The role of miRNAs targeting K-ras and APC genes in colorectal cancer

OBJECTIVES

The occurrence of abnormal expression patterns in different types of cancer suggests that micro RNAs (miRNAs) may play an important role in tumorigenesis. The aim of this study was to examine the expression levels of miRNAs known to be associated with the regulation of the expression levels of the APC and K-ras, which are important in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC).

METHODS

The expression levels of miR-27, miR-663, miR-217, miR-181d, APC and K-ras in the serum, tumor and adjacent tumor-free (healthy) tissues of the patients and serum of the healthy controls were investigated with qRT-PCR.

RESULTS

Expression levels of miR-217, mR-181d, miR-663, miR-27 and K-ras were found to be higher in CRC tissues than in adjacent tumor-free tissues of the patients. In patient serum samples, miR-663 levels were statistically more elevated than in controls. In patient tumor tissues, miR-217, miR-181d and miR-27 expressions were found to be higher.

CONCLUSIONS

Increased miR-181d and miR-217 expression levels are associated with increased K-ras expression in the tumor tissues, and the expression of K-ras, which takes part as an oncogene in the CRC development, might be regulated by these miRNAs (Tab. 4, Ref. 33).

Elevated neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio in patients with euthyroid chronic autoimmune thyreotidis

OBJECTIVE

The neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), determined from peripheral blood, is accepted as an available and practical indicator of the systemic inflammation. In this study, we aimed to determine whether the NLR was higher in euthyroid chronic autoimmune thyreotidis (CAT) patients compared to a healthy control group.

METHODS

A total of 112 patients were enrolled in this study, including 59 patients with euthyroid CAT on any form of therapy and 53 healthy controls. Th e CAT patients were similar in age to the healthy control group (mean 33.9±12.8 years versus 30.2±12.4 years, p=0.10). Measurements were available for the white blood cells (WBC), neutrophils, lymphocytes, platelets, C-reactive protein (CRP), thyroid peroxidase immune antibody (anti-TPO), and anti-thyroglobulin immune antibody (anti-TG). The NLR and platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) were calculated. Differences between the CAT and control groups were tested using the student's t-test and the correlations were determined using Pearson's correlation coefficients.

RESULTS

There were no differences between the CAT and control groups for WBCs (7.9±0.3 and 7.4±0.2, respectively; p=0.1) or neutrophils (5.5±0.3 and 5.4±1.1; p=0.9), but lymphocytes were higher in the CAT group (3.1±0.5 vs. 2.04±0.1; p=0.05) as was the NLR (4.0±0.7 vs. 2.0±0.1; p=0.01). Th e NLR was positively correlated with CRP (r=0.6, p<0.001), anti-TPO (r=0.3, p<0.001), anti-TG (r=0.3, p=0.006), WBCs (r=0.4, p<0.001), and the PLR (r=0.73, p<0.001). The PLR was also higher in the CAT than the control group (p=0.02).

CONCLUSIONS

In this study, we found that NLR values were higher in euthyroid CAT patients than in a healthy control group and that NLR correlated with autoantibodies used to diagnose the disease.

Evaluation of the intraocular pressure changes during micturition in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the effect of the Valsalva maneuver (VM) during micturition on intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

IOP were measured before and during micturition in uroflowmetry testing by Tonopen-Avia (Reichert Inc., NY, USA) in 35 eyes of 35 patients with BPH. International Prostate Symptoms Score (IPSS) questionnaire was used for quantification of BPH symptoms. The subjects were divided into two groups according to IPSS questionnaire: patients with low IPSS scores and patients with high IPSS scores.

RESULTS

The mean IOP before and during micturition in patients with BPH were 15.26 ± 4.39 mmHg and 16.23 ± 4.43 mmHg, respectively (p = 0.047). When patients with BPH were assigned to two distinct groups according to the IPSS scores, IOP did not differ in patients with low IPSS scores (p = 0.590), whereas mean IOP was significantly higher in patients with high IPSS scores (p = 0.007).

CONCLUSIONS

The Valsalva maneuver, performed during micturition, can lead to significant IOP increase in patients with BPH, particularly in advanced disease.

Treatment of ischemic colonic anastomoses with systemic transplanted bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells

BACKGROUND

The aim of the study is to investigate the healing effect of the bone-marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) on ischemic colon anastomosis in systemic application and to recovery the adverse effect of ischemia.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Fourty male Wistar Albino rats weigthing 250-300 g were divided into four equal groups (n=10 Group 1: control; ischemic left colonic anastomoses (4th day); Group 2: control; ischemic left colonic anastomoses (7th day); Group 3: ischemic left colonic anastomoses + systemic transplanted BM-MSCs (4th day); Group 4: ischemic left colonic anastomoses + systemic transplanted BM-MSCs (7th day). BMSCs labelled with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) were transplanted into the vena cava. Group 1 and group 3 were killed four days after surgery. In group 2 and group 4 were sacrificed seven days after the surgical procedure. Histopathological features, hydroxyproline levels in the tissue, and anastomotic strength were investigated.

RESULTS

There was no mortality all of the groups.The mean bursting pressures of ischemic colonic anastomoses in group 3 were higher than in control group 1 (4th day). We found significantly higher hydroxyproline values in group 3 and were significantly higher in group 4 than in control groups. We investigated the early period of wound healing (4th day and 7th day). When comparing between group 1 and group 3, we found higher levels for all of the histological parameters except inflammation in group 3. On day 7, when comparing between group 2 and group 4, we found higher levels for parameters of necrosis, collagen deposition.

CONCLUSIONS

BM-MSCs therapy significantly accelerated all of the healing parameters for ischemic colonic anastomosis except for inflammation on fourth day. On the seventh day, BM-MSCs augmented the levels of the hydroxyproline. Histological parameters, necrosis and collagen deposition were also found to be important for healing of ischemic colonic anastomoses. However, they did not accelerate the others histological parameters especially angiogenesis.

Evaluation of the effects of hyperbaric oxygen treatment and enoxaparin on left colon anastomosis. An experimental study

BACKGROUND

Surgical interventions on left colon lead to high morbidity. The problems in wound healing are the main cause of this morbidity. Hypoxia retards wound healing and hyperbaric oxygen treatment (HBOT) has an anti-hypoxic effect.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this experimental study we divided eighty Wistar albino rats into eight groups and numbered between 1 and 8. Normal (non-ischemic) and ischemic left colon anastomosis were performed in the first and second four groups respectively. HBOT and subcutaneous enoxaparin were applied to the groups separately and in combination for four days, except the control groups. (Group-1 and Group-5). We measured anastomotic bursting pressures and performed pathological examinations besides electron microscopic study in one sample from each group after sacrificing the rats on the fourth day.

RESULTS

There were no statistically significant differences in bursting pressures when we compared Group-1 with other non-ischemic groups, and Group-5 with Group-6, but there were statistically significant differences when we compared Group-5 with Group-7 and 8. In pathological examination, there were no statistically significant differences between the groups concerning necrosis, epithelization, granulation tissue formation and collagen deposition. Statistically significant differences were found in the scores of neovascularization when we compared Group-1 with Group-3 and 4, and Group-5 with Group-8. Electron microscopic evaluation revealed a prominent increase both in neovascularization and collagen fibers in the samples taken from the groups received enoxaparine and hyperbaric oxygen treatment in combination.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest that HBOT increases neovascularization and bursting pressures in ischemic colon anastomosis in contrast with enoxaparin.

Postprandial hyperlipidemia in overt and subclinical hypothyroidism

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Lipid alterations in overt hypothyroidism (OH) were well known, but its changes in subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) and postprandial period were not clear. The aim of this study is to evaluate postprandial lipemia by oral lipid tolerance test (OLTT) in patients with OH and SCH.

MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

Twenty-five OH and 27 SCH, totally 52 hypothyroid patients [mean age 38.3 ± 12.8 year, body mass index (BMI): 29.0 ± 5.8 kg/m(2)] and 23 BMI- and age-matched healthy controls (mean age 36.7 ± 11.9 years; BMI: 27.1 ± 6.9 kg/m(2)) were included to the study. Anthropometric measurements and HOMA-IR levels were measured. Basal and postprandial lipid profile at 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th hours were determined by oral lipid tolerance test.

RESULTS

There were not any statistical differences among three groups (control, OH and SCH) in terms of mean fasting levels of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, VLDL-cholesterol, and triglyceride. On the contrary, mean triglyceride levels at postprandial 8th hour in both OH and SCH patients were higher than control subjects (p=0.017 and p=0.049, respectively). Again mean postprandial 8th hour VLDL-cholesterol levels in OH group were also higher than control subjects (p=0.05). In addition mean HOMA-IR value of SCH and OH patients was similar with control subjects (1.5 ± 1.4 in OH; 1.3 ± 0.8 in SCH; 2.2 ± 2.2 in control group).

CONCLUSIONS

Although total, LDL and VLDL-cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were not different from healthy controls, triglyceride and/or VLDL-cholesterol levels apparently increased with OLTT in both OH and SCH patients. Decreased lipid clearance may be responsible for this result.

Insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus may be related to bone mineral density

The mechanism of bone mineral density (BMD) changes in type 2 diabetes mellitus is not clear. We aimed to investigate the effect of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetics on BMD. Insulin resistance was determined using the homeostasis model assessment index (HOMA-IR). Nineteen type 2 diabetic patients with a HOMA-IR <2.7 (mean age, 51.5±9.6yr; body mass index [BMI], 27.3±5.1kg/m(2); duration of diabetes, 10.5±7.3yr) were included in Group A, and 30 BMI- and age-matched type 2 diabetic patients with a HOMA-IR ≥2.7 were included in Group B. The BMD was measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Independent t-test was used for statistical analysis. The Group A values for mean fasting glucose and insulin levels were 160.1±77.0mg/dL and 4.79±2.89μU/L, respectively, whereas the Group B values were 195.1±58.9mg/dL (p>0.05) and 19.30±16.89μU/L (p=0.0001). Significantly higher total lumbar vertebra T-score (p=0.02) and total lumbar vertebra BMD in Group A were determined than Group B (p=0.033). The lumbar vertebra total Z-score was significantly lower in Group B (p=0.042). Marked insulin resistance may have a negative effect on BMD in type 2 diabetics, while the presence of hyperinsulinemia may be associated with the low BMD.

Predictive value of serum NT-proBNP levels in type 2 diabetic people with diabetic nephropathy

OBJECTIVE

The serum N-terminal fragment of pro brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) level in type 2 diabetic subjects with or without diabetic nephropathy (DN) is still unclear. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between serum NT-proBNP levels and different stages of diabetic nephropathy, and identify probable factors predicting serum NT-proBNP level.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

This cross-sectional study included 20 normoalbuminuric (Group-I), 28 microalbuminuric (Group-II), 20 macroalbuminuric type 2 diabetic patients (Group-III), and 20 healthy volunteers (Group-IV). Serum NT-proBNP levels were measured with highly sensitive and specific immunoassay.

RESULTS

Mean NT-proBNP levels were 32 ± 55, 91 ± 95, 331 ± 297, 42 ± 34 pg/ml for Groups I-IV, respectively. When patients with LVH were excluded, mean logNT-proBNP was still significantly higher in Group-III than all other groups. The three diabetic groups were similar in age, BMI, HbA1c, fasting serum glucose, and GFR. In a multivariate linear regression model, adjusting for factors significantly correlated with NT-proBNP levels, the patient group, presence of LVH, and hemoglobin remained as an independent predictor of serum NT-proBNP. These variables explained 68% of the variability of NT-proBNP (adjusted R(2)=0.683).

CONCLUSIONS

Mean serum NT-proBNP level of macroalbuminuric diabetic patients was higher than normoalbuminuric and microalbuminuric diabetic patients, and healthy control subjects even after exclusion of LVH. NT-proBNP may be a useful and predictive marker of diabetic nephropathy.

Resistin may not associate with gestational diabetes mellitus although insulin resistance

OBJECTIVE

Resistin is a potent regulator of glucose homeostasis which is thought to oppose the action of insulin in peripheral tissues. The aim of this study was to determine changes in resistin levels in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).

MATERIAL AND METHOD

Twenty women with GDM (mean age 32.28 +/- 5.01 years old, and gestational age 32.2 +/- 4.8 weeks) matched with 22 non diabetic pregnant women (NGDM) (mean age 30.30 +/- 4.5 years old, and gestational age 34.8 +/- 3.5 weeks) were included in the study. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Serum resistin levels were measured and insulin resistance was calculated with HOMA-IR. The Mann Whitney U test was used for statistical analysis.

RESULTS

BMI was 33.8 +/- 6.2 kg/m2 in the GDM group and 28.4 +/- 6.2 kg/m2 in the NGDM group (p = 0.04). Serum resistin levels were 8.7 +/- 2.1 ng/ml in the GDM group and 8.1 +/- 2.5 ng/ml in the NGDM group. Mean resistin level was not different between the two groups. HOMA-IR in GDM was higher than in the NGDM group (13.2 +/- 12.2 vs 5.8 +/- 5.1, p = 0.02, respectively).

CONCLUSION

Although mean BMI in GDM was higher than in NGDM and insulin resistance in GDM was more marked than in NGDM, serum resistin levels in GDM were not found to be any different from NGDM.

Helicobacter pylori virulence factors and their role in peptic ulcer diseases in Turkey

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS

The role of virulence factors present in Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) strains and the characterization of such factors being predictive of specific disease is still not clear. In this study, the cagA, vacA alleles and the recently characterized vacA i-region and dupA and their association with the severity of the disease was determined.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Antral biopsies from 91patients with peptic ulcer (PU) (n = 41), gastritis (n = 48) and gastric cancer (GC) (n = 2) were analyzed for the presence of H. pylori by the CLO-test and PCR. A 79/91 (86%) patients were positive for H. pylori by either PCR or by both PCR and CLO-test. PCR-based typing of H. pylori isolates was performed on DNA extracted directly from biopsy samples.

RESULTS

The cagA+ strains were found more likely to be associated with vacA s1 than s2. The vacA i1 allele detected in 16/23 (70%) of samples had significant association with duodenal ulcers than those 16/37 (44%) of gastritis (P < 0.04). No significant association was found between dupA and duodenal ulcer. This study provided more evidence that the vacA i1 allele is one of the virulence factors of H. pylori that had significant association with severe outcome.

N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide in newly diagnosed acromegaly

INTRODUCTION AND AIM

The mechanisms of acromegalic cardiomyopathy are not clearly understood. Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal fragment of its pro-hormone (NT-proBNP) are released by the cardiac ventricles and increase in heart failure. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate serum NT-proBNP levels in acromegalic patients and determine a relationship between NT-proBNP levels and echocardiographic parameters.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Twenty-two newly diagnosed acromegalic patients [mean age 38.85 ± 11.06 yr; body mass index (BMI): 28.51 ± 3.48 kg/m2] and 26 age- and BMI-matched healthy control subjects (mean age 32.9 ± 12.6 yr; BMI: 26.2 ± 5.3 kg/m2) were included in the study. Standard oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed. Serum NT-proBNP and GH were measured at the beginning of the OGTT (0 min). Body fat analyses were measured by bioelectrical impedance. Echocardiography was used in cardiac evaluations.

RESULTS

The mean NT-proBNP level in the acromegalic group was not significantly different from the control subjects (55.89 ± 46.64 pg/ml in acromegaly vs 28.76 ± 22.13 pg/ml in control subjects). There were no correlations between the serum NTproBNP, GH, and IGF-I levels. Echocardiography revealed significantly increased left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (p=0.008), interventricular septum thickness (p=0.009), left atrium (p=0.029), and right ventricle diameter (p=0.027) in the acromegalic group.

CONCLUSION

NT-proBNP levels were found to be slightly higher in acromegalic patients as an indicator of heart failure, but the increase was not statistically significant. Although these cardiac structural changes in newly diagnosed acromegalic patients are present, the normal level of NT-proBNP shows that NT-proBNP may not be a good indicator in acromegaly.

Serum resistin and adiponectin levels in young non-obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome

INTRODUCTION

Although polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) was described more than half a century ago, the underlying cause of PCOS is still unknown. The aim of our study was to evaluate whether serum resistin and adipocytokine levels alter and its changes relate with low grade inflammation in non-obese young women with PCOS.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Newly diagnosed 31 young non-obese women with PCOS (mean age 21.8 +/- 5.4 years; body mass index (BMI): 23.8 +/- 6.6 kg/m(2)) and 25 BMI- and age-matched, regular-cycling, healthy women (mean age 24.9 +/- 5.7 years; BMI: 23.1 +/- 5.8 kg/m(2)) were included the study Anthropometric measurements were evaluated. Resistin, adiponectin, glucose, insulin, hormone profiles, Lipoprotein (Lp)(a), high sensitive C reactive protein (hs-CRP), and homocysteine levels were measured in the beginning of oral glucose tolerance test. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated.

RESULTS

Non-obese young women with PCOS had high adiponectin levels (28.01 +/- 6.47 ng/ml in PCOS vs. 23.89 +/- 7.70 ng/ml in control subjects, p = 0.034), whereas serum resistin levels were not significantly different compared with healthy controls (14.14 +/- 6.6 ng/ml in PCOS vs. 13.78 +/- 4.26 ng/ml in control subjects). There were no significant differences between two groups in terms of fasting insulin, Lp(a), homocysteine, and hs-CRP levels. Mean HOMA-IR value of patients with PCOS was similar with control subjects (1.93 +/- 0.73 in PCOS; 1.15 +/- 0.54 in control group).

CONCLUSIONS

Resistin levels did not change in non-obese young women with PCOS whereas adiponectin level in non-obese young women with PCOS was significantly higher than control subjects, perhaps, because of no insulin resistance. Circulating resistin levels may not be candidate to play a role in pathogenesis of PCOS without insulin resistance or obesity.

Rhabdomyolysis-induced acute renal failure following fenofibrate therapy: a case report and literature review

Fenofibrate, a fibric acid derivative, is used to treat diabetic dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and combined hyperlipidemia, administered alone or in combination with statins. Rhabdomyolysis is defined as a pathological condition involving skeletal muscle cell damage leading to the release of toxic intracellular material into circulation. Its major causes include muscle compression or overexertion; trauma; ischemia; toxins; cocaine, alcohol, and drug use; metabolic disorders; infections. However, rhabdomyolysis associated with fenofibrate is extremely rare. Herein we report a 45-year-old female patient who was referred to our department because of generalized muscle pain, fatigue, weakness, and oliguria over the preceding 3 weeks. On the basis of the pathogenesis and clinical and laboratory examinations, a diagnosis of acute renal failure secondary to fenofibrate-induced rhabdomyolysis was made. Weekly followups for patients who are administered fenofibrate are the most important way to prevent possible complications.

Oral fluvastatin reduces the severity of peritoneal adhesions in rats

BACKGROUND

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of fluvastatin on peritoneal adhesion formation.

METHODS

48 female Wistar-albino rats weighing 200-220 g were divided into four groups each containing 12 rats. Group I was sham, Group II was the control group, while Group III was given 10 mg/kg/day (28 days) oral fluvastatin. In Group IV, 10 mg/kg fluvastatin was administered intraperitoneally at the time of laparotomy but the rats died from that dose. After laparotomy on day 14, caecal serosal abrasions and punctuate haemorrhagies were performed. On day 28, laparotomies were repeated. Adhesions were graded and tissue samples were taken from incisions and adhesions. Hydroxyproline contents representing adhesions were measured quantitatively. On the 28th day, blood samples were taken to measure the tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) activity.

RESULTS

There were significant differences between the groups for adhesion severity (p < 0.0001), hydroxyproline content and t-PA activity of the adhesions (p < 0.0001). Analysis of the grading of adhesions documented significant differences between all groups. When the hydroxyproline content and t-PA activity of the adhesions was analyzed, there were significant differences between groups II, I and III, but the difference between group I and group III was not statistically significant.

CONCLUSIONS

The data presented in this study demonstrate that the oral administration of the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor fluvastatin reduced intra-abdominal adhesion formation.

Oxidant/antioxidant status in recurrent aphthous stomatitis

OBJECTIVE

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is a common oral mucosal disorder characterized by recurrent, painful oral aphthae, and oxidative stress presumably contributes to its pathogenesis. The study was performed to evaluate the involvement of oxidant toxicity in this disorder.

METHODS

Patients with RAS (n = 26) and age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects (n = 20) were included in this study. Following an overnight fast, blood specimens were obtained. Plasma malondialdehyde concentrations and erythrocytes glutathione peroxidase activities were determined. Also, plasma vitamin E and selenium levels were detected. Mann-Whitney U-test was performed for statistical evaluation.

RESULTS

Oxidative stress was confirmed by the significant elevation in plasma malondialdehyde levels and by the significant decrease in glutathione peroxidase activities, vitamin E and selenium levels (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Our results indicated that lipid peroxidation and the inadequacy of the defense system seem to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of recurrent aphthous stomatitis.

Levels of proinflammatory cytokines and hs-CRP in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia

OBJECTIVE

Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an extremely rare (1/1,000,000) condition characterized by markedly increased LDL cholesterol levels and a significantly increased risk of premature coronary heart disease (CHD). We aimed to evaluate the levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and proinflammatory cytokines, which are known to be associated with atherogenesis, in patients with this condition.

METHOD AND RESULTS

A total of 10 patients with homozygous FH (5 women and 5 men, mean age 17.0 +/- 6.9 years, body mass index (BMI) (18.8 +/- 1.9 kg/m2) and 16 healthy controls were included. hs-CRP levels, proinflammatory cytokine levels and lipid parameters were measured and compared between patients and control subjects. Homozygous FH patients had significantly higher total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and Lp(a) levels and significantly lower triglyceride and HDL cholesterol levels, compared to controls (P = 0.0001, for all). Serum hs-CRP (3.7 +/- 1.3 mg/L vs. 0.6 +/- 0.6 mg/L) and IL-1beta, IL-2R, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-alpha levels were all significantly higher in the homozygous FH group, compared to controls (P = 0.0001, for all).

CONCLUSIONS

Homozygous FH patients have significantly higher levels of hs-CRP and circulating proinflammatory cytokines, which may explain their increased risk of atherosclerotic disease. hs-CRP is an important biomarker that may be helpful in the identification of asymptomatic CHD in FH patients.

The effect of periodontal therapy on serum TNF-alpha and HbA1c levels in type 2 diabetic patients

BACKGROUND

To determine the effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy on serum TNF-alpha and HbA1c levels in poorly and well-controlled type 2 diabetic patients.

METHODS

In total, 45 patients were enrolled in the study; 30 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with periodontitis (15 with poorly controlled diabetes, HbA1c >or= 7%, group 1A and 15 with well-controlled diabetes, HbA1c < 7%, group 1B) and 15 patients that were systemically healthy with periodontitis (group 2). The plaque index, gingival index, probing depth, clinical attachment loss, gingival bleeding index, HbA1c value, and circulating TNF-alpha concentration were measured at baseline and three months after the non-surgical periodontal therapy.

RESULTS

All periodontal parameters and serum TNF-alpha levels were significantly decreased three months after the non-surgical periodontal therapy compared to the baseline values in all groups. The HbA1c values were significantly decreased only in well-controlled diabetic patients. We found no significant differences in the periodontal parameters or TNF-alpha levels at baseline and after three months between the two groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Although non-surgical periodontal therapy eliminates local/systemic infection and inflammation via decreases in TNF-alpha, it is insufficient for significantly reducing HbA1c levels without strict glycaemic control in poorly controlled diabetic patients in a short time period.

Sheehan's syndrome and its impact on bone mineral density

INTRODUCTION

Although there have been few studies investigating osteoporosis in isolated hormone deficiencies or other causes of hypopituitarism, the relationship between Sheehan's syndrome (SS) and osteoporosis has not been investigated. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate bone mineral density (BMD) in patients with SS in comparison with healthy women.

METHODS

Sixty-one patients with SS and 62 matched healthy controls were included. Biochemical, hormonal assessments and BMD evaluations were carried out in patients and controls, and a subgroup analysis according to menopausal status was done (premenopausal < 50 years; postmenopausal > 50 years).

RESULTS

The mean levels of serum anterior pituitary hormones were significantly lower in pre- and postmenopausal patients with SS compared with respective control groups (p < 0.0001). For both pre- and postmenopausal subjects, compared with respective controls, serum calcium and ALP levels, femur-T score, femur-Z score, spine (L1-L5)-T score, spine (L1-L5)-Z score and BMD values were lower, and phosphorus and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels were higher in patients with SS.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with SS had low BMD. The possible mechanism responsible for osteoporosis may be hypogonadism, growth hormone deficiency and disorders of parathyroid hormone and calcium metabolism. But the contribution of each anterior pituitary hormone deficiency on bone loss should be clarified in further prospective studies.

The role of psychological factors and serum zinc, folate and vitamin B12 levels in the aetiology of trichodynia: a case-control study

BACKGROUND

Cutaneous dysaesthesia syndromes are characterized by chronic cutaneous symptoms without objective findings, and their aetiologies are obscure. Trichodynia describes pain and a stinging sensation of the scalp related to diffuse alopecia.

AIMS

To determine the prevalence rate of trichodynia in patients with diffuse alopecia; to assess the serum zinc, folate and vitamin B(12) levels; and to investigate the significance of psychological disorders in these patients.

METHODS

The study comprised 91 patients with a diagnosis of diffuse hair loss and 74 healthy controls. Patients were questioned about the presence of trichodynia, and their serum zinc, folate and vitamin B(12) levels were assessed. They were also evaluated using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Beck Anxiety Inventory, and the Somatoform Dissociation Questionnaire (SDQ).

RESULTS

The rates of androgenetic alopecia and telogen effluvium were 26.4% and 73.6%, respectively, Trichodynia was found in 30 patients (33%), and was more common in the telogen effluvium group than in the androgenetic alopecia group (P = 0.5). There was no significant difference between the patients with alopecia and controls for zinc, folate and vitamin B(12) levels, or for psychological test scores. However, the BDI and SDQ scores were significantly higher (P = 0.03 and P = 0.01, respectively) in patients with than those in without trichodynia.

CONCLUSIONS

Trichodynia is a commonly encountered symptom in patients with diffuse alopecia, and depression and somatoform dissociation disorders may play an important role in its aetiology. Our data provide no evidence that serum levels of zinc, folate or vitamin B(12) are involved in the pathogenesis of trichodynia.

WITHDRAWN: SERUM NT-PRO TYPE BRAIN NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE LEVELS IN NEWLY DIAGNOSED ACROMEGALIC PATIENTS

Ahead of Print article withdrawn by publisher.

Evaluation of insulin sensitivity in hyperprolactinemic subjects by euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp technique

The background and aim of the study is to evaluate insulin sensitivity in hyperprolactinemic subjects via euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp technique. Sixteen hyperprolactinemic subjects and 12 healthy subjects were included in the study. HOMA-B and HOMA-IR values of groups were calculated. Euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp technique was performed in both groups, and the M value of the groups was defined. Mann-Whitney U and chi-square tests were used in statistical analysis. Basal insulin level of hyperprolactinemic patients were higher than the control group (6.85 +/- 4.68; 3.66 +/- 0.88 microU/ml respectively; P < 0.05). Mean HOMA-IR and HOMA-B values of patients were higher than control group (1.49 +/- 1.30; 0.78 +/- 0.27 respectively; P = 0.02 and 136.28 +/- 72.53; 64.77 +/- 23.31, respectively, P < 0.001). M values of the patients were statistically lower than the control group (5.64 +/- 2.36; 7.05 +/- 1.62 kg/mg/min respectively; P < 0.05). (1) Hyperprolactinemic patients were more insulin resistant than control subjects. (2) Insulin resistance in hyperprolactinemic patients is not associated with obesity or anthropometric parameters such as fat content, waist circumference and BMI.

Size distribution of luteal cells during pseudopregnancy in domestic cats

Experiments were designed to investigate the size distribution of queen steroidogenic luteal cells throughout pseudopregnancy. Corpora lutea were obtained from the queens following ovariohysterectomy on days 7, 15 or 25 of pseudopregnancy. Luteal cells were isolated from the ovary by collagenase digestion. Steriodogenic cells were identified by staining of cells for 3beta-HSD activity. Cell diameters were measured using a microscope. Luteal cells having steroidogenic capacity covered a wide spectrum of sizes ranging from 3 to 35 mum in diameter. There was a significant increase in mean cell diameters (p < 0.01) as pseudopregnancy progressed. Mean diameter of 3beta-HSD positive cells increased from 10.41 +/- 0.7 microm, on day 7 of pseudopregnancy, to 19.72 +/- 1.3 microm on day 25 of pseudopregnancy. The ratio of large (>20 microm in diameter) to small (3-20 microm in diameter) luteal cells was 0.08 : 1.0 on day 7 of pseudopregnancy, with the 7.5-10 microm cell size class predominant. By day 25 of pseudopregnancy, the ratio of large-to-small cells was increased to 0.87 : 1.0, and 20-25 microm cell sizes become predominant. In conclusion, this study has demonstrated that the cells of the corpus luteum undergo continuous differentiation during pseudopregnancy in queen. This study also demonstrates that luteal cells dissociated from pseudopregnant queen can be used as a model to study the physiology of corpus luteum in pregnant cats.

L-myc gene polymorphism and risk of thyroid cancer

L-myc gene polymorphism is a representative genetic trait responsible for an individual's susceptibility to several cancers. However, there have been no reports concerning the association between thyroid cancer and L-myc gene polymorphism.

AIM

To analyze the distribution of L-myc gene polymorphism in Turkish patients with thyroid disorders and thyroid cancers.

METHODS

We used a molecular genotyping method, polymerase chain reaction-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). We studied 138 patients of whom 47 had multinodular goiter, 13 had follicular cancer and 69 had papillar cancer, in comparison with control group of 109 healthy individuals.

RESULTS

No significant difference in the distribution of genotypes was observed between thyroid patients and controls. Carrying SS or LS genotype revealed a 1.96-fold (95% CI 0.573-6.706) risk for the occurrence of follicular cancer when compared with controls, and 3.11-fold (95% CI 0.952-10.216), when compared with multinodular goiter patients (p=0.04).

CONCLUSION

We suggest that L-myc genotype profiling together with other susceptibility factors, may be useful in the screening for thyroid nodular malignancy.

Distribution and heterogeneity of mast cells in female reproductive tract and ovary on different days of the oestrus cycle in Angora goats

The physiological distribution of mast cells (MCs) in the reproductive tract and ovary of 12 Angora goats was determined using light microscopic histochemical techniques. Uterus (corpus uteri and cornu uteri), uterine cervix, uterine tubes (isthmus and ampulla) and ovary samples were obtained by laparatomy from groups of animals during metoestrus, dioestrus and proestrus (days 5, 10 and 16 of the oestrous cycle). Tissues were fixed in Mota's fixative (basic lead acetate) for 48 h and embedded in paraffin. Six-micrometre-thick sections were stained with toluidine blue in 1% aqueous solution at pH 1.0 for 5 min and alcian blue-Safranin at pH 1.0 for 30 min. MCs were generally associated with blood vessels in all reproductive organs. In the uterus, they were concentrated mainly in the close of the uterine gland and deep stroma in the endometrium. Higher MC numbers were observed by toluidine blue staining in the uterus, uterine cervix and uterine tubes on days 10 (corpus uterine: 4.7 +/- 3.8 and cornu uterine: 4.9 +/- 3.5) and 16 (corpus uterine: 5.9 +/- 4.5 and cornu uterine: 5.4 +/- 2.4) of the oestrous cycle compared with day 5 (p < 0.05). Mast cells were not observed in the follicles, the corpus luteum and the underside of the surface epithelium of the ovarian cortex, but were observed in the interstitial cortical stroma and the ovarian medulla. In the ovary, MC numbers were significantly higher on day 16 of the oestrous cycle (cortex: 3.4 +/- 2.4 and medulla: 5.7 +/- 4.5, p < 0.05). Safranin-positive connective tissue MCs were not observed in the uterine tube on any occasion. These results indicate oestrous cycle-related changes in the number and location of MCs in goat reproductive organs.

Size distribution of dispersed luteal cells during oestrous cycle in Angora goats

The present study examines the size distribution of the goat steroidogenic luteal cells throughout the oestrous cycle. Corpora lutea (CL) were collected after laparatomy on days 5, 10 and 16 of the oestrous cycle. Luteal cells were isolated from CL by collagenase digestion. Steriodogenic luteal cells were identified by staining of the cells for 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity, a marker for steroidogenic cells. Luteal cells having steroidogenic capacity covered a wide spectrum of sizes, ranging from 5 to 37.5 microm in diameter. There was a significant increase in mean cell diameters (p < 0.01) as CL aged. The mean cell diameter on day 5 was 11.55 +/- 0.12 microm, which was significantly increased and reached up to 19.18 +/- 0.24 mum by day 16 of the oestrous cycle. The ratio of large to small luteal cells was 0.06:1.0 on day 5 of the oestrous cycle. This ratio increased to 0.78:1.0 by day 16 of the oestrous cycle. Luteal cell size on days 5, 10 and 16 of the oestrous cycle reached its maximum at 7.5, 10 and 35 microm in diameter, respectively. Development of CL is associated with an increase in luteal cell size in goats. It is likely that small luteal cells could develop into large luteal cells as CL becomes older during oestrous cycle in goats.

Hyperthyroidism may affect serum N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels independently of cardiac dysfunction

BACKGROUND AND AIM

It is known that NT-proBNP levels increase in cardiac failure. However, NT-proBNP levels in different thyroid states are still unclear. We aimed to evaluate serum NT-proBNP levels in both hyperthyroid and hypothyroid patients without cardiac insufficiency.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Thirty-six patients with hyperthyroidism (42.9 +/- 16.7 years), 25 patients with hypothyroidism (35.4 +/- 13.9 years) and 34 age-matched euthyroid subjects (41.4 +/- 13.8 years) were included in the study. After anthropometric evaluations, body fat analyses were determined by bioelectrical impedance. Electrocardiography and echocardiography were used in cardiac evaluations. Serum NT-proBNP was measured by immunoassay.

RESULTS

Mean serum NT-proBNP levels in hyperthyroid patients were higher than in both control subjects (13.65 +/- 13.02 vs. 6.50 +/- 4.83 pmol/l, P = 0.002) and hypothyroid patients (13.65 +/- 13.02 vs. 5.98 +/- 5.08 pmol/l, P = 0.003). However, mean serum NT-proBNP levels in hypothyroid patients were not different from those in control subjects. There was a positive correlation between serum NT-proBNP and thyroid hormones (NT-proBNP and FT3: r = 0.324, P = 0.001; NT-proBNP and FT4: r = 0.269, P = 0.009, respectively). Serum NT-proBNP levels were positively correlated with left ventricle end-diastolic diameters (r = 0.232, P = 0.04), interventricular septum thickness (r = 0.315, P = 0.006), and negatively correlated with left ventricular ejection fraction (r = -0.238, P = 0.04).

CONCLUSIONS

Serum NT-proBNP levels may increase in hyperthyroidism independently of cardiac insufficiency. Therefore, hyperthyroidism may lead to cardiac ultrastructural changes undetermined by conventional echocardiography and these changes may be responsible for elevation of NT-proBNP levels. In contrast to decreased thyroid hormones, excess thyroid hormones may have a more pronounced effect on serum NT-proBNP levels.

Trends in body mass index, blood pressure and parental smoking habits in middle socio-economic level Turkish adolescents

Patterns of cardiovascular risk factors in populations are not static over time. We examined trends in body mass index (BMI), parental smoking and blood pressure over a 15-year period in Turkish children aged 15-17 years. Two cross-sectional studies were performed in secondary schools in Turkey in 1989-1990 and 2004-2005. Study participants were 673 children in 1989-1990 and 640 adolescents in 2004-2005. Main outcome measures were weight, height, BMI, presence and amount of parental smoking, systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Age and sex matched comparisons were performed to assess temporal trends in these measures. Children in 2004-2005 had increased weight, height, BMI and decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressure in all age groups compared with children in 1989-1990. According to the international criteria, 3.4% of children were obese and 15.8% were overweight in 2005, compared to 0.7% obese and 4.2% overweight in 1990 (P<0.001). However, a decrease was noted in blood pressure; 16% were classified as hypertensive in 1989-1990 versus 8% in 2004-2005 (P<0.001). The prevalence and amount of parental smoking also decreased over the last 15 years. We observed significant changes in BMI and blood pressure in Turkish children over the last 15 years. Temporal trends in these parameters may indicate a change in the pattern of cardiovascular disease in this population.

Frequencies of blood type A, B and AB in non-pedigree domestic cats in Turkey

OBJECTIVES

To determine the distribution of blood types and to estimate the proportion of matings at risk for neonatal isoerythrolysis in non-pedigree domestic cats.

METHODS

The present survey determined the frequency of blood types in 301 cats from four distinct regions of Turkey. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-anticoagulated blood samples were typed by simple tube and slide agglutination assays. Serum obtained from type B cats and an anti-B solution, prepared with Triticum vulgaris, were used to determine type A and type B blood, respectively.

RESULTS

Of the 301 cats typed, 220 had type A blood, 74 had type B and seven had type AB. There was a significant difference (P<0.01) between the locations of the cats, with fewer type B cats in the eastern than in the western parts of Turkey. Risk for the development of neonatal isoerythrolysis due to A-B mismatch was estimated to be 18.6 per cent.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

The overall type B frequency in Turkish domestic cats is high. Thus, untyped transfusions in these cats carry a high risk of life-threatening acute haemolytic transfusion reactions and neonatal isoerythrolysis. It is therefore strongly recommended that blood typing be performed before breeding or transfusing in order to minimise blood type incompatibility risks.

The correlation between adiposity and adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6 and high sensitivity C-reactive protein levels. Is adipocyte size associated with inflammation in adults?

OBJECTIVE

Hypertrophic obesity correlates with metabolic complications of obesity. We evaluated adipocyte volume and its relationship with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), adiponectin and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Patients were divided into 4 groups; lean healthy controls [body mass index (BMI): 24.2+/-1.4 kg/m2], non-diabetic obese patients (30.2+/-2.9), obese (30.1+/-3.2) and non-obese (22.2+/-1.5) Type 2 diabetic patients. TNF-alpha, hs-CRP, adiponectin and IL-6 levels were measured preoperatively and sc fat specimens were obtained during operation. Semi-thin sections were stained with toluidine-blue and evaluated by light microscopy. Fat volumes were calculated by Goldrick's formulation.

RESULTS

Mean adipocyte volumes were higher in obese diabetic patients than in other groups (p<0.0001). Mean TNF-alpha, hs-CRP and IL-6 levels were higher in obese diabetic patients than in control subjects, obese non-diabetic and non-obese diabetic patients (p<0.0001, p<0.02 and p<0.01, respectively). Mean TNF-alpha levels of non-diabetic obese patients were higher than the control group (p<0.05). Mean IL-6 levels of diabetic and non-diabetic obese patients were higher than control subjects (p<0.02 and p<0.0001, respectively). Mean adiponectin levels of control subjects were higher than non-diabetic obese, non-obese diabetic and obese-diabetic subjects (p<0.0001). Mean adiponectin levels of obese diabetic patients were lower than non-diabetic obese subjects (p<0.008). Mean hs-CRP levels were higher in diabetic patients whether they were obese or not. There was a positive correlation between adipocyte size and TNF-alpha (p<0.01), IL-6 (p<0.03) and hs-CRP levels (p<0.004), and negative correlation between adipocyte size, adiponectin levels (p<0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

TNF-alpha, IL-6 and hs-CRP levels were positively, adiponectin negatively correlated with adipocyte size. Therefore, adiposity may be an inflammatory condition.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome due toCryptococcus albiduspneumonia: Case report and review of the literature

Although cryptococcal infections due to Cryptococcus neoformans are frequently reported in the immunosuppressed patients, infections related to other Cryptococcus spp. are rarely reported. We are reporting a case of pulmonary infection and ARDS due to C. albidus in a patient receiving immunosuppressive therapy because of Still's disease. The diagnosis was made by tissue biopsy and culture. The patient responded to treatment with amphotericin B lipid complex 400 mg/day. The case is significant in that it reminds of yeasts as a cause of community acquired infection in the immunosuppressed patients.

A new mutation in WFS1 gene (C.1522-1523delTA, Y508fsX421) may be responsible for early appearance of clinical features of Wolfram syndrome and suicidal behaviour

OBJECTIVE

Wolfram syndrome (WS) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by the association of juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus and optic atrophy. It is also known by the acronym DIDMOAD (diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, and deafness).

PATIENTS, METHODS AND RESULTS

We diagnosed Wolfram syndrome in 2 male siblings and determined a new mutation (c. 1522-1523delTA, Y508fsX421). Both affected siblings were homozygous, other family members were heterozygous. Dilated renal outflow tracts in the third decade, and neuropsychiatric disorders including bipolar disorder and neurosensorial deafness appear in the fourth decade in ordinary WS, whereas these features appeared in second decade in our patients. This mutation may be responsible for early appearance of dilated renal outflow tracts and multiple neurological abnormalities. Psychiatric disturbances such as suicide were reported at increased frequency in Wolfram patients and in heterozygous carriers. Suicidal behaviour occurred in our patients when they were yet 11 and 13 years old. Therefore, our findings may indicate that there may be a relationship between this WFS1 mutation and mood disorder such as suicidal behaviour.

CONCLUSIONS

We determined a new mutation (c. 1522-1523delTA, Y508fsX421) in WS1 gene in 2 siblings with Wolfram syndrome. This mutation may be responsible for early appearance of clinical features of Wolfram syndrome, and there may be a relationship between this mutation and suicidal behaviour.

Bochdalek's hernia in an adult with colon necrosis

The improper fusion of the posterolateral foramina of the diaphragm was first described by Bochdalek in 1848. The true incidence of this congenital anomaly ranges from 1/7,000 to 6%. Although it is a well-known neonatal disease, it can also be diagnosed incidentally in adult patients. Until now, a total of around 100 cases of occult asymptomatic Bochdalek's hernia have been reported. The symptomatic cases are encountered more rarely. Colon necrosis among the symptomatic cases was reported in some cases. We herein report a case of a 21-year-old man with a left-sided Bochdalek's hernia which led to total necrosis of the transverse colon. Following resection and colocolonic anastomosis, the defect on the diaphragm was repaired. After an uneventful recovery period, he was discharged from the hospital on the 10th postoperative day. Being aware of this rarely encountered disease and of the factors for early diagnosis is of utmost importance to decrease mortality and morbidity.

The relationship between antioxidant enzymes and bladder cancer

Carcinogenesis proceeds through at least three distinct stages - initiation, promotion and progression. Free radicals play an important role in the multistep complex course of carcinogenesis. Urinary bladder has been recognized as a target organ for many carcinogens, including benzidine, beta-napthylamine, 2 napthylamine, 4-aminobiphenyl. Antioxidants have been shown to inhibit both initiation and promotion in carcinogenesis. The aim of presented study was to determine and compare the oxidant and antioxidant status in different clinical stages of bladder cancer and of control groups. Study was conducted in fifty-two (n=52) patients with transitional cell epithelial cancer of bladder and in twenty-four (n=24) healthy adults as plasma and erythrocyte controls. Malondialdehyde levels (4.636+/-1.118, 2.853+/-0.576 / 262.112+/-61.772, 203.788+/-35.340) were significantly higher and erythrocyte glutathione levels (6.272+/-1.708, 7.523+/-1.346) were significantly lower in bladder cancer patients group than in control group. Erythrocyte glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase (3.935+/-1.155, 5.481+/-1.626 / 8.729+/-1.614, 12.362+/-1.707) activities were significantly lower in cancer patients. In the other hand, glutathione S-transferase activities (3.100+/-1.177, 1.071+/-0.471) were found significantly increases. We suggest that the values of glutathione S-transferase enzyme activity can be used for a tumor detection approach and even as an indicator of the biological behavior of the bladder carcinoma.

Primary hydatid cyst of vastus lateralis muscle

Musculoskeletal system is rarely involved by hydatid cyst,the larval form of Echinococcus Granulosus. A 37-year old man was diagnosed as having a cystic mass within his left thigh musculature. Preoperative computerized tomography suggested an unusual location of echinococcus although serology could not confirm the diagnosis. During surgery, a white coloured cyst within left vastus lateralis muscle was enucleated. Pathological examination after removal of the mass revealed hydatid cyst of vastus lateralis muscle. This case emphasizes that hydatidosis should be included in differential diagnosis of any soft tissue mass especially in regions where it is endemic.

In vitro activity of terbinafine and itraconazole against Aspergillus species isolated from otomycosis

The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC, microg ml-1) of itraconazole and terbinafine against overall 34 Aspergillus isolates from the external ear canals with otomycosis have been determined with M38-P microdilution method suggested by National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). MIC intervals in 48 h determined by taking MIC-2 value of itraconazole (the lowest drug concentration causing 50% inhibition of visible fungal growth) and MIC-0 value of terbinafine (the lowest drug concentration causing 100% inhibition of visible fungal growth) as a basis have been found as follows: 0.125-1 and 0.06-0.5 microg ml-1 for A. niger (22 strains), 0.06-0.25 and 0.06-0.125 microg ml-1 for A. flavus (10 strains), 0.125 and 0.125-0.5 microg ml-1 for A. terreus (two strains). It has been observed that both of the antifungal agents showed an in vitro activity against all Aspergillus species tested.

Hydatid disease in the breast: a case report

A case of primary breast hydatid disease observed in a 42-year old female patient is reported. Physical examination, mammography and ultrasonography were the methods used for the diagnosis. The lesion was located in the upper outer quadrant of the right breast. The mass was surgically removed under local anaesthesia. No complications were observed postoperatively. We wanted to emphasize the importance of keeping in mind the possibility of hydatid disease in cystic breast lesions, particularly in endemic regions.

Titres of naturally occurring alloantibodies against feline blood group antigens in Turkish Van cats

Seventy-eight Turkish Van cats were examined for alloantibody titres, of which 42.3 per cent had type A blood and 57.7 per cent had type B blood. No type AB cats were found. All type B cats (n = 45) showed gross evidence of agglutinating anti-A antibody, with titres ranging from 2 to 256. Sixty-seven per cent of type B cats had anti-A antibody in their plasma, with titres ranging from 8 to 32. However, 13 per cent of type B cats had plasma alloantibody titres of less than 8 and 20 per cent had titres that were higher than 32. A total of 33 type A cats were also tested for anti-B alloantibody titres in their plasma. Among the type A plasma, gross agglutination at titres of 2 and greater than 2 were determined in 24 per cent and 36 per cent of samples, respectively. Microscopic agglutination was seen in an additional 18 per cent of plasma samples. There was no significant association between gender and plasma alloantibody titres of cats (P > 0.05).

Skin infection caused by Scedosporium apiospermum

A woman with a skin infection because of Scedosporium apiospermum, in the interdigital spaces of her feet is presented. The minimum inhibition concentration values (MIC, microg ml(-1)) of this isolated mould for itraconazole, amphotericin B and terbinafine after 48 h were determined as 1, 8 and 16, respectively. The patient was treated successfully with oral terbinafine and topical clotrimazole.