterns exhibited varying electrical conductivity corresponding to different combinations of power and speed of the laser. The conductivity of the pattern can be tailored by tuning the parameters which exhibit, a wide range of temperatures making them suitable for diverse lab-on-chip applications. A maximum temperature of 589 °C was observed for a combination of 15% laser power and 5.5% scanning speed. A LOC platform was realized by integrating the developed LIG heaters with a droplet-based microfluidic device. The performance of this LOC platform was analyzed for effective use of LIG heaters to synthesize Gold nanoparticles (GNP). Finally, the functionality of the synthesized GNPs was validated by utilizing them as catalyst in enzymatic glucose biofuel cell and in electrochemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangam Srikanth
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - Sohan Dudala
- MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronics Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - U S Jayapiriya
- MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronics Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - J Murali Mohan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - Sushil Raut
- Digital Monozukuri (Manufacturing) Education Research Centre, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-0046, Japan
| | - Satish Kumar Dubey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - Idaku Ishii
- Smart Robotics Lab, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8527, Japan
| | - Arshad Javed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - Sanket Goel
- MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronics Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, 500078, India.
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Pal A, Amreen K, Dubey SK, Goel S. Highly Sensitive and Interference-Free Electrochemical Nitrite Detection in a 3D Printed Miniaturized Device. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2021; 20:175-182. [PMID: 33661734 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2021.3063730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
3D printing has a significant impact on various applications as it facilitates greater control over the designed shapes, leads to rapid prototyping and mass production with transferable designs at a lower cost. These attributes provide great versatility and thus make the devices industry-friendly. Herein, we demonstrate a simple and disposable 3D printed device, fabricated in single-step, as an electrochemical nitrite sensor using commercially available carbon loaded polylactic acid (PLA) filament. Nitrite, usually ingested through water and food, can be harmful when taken in excess. Thus, its efficient and accurate on-site detection becomes imperative. The device showed appreciable sensitivity and good selectivity towards nitrite having a limit-of-detection (LOD) of [Formula: see text]. Furthermore, the device has been shown to monitor nitrite in real soil and water samples with appreciable recovery values. Eventually, the device is capable to be multiplexed with varying soil parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanka Tata Rao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus Hyderabad 500078 India
- MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronics Lab BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus Hyderabad 500078 India
| | - Satish Kumar Dubey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus Hyderabad 500078 India
- MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronics Lab BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus Hyderabad 500078 India
| | - Arshad Javed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus Hyderabad 500078 India
- MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronics Lab BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus Hyderabad 500078 India
| | - Sanket Goel
- Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus Hyderabad 500078 India
- MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronics Lab BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus Hyderabad 500078 India
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20
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Rao LT, Rewatkar P, Dubey SK, Javed A, Goel S. Automated pencil electrode formation platform to realize uniform and reproducible graphite electrodes on paper for microfluidic fuel cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11675. [PMID: 32669600 PMCID: PMC7363794 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68579-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphite pencil stroked electrodes for paper-based Microfluidic devices are gaining immense attention due to their electrochemical properties, cost efficiency, and ease-of-use. However, their widespread use has been hindered by the challenges associated with their manual fabrication such as non-uniformity in graphite deposition, applied pressure, etc. This work presents the design and development of an automated graphite pencil stroking device for graphite electrode fabrication with high efficiency through a compact, inexpensive and automatic process, with reduced fabrication time and human intervention leading to more uniformity. The motion platform of Graphtec plotter was used to create multiple strokes with the help of the proposed device. Such inexpensive graphite electrodes (less than the US $1) have been observed to be porous in nature, acting as diffusion agents. The automated graphite electrodes were used to study the performance of microfluidic paper fuel cells (MPFCs) with formic acid, oxygen, and sulphuric acid acting as fuel, oxidising agent and electrolyte respectively. From this configuration, the maximum current density and power density were measured to be 1,305.5 µA cm-2 and 135.5 µW cm-2, respectively at 0.3 V stable OCP at 100 strokes. Overall, the study enumerates the development of an automated pencil stroke device for fabricating graphite electrodes, which can potentially be harnessed in numerous miniaturized paper based applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanka Tata Rao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - Prakash Rewatkar
- MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronics Lab, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - Satish Kumar Dubey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - Arshad Javed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - Sanket Goel
- MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronics Lab, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, 500078, India.
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21
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Rastogi V, Agarwal S, Dubey SK, Khan GS, Shakher C. Design and development of volume phase holographic grating based digital holographic interferometer for label-free quantitative cell imaging. Appl Opt 2020; 59:3773-3783. [PMID: 32400505 DOI: 10.1364/ao.387620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a volume phase holographic optical element based digital holographic interferometer is designed and used for quantitative phase imaging of biological cells [white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets, and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria cells]. The experimental results reveal that sharp images of the S. aureus bacteria cells of the order of ${\sim}{1}\;{\unicode{x00B5}{\rm m}}$∼1µm can be clearly seen. The volume phase holographic grating will remove the stray light from the system reaching toward the grating and will minimize the coherent noise (speckle noise). This will improve the sharpness in the image reconstructed from the recorded digital hologram.
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Dudala S, Dubey SK, Goel S. Fully Integrated, Automated, and Smartphone Enabled Point-of-Source Portable Platform With Microfluidic Device for Nitrite Detection. IEEE Trans Biomed Circuits Syst 2019; 13:1518-1524. [PMID: 31494558 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2019.2939658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Excess limit of Nitrites, which are prevalent within environmental and physiological systems, have severe detrimental effects, thus point-of-source detection becomes an important requirement to take suitable preventive measures. This paper presents the design and development of a standalone, point-of-source, portable, low-cost, automated and integrated microfluidic system for quick detection and quantification of nitrite. Based on multiphysics simulations, a disposable polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic device was employed to carry out the controlled Griess reaction based assay. A low-cost 3D printed syringe pump was developed to inject the sample and reagent. Photometric detection was employed using light emitting diode (LED) and photodiode. A transimpedance amplifier circuit was designed and fabricated to achieve amplified photodiode output with reduced noise. An off-the-shelf microprocessor was used to integrate the whole system and a smartphone application (app) was developed to control the complete system and store the data. Interaction between the application and the microprocessor was achieved using Bluetooth connectivity. Spectrophotometric validation was performed and a calibration equation was obtained which was used to convert the device voltage output to absorption, through specially programmed android app. All the components were integrated in a 3D printed platform whose virtues such as ease of usage and affordability makes, quantification of nitrite, a simple and real time process wherein the limit of detection and limit of quantification values are found to be 0.07103 ppm and 0.21524 ppm respectively with good repeatability.
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Alpana S, Vishwakarma P, Adhya TK, Inubushi K, Dubey SK. Molecular ecological perspective of methanogenic archaeal community in rice agroecosystem. Sci Total Environ 2017; 596-597:136-146. [PMID: 28431358 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Methane leads to global warming owing to its warming potential higher than carbon dioxide (CO2). Rice fields represent the major source of methane (CH4) emission as the recent estimates range from 34 to 112 Tg CH4 per year. Biogenic methane is produced by anaerobic methanogenic archaea. Advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies and isolation methodologies enabled investigators to decipher methanogens to be unexpectedly diverse in phylogeny and ecology. Exploring the link between biogeochemical methane cycling and methanogen community dynamics can, therefore, provide a more effective mechanistic understanding of CH4 emission from rice fields. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the diversity and activity of methanogens, factors controlling their ecology, possible interactions between rice plants and methanogens, and their potential involvement in the source relationship of greenhouse gas emissions from rice fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Singh Alpana
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - P Vishwakarma
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - T K Adhya
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneshwar 751024, India
| | - K Inubushi
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Chiba 2718510, Japan
| | - S K Dubey
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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Singh K, Giri BS, Sahi A, Geed SR, Kureel MK, Singh S, Dubey SK, Rai BN, Kumar S, Upadhyay SN, Singh RS. Biofiltration of xylene using wood charcoal as the biofilter media under transient and high loading conditions. Bioresour Technol 2017; 242:351-358. [PMID: 28284446 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.02.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of wood charcoal as biofilter media under transient and high loading condition. Biofiltration of xylene was investigated for 150days in a laboratory scale unit packed with wood charcoal and inoculated with mixed microbial culture at the xylene loading rates ranged from 12 to 553gm-3h-1. The kinetic analysis of the xylene revealed absence of substrate inhibition and possibility of achieving higher elimination under optimum condition. The pH, temperature, pressure drop and CO2 production rate were regularly monitored during the experiments. Throughout experimental period, the removal efficiency (RE) was found to be in the range of 65-98.7% and the maximum elimination capacity (EC) was 405.7gm-3h-1. Molecular characterization results show Bacillus sp. as dominating microbial group in the biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - B S Giri
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Amrita Sahi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - S R Geed
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - M K Kureel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Sanjay Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - S K Dubey
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - B N Rai
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Surendra Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - S N Upadhyay
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - R S Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India.
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25
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Praveen Kumar MK, Shyama SK, Kashif S, Dubey SK, Avelyno D, Sonaye BH, Kadam Samit B, Chaubey RC. Effects of gamma radiation on the early developmental stages of Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2017; 142:95-101. [PMID: 28395206 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The zebrafish is gaining importance as a popular vertebrate model organism and is widely employed in ecotoxicological studies, especially for the biomonitoring of pollution in water bodies. There is limited data on the genetic mechanisms governing the adverse health effects in regards to an early developmental exposure to gamma radiation. In the present study zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were exposed to 1, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10Gy of gamma radiation at 3h post fertilization (hpf). Different developmental toxicity endpoints were investigated. Further, expression of genes associated with the development and DNA damage i.e. (sox2 sox19a and p53) were evaluated using Quantitative PCR (qPCR). The significant changes in the expression of sox2 sox19a and p53 genes were observed. This data was supported the developmental defects observed in the zebrafish embryo exposed to gamma radiation such as i.e. increased DNA damage, decreased hatching rate, increase in median hatching time, decreased body length, increased mortality rate, increased morphological deformities. Further, study shows that the potential ecotoxicological threat of gamma radiation on the early developmental stages of zebrafish. Further, it revealed that the above parameters can be used as predictive biomarkers of gamma radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S K Shyama
- Department of Zoology, Goa University, Goa 403 206, India.
| | - Shamim Kashif
- Department of Microbiology, Goa University, Goa 403 206, India
| | - S K Dubey
- Department of Microbiology, Goa University, Goa 403 206, India
| | | | - B H Sonaye
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Goa Medical College, Goa, India
| | - B Kadam Samit
- Department of Zoology, Goa University, Goa 403 206, India
| | - R C Chaubey
- Radiation Biology & Health Science Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
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MeCarty SC, Chauhan DS, MeCarty AD, Tripathi KM, Selvan T, Dubey SK. Effect of Azotobacter and Phosphobacteria on Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.5958/2229-4473.2017.00130.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Narang N, Dubey SK, Negi PS, Ojha VN. Design and characterization of microstrip based E-field sensor for GSM and UMTS frequency bands. Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:124703. [PMID: 28040939 DOI: 10.1063/1.4971316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An Electric (E-) field sensor based on coplanar waveguide-fed microstrip antenna to measure E-field strength for dual-band operation at 914 MHz and 2.1 GHz is proposed, designed, and characterized. The parametric optimization of the design has been performed to obtain resonance at global system for mobile communication and universal mobile telecommunication system frequency band. Low return loss (-17 dB and -19 dB), appropriate gain (0.50 dB and 1.55 dB), and isotropic behaviour (directivity ∼ 1 dB), respectively, at 914 MHz and 2.1 GHz, are obtained for probing application. Antenna factor (AF) is used as an important parameter to characterize the performance of the E-field sensor. The AF measurement is explained in detail and results are reported. Finally, using the designed E-field sensor, the E-field strength measurements are carried out in a transverse electromagnetic cell. The key sources of uncertainties in the measurement are identified, evaluated, and incorporated into the final results. The measurement results are compared with theoretical values, which are found in good agreement. For comparative validation, the results are evaluated with reference to an already calibrated commercially available isotropic probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Narang
- AcSIR, NPL Campus, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - S K Dubey
- Apex Level Standards and Industrial Metrology, National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - P S Negi
- Apex Level Standards and Industrial Metrology, National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - V N Ojha
- Apex Level Standards and Industrial Metrology, National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi 110012, India
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Khanolkar D, Dubey SK, Naik MM. Tributyltin chloride (TBTCl)-enhanced exopolysaccharide and siderophore production in an estuarine Alcaligenes faecalis strain. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2015; 68:612-621. [PMID: 25612551 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-014-0120-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Tributyltin chloride (TBTCl) has been used extensively as an antifouling agent in ship paints, which results in the contamination of aquatic sites. These contaminated sites serve as enrichment areas for TBTCl-resistant bacterial strains. One TBTCl-resistant bacterial strain was isolated from the sediments of Zuari estuary, Goa, India, which is a major hub of various ship-building activities. Based on biochemical characteristics and 16S rDNA sequence analysis, this bacterial strain was identified as Alcaligenes faecalis and designated as strain SD5. It could degrade ≥3 mM TBTCl by using it as a sole carbon source and transform it into the less toxic dibutyltin chloride, which was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy. Interestingly, this bacterial strain also showed enhanced exopolysaccharide and siderophore production when cells were exposed to toxic levels of TBTCl, suggesting their involvement in conferring resistance to this antifouling biocide as well as degradative capability respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dnyanada Khanolkar
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology, Department of Microbiology, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Bambolim, 403206, Goa, India
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Abstract
The difference in tissue distribution of Ketorolac and its enantiomers were investigated in wistar rats. Separate high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed and validated for determination of Ketorolac and its enantiomers. Oyster BDS (150 × 4.6 mm id., 5 μm particle size) column was used for determination of concentration of Ketorolac. Ketorolac enantiomers were determined using Chiral-AGP column (100 × 4.0 mm I.D., particle size 5 μ, Chrom tech Ltd, Sweden). Detection was done at wavelength of 322 nm using an ultraviolet detector in the analytical system. Ketorolac enantiomers exhibit difference in their disposition in Wistar rats. In kidney, there was a significant difference in pharmacokinetic parameters. The Cmax was nearly 4 times and AUC 0-∞ was found to be more than double for S (-) Ketorolac than that of R (+) Ketorolac. MRT, Ke and t1/2 differ significantly in kidney. In liver, Cmax was found to be approximately 69% higher for S (-) Ketorolac compared to R (+) Ketorolac. AUC 0-∞ did not differ significantly for the enantiomers in liver. In liver, S (-) Ketorolac eliminated very fast in comparison to R (+) Ketorolac having t1/2 (one third) in comparison to R (+) Ketorolac. In lungs, there was no difference observed for Cmax and other parameters but AUC 0-∞ was found to be marginally higher for S (-) ketorolac.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Dubey
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, India
| | - A Anand
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, India
| | - R N Saha
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, India
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Singh AK, Singh M, Dubey SK. Rhizospheric fungal community structure of a Bt brinjal and a near isogenic variety. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 117:750-65. [PMID: 24848712 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of Cry1Ac gene expressing brinjal (VRBT-8) on the rhizospheric fungal community structure. METHODS AND RESULTS qPCR indicated variations in the fungal ITS rRNA copy numbers of non-Bt (1·43-4·43) × 10(9) g(-1) dws and Bt (1·43-3·32) × 10(9) g(-1) dws plots. Phylogenetic analysis of ITS rRNA clones indicated fungal-related group majority of being Ascomycota compared to that of Basidiomycota and Zygomycota in non-Bt- and Bt-planted soils. Sordariomycetes was the dominant class detected in all the stages. CONCLUSIONS Despite the variations in the population size and the distribution pattern observed across the non-Bt and Bt brinjal, plant-growth-dependent variability was more prominent compared with genetic modification. Therefore, this study concludes that genetic modification of brinjal crop has minor effect on the fungal community. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Brinjal, the important solanaceous crop, is also prone to attack by many insect pests, especially by Leucinoides orbonalis, resulting in significant losses in the crop yield. However, the reports on the effect of transgenic crops and the associated microbial community are inconsistent. The present communication takes into account for the first time the possible interactions between Bt brinjal and the associated fungal community; the latter playing a significant role in maintaining soil fertility. As this study is limited to the structural diversity of fungal community, additional information regarding the functional diversity of the group seems imperative before recommending the commercialization of GM crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Singh
- Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Dubey SK, Duddelly S, Jangala H, Saha RN. Rapid and Sensitive Reverse-phase High-performance Liquid Chromatography Method for Estimation of Ketorolac in Pharmaceuticals Using Weighted Regression. Indian J Pharm Sci 2013; 75:89-93. [PMID: 23901166 PMCID: PMC3719155 DOI: 10.4103/0250-474x.113535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A reliable, rapid and sensitive isocratic reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography method has been developed and validated for assay of ketorolac tromethamine in tablets and ophthalmic dosage forms using diclofenac sodium as an internal standard. An isocratic separation of ketorolac tromethamine was achieved on Oyster BDS (150×4.6 mm i.d., 5 μm particle size) column using mobile phase of methanol:acetonitrile:sodium dihydrogen phosphate (20 mM; pH 5.5) (50:10:40, %v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. The eluents were monitored at 322 nm for ketorolac and at 282 nm for diclofenac sodium with a photodiode array detector. The retention times of ketorolac and diclofenac sodium were found to be 1.9 min and 4.6 min, respectively. Response was a linear function of drug concentration in the range of 0.01-15 μg/ml (R2=0.994; linear regression model using weighing factor 1/x2) with a limit of detection and quantification of 0.002 μg/ml and 0.007 μg/ml, respectively. The % recovery and % relative standard deviation values indicated the method was accurate and precise.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Dubey
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333 031, India
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Naik MM, Khanolkar D, Dubey SK. Lead-resistant Providencia alcalifaciens strain 2EA bioprecipitates Pb+2 as lead phosphate. Lett Appl Microbiol 2013; 56:99-104. [PMID: 23163530 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A lead-resistant bacteria isolated from soil contaminated with car battery waste were identified as Providencia alcalifaciens based on biochemical characteristics, FAME profile and 16S rRNA sequencing and designated as strain 2EA. It resists lead nitrate up to 0·0014 mol l(-1) by precipitating soluble lead as insoluble light brown solid. Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometric analysis (SEM-EDX) and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) revealed extracellular light brown precipitate as lead orthophosphate mineral, that is, Pb(9) (PO(4))(6) catalysed by phosphatase enzyme. This lead-resistant bacterial strain also demonstrated tolerance to high levels of cadmium and mercury along with multiple antibiotic resistance. Providencia alcalifaciens strain 2EA could be used for bioremediation of lead-contaminated environmental sites, as it can efficiently precipitate lead as lead phosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Naik
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Bacterial Genetics and Environmental Biotechnology, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa, India
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Dubey SK, Yadav R, Chaturvedi RK, Yadav RK, Sharma VK, Minhas PS. Contamination of ground water as a consequence of land disposal of dye waste mixed sewage effluents: a case study of Panipat district of Haryana, India. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2010; 85:295-300. [PMID: 20665000 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-010-0073-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Spatial samples of surface and ground water collected from land disposal site of dye waste mixed sewage effluents at Binjhole, in Haryana, India were analyzed to evaluate its effect on quality of pond, hand pumps and ground waters for human health and irrigation purposes. It was found that average COD and TDS of dye houses discharge (310 and 3,920 mg/L) and treated sewage (428 and 1,470 mg/L) on mixing acquired the values of 245 and 1,780 mg/L and only Pb (0.24 microg/L) was above the permissible limit for irrigation purpose. Disposal of this mixed water to village pond changes the COD and TDS to 428 and 1,470 mg/L, respectively. COD and TDS of hand pump water samples were 264 and 1,190 mg/L, where as in tube well water these values were 151 and 900 mg/L. Though the ground water contamination seemed to decrease with the increasing distance from the pond but COD, TDS and BOD values continued to be quite high in water samples drawn from the hand pumps up to a distance of 500 m from pond. However, the major cause of the concern in these waters was Pb (0.11-0.45 ppm). Crops grown with this water shows accumulation of heavy metals like Pb,Cd, Fe, Mn, Ni, Cu, and Zn but in few crops they (Zn, Pb and Cd) exceed the safe limits. Regular consumption of these crop products may lead heavy metal toxicity. It was concluded from this study that the deep seepage of effluents led to deterioration of ground water quality for drinking purposes and the well waters rendered unfit for irrigation purposes within a span of 2 years. This warrants appropriate disposal measures for sewage and dye industry effluents in order to prevent deterioration of ground water and health of human and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Dubey
- AICRP-Management of Salt Affected Soils and Use of Saline Water in Agriculture, Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, 132 001, India.
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Dubey SK, Mahendru V, Sadhu S, Sarkar S, Verma AK, Roy MK. True knot in Ryles tube: a case report. Indian J Surg 2008; 70:142-3. [PMID: 23133043 DOI: 10.1007/s12262-008-0039-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2008] [Accepted: 04/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Insertion of Ryles tube is a simple routine procedure. During its insertion, minor complications like trauma to nose, nasopharynx and oral cavity do happen from time to time. But as the Ryles tube is usually inserted blindly, potentially life threatening complications like inadvertent entry into trachea, cranial cavity and intravascular penetration have been reported. Folds and kinks may occur, but true knot of the Ryles tube, which we now report, is very rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Dubey
- Department of Surgery, Rabindranath Tagore International Institute of Cardiac Sciences, 124 Mukundapur, Kolkata, 700 099 India
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Dubey SK, Mehta DS, Anand A, Shakher C. Simultaneous topography and tomography of latent fingerprints using full-field swept-source optical coherence tomography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1088/1464-4258/10/01/015307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
AIMS The aim of the study was to isolate and characterize exopolysaccharide (EPS) produced by Vibrio harveyi strain VB23. METHODS AND RESULTS Growth and EPS production by V. harveyi strain VB23, was studied in mineral salts medium supplemented with NaCl (1.5%) and glucose (0.2%). The rate of EPS production in batch cultures was highest during the late log phase of growth when compared with stationary growth phase. The exopolymer was recovered from the culture supernatant by using a cold ethanol precipitation-dialysis procedure. Chemical analyses of EPS revealed that it is primarily composed of neutral sugars, uronic acids, proteins and sulfates. The purified EPS revealed prominent functional reactive groups, such as hydroxyl, carboxylic and amides, which correspond to a typical heteropolymeric polysaccharide and the EPS, also possessed good emulsification activity. The gas chromatographic analysis of an alditol acetate-derivatized sample of EPS revealed that it is composed primarily of galactose and glucose. Minor components found were rhamnose, fucose, ribose, arabinose, xylose and mannose. CONCLUSIONS The EPS produced by V. harveyi strain VB23 is a heteropolysaccharide possessing good emulsification activity. EPS was readily isolated from culture supernatants, which suggests that the EPS was a slime-like EPS. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first report of EPS characterization in luminous V. harveyi bacteria, which describes the isolation and characterization of an EPS expressed by V. harveyi. The results of the study contributes significantly towards an understanding of the chemical composition and applications of the EPS in environmental biotechnology and bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Bramhachari
- Laboratory of Bacterial Genetics & Environmental Biotechnology, Department of Microbiology, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa, India
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37
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Mehta DS, Dubey SK, Shakher C, Takeda M. Two-wavelength Talbot effect and its application for three-dimensional step-height measurement. Appl Opt 2006; 45:7602-9. [PMID: 17068592 DOI: 10.1364/ao.45.007602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The phenomenon of Talbot self-image shift by changing the wavelength of the illuminating light is described and demonstrated experimentally. A periodic grating is illuminated by light with wavelengths lambda1 and lambda2 generated by two lasers, and the Talbot self-images are recorded along the longitudinal direction at individual wavelengths. The Talbot self-image shift due to the change in the wavelength of light is implemented for the measurement of the three-dimensional step height of a large discontinuous object without any phase ambiguity problem. Fourier-transform fringe analysis was used to determine the maximum contrast of the high-visibility bands for the measurement of the step height of the object. The main advantages of the proposed system are nonmechanical scanning, high stability because of its common path geometry, compactness, and a wide range of measurement as compared to interferometric three- dimensional profilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalip Singh Mehta
- Laser Applications and Holography Laboratory, Instrument Design Development centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Dehli, India.
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38
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Mehta DS, Dubey SK, Hossain MM, Shakher C. Simple multifrequency and phase-shifting fringe-projection system based on two-wavelength lateral shearing interferometry for three-dimensional profilometry. Appl Opt 2005; 44:7515-21. [PMID: 16363775 DOI: 10.1364/ao.44.007515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We propose a simple multifrequency spatial-carrier and phase-shifting fringe-projection system based on two-wavelength lateral shearing interferometry (LSI). In this system a wedge-shaped plate lateral shearing interferometer is used and, owing to the presence of tilt, a finite number of fringes parallel to the direction of the shear appears; hence a significant spatial-carrier frequency is generated at the focus position. We further enhance the spatial-carrier frequency either by changing the wavelength of the laser light or by slight defocusing. A synthetic interferogram with low spatial-carrier frequency is obtained by use of laser light of two wavelengths simultaneously in the lateral shear interferometer. We obtain the phase-shifted fringe patterns from the same setup by simply moving the wedge plate in an in-plane parallel direction, using a linear translator. The fringe projection system was tested for measurement of the three-dimensional shape of a discontinuous object. The present system has many advantages; e.g., it is a common-path interferometry and hence is insensitive to external vibrations, is compact in size, and is relatively inexpensive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalip Singh Mehta
- Laser Applications and Holography Laboratory, Instrument Design Development Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India.
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Yadav RK, Goyal B, Sharma RK, Dubey SK, Minhas PS. Post-irrigation impact of domestic sewage effluent on composition of soils, crops and ground water--a case study. Environ Int 2002; 28:481-486. [PMID: 12503913 DOI: 10.1016/s0160-4120(02)00070-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Long-term irrigation with sewage water adds large amounts of carbon, major and micro- nutrients to the soil. We compared the spatial distribution of N, P, K and other micronutrients and toxic elements in the top 0.6 m of an alluvial soil along with their associated effects on the composition of crops and ground waters after about three decades of irrigation with domestic sewage effluent as a function of distance from the disposal point. Use of sewage for irrigation in various proportions improved the organic matter to 1.24-1.78% and fertility status of soils especially down to a distance of 1 km along the disposal channel. Build up in total N was up to 2908 kg ha(-1), available P (58 kg ha(-1)), total P (2115 kg ha(-1)), available K (305 kg ha(-1)) and total K (4712 kg ha(-1)) in surface 0.15 m soil. Vertical distribution of these parameters also varied, with most accumulations occurring in surface 0.3 m. Traces of NO3-N (up to 2.8 mg l(-1)), Pb (up to 0.35 mg l(-1)) and Mn (up to 0.23 mg l(-1)) could also be observed in well waters near the disposal point thus indicating initiation of ground water contamination. However, the contents of heavy metals in crops sampled from the area were below the permissible critical levels. Though the study confirms that the domestic sewage can effectively increase water resource for irrigation but there is a need for continuous monitoring of the concentrations of potentially toxic elements in soil, plants and ground water.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Yadav
- AICRP-Management of Salt-affected Soils and Use of Saline Water in Agriculture, Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal-132001, India
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Chowdhury TK, Dubey SK. Periampullary carcinoma following biliary ascariasis--a case report. Indian J Cancer 1997; 34:136-8. [PMID: 9491675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A 42 year old man presented with obstructive jaundice and cholangits. Ultrasonography (USG) revealed dilated intrahepatic biliary radicals and common bile duct (CBD). The bile duct also showed a curvilinear parallel intraluminal structure suggesting biliary ascariasis. The CBD was explored and a dead worm removed but jaundice persisted. Endoscopic retrograde cholangio pancreaticography (ERCP) was done showing a periampullary mass which on biopsy showed a villous adenoma with highly dysplastic changes. A Whipple's pancreaticoduodenectomy was performed and the growth proved to be a well differentiated periampullary adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Chowdhury
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education and Research, Calcutta, West Bengal, India
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Holmes DS, Dubey SK, Gangolli S. Development of biosensors for the detection of mercury and copper ions. Environ Geochem Health 1994; 16:229-233. [PMID: 24197217 DOI: 10.1007/bf01747919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/1993] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of genetically engineered biosensors for copper and mercury ions is described. The biosensors have been constructed by fusing thelux or light emitting genes fromVibrio fischeri with genetic regulating elements that respond to copper ions or mercury ions, derived respectively fromEscherichia coli andSerratia marcescens. The fusions were placed intoE. coli cells which then emitted light in response to copper or mercury ions. Data is presented describing the sensitivity, specificity, and dynamic range of the biosensors to their respective target metal ions. A preliminary description of experiments is provided indicating how these biosensors might be used to investigate the bioavailability of mercury and copper ions in environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Holmes
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile
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Abstract
The impact of 2,4-dinitrophenol and chlorophenyl dimethylurea on ATP content, carbon fixation, O2 evolution, nitrogenase activity and Cr uptake of Anabaena doliolum has been studied. 2,4-Dinitrophenol has been found to be more toxic than chlorophenyldimethylurea for all these processes. However, when Cr toxicity to above variables was assessed in their presence the interaction was less than additive. An initial (10-15 min) concentration-dependent rapid Cr uptake, followed by a slow one, indicates a biphasic uptake. A significant inhibition of Cr uptake in the presence of both these metabolic inhibitors suggests the involvement of metabolic processes in Cr uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Rai
- Laboratory of Algal Biology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Rai LC, Raizada M, Mallick N, Husaini Y, Singh AK, Dubey SK. Effect of four heavy metals on the biology of Nostoc muscorum. Biol Met 1990; 2:229-34. [PMID: 1975195 DOI: 10.1007/bf01141365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This study presents the effects of Cr, Pb, Ni and Ag on growth, pigments, protein, DNA, RNA, heterocyst frequency, uptake of NH4+ and NO3-, loss of electrolytes (Na+ and K+), nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase activities of Nostoc muscorum. The statistical tests revealed a direct positive correlation between the metal concentration and inhibition of different processes. Ni was found to be more toxic against growth, pigments and heterocyst differentiation compared to the other metals. Inhibition of pigment showed the following trend: chlorophyll greater than phycocyanin greater than carotenoid. No generalized trend for inhibition of macromolecules was observed. The loss of K+ and Na+ as affected by Cr, Ni and Pb was similar but more pronounced for K+ than Na+. The inhibition of physiological variables depicted the following trend: Na+ loss greater than K+ loss greater than glutamine synthetase greater than NH4+ uptake greater than growth greater than NO3- uptake greater than nitrate reductase greater than heterocyst frequency. This study therefore suggests that loss of electrolytes can be used as a first signal of metal toxicity in cyanobacteria. However, further study is needed to confirm whether the abnormality induced by nickel (branch formation) is a physiological or genetic phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Rai
- Laboratory of Algal Biology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Kumar S, Sikka HC, Dubey SK, Czech A, Geddie N, Wang CX, LaVoie EJ. Mutagenicity and tumorigenicity of dihydrodiols, diol epoxides, and other derivatives of benzo(f)quinoline and benzo(h)quinoline. Cancer Res 1989; 49:20-4. [PMID: 2908847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The mutagenic activities of benzo[f]quinoline, benzo[h]quinoline, and a number of their derivatives, including dihydrodiols, K-region oxides, diol epoxides, and tetrahydroepoxides, were assessed in strain TA 100 of Salmonella typhimurium. The dihydrodiol derivatives of benzo[f]quinoline and benzo[h]quinoline were also tested for tumorigenic activity in newborn mice. Benzo[f]quinoline was metabolically activated in the presence of rat liver S-9 preparation to products mutagenic to the bacterial system to a greater extent than was benzo[h]quinoline. However, trans-7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo[f]quinoline was less mutagenic compared to trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[h]quinoline in the presence of rat liver homogenate. The data on the mutagenic activity of the dihydrodiol derivatives of benzoquinolines were consistent with the intrinsic mutagenicity of the corresponding epoxide derivatives, in that the bay-region diol epoxides and tetrahydroepoxide of benzo[h]quinoline exhibited considerably higher mutagenic activities compared to those of the corresponding derivatives of benzo[f]quinoline at equivalent doses. The K-region oxides of benzo[f]quinoline and benzo[h]quinoline were significantly less mutagenic than their corresponding bay-region diol epoxide and tetrahydroepoxide derivatives. The demonstration that benzo[f]quinoline is significantly more mutagenic than trans-7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo[f]quinoline, a precursor to the weakly mutagenic bay-region diol epoxide, suggests that the bay-region diol epoxide formation is not the principal pathway for the metabolic activation of benzo[f]quinoline to a mutagen. On the other hand, the isomeric benzo[h]quinoline appears to exert its mutagenic effect via the formation of its bay-region diol epoxide. These results indicate that the position of a nitrogen heteroatom in phenanthrene (the analogous carbocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon) not only has a marked effect on the mutagenic activities of the diol epoxide derivatives, but also can alter the metabolic activation pathways of the parent hydrocarbon. Benzo[f]quinoline, benzo[h]quinoline, and their dihydrodiol derivatives were not tumorigenic in newborn mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kumar
- Great Lakes Laboratory, State University of New York College, Buffalo 14222
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Abstract
Toxicity of chromium and tin on growth, heterocyst differentiation, nitrogenase activity and 14CO2 uptake of Anabaena doliolum and its amelioration by sulphur-containing amino acids and thiols has been studied. The final growth yield was found to be approximately 51% and 58% of control at sublethal concentration of chromium and tin respectively. Among various amino acids tested, cysteine (0.05 mM) significantly restored growth, heterocyst differentiation, nitrogenase and 14CO2 uptake of test alga. Dithiothreitol (1 mM) restored all the parameters and processes better than monothiol, mercaptoethanol. It is obvious from present investigation that sulphur-containing amino acids and thiols, viz. cysteine, methionine, cystine, mercaptoethanol and dithiothreitol, may appreciably alleviate the toxicity of heavy metals in N2-fixing cyanobacteria if present in an aquatic ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Dubey
- Laboratory of Algal Biology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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46
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Abstract
The formation of hepatic DNA adducts in male Sprague-Dawley rats following i.p. administration of benzo[f]quinoline (BfQ) was examined using a 32P-post-labeling assay. BfQ exhibited a low binding (11-27 amol adducts/microgram DNA) to liver DNA. Two BfQ-nucleoside adducts (one major and one minor) were detected. The BfQ-DNA adducts formed in vivo were chromatographically distinct from the adducts formed by the reaction of calf thymus DNA in vitro with BfQ-5,6-oxide, syn-7 beta,8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 beta,10 beta-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydroBfQ, anti-9 alpha,10 beta-dihydroxy-7 alpha,8 alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydroBfQ, or anti-7 beta,8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 alpha,10 alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydroBfQ-N- oxide. These results suggest that the bay-region diol epoxide of BfQ, unlike the bay-region diol epoxide derivatives of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, is not involved in the covalent binding of BfQ to DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Sikka
- Great Lakes Laboratory, State University of New York College, Buffalo 14222
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47
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Abstract
The metabolism of [1,3-14C]benzo[f]quinoline (BfQ) by liver microsomes from control, 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC)-pretreated and phenobarbital (PB)-pretreated rats has been investigated in order to gain insights into the effect of mixed function oxidase inducers on the types and levels of specific metabolites as formed in vitro. The rates of metabolism of BfQ by liver microsomes from control, 3-MC- and PB-pretreated rats were 0.5, 3.6 and 2.4 nmol/min/mg of respectively. The most predominant metabolite of BfQ detected with liver microsomes from 3-MC-pretreated rats was BfQ-7,8-dihydrodiol, a precursor of the bay-region diol epoxide, constituting 41% of the total ethyl acetate-extractable metabolites. Other metabolites obtained along with their relative proportions were as follows: BfQ-N-oxide, 23% 7-hydroxyBfQ, 15%; 9-hydroxyBfQ, 9%; and BfQ-9,10-dihydrodiol, 6%. BfQ-5,6-dihydrodiol, a K-region dihydrodiol, was a trace metabolite representing approximately 1.0% of the total metabolism. Liver microsomes from PB-pretreated rats oxidized BfQ primarily to BfQ-N-oxide and 9-hydroxyBfQ, which constituted 41% and 20% of the total ethyl acetate-extractable metabolites of BfQ. The relative proportions of BfQ-9,10-dihydrodiol, BfQ-7,8-dihydrodiol and 7-hydroxy-BfQ formed were 12%, 3% and 13% respectively, while the figure for BfQ-5,6-dihydrodiol was 0.5%. The profile of metabolites formed by liver microsomes from control rats was similar to that generated by microsomes from PB-pretreated rats. While benzo-ring metabolites represented a major part of the metabolism of BfQ by liver microsomes from either 3-MC- or PB-pretreated rats, these two types of microsomes exhibited a positional selectivity in the oxidation of BfQ, the former primarily attacking the 7,8-position of BfQ while the latter preferentially oxidizing the 9,10-position. The preponderance of the potentially mutagenic BfQ-7,8-dihydrodiol amongst the metabolites generated by liver microsomes from 3-MC-pretreated rats suggests a possible role for cytochrome P-450c, the major form of rat hepatic cytochrome P-450 induced by 3-MC, in the metabolic activation of BfQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kandaswami
- Great Lakes Laboratory, State University of New York College, Buffalo 14222
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48
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Katiyar JC, Visen PK, Gupata S, Sen AB, Dubey SK, Sharma S. 3, 5-Dibromo-2'-chloro-4'-isothiocyanatosalicylanilide, a potent anthelmintic. Experientia 1982; 38:457-60. [PMID: 7084406 DOI: 10.1007/bf01952636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The compound, 3, 5-dibromo-2'-chloro-4'-isothiocyanatosalicylanilide, has been tested against various nematode and cestode parasites in experimental and domestic animals. It shoved 100% activity against Ancylostoma ceylanicum, A tubaeformis, Syphacia obvelata, ascaridia galli, Toxocara spp., Toxascaris sp., Gnathostoma spinigerum, Hymenolepis nana, Raillietina spp. and Taenia spp. in doses 25-70 mg/kg given in single or multiple administrations.
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49
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Gupta S, Katiyar JC, Sen AB, Dubey SK, Singh H, Sharma S, Iyer RN. Anticestode activity of 3,5-dibromo-2'-chlorosalicylanilide-4'-isothiocyanate--a preliminary report. J Helminthol 1980; 54:271-3. [PMID: 7229321 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x00006751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Many compounds have been claimed to possess powerful taenicidal activity but only a few are able to remove the tapeworms complete with scolices; accordingly better drugs are still needed. A series of 3, 5-dibromosalicylanilides, possessing a molecular framework similar to that of niclosamide (Gönnert and Schraufstätter, 1960) was tested for taenicidal activity; the most potent anticestode compound was found to be 3, 5-dibromo-2' -chlorosalicylanilide-4' -isothiocyanate (CDRI Compound 77–6). The present communication compares the efficacy of Compound 77–6 with niclosamide, N-(2' -chloro-4-nitrophenyl)-5-chlorosalicylamid (Bayer, power with 75% active ingredient) and praziquantel, 2-cyclohexylcarbonyl-1–3, 4, 6, 7, 11 b-hexahydro-2H-Pyrazino [2–1-a], isoquinoline-4-one (Droncit, E. Merck & Bayer, powder, 100% pure) (Seubert et al., 1977) in rats and mice.
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Sehgal A, David GF, Dubey SK, Kumar TC. Patterns of transfer of tritiated progesterone into blood & cerebrospinal fluid of rhesus monkeys following diverse methods of administration. Indian J Exp Biol 1980; 18:707-8. [PMID: 7429580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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