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Lewis RW, Andrus AK, Arroyo J, Brescia S, Botham PA, Corvaro M, Daston GP, Hofmann T, Rodriguez C, Sewell F, van Ravenzwaay B, Wiench K, Marty S. Considerations for the development of guidance on dose level selection for developmental and reproductive toxicity studies. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 148:105585. [PMID: 38403008 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2024.105585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
In 2022, the European Chemicals Agency issued advice on the selection of high dose levels for developmental and reproductive toxicity (DART) studies indicating that the highest dose tested should aim to induce clear evidence of reproductive toxicity without excessive toxicity and severe suffering in parental animals. In addition, a recent publication advocated that a 10% decrease in body weight gain should be replaced with a 10% decrease in bodyweight as a criterion for dose adequacy. Experts from the European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals evaluated these recent developments and their potential impact on study outcomes and interpretation and identified that the advice was not aligned with OECD test guidelines or with humane endpoints guidance. Furthermore, data analysis from DART studies indicated that a 10% decrease in maternal body weight during gestation equates to a 25% decrease in body weight gain, which differs from the consensus of experts at a 2010 ILSI/HESI workshop. Dose selection should be based on a biological approach that considers a range of other factors. Excessive dose levels that cause frank toxicity and overwhelm homeostasis should be avoided as they can give rise to effects that are not relevant to human health assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Lewis
- Regulatory Science Associates, Inverkip, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - A K Andrus
- The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI, USA
| | | | - S Brescia
- Health & Safety Executive, Chemicals Regulation Division (CRD), Bootle, UK
| | | | - M Corvaro
- Corteva Agriscience Italia S.r.l., Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - F Sewell
- National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), London, UK.
| | | | | | - S Marty
- The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI, USA
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2
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Boluda S, Mokhtari K, Mégarbane B, Annane D, Mathon B, Cao A, Adam C, Androuin A, Bielle F, Brochier G, Charlotte F, Chougar L, El Hachimi KH, Eloit M, Haïk S, Hervé D, Kasri A, Leducq V, Lehéricy S, Levavasseur E, Lobsiger C, Lorin de La Grandmaison G, Malet I, Malissin I, Marot S, Marty S, Pérot P, Plu I, Prigent A, Stimmer L, Potier MC, Marcelin AG, Delatour B, Duyckaerts C, Seilhean D. Golgi localization of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and interaction with furin in cerebral COVID-19 microangiopathy: a clue to the central nervous system involvement? Free Neuropathol 2023; 4:4-1. [PMID: 37283933 PMCID: PMC10240951 DOI: 10.17879/freeneuropathology-2023-4584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In a neuropathological series of 20 COVID-19 cases, we analyzed six cases (three biopsies and three autopsies) with multiple foci predominantly affecting the white matter as shown by MRI. The cases presented with microhemorrhages evocative of small artery diseases. This COVID-19 associated cerebral microangiopathy (CCM) was characterized by perivascular changes: arterioles were surrounded by vacuolized tissue, clustered macrophages, large axonal swellings and a crown arrangement of aquaporin-4 immunoreactivity. There was evidence of blood-brain-barrier leakage. Fibrinoid necrosis, vascular occlusion, perivascular cuffing and demyelination were absent. While no viral particle or viral RNA was found in the brain, the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was detected in the Golgi apparatus of brain endothelial cells where it closely associated with furin, a host protease known to play a key role in virus replication. Endothelial cells in culture were not permissive to SARS-CoV-2 replication. The distribution of the spike protein in brain endothelial cells differed from that observed in pneumocytes. In the latter, the diffuse cytoplasmic labeling suggested a complete replication cycle with viral release, notably through the lysosomal pathway. In contrast, in cerebral endothelial cells the excretion cycle was blocked in the Golgi apparatus. Interruption of the excretion cycle could explain the difficulty of SARS-CoV-2 to infect endothelial cells in vitro and to produce viral RNA in the brain. Specific metabolism of the virus in brain endothelial cells could weaken the cell walls and eventually lead to the characteristic lesions of COVID-19 associated cerebral microangiopathy. Furin as a modulator of vascular permeability could provide some clues for the control of late effects of microangiopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Boluda
- Department of Neuropathology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP Sorbonne University, Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, APHP, Sorbonne University, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Karima Mokhtari
- Department of Neuropathology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP Sorbonne University, Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, APHP, Sorbonne University, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Mégarbane
- Department of Medical and Toxicological Critical Care, Lariboisière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris University, INSERM UMRS-1144, Paris, France
| | - Djillali Annane
- Department of Critical Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Boulevard Raymond Poincaré, APHP, Paris-Saclay University, INSERM U1173, Garches, France
| | - Bertrand Mathon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Albert Cao
- Department of Neurology, Neuro-ICU, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Clovis Adam
- Department of Pathology, Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Paris Saclay University, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Alexandre Androuin
- Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, APHP, Sorbonne University, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Franck Bielle
- Department of Neuropathology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP Sorbonne University, Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, APHP, Sorbonne University, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Guy Brochier
- Department of Neuropathology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP Sorbonne University, Paris, France
- Institut de Myologie, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Charlotte
- Department of Pathology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Lydia Chougar
- Department of Neuroimaging, Pitié-Salpètrière Hospital, AP-HP Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Khalid Hamid El Hachimi
- Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, APHP, Sorbonne University, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (EPHE), Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) University, Paris, France
| | - Marc Eloit
- Institut Pasteur, Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Haïk
- Department of Neuropathology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP Sorbonne University, Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, APHP, Sorbonne University, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Hervé
- Department of Neurology, Lariboisière Hospital, AP-HP Nord- Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Amal Kasri
- Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, APHP, Sorbonne University, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Valentin Leducq
- Department of Virology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP Sorbonne University, INSERM 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Lehéricy
- Department of Neuroimaging, Pitié-Salpètrière Hospital, AP-HP Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Etienne Levavasseur
- Department of Neuropathology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP Sorbonne University, Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, APHP, Sorbonne University, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Christian Lobsiger
- Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, APHP, Sorbonne University, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | - Isabelle Malet
- Department of Virology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP Sorbonne University, INSERM 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Malissin
- Department of Medical and Toxicological Critical Care, Lariboisière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris University, INSERM UMRS-1144, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Marot
- Department of Virology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP Sorbonne University, INSERM 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), Paris, France
| | - Serge Marty
- Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, APHP, Sorbonne University, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Pérot
- Institut Pasteur, Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Plu
- Department of Neuropathology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP Sorbonne University, Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, APHP, Sorbonne University, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Annick Prigent
- Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, APHP, Sorbonne University, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Lev Stimmer
- Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, APHP, Sorbonne University, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Claude Potier
- Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, APHP, Sorbonne University, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Geneviève Marcelin
- Department of Virology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP Sorbonne University, INSERM 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), Paris, France
| | - Benoît Delatour
- Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, APHP, Sorbonne University, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Charles Duyckaerts
- Department of Neuropathology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP Sorbonne University, Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, APHP, Sorbonne University, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Danielle Seilhean
- Department of Neuropathology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP Sorbonne University, Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, APHP, Sorbonne University, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
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Melching-Kollmuss S, Botham P, Charlton A, Guignard D, Ghaffari R, Jacobi S, Marty S, Marxfeld HA, Sauer U, Urbisch D. P21-21 Tiered testing and assessment to identify thyroid (hormone) disruptors. Toxicol Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.07.701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Androuin A, Thierry M, Boluda S, Baskaran A, Langui D, Duyckaerts C, Potier MC, El Hachimi KH, Delatour B, Marty S. Alterations of Neuronal Lysosomes in Alzheimer's Disease and in APPxPS1-KI Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 87:273-284. [PMID: 35275545 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cellular and molecular alterations associated with synapse and neuron loss in Alzheimer's disease (AD) remain unclear. In transgenic mouse models that express mutations responsible for familial AD, neuronal and synaptic losses occur in populations that accumulate fibrillar amyloid-β 42 (Aβ 42) intracellularly. OBJECTIVE We aimed to study the subcellular localization of these fibrillar accumulations and whether such intraneuronal assemblies could be observed in the human pathology. METHODS We used immunolabeling and various electron microscopy techniques on APP x presenilin1 - knock-in mice and on human cortical biopsies and postmortem samples. RESULTS We found an accumulation of Aβ fibrils in lipofuscin granule-like organelles in APP x presenilin1 - knock-in mice. Electron microscopy of human cortical biopsies also showed an accumulation of undigested material in enlarged lipofuscin granules in neurons from AD compared to age-matched non-AD patients. However, in those biopsies or in postmortem samples we could not detect intraneuronal accumulations of Aβ fibrils, neither in the lipofuscin granules nor in other intraneuronal compartments. CONCLUSION The intralysosomal accumulation of Aβ fibrils in specific neuronal populations in APPxPS1-KI mice likely results from a high concentration of Aβ 42 in the endosome-lysosome system due to the high expression of the transgene in these neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Androuin
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Present address: Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, Paris, France
| | - Manon Thierry
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Susana Boluda
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Neuropathologie Raymond Escourolle, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, APHP, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | | | - Asha Baskaran
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Langui
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Charles Duyckaerts
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Claude Potier
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Khalid Hamid El Hachimi
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Neurogénétique, EPHE, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Benoît Delatour
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Serge Marty
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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Hannas B, Asiimwe A, A. Botham P, Charlton A, Guignard D, Hallmark N, Jacobi S, Marty S, Melching-Kollmuss S, Sauer U, Schneider S, Strauss V, van Ravenzwaay B. Rodent thyroid toxicity and potential child neurodevelopmental impairment. Toxicol Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(21)00567-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Moranne O, Marty S, Courrege J, Hamzaoui K, Kovalevsky P, Boudemaghe T, Lumbroso S, Messikh Z. Description de la fréquence et du service d’hospitalisation des patients avec IRA sévère et DFGe inférieur à 30 ml/min/1,73m2 dans 3 hôpitaux d’un Département Francais. Nephrol Ther 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nephro.2021.07.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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7
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Wallon D, Boluda S, Rovelet-Lecrux A, Thierry M, Lagarde J, Miguel L, Lecourtois M, Bonnevalle A, Sarazin M, Bottlaender M, Mula M, Marty S, Nakamura N, Schramm C, Sellal F, Jonveaux T, Heitz C, Le Ber I, Epelbaum S, Magnin E, Zarea A, Rousseau S, Quenez O, Hannequin D, Clavaguera F, Campion D, Duyckaerts C, Nicolas G. Clinical and neuropathological diversity of tauopathy in MAPT duplication carriers. Acta Neuropathol 2021; 142:259-278. [PMID: 34095977 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-021-02320-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Microduplications of the 17q21.31 chromosomal region encompassing the MAPT gene, which encodes the Tau protein, were identified in patients with a progressive disorder initially characterized by severe memory impairment with or without behavioral changes that can clinically mimic Alzheimer disease. The unique neuropathological report showed a primary tauopathy, which could not be unanimously classified in a given known subtype, showing both 4R- and 3R-tau inclusions, mainly within temporal cortical subregions and basal ganglia, without amyloid deposits. Recently, two subjects harboring the same duplication were reported with an atypical extrapyramidal syndrome and gait disorder. To decipher the phenotypic spectrum associated with MAPT duplications, we studied ten carriers from nine families, including two novel unrelated probands, gathering clinical (n = 10), cerebrospinal fluid (n = 6), MRI (n = 8), dopamine transporter scan (n = 4), functional (n = 5), amyloid (n = 3) and Tau-tracer (n = 2) PET imaging data as well as neuropathological examination (n = 4). Ages at onset ranged from 37 to 57 years, with prominent episodic memory impairment in 8/10 patients, associated with behavioral changes in four, while two patients showed atypical extrapyramidal syndrome with gait disorder at presentation, including one with associated cognitive deficits. Amyloid imaging was negative but Tau imaging showed significant deposits mainly in both mesiotemporal cortex. Dopaminergic denervation was found in 4/4 patients, including three without extrapyramidal symptoms. Neuropathological examination exclusively showed Tau-immunoreactive lesions. Distribution, aspect and 4R/3R tau aggregates composition suggested a spectrum from predominantly 3R, mainly cortical deposits well correlating with cognitive and behavioral changes, to predominantly 4R deposits, mainly in the basal ganglia and midbrain, in patients with prominent extrapyramidal syndrome. Finally, we performed in vitro seeding experiments in HEK-biosensor cells. Morphological features of aggregates induced by homogenates of three MAPT duplication carriers showed dense/granular ratios graduating between those induced by homogenates of a Pick disease and a progressive supranuclear palsy cases. These results suggest that MAPT duplication causes a primary tauopathy associated with diverse clinical and neuropathological features.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wallon
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Neurology and CNR-MAJ, F-76000, Rouen, France.
| | - Susana Boluda
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS U1127, Institut du Cerveau, ICM, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital de La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Laboratoire de Neuropathologie R. Escourolle, Paris, France
| | - Anne Rovelet-Lecrux
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - Manon Thierry
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS U1127, Institut du Cerveau, ICM, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital de La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Laboratoire de Neuropathologie R. Escourolle, Paris, France
| | - Julien Lagarde
- Department of Neurology of Memory and Language, GHU Paris Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, F-75014, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, 75006, Paris, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frederic Joliot, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, F-91401, Orsay, France
| | - Laetitia Miguel
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - Magalie Lecourtois
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - Antoine Bonnevalle
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Neurology and CNR-MAJ, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - Marie Sarazin
- Department of Neurology of Memory and Language, GHU Paris Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, F-75014, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, 75006, Paris, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frederic Joliot, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, F-91401, Orsay, France
| | - Michel Bottlaender
- Université Paris-Saclay, BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frederic Joliot, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, F-91401, Orsay, France
- UNIACT, Neurospin, CEA, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Mathieu Mula
- AP-HP, Hôpital de La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Laboratoire de Neuropathologie R. Escourolle, Paris, France
| | - Serge Marty
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS U1127, Institut du Cerveau, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Natsuko Nakamura
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS U1127, Institut du Cerveau, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Schramm
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - François Sellal
- Department of Neurology, Hôpitaux Civils de Colmar and INSERM U-1118, School of Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
| | - Thérèse Jonveaux
- CMRR Department of Neurology, Nancy University Hospital, Laboratoire Lorraine de Psychologie et de Neurosciences de la Dynamique des Comportements 2LPN EA7489 Lorraine University, Nancy, France
| | - Camille Heitz
- Neurology Department, Hôpital Universitaire de Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | - Isabelle Le Ber
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et la Moelle Epinière (ICM), AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Reference Centre for Rare or Early Dementias, IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Epelbaum
- Centre Mémoire Ressources et Recherche (CMRR), Centre Expert Parkinson (CEP), Service de Neurologie, CHRU Besançon, 25000, Besançon, France
- Neurosciences Intégratives et Cliniques UR481, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Eloi Magnin
- Centre Mémoire Ressources et Recherche (CMRR), Centre Expert Parkinson (CEP), Service de Neurologie, CHRU Besançon, 25000, Besançon, France
- Neurosciences Intégratives et Cliniques UR481, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Aline Zarea
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Neurology and CNR-MAJ, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - Stéphane Rousseau
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - Olivier Quenez
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - Didier Hannequin
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Neurology and CNR-MAJ, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - Florence Clavaguera
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS U1127, Institut du Cerveau, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Campion
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - Charles Duyckaerts
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS U1127, Institut du Cerveau, ICM, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital de La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Laboratoire de Neuropathologie R. Escourolle, Paris, France
| | - Gaël Nicolas
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F-76000, Rouen, France.
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Codron P, Letournel F, Marty S, Renaud L, Bodin A, Duchesne M, Verny C, Lenaers G, Duyckaerts C, Julien J, Cassereau J, Chevrollier A. STochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy (STORM) reveals the nanoscale organization of pathological aggregates in human brain. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2021; 47:127-142. [PMID: 32688444 PMCID: PMC7891317 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Histological analysis of brain tissue samples provides valuable information about the pathological processes leading to common neurodegenerative disorders. In this context, the development of novel high-resolution imaging approaches is a current challenge in neuroscience. METHODS To this end, we used a recent super-resolution imaging technique called STochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy (STORM) to analyse human brain sections. We combined STORM cell imaging protocols with neuropathological techniques to image cryopreserved brain samples from control subjects and patients with neurodegenerative diseases. RESULTS This approach allowed us to perform 2D-, 3D- and two-colour-STORM in neocortex, white matter and brainstem samples. STORM proved to be particularly effective at visualizing the organization of dense protein inclusions and we imaged with a <50 nm resolution pathological aggregates within the central nervous system of patients with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Lewy body dementia and fronto-temporal lobar degeneration. Aggregated Aβ branches appeared reticulated and cross-linked in the extracellular matrix, with widths from 60 to 240 nm. Intraneuronal Tau and TDP-43 inclusions were denser, with a honeycomb pattern in the soma and a filamentous organization in the axons. Finally, STORM imaging of α-synuclein pathology revealed the internal organization of Lewy bodies that could not be observed by conventional fluorescence microscopy. CONCLUSIONS STORM imaging of human brain samples opens further gates to a more comprehensive understanding of common neurological disorders. The convenience of this technique should open a straightforward extension of its application for super-resolution imaging of the human brain, with promising avenues to current challenges in neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Codron
- Service de NeurologieCentre Hospitalier Universitaire d’AngersAngersFrance
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et NeuropathologieCentre Hospitalier Universitaire d’AngersAngersFrance
- Équipe MitolabInstitut MITOVASCINSERM U1083CNRS 6015Université d'AngersAngersFrance
| | - F. Letournel
- Service de NeurologieCentre Hospitalier Universitaire d’AngersAngersFrance
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et NeuropathologieCentre Hospitalier Universitaire d’AngersAngersFrance
| | - S. Marty
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinièreINSERM U1127CNRS UMR7225Sorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
| | - L. Renaud
- CERVO Brain Research Centre2601 Chemin de la CanardièreQuébecQCCanada
| | - A. Bodin
- Équipe MitolabInstitut MITOVASCINSERM U1083CNRS 6015Université d'AngersAngersFrance
| | - M. Duchesne
- Laboratoire d'Anatomie PathologiqueCentre Hospitalier Universitaire DupuytrenLimogesFrance
- Centre de Référence des Neuropathies Périphériques RaresCentre Hospitalier Universitaire DupuytrenLimogesFrance
| | - C. Verny
- Service de NeurologieCentre Hospitalier Universitaire d’AngersAngersFrance
- Équipe MitolabInstitut MITOVASCINSERM U1083CNRS 6015Université d'AngersAngersFrance
| | - G. Lenaers
- Équipe MitolabInstitut MITOVASCINSERM U1083CNRS 6015Université d'AngersAngersFrance
| | - C. Duyckaerts
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinièreINSERM U1127CNRS UMR7225Sorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
| | - J.‐P. Julien
- CERVO Brain Research Centre2601 Chemin de la CanardièreQuébecQCCanada
- Department of Psychiatry and NeuroscienceLaval UniversityQuébecQCCanada
| | - J. Cassereau
- Service de NeurologieCentre Hospitalier Universitaire d’AngersAngersFrance
- Équipe MitolabInstitut MITOVASCINSERM U1083CNRS 6015Université d'AngersAngersFrance
| | - A. Chevrollier
- Équipe MitolabInstitut MITOVASCINSERM U1083CNRS 6015Université d'AngersAngersFrance
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Codron P, Letournel F, Marty S, Duchesne M, Verny C, Lenaers G, Duyckaerts C, Julien JP, Cassereau J, Chevrollier A. Étude du cerveau humain à l’échelle nanoscopique par microscopie Super-Résolutive STORM. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2020.01.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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Haaser T, Constantinidès Y, Dejean C, Escande A, Le Tallec P, Lorchel F, Marty S, Thureau S, Huguet F, Lagrange JL. [Health democracy: Patient partnership]. Cancer Radiother 2020; 24:736-743. [PMID: 32861610 DOI: 10.1016/j.canrad.2020.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In 2019, the scientific committee of the French society of radiation oncology (SFRO) created an ethics committee. Its mission is to provide our professional community with food for thought on ethical issues, and to identify its specificities within the radiation oncology departments. For the 2020 annual conference, the commission looked into the evolution of the patient-carer relationship, and more particularly to the strong idea of patient partnership. Indeed, the writing of the White Book of Cancer gave voice to sick people and stressed the need for new devices, such as the Caregiving Time. Patients can no longer be considered as objects of care but as people whose dignity and autonomy must be imperatively respected. The acquisition of knowledge allows a bilateral exchange, prerequisite of a dynamic collaboration. Patients can be partners in their own care, partners in training and research (expert patient), but also partners in health institutions and policies. It is this notion of partnership and involvement of the person in their path of care in radiation oncology that we will analyse here. It will be about defining it, by developing the concept of autonomy, and bringing out its complexity and ambivalence through two examples from our clinical practice: the shared decision-making process for patients with localized prostate cancer and the patient's involvement in the success of his radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Haaser
- Service de radiothérapie, hôpital Haut-Lévêque, centre hospitalier universitaire de Bordeaux, Pessac, France.
| | - Y Constantinidès
- Espace éthique Île-de-France, Paris Université Sorbonne Nouvelle, Paris, France
| | - C Dejean
- Service de radiothérapie, unité de physique médicale, centre Antoine-Lacassagne, Nice, France
| | - A Escande
- Service universitaire de radiothérapie, laboratoire CRIStAL, UMR9189, centre Oscar-Lambret, faculté de médecine Henri-Warembourg, université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - P Le Tallec
- Service de radiothérapie, Quantis Litis EA 4108, centre Henri-Becquerel, Rouen, France
| | - F Lorchel
- Centre de radiothérapie et oncologie de Mâcon - Orlam, Mâcon, France; Service de radiothérapie, centre hospitalier universitaire Lyon-Sud, Lyon, France
| | - S Marty
- Centre de coordination en cancérologie, centre hospitalier universitaire de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - S Thureau
- Service de radiothérapie, Quantis Litis EA 4108, centre Henri-Becquerel, Rouen, France
| | - F Huguet
- Service d'oncologie radiothérapie, centre de recherche Saint-Antoine UMR_S 938, Sorbonne université, hôpital Tenon, institut universitaire de cancérologie, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - J-L Lagrange
- Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne, Paris, France
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11
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Haaser T, Berdaï D, Trouette R, Dupin C, Marty S, L'Azou B, Berger V, Saux MC. [Research ethics: French regulations and applications in radiation oncology]. Cancer Radiother 2020; 24:306-315. [PMID: 32499188 DOI: 10.1016/j.canrad.2020.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
French regulations about research ethics are based on the so-called Jardé law, which defines researches involving human beings. Researches involving human beings require the submission of research protocols to a committee for protection of persons with a precise list of documents to submit for a favourable opinion. This law describes different categories of researches and determines the ethical procedures to apply before setting up a research protocol. This issue of categorisation is central and must be taken into account by researchers from the beginning of the research process. Researches considered as not involving human beings also require a set of ethical precautions focused on patients' information and the collection of their non-opposition (due to the application of the General Data Protection Regulation adopted by the European Parliament). Thus, many regulations exist and they require a real work for researchers to meet these requirements in research ethics. This article aims to summarise French regulations. Selected examples are specifically taken into the field of radiation oncology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Haaser
- Service d'oncologie radiothérapie, hôpital Haut-Lévêque, centre hospitalier universitaire de Bordeaux, avenue Magellan, 33600 Pessac, France; EA 4574 « Sciences, philosophie, humanités », université de Bordeaux-université Bordeaux-Montaigne, domaine universitaire, 33607 Pessac, France; Service de pharmacologie médicale, comité de protection des personnes Sud-Ouest et outre-mer III, hôpital Pellegrin, centre hospitalier universitaire de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France.
| | - D Berdaï
- Service de pharmacologie médicale, comité de protection des personnes Sud-Ouest et outre-mer III, hôpital Pellegrin, centre hospitalier universitaire de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Faculté de pharmacie, université de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo-Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - R Trouette
- Service d'oncologie radiothérapie, hôpital Haut-Lévêque, centre hospitalier universitaire de Bordeaux, avenue Magellan, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - C Dupin
- Service d'oncologie radiothérapie, hôpital Haut-Lévêque, centre hospitalier universitaire de Bordeaux, avenue Magellan, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - S Marty
- Centre de coordination de cancérologie, hôpital Saint-André, centre hospitalier universitaire de Bordeaux, 1, rue Jean-Burguet, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Unité de recherche en soins et en sciences humaines, hôpital Pellegrin, centre hospitalier universitaire de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - B L'Azou
- Faculté de pharmacie, université de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo-Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - V Berger
- Unité de recherche en soins et en sciences humaines, hôpital Pellegrin, centre hospitalier universitaire de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - M-C Saux
- Service de pharmacologie médicale, comité de protection des personnes Sud-Ouest et outre-mer III, hôpital Pellegrin, centre hospitalier universitaire de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Faculté de pharmacie, université de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo-Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
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Thierry M, Boluda S, Delatour B, Marty S, Seilhean D, Potier MC, Duyckaerts C. Human subiculo-fornico-mamillary system in Alzheimer's disease: Tau seeding by the pillar of the fornix. Acta Neuropathol 2020; 139:443-461. [PMID: 31822997 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-019-02108-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD), Tau and Aβ aggregates involve sequentially connected regions, sometimes distantly separated. These alterations were studied in the pillar of the fornix (PoF), an axonal tract, to analyse the role of axons in their propagation. The PoF axons mainly originate from the subicular neurons and project to the mamillary body. Forty-seven post-mortem cases at various Braak stages (Tau) and Thal phases (Aβ) were analysed by immunohistochemistry. The distribution of the lesions showed that the subiculum was affected before the mamillary body, but neither Tau aggregation nor Aβ deposition was consistently first. The subiculum and the mamillary body contained Gallyas positive neurofibrillary tangles, immunolabelled by AT8, TG3, PHF1, Alz50 and C3 Tau antibodies. In the PoF, only thin and fragmented threads were observed, exclusively in the cases with neurofibrillary tangles in the subiculum. The threads were made of Gallyas negative, AT8 and TG3 positive Tau. They were intra-axonal and devoid of paired helical filaments at electron microscopy. We tested PoF homogenates containing Tau AT8 positive axons in a Tau P301S biosensor HEK cell line and found a seeding activity. There was no Aβ immunoreactivity detected in the PoF. We could follow microcryodissected AT8 positive axons entering the mamillary body; contacts between Tau positive endings and Aβ positive diffuse or focal deposits were observed in CLARITY-cleared mamillary body. In conclusion, we show that non-fibrillary, hyperphosphorylated Tau is transported by the axons of the PoF from the subiculum to the mamillary body and has a seeding activity. Either Tau aggregation or Aβ accumulation may occur first in this system: this inconstant order is incompatible with a cause-and-effects relationship. However, both pathologies were correlated and intimately associated, indicating an interaction of the two processes, once initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Thierry
- Alzheimer's and Prion Diseases Team, Paris Brain Institute, CNRS, UMR 7225, INSERM 1127, Sorbonne University UM75, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Neuropathologie Raymond Escourolle, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, APHP, Sorbonne University, 47, Blvd de l'Hôpital, 75651, Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Susana Boluda
- Alzheimer's and Prion Diseases Team, Paris Brain Institute, CNRS, UMR 7225, INSERM 1127, Sorbonne University UM75, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Neuropathologie Raymond Escourolle, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, APHP, Sorbonne University, 47, Blvd de l'Hôpital, 75651, Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Benoît Delatour
- Alzheimer's and Prion Diseases Team, Paris Brain Institute, CNRS, UMR 7225, INSERM 1127, Sorbonne University UM75, Paris, France
| | - Serge Marty
- Alzheimer's and Prion Diseases Team, Paris Brain Institute, CNRS, UMR 7225, INSERM 1127, Sorbonne University UM75, Paris, France
| | - Danielle Seilhean
- Laboratoire de Neuropathologie Raymond Escourolle, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, APHP, Sorbonne University, 47, Blvd de l'Hôpital, 75651, Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Marie-Claude Potier
- Alzheimer's and Prion Diseases Team, Paris Brain Institute, CNRS, UMR 7225, INSERM 1127, Sorbonne University UM75, Paris, France
| | - Charles Duyckaerts
- Alzheimer's and Prion Diseases Team, Paris Brain Institute, CNRS, UMR 7225, INSERM 1127, Sorbonne University UM75, Paris, France.
- Laboratoire de Neuropathologie Raymond Escourolle, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, APHP, Sorbonne University, 47, Blvd de l'Hôpital, 75651, Paris Cedex 13, France.
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13
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Wesseling JF, Phan S, Bushong EA, Siksou L, Marty S, Pérez-Otaño I, Ellisman M. Sparse force-bearing bridges between neighboring synaptic vesicles. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:3263-3276. [PMID: 31667576 PMCID: PMC6875159 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01966-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Most vesicles in the interior of synaptic terminals are clustered in clouds close to active zone regions of the plasma membrane where exocytosis occurs. Electron-dense structures, termed bridges, have been reported between a small minority of pairs of neighboring vesicles within the clouds. Synapsin proteins have been implicated previously, but the existence of the bridges as stable structures in vivo has been questioned. Here we use electron tomography to show that the bridges are present but less frequent in synapsin knockouts compared to wildtype. An analysis of distances between neighbors in wildtype tomograms indicated that the bridges are strong enough to resist centrifugal forces likely induced by fixation with aldehydes. The results confirm that the bridges are stable structures and that synapsin proteins are involved in formation or stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Wesseling
- Instituto de Neurociencias, CSIC-UMH, San Juan de Alicante, Spain. .,Departmento de Neurociencias (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Sébastien Phan
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Eric A Bushong
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Léa Siksou
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, INSERM, CNRS, PSL Research University, Paris, France.,Global Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Netanya, Israel
| | - Serge Marty
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, INSERM, CNRS, PSL Research University, Paris, France.,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | | | - Mark Ellisman
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research and Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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Chali F, Milior G, Marty S, Morin-Brureau M, Le Duigou C, Savary E, Blugeon C, Jourdren L, Miles R. Lipid markers and related transcripts during excitotoxic neurodegeneration in kainate-treated mice. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 50:1759-1778. [PMID: 30767299 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lipid homeostasis is dysregulated in some neurodegenerative diseases and after brain injuries due to excess glutamate or lack of oxygen. However the kinetics and cell specificity of dysregulation in different groups of lipids during excitotoxic neuronal death are not clear. Here we examined the changes during excitotoxic neuronal death induced by injecting kainic acid (KA) into the CA1 region of mouse hippocampus. We compared neuronal loss and glial cell proliferation with changes in lipid-related transcripts and markers for different lipid groups, over 12 days after KA-treatment. As neurons showed initial signs of damage, transcripts and proteins linked to fatty acid oxidation were up-regulated. Cholesterol biosynthesis induced by transcripts controlled by the transcription factor Srebp2 seems to be responsible for a transient increase in neuronal free cholesterol at 1 to 2 days. In microglia, but not in neurons, Perilipin-2 associated lipid droplets were induced and properties of Nile red emissions suggest lipid contents change over time. After microglial expression of phagocytotic markers at 2 days, some neutral lipid deposits co-localized with lysosome markers of microglia and were detected within putative phagocytotic cups. These data delineate distinct lipid signals in neurons and glial cells during excitotoxic processes from initial neuronal damage to engagement of the lysosome-phagosome system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Chali
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Sorbonne Université, UPMC Université Paris 6 UMR S1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Giampaolo Milior
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Sorbonne Université, UPMC Université Paris 6 UMR S1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Serge Marty
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Sorbonne Université, UPMC Université Paris 6 UMR S1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Morin-Brureau
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Sorbonne Université, UPMC Université Paris 6 UMR S1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Le Duigou
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Sorbonne Université, UPMC Université Paris 6 UMR S1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Etienne Savary
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Sorbonne Université, UPMC Université Paris 6 UMR S1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Corinne Blugeon
- Institut de Biologie de l'École normale supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM PSL Université Paris, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Jourdren
- Institut de Biologie de l'École normale supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM PSL Université Paris, Paris, France
| | - Richard Miles
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Sorbonne Université, UPMC Université Paris 6 UMR S1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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Zhang F, Bartels M, Clark A, Erskine T, Auernhammer T, Bhhatarai B, Wilson D, Marty S. Performance evaluation of the GastroPlus TM software tool for prediction of the toxicokinetic parameters of chemicals. SAR QSAR Environ Res 2018; 29:875-893. [PMID: 30286617 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2018.1518928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The accurate prediction of toxicokinetic parameters arising from oral, dermal and inhalation routes of chemical exposure is a key element in chemical safety assessments. In this research, the physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) GastroPlusTM software was evaluated against a series of chemicals for the prediction of toxicokinetic parameters. Overall, 67% of predicted intrinsic clearance (Clint) values were within 1- to 10-fold of empirical data for 463 compounds, and 87% of the predicted fraction unbounded in plasma (Fup) values were 1- to 3-fold of empirical data for 441 compounds. The r2 (coefficient of determination) of predicted Cmax (maximum plasma concentration) and AUC (Area Under Curve) values versus the corresponding empirical values from oral, inhalation and dermal exposures ranged from 0.04 to 0.92. Among the three exposures, the highest r2 values, ranging from 0.80 to 0.92, were observed for oral exposure predictions, where 88% of the compounds had 1- to 10-fold differences between predicted and empirical values for Cmax and AUC. The predicted plasma Css (steady-state plasma concentration) values were consistent with those Css values calculated by in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) approaches using experimental parameters. Based on the evaluation results, GastroPlus™ can be used as a QSAR/PBPK tool for toxicokinetic parameter predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Zhang
- a The Dow Chemical Company , Midland , MI , USA
| | - M Bartels
- b ToxMetrics.com LLC , Midland , MI , USA
| | - A Clark
- a The Dow Chemical Company , Midland , MI , USA
| | - T Erskine
- a The Dow Chemical Company , Midland , MI , USA
| | | | - B Bhhatarai
- c Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - D Wilson
- a The Dow Chemical Company , Midland , MI , USA
| | - S Marty
- a The Dow Chemical Company , Midland , MI , USA
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Thierry M, Marty S, Boluda S, Duyckaerts C. Alzheimer's senile plaque as shown by microcryodissection, a new technique for dissociating tissue structures. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 124:685-694. [PMID: 28386671 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1718-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular accumulation of Aβ peptides and intracellular aggregation of hyperphosphorylated tau proteins are the two hallmark lesions of Alzheimer disease (AD). The senile plaque is made of a core of extracellular Aβ surrounded by phospho-tau positive neurites. It includes multiple components such as axons, synapses, glial fibers and microglia. To visualize the relationships of those elements, an original technique was developed, based on the dilation of interstitial water during freezing. Samples of neocortex, hippocampus and striatum were taken from formalin-fixed brains (one control case; three cases with severe Alzheimer disease). The samples were subjected to various numbers of freezing/thawing cycles (from 0 to 320) with an automated system we devised. The samples were embedded in paraffin, cut and stained with haematoxylin-eosin or immunostained against Aβ, phospho-tau, and antigens enriched in axons, synapses, macrophages or astrocytes. Microcryodissection induced the dissociation of tissue components, especially in the grey matter where the neuropil formed an oriented "mesh". The size of the empty spaces separating the fiber bundles and cells increased with the number of cycles. The amyloid core of the senile plaque separated from its neuritic crown at around 300 freezing/thawing cycles. The dissected core remained associated with macrophages containing Aβ in their cytoplasm. Phospho-tau positive axons were distinctly seen projecting from the neuritic crown to the isolated amyloid core, where they ended in large synapses. The microcryodissection showed astrocytic processes stuck directly to the core. The original method we developed-microcryodissection-helped understanding how histological components were assembled in the tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Thierry
- Alzheimer's and Prion Diseases Team, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, CNRS UMR 7225, INSERM 1127, UPMC UM75, Paris, France. .,Laboratoire de Neuropathologie Raymond ESCOUROLLE, Paris, France.
| | - Serge Marty
- Alzheimer's and Prion Diseases Team, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, CNRS UMR 7225, INSERM 1127, UPMC UM75, Paris, France
| | - Susana Boluda
- Alzheimer's and Prion Diseases Team, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, CNRS UMR 7225, INSERM 1127, UPMC UM75, Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Neuropathologie Raymond ESCOUROLLE, Paris, France
| | - Charles Duyckaerts
- Alzheimer's and Prion Diseases Team, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, CNRS UMR 7225, INSERM 1127, UPMC UM75, Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Neuropathologie Raymond ESCOUROLLE, Paris, France
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Ballivet de Régloix S, Crambert A, Maurin O, Lisan Q, Marty S, Pons Y. Blast injury of the ear by massive explosion: a review of 41 cases. J ROY ARMY MED CORPS 2017; 163:333-338. [DOI: 10.1136/jramc-2016-000733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Horellou S, Pascual O, Triller A, Marty S. Adaptive and non-adaptive changes in activity-deprived presynaptic terminals. Eur J Neurosci 2013; 39:61-71. [PMID: 24164653 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
How the number of docked vesicles is regulated is still unclear. Following chronic activity blockade the number of docked vesicles increases, providing a model through which to address this issue. We tested the hypotheses that the number of docked vesicles is regulated with the size of the terminal, and by the level of Rab3-interacting molecule 1/2 (RIM1/2). We immobilized mouse hippocampal slice cultures by high-pressure freezing after 3 days of tetrodotoxin treatment and analysed them by electron microscopy. The number of docked vesicles, the size of the active zones and the amount of GluA2 were increased after activity blockade. However, there was no modification of either the total number of synaptic vesicles or the area of presynaptic profiles. Surprisingly, immunocytochemistry showed no change in the mean level of RIM1/2 per terminal but its distribution was modified. Additionally, there was no modification of the mean frequency or amplitude of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents, but the distribution of amplitudes was modified. These results indicate a specific homeostatic regulation of the synaptic junction. The number of docked vesicles does not seem to be regulated by the amount of RIM1/2. The modification of the distribution, but not the amount, of RIM1/2 may explain the contradiction between the morphological and electrophysiological findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Süzel Horellou
- Institute of Biology of the Ecole Normale Supérieure, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France; INSERM U1024, Paris, France; CNRS UMR8197, Paris, France
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Siksou L, Silm K, Biesemann C, Nehring RB, Wojcik SM, Triller A, El Mestikawy S, Marty S, Herzog E. A role for vesicular glutamate transporter 1 in synaptic vesicle clustering and mobility. Eur J Neurosci 2013; 37:1631-42. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christoph Biesemann
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology; Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine; Goettingen; Germany
| | - Ralf B. Nehring
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston; TX; USA
| | - Sonja M. Wojcik
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology; Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine; Goettingen; Germany
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Abstract
In response to calcium influx, synaptic vesicles fuse very rapidly with the plasma membrane to release their neurotransmitter content. An important mechanism for sustained release includes the formation of new vesicles by local endocytosis. How synaptic vesicles are trafficked from the sites of endocytosis to the sites of release and how they are maintained at the release sites remain poorly understood. Recent studies using fast freezing immobilization and electron tomography have led to insights on the ultrastructural organization of presynaptic boutons and how these structural elements may maintain synaptic vesicles and organize their exocytosis at particular areas of the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Siksou
- Institute of Biology of the Ecole Normale Supérieure, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
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Siksou L, Varoqueaux F, Pascual O, Triller A, Brose N, Marty S. A common molecular basis for membrane docking and functional priming of synaptic vesicles. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 30:49-56. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06811.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
In response to calcium influx, some of the synaptic vesicles in presynaptic terminals fuse rapidly with the presynaptic membrane, allowing fast synaptic transmission. The regulated recycling of synaptic vesicles at the terminals is required for a sustained release of neurotransmitters. Localization of 'ready to be released' vesicles in close vicinities to voltage-gated calcium channels enables the rapid release of neurotransmitters. Thus, recycling vesicles must translocate from the sites of endocytosis to these release sites. However, the sub-cellular organization that supports this local vesicular traffic remains poorly understood. We will review the results of various electron microscopy studies, which have begun to unveil the structure of presynaptic terminals.
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23
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Siksou L, Rostaing P, Lechaire JP, Boudier T, Ohtsuka T, Fejtová A, Kao HT, Greengard P, Gundelfinger ED, Triller A, Marty S. Three-dimensional architecture of presynaptic terminal cytomatrix. J Neurosci 2007; 27:6868-77. [PMID: 17596435 PMCID: PMC6672225 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1773-07.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Presynaptic terminals are specialized for mediating rapid fusion of synaptic vesicles (SVs) after calcium influx. The regulated trafficking of SVs likely results from a highly organized cytomatrix. How this cytomatrix links SVs, maintains them near the active zones (AZs) of release, and organizes docked SVs at the release sites is not fully understood. To analyze the three-dimensional (3D) architecture of the presynaptic cytomatrix, electron tomography of presynaptic terminals contacting spines was performed in the stratum radiatum of the rat hippocampal CA1 area. To preserve the cytomatrix, hippocampal slices were immobilized using high-pressure freezing, followed by cryosubstitution and embedding. SVs are surrounded by a dense network of filaments. A given vesicle is connected to approximately 1.5 neighboring ones. SVs at the periphery of this network are also linked to the plasma membrane, by longer filaments. More of these filaments are found at the AZ. At the AZ, docked SVs are grouped around presynaptic densities. Filaments with adjacent SVs emerge from these densities. Immunogold localizations revealed that synapsin is located in the presynaptic bouton, whereas Bassoon and CAST (ERC2) are at focal points next to the AZ. In synapsin triple knock-out mice, the number of SVs is reduced by 63%, but the size of the boutons is reduced by only 18%, and the mean distance of SVs to the AZ is unchanged. This 3D analysis reveals the morphological constraints exerted by the presynaptic molecular scaffold. SVs are tightly interconnected in the axonal bouton, and this network is preferentially connected to the AZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Siksou
- Inserm U789, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Jean-Pierre Lechaire
- Service de CryoMicroscopie Electronique, Institut Fédératif de Recherche Biologie Intégrative 83 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Thomas Boudier
- Imagerie Intégrative, Inserm U759, Institut Curie, Bâtiment 112, Centre Universitaire Orsay, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Toshihisa Ohtsuka
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine/Graduate School of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Anna Fejtová
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hung-Teh Kao
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, and Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York 10962, and
| | - Paul Greengard
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021
| | - Eckart D. Gundelfinger
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Serge Marty
- Inserm U789, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75005 Paris, France
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Rostaing P, Real E, Siksou L, Lechaire JP, Boudier T, Boeckers TM, Gertler F, Gundelfinger ED, Triller A, Marty S. Analysis of synaptic ultrastructure without fixative using high-pressure freezing and tomography. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 24:3463-74. [PMID: 17229095 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.05234.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Electron microscopy allows the analysis of synaptic ultrastructure and its modifications during learning or in pathological conditions. However, conventional electron microscopy uses aldehyde fixatives that alter the morphology of the synapse by changing osmolarity and collapsing its molecular components. We have used high-pressure freezing (HPF) to capture within a few milliseconds structural features without aldehyde fixative, and thus to provide a snapshot of living synapses. CA1 hippocampal area slices from P21 rats were frozen at -173 degrees C under high pressure to reduce crystal formation, and synapses on dendritic spines were analysed after cryosubstitution and embedding. Synaptic terminals were larger than after aldehyde fixation, and synaptic vesicles in these terminals were less densely packed. Small filaments linked the vesicles in subgroups. The postsynaptic densities (PSDs) exhibited filamentous projections extending into the spine cytoplasm. Tomographic analysis showed that these projections were connected with the spine cytoskeletal meshwork. Using immunocytochemistry, we found as expected GluR1 at the synaptic cleft and CaMKII in the PSD. Actin immunoreactivity (IR) labelled the cytoskeletal meshwork beneath the filamentous projections, but was very scarce within the PSD itself. ProSAP2/Shank3, cortactin and Ena/VASP-IRs were concentrated on the cytoplasmic face of the PSD, at the level of the PSD projections. Synaptic ultrastructure after HPF was different from that observed after aldehyde fixative. The boutons were larger, and filamentous components were preserved. Particularly, filamentous projections were observed linking the PSD to the actin cytoskeleton. Thus, synaptic ultrastructure can be analysed under more realistic conditions following HPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Rostaing
- INSERM U789, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
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Abstract
Interneurons are GABAergic neurons responsible for inhibitory activity in the adult hippocampus, thereby controlling the activity of principal excitatory cells through the activation of postsynaptic GABAA receptors. Subgroups of GABAergic neurons innervate specific parts of excitatory neurons. This specificity indicates that particular interneuron subgroups are able to recognize molecules segregated on the membrane of the pyramidal neuron. Once these specific connections are established, a quantitative regulation of their strength must be performed to achieve the proper balance of excitation and inhibition. We will review when and where interneurons are generated. We will then detail their migration toward and within the hippocampus, and the maturation of their morphological and neurochemical characteristics. We will finally review potential mechanisms underlying the development of GABAergic interneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Danglot
- Laboratoire de Biologie de la Synapse Normale et Pathologique, Unité Inserm U789, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France.
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Kappeler C, Dhenain M, Phan Dinh Tuy F, Saillour Y, Marty S, Fallet-Bianco C, Souville I, Souil E, Pinard JM, Meyer G, Encha-Razavi F, Volk A, Beldjord C, Chelly J, Francis F. Magnetic resonance imaging and histological studies of corpus callosal and hippocampal abnormalities linked to doublecortin deficiency. J Comp Neurol 2007; 500:239-54. [PMID: 17111359 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Mutated doublecortin (DCX) gives rise to severe abnormalities in human cortical development. Adult Dcx knockout mice show no major neocortical defects but do have a disorganized hippocampus. We report here the developmental basis of these hippocampal abnormalities. A heterotopic band of neurons was identified starting at E17.5 in the CA3 region and progressing throughout the CA1 region by E18.5. At neonatal stages, the CA1 heterotopic band was reduced, but the CA3 band remained unchanged, continuing into adulthood. Thus, in mouse, migration of CA3 neurons is arrested during development, whereas CA1 cell migration is retarded. On the Sv129Pas background, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) also suggested abnormal dorsal hippocampal morphology, displaced laterally and sometimes rostrally and associated with medial brain structure abnormalities. MRI and cryosectioning showed agenesis of the corpus callosum in Dcx knockout mice on this background and an intermediate, partial agenesis in heterozygote mice. Wild-type littermates showed no callosal abnormalities. Hippocampal and corpus callosal abnormalities were also characterized in DCX-mutated human patients. Severe hippocampal hypoplasia was identified along with variable corpus callosal defects ranging from total agenesis to an abnormally thick or thin callosum. Our data in the mouse, identifying roles for Dcx in hippocampal and corpus callosal development, might suggest intrinsic roles for human DCX in the development of these structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Kappeler
- Département de Génétique et Développement, Institut Cochin, F-75014 Paris, France
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27
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Tschopp JM, Frey JG, Janssens JP, Burrus C, Garrone S, Pernet R, Imhof K, Besse F, Marty S, Rosset C, Assal JP. Asthma outpatient education by multiple implementation strategy. Outcome of a programme using a personal notebook. Respir Med 2005; 99:355-62. [PMID: 15733512 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2004.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2003] [Accepted: 07/12/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
More than 10 years after publication, international guidelines remain poorly implemented. To better implement them, we need to develop new strategies adapted to the expectations of patients and health professionals outside hospital settings and to ensure better outpatient follow up in the community. We developed a bilingual education programme including a brochure designed to support an interdisciplinary health care network and measured hospitalisations (H), work absenteeism (WA), emergency visits (EV), asthma medication (AM) and quality of life (QL Juniper) before and 12 months after the intervention. All QL scores improved significantly in comparison with pre-intervention values. Health service use decreased dramatically when comparing the 12 months prior to and after the intervention(H: 35-8%, WA: 39-14%, EV: 88-53%). The final cost/benefit ratio of the programme was 1.96. Interdisciplinary implementation strategy of patient education is cost-effective, improves quality of life for asthmatics, and reduces strain on health services. Such a health care network does not require an expensive infrastructure and is better adapted to the reality and competences of clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-M Tschopp
- Centre Valaisan de pneumologie et Groupe d'éducation respiratoire, 3963 Crans-Montana, Switzerland.
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Marty S, Wehrlé R, Fritschy JM, Sotelo C. Quantitative effects produced by modifications of neuronal activity on the size of GABAA receptor clusters in hippocampal slice cultures. Eur J Neurosci 2004; 20:427-40. [PMID: 15233752 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03491.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The number and strength of GABAergic synapses needs to be precisely adjusted for adequate control of excitatory activity. We investigated to what extent the size of GABA(A) receptor clusters at inhibitory synapses is under the regulation of neuronal activity. Slices from P7 rat hippocampus were cultured for 13 days in the presence of bicuculline or 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) to increase neuronal activity, or DNQX to decrease activity. The changes provoked by these treatments on clusters immunoreactive for the alpha1 and alpha2 subunits of the GABA(A) receptor or gephyrin were quantitatively evaluated. While an increase in activity augmented the density of these clusters, a decrease in activity provoked, in contrast, a decrease in their density. An inverse regulation was observed for the size of individual clusters. Bicuculline and 4-AP decreased whilst DNQX increased the mean size of the clusters. When the pharmacological treatments were applied for 2 days instead of 2 weeks, no effects on the size of the clusters were observed. The variations in the mean size of individual clusters were mainly due to changes in the number of small clusters. Finally, a regulation of the size of GABA(A) receptor clusters occurred during development in vivo, with a decrease of the mean size of the clusters between P7 and P21. This physiological change was also the result of an increase in the number of small clusters. These results indicate that neuronal activity regulates the mean size of GABA(A) receptor- and gephyrin-immunoreactive clusters by modifying specifically the number of synapses with small clusters of receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Marty
- INSERM U106-616, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
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29
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Marty S. [Local effects of BDNF and synaptic plasticity: toward synaptic specificity]. Med Sci (Paris) 2003; 19:543-4. [PMID: 12836388 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2003195543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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30
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Tschopp JM, Frey JG, Pernet R, Burrus C, Jordan B, Morin A, Garrone S, Imhof K, Besse F, Marty S, Uldry C, Assal JP. Bronchial asthma and self-management education: implementation of Guidelines by an interdisciplinary programme in health network. Swiss Med Wkly 2002; 132:92-7. [PMID: 11971203 DOI: 2002/07/smw-09948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Asthma is a chronic disease generating very high costs even for Switzerland. Self-management education (SME) is effective and recommended as an integral part of management in the most recent guidelines on asthma treatment. Its aim is to reduce morbidity [hospitalisations (H), lost workdays (LW), emergency consultations (EC)] and improve quality of life (QOL) in these patients. METHOD Integrated programme with educational platforms (two-language booklet), SME in 66 patients (30 m, 36 f) with interdisciplinary quality team (pneumologists, primary care physicians, pharmacists, specialised nursing staff), QOL questionnaire. Measurement of morbidity parameters 12 months before and after SME. Measurement of QOL before and 12 months after SME. RESULTS Hospitalisations fell from 35 to 8%*, EC from 88 to 53%*. and LW from 39 to 14%* (*p <0.001). Overall, SME resulted in a health cost saving of CHF 202,510 in terms of LW and CHF 131,200 in terms of days in hospital, i.e. a total of CHF 333,710. Costs saved per patient were CHF 5,056 per year. QOL improved with the following scores: overall QOL 4.5 +/- 0.9 to 5.2 +/- 0.9*; activities 4.5 +/- 0.9 to 5.2 +/- 0.9*; symptoms 4.2 +/- 1.1 to 5.2 +/- 1.1*; emotions 4.9 +/- 1.1 to 5.6 +/- 1*; environment 4.5 +/- 1.4 to 4.9 +/- 1.3* (*p <0.001). CONCLUSION SME by interdisciplinary health network is effective. It brings a steep fall in costs for asthma treatment by cutting back hospitalisations and lost workdays and by improving the asthmatics' quality of life. It should be recognised and better supported by the health system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Tschopp
- Centre Valaisan de Pneumologie (CVP), Montana, Switzerland.
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31
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Tschopp JM, Frey JG, Pernet R, Burrus C, Jordan B, Morin A, Garrone S, Imhof K, Besse F, Marty S, Uldry C, Assal JP. Bronchial asthma and self-management education: implementation of Guidelines by an interdisciplinary programme in health network. Swiss Med Wkly 2002; 132:92-7. [PMID: 11971203 DOI: 10.4414/smw.2002.09948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Asthma is a chronic disease generating very high costs even for Switzerland. Self-management education (SME) is effective and recommended as an integral part of management in the most recent guidelines on asthma treatment. Its aim is to reduce morbidity [hospitalisations (H), lost workdays (LW), emergency consultations (EC)] and improve quality of life (QOL) in these patients. METHOD Integrated programme with educational platforms (two-language booklet), SME in 66 patients (30 m, 36 f) with interdisciplinary quality team (pneumologists, primary care physicians, pharmacists, specialised nursing staff), QOL questionnaire. Measurement of morbidity parameters 12 months before and after SME. Measurement of QOL before and 12 months after SME. RESULTS Hospitalisations fell from 35 to 8%*, EC from 88 to 53%*. and LW from 39 to 14%* (*p <0.001). Overall, SME resulted in a health cost saving of CHF 202,510 in terms of LW and CHF 131,200 in terms of days in hospital, i.e. a total of CHF 333,710. Costs saved per patient were CHF 5,056 per year. QOL improved with the following scores: overall QOL 4.5 +/- 0.9 to 5.2 +/- 0.9*; activities 4.5 +/- 0.9 to 5.2 +/- 0.9*; symptoms 4.2 +/- 1.1 to 5.2 +/- 1.1*; emotions 4.9 +/- 1.1 to 5.6 +/- 1*; environment 4.5 +/- 1.4 to 4.9 +/- 1.3* (*p <0.001). CONCLUSION SME by interdisciplinary health network is effective. It brings a steep fall in costs for asthma treatment by cutting back hospitalisations and lost workdays and by improving the asthmatics' quality of life. It should be recognised and better supported by the health system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Tschopp
- Centre Valaisan de Pneumologie (CVP), Montana, Switzerland.
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Marty S, Wehrlé R, Alvarez-Leefmans FJ, Gasnier B, Sotelo C. Postnatal maturation of Na+, K+, 2Cl- cotransporter expression and inhibitory synaptogenesis in the rat hippocampus: an immunocytochemical analysis. Eur J Neurosci 2002; 15:233-45. [PMID: 11849291 DOI: 10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01854.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
GABA, a major inhibitory neurotransmitter, depolarizes hippocampal pyramidal neurons during the first postnatal week. These depolarizations result from an efflux of Cl- through GABAA-gated anion channels. The outward Cl- gradient that provides the driving force for Cl- efflux might be generated and maintained by the Na+, K+, 2Cl- cotransporter (NKCC) that keeps intracellular Cl- concentration above electrochemical equilibrium. The developmental pattern of expression of the cotransporter in the hippocampus is not known. We studied the postnatal distribution pattern of NKCC in the hippocampus using a monoclonal antibody (T4) against a conserved epitope in the C-terminus of the cotransporter molecule. We also examined the temporal relationships between the developmental pattern of NKCC expression and the formation of perisomatic GABAergic synapses. This study was aimed at determining, with antivesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter (VIAAT) antibodies, whether perisomatic GABAergic synapses are formed preferentially at the time when GABA is depolarizing. During the first postnatal week, NKCC immunolabelling was restricted to cell bodies in the pyramidal cell layer and in the strata oriens and radiatum. In contrast, at postnatal day 21 (P21) and in adult animals little or no labelling occurred in cell bodies; instead, a prominent dendritic labelling appeared in both pyramidal and nonpyramidal neurons. The ultrastructural immunogold study in P21 rat hippocampi corroborated the light-microscopy results. In addition, this study revealed that a portion of the silver-intensified colloidal gold particles were located on neuronal plasmalemma, as expected for a functional cotransporter. The formation of inhibitory synapses on perikarya of the pyramidal cell layer was a late process. The density of VIAAT-immunoreactive puncta in the stratum pyramidale at P21 reached four times the P7 value in CA3, and six times the P7 value in CA1. Electron microscopy revealed that the number of synapses per neuronal perikaryal profile in the stratum pyramidale of the CA3 area at P21 was three times higher than at P7, even if a concomitant 20% increase in the area of these neuronal perikaryal profiles occurred. It is concluded that, in hippocampal pyramidal cells, there is a developmental shift in the NKCC localization from a predominantly somatic to a predominantly dendritic location. The presence of NKCC during the first postnatal week is consistent with the hypothesis that this transporter might be involved in the depolarizing effects of GABA. The depolarizing effects of GABA may not be required for the establishment of the majority of GABAergic synapses in the stratum pyramidale, because their number increases after the first postnatal week, when GABA action becomes hyperpolarizing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Marty
- INSERM U106, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France.
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Marty S. Differences in the regulation of neuropeptide Y, somatostatin and parvalbumin levels in hippocampal interneurons by neuronal activity and BDNF. Prog Brain Res 2001; 128:193-202. [PMID: 11105679 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(00)28017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Marty
- INSERM Unité 421, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France.
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Marty S, Wehrlé R, Sotelo C. Neuronal activity and brain-derived neurotrophic factor regulate the density of inhibitory synapses in organotypic slice cultures of postnatal hippocampus. J Neurosci 2000; 20:8087-95. [PMID: 11050130 PMCID: PMC6772728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal interneurons inhibit pyramidal neurons through the release of the neurotransmitter GABA. Given the importance of this inhibition for the proper functioning of the hippocampus, the development of inhibitory synapses must be tightly regulated. In this study, the possibility that neuronal activity and neurotrophins regulate the density of GABAergic inhibitory synapses was investigated in organotypic slice cultures taken from postnatal day 7 rats. In hippocampal slices cultured for 13 d in the presence of the GABA(A) receptor antagonist bicuculline, the density of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 65-immunoreactive terminals was increased in the CA1 area when compared with control slices. Treatment with the glutamate receptor antagonist 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione decreased the density of GAD65-immunoreactive terminals in the stratum oriens of CA1. These treatments had parallel effects on the density of GABA-immunoreactive processes. Electron microscopic analysis after postembedding immunogold labeling with antibodies against GABA indicated that bicuculline treatment increased the density of inhibitory but not excitatory synapses. Application of exogenous BDNF partly mimicked the stimulatory effect of bicuculline on GAD65-immunoreactive terminals. Finally, antibodies against BDNF, but not antibodies against nerve growth factor, decrease the density of GAD65-immunoreactive terminals in bicuculline-treated slices. Thus, neuronal activity regulates the density of inhibitory synapses made by postnatal hippocampal interneurons, and BDNF could mediate part of this regulation. This regulation of the density of inhibitory synapses could represent a feedback mechanism aimed at maintaining an appropriate level of activity in the developing hippocampal networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Marty
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U106, H opital de la Salpêtrière, Pavillon de l'Enfance et de l'Adolescence, 75651 Paris cedex 13,
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Abstract
Neuropeptide protein levels in hippocampal interneurons exhibit a considerable maturation in postnatal animals. This study characterizes the role of neuronal activity in determining neuropeptide protein levels in postnatal hippocampal interneurons, and the involvement of neurotrophins. In hippocampal slices from 7-day-old rats cultured for 2 weeks, treatment with the gamma-aminobutyric acidA (GABAA) receptor antagonist bicuculline increased the staining intensity and the number of neurons immunoreactive for neuropeptide Y (NPY). An opposite effect was observed when non-N-methyl-d-aspartate (non-NMDA) excitatory transmission was blocked. The effects of either treatment were reversed after return to control medium. These findings were similar to those previously obtained on the effects of activity on somatostatin immunostaining. Blockade of endogenous tyrosine kinase neurotrophin receptors using K252a prevented the effects of bicuculline on NPY- and somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons. Application of exogenous neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) increased NPY and somatostatin protein levels in long-term but not short-term cultures, while nerve growth factor (NGF) had no effect. In contrast, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) or neurotrophin-4 (NT-4) did not affect equally NPY and somatostatin immunoreactivity: they mimicked the effects of bicuculline treatment on NPY-immunoreactive neurons, but exerted no conspicuous effect on somatostatin immunostaining. These results indicate that although neuronal activity plays a major role in determining neuropeptide protein levels in postnatal hippocampal interneurons, its effects on different neuropeptides might be exerted through different mechanisms, with or without the mediation of BDNF or NT-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Marty
- INSERM Unité 421, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France.
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Marty S, Onténiente B. The expression pattern of somatostatin and calretinin by postnatal hippocampal interneurons is regulated by activity-dependent and -independent determinants. Neuroscience 1997; 80:79-88. [PMID: 9252222 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(97)00134-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hippocampal interneurons form distinct populations identified on the basis of their projection pattern and neurochemical characteristics, which includes the expression of specific neuropeptides and/or calcium-binding proteins. The neurochemical maturation of hippocampal interneurons is largely a postnatal event, and factors which govern this maturation are presently unknown. Using slice cultures, we have investigated the role of neuronal activity in regulating the expression of somatostatin and calretinin during the postnatal maturation of hippocampal interneurons. Blocking inhibitory activity with bicuculline, or excitatory activity with 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione, for 14 days in slice cultures from seven-day-old rat increased and decreased, respectively, the number of somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons. Withdrawal of the blocking agents resulted in a reversal of the effects on somatostatin immunoreactivity. In addition, bicuculline slightly increased the number of calretinin-positive neurons, while 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione exerted no effect. However, bicuculline and 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione markedly increased and decreased, respectively, the number of calretinin-labelled axons. Despite activity-linked modifications of immunoreactivity levels, no change in the organotypic location of somatostatin-labelled neurons was observed, whatever the treatment. Double labelling studies demonstrated that somatostatin and calretinin were expressed by different neurons, even when the number of labelled cells was highly increased. These results show that the levels of expression of somatostatin and calretinin in maturing hippocampal interneurons are tuned to the endogenous balance of excitatory and inhibitory activity. In contrast, the neurochemical specificity of each subtype of interneurons does not depend upon variations in neuronal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Marty
- INSERM Unité 421, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France
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37
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Abstract
Neocortical and hippocampal GABA-containing interneurons are susceptible to activity-dependent modulation, such as regulation of soma size, numbers of synaptic contacts, and levels of GABA or neuropeptide expression. In vitro, the effects of neuronal activity on morphology and gene expression of GABA-containing neurons are mimicked, in part, by members of the neurotrophin gene family, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). In the neocortex and hippocampus, BDNF is synthesized and secreted in an activity-dependent manner by pyramidal neurons, the target cells of GABA-containing neurons, suggesting that BDNF is an activity-dependent, target-derived trophic factor for these interneurons. In support of this, neuronal activity fails to upregulate the expression of neuropeptide Y in hippocampal cultures from BDNF-deficient mice. We, therefore, hypothesize that neurotrophins might mediate some of the actions of neuronal activity on GABA-containing neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Marty
- INSERM U 421, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France
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38
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Marty S, Berninger B, Carroll P, Thoenen H. GABAergic stimulation regulates the phenotype of hippocampal interneurons through the regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Neuron 1996; 16:565-70. [PMID: 8785053 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80075-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) switches from enhancing to repressing brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA synthesis during the maturation of hippocampal neurons in vitro. Interneurons do not produce BDNF themselves, but BDNF enhances their differentiation. Therefore, the question arose whether hippocampal interneurons regulate their phenotype by regulating BDNF expression and release from adjacent cells. The GABA(A) receptor agonist muscimol and BDNF increased the size and neuropeptide Y (NPY) immunoreactivity of hippocampal interneurons. However, GABAergic stimulation failed to increase NPY immunoreactivity in cultures from BDNF knockout embryos. At later developmental stages, when GABA represses BDNF synthesis, treatment with muscimol induced a decrease in cell size and NPY immunoreactivity of interneurons. Interneurons might thus control their phenotype through the regulation of BDNF synthesis in, and release from, their target neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Marty
- Department of Neurochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Psychiatry, Martinsried, Federal Republic of Germany
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Marty S, Carroll P, Cellerino A, Castrén E, Staiger V, Thoenen H, Lindholm D. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor promotes the differentiation of various hippocampal nonpyramidal neurons, including Cajal-Retzius cells, in organotypic slice cultures. J Neurosci 1996; 16:675-87. [PMID: 8551351 PMCID: PMC6578634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is widely expressed in the central nervous system, where its function is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of BDNF on the differentiation of hippocampal nonpyramidal neurons using organotypic slice cultures prepared from postnatal rats. The application of BDNF induced an increase in immunostaining for the microtubule-associated protein (MAP)-2 in non-pyramidal neurons of the stratum oriens. BDNF promotes the elongation of the dendrites of these neurons, as demonstrated by analysis after biocytin labeling. Calbindin-D- and calretinin-containing subgroups of nonpyramidal cells in the stratum oriens were responsive to BDNF but not to nerve growth factor, as shown by an increase in the number of neurons immunostained for these proteins. BDNF also induced an increase in neuropeptide Y immunostaining of stratum oriens neurons. In contrast, BDNF had no effect on parvalbumin immunostaining, despite the fact that these cells express the BDNF receptor trkB. In addition, BDNF increased calretinin immunoreactivity in Cajal-Retzius cells situated around the hippocampal fissure. The Cajal-Retzius neurons persisted in slices beyond the time at which they degenerate in vivo. However, BDNF is not required for the survival of these cells, because they also persisted in slices from BDNF knock-out mice. The present results indicate that BDNF exerts an effect on the morphology of stratum oriens nonpyramidal cells and their calcium-binding protein levels. BDNF also regulates the calretinin content of Cajal-Retzius cells but is not necessary for their survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Marty
- Department of Neurochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Psychiatry, Martinsried, Germany
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Nahata MC, Bootman JL, Zadák Z, Soeters PB, Goldberg LA, Stremetzne S, Jaehde U, Streit M, Kreuser ED, Thiel E, Schunack W, Calvert RT, Feely M, Chrystyn H, Mangues MA, Ginovart G, Moral MA, Lopes AP, Farré R, Demestre X, Altirriba O, Kloft C, Beyer J, Steuer J, Siegert W, Bever J, Bialer M, Sussan S, Salach OA, Danenberg HD, Laor A, Barnett MI, Cosslett AG, Cohen J, Marini P, Bassi C, Bonzanini A, Cassani T, Ore G, Mangiante G, Scroccaro G, Kaczan M, Eriksen J, Toft B, Jandová M, Vlček J, Klemerová V, Sobotka L, Ayestarán A, López R, Montoro JB, Pou L, Estíbalez A, Pascual B, Aumente MD, Panadero MD, Caraballo M, Pozo JC, Perez JL, Falcão AC, Fernández de Gatta MM, Dominguez-Gil A, Caramona MM, Lanao JM, Fendrich Z, Zajic J, Bellés MMD, Casabó AVG, Jiménez TNV, Hervás BMA, Abad GFJ, Casterá MDE, Aminian M, Mangues MA, Clopés A, Branco C, Badell I, Pardo N, Palací C, Bonal J, Rialp G, Bara B, Nobilis M, Bláha V, Havel E, Květina J, Brátová M, Solichová D, Mullerova M, Svoboda D, Pokrajac M, Miljković B, Simić D, Brzaković B, Galetin A, Pinheiro RL, Carrondo AP, Sieradzki E, Strauss K, Olejarz E, Marzec A, Kaużny J, Szymura-Oleksiak J, Wyska E, Jarosz B, Kosowicz I, Fabirkiewicz K, Cherian R, Vodoz AL, Imsand B, Belli D, Rochat T, Müllerová H, Falcão F, Carvalho A, Pereira T, Fonseca C, Freitas O, Resende M, Parrinha A, Costa M, Pessanha MA, Ferreira A, Mourão L, Ceia F, Lima M, Tavares R, SalesLuis A, Carlos S, Pereira MEA, Carmo JAD, Lacerda JMF, Morais JA, Beaufils C, Duff M, Zamparutti P, Assicot P, Bohor M, Angelini B, Lambert M, Manelli JC, Gayte-Sorbier A, Bongrand MC, Timon-David P, Fiqueira IC, Lourenco R, Silva PA, Rodrigues MO, Fischer A, Schorr W, Radziwill R, Lihtamo M, Jäppinen A, Tuovinen K, Pekkala M, Nuutinen L, Morató L, Lorente L, Muñoz J, Monges P, Blancard A, Lacarelle B, Denis JP, Bongrand MC, Penot-Ragon C, Gouin F, Petitcollot N, Tinguely I, Beney J, Marty S, Reymond JP, Bussels J, Robays H, Litzinger A, Rohda-Bohler R, Salek MS, Turpin S, Derby E, Millar B, Maggs C, Santiago LM, Batel M, Cajaraville G, Tarnés MJ, Díaz MJ, Pozo C, Plazaola A, Vuelta M, Díaz-Munío E, Ferrer A, Lozano A, Guerra R, Pontón JL, Robays H, Kint K, Verstraetep A, Eini DE, Ojala RK, Kontra KM, Naaranlahti TJP, Martorell M, Oliveras M, Juste C, Lopez MT, Hidalgo E, Cabañas MJ, Barroso C, Llop JM, Rey M, Diaz-Munio E, Pastó L, Tubau M, Gómez-Bellver MJ, Rodriguez J, Gómez JM, Gónzalez ML, Gol V, Fuentes V, Ramón S, Girona L, Castelló T, Olona M, García L, Girón C, Monteserín C, Gonzalez P, Alberola C, Feio JAL, Pharm D, Batel Marques FJ, Borges AM, Salek S, Escoms MC, Caro I, Ticó N, Hidalgo M, Bruguera R, Jodar R, Dowell JM, Davey PG, Malek M, Díaz-Munío E, Vuelta M, Pastó L, Rev M, Ferrer I, Llop JM, Marti T, Ibars M, Delporte JP, Ansseau M, Albert A, Sibourg M, Gaspard O, Deprez M, Ndougsa HM, Poma M, Tamés MJ, Macek K, Vlček J, Fendrich Z, Klejna M, Dhillon S, Castro I, Newton M, Zupanets IA, Chernyh VP, Bezdetko NB, Popov SB, Velieva MN, Babajeya SM, Mamedov YD, Mammedov YD, Veliev PM, Nasudari AA, Bandalieva AA, Nordbo S, Smith-Solbakken M, Myklctun R, Berge W, Thormodsen M, Zupanets LA, Kicenko LS, Plusch SI, Isaev SG, Vokrouhlický L, Souček R, Kuneš P, Nývlt O, Potselueva LA, Egorova SN, Kadirova EA, Ziganshina LE, Chaloupka J, Genger K. Abstracts of papers and posters advanced activities in pharmaceutical care 24th European Symposium on Clinical Pharmacy. Pharm World Sci 1995. [PMCID: PMC7101703 DOI: 10.1007/bf01890522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Berninger B, Marty S, Zafra F, da Penha Berzaghi M, Thoenen H, Lindholm D. GABAergic stimulation switches from enhancing to repressing BDNF expression in rat hippocampal neurons during maturation in vitro. Development 1995; 121:2327-35. [PMID: 7671799 DOI: 10.1242/dev.121.8.2327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult mammalian central nervous system. However, GABA depolarizes immature rat hippocampal neurons and increases intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i). Here we show, that GABA and the GABAA receptor agonist muscimol induce c-Fos immunoreactivity and increase BDNF mRNA expression in embryonic hippocampal neurons cultured for 5 days. In contrast, after 3 weeks in culture, GABA and muscimol failed to induce c-fos and BDNF expression. Fura-2 fluorescence microscopy revealed that muscimol produces a dihydropyridine-sensitive transient increase in [Ca2+]i, comparable to the effect of the non-NMDA receptor agonist kainic acid in neurons cultured for 5 days, but not in 3-week-old cultures. The increase in c-Fos immunoreactivity and BDNF mRNA levels by GABA were dependent upon the activation of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, as shown using the L-type specific Ca2+ channel blocker nifedipine. The differential regulation of c-fos and BDNF expression by GABA and muscimol in developing and mature hippocampal neurons is due to a switch in the ability of GABAA receptors to activate voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. These observations support the hypothesis that GABA might have neurotrophic effects on embryonic or perinatal hippocampal neurons, which are mediated by BDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Berninger
- Department of Neurochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Psychiatry, Martinsried, Republic of Germany
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42
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Abstract
During development, interaction with target cells plays a critical role in the regulation of survival of afferent neurons. In an attempt to define the role of target cells in the adult central nervous system, the somatodendritic morphology and survival of adult cuneate neurons deprived of their targets by in situ injection of kainic acid in the rat thalamus were studied. In neuron-specific, enolase-immunostained sections, a 20% decrease in the mean longest diameter of the labeled cells was detected at 4 months postlesion. This somatic atrophy was accompanied by a loss of distal dendritic arborizations as observed after labeling by intracellular diffusion of horseradish peroxidase. Cytochrome oxidase staining did not reveal detectable alterations of the metabolic activity of these neurons, and an ultrastructural study also failed to demonstrate major changes in the neuronal somata. Cell counts indicated a much delayed death of 25% of the neurons at 10 months postlesion, whereas no neuronal death was detected at 7 months. The glial cells appeared unaltered both in number and in immunolabeling when using OX-42 antibodies or antiglial fibrillary acidic protein (anti-GFAP) antibodies. Results obtained in this time-course study indicate that neuronal death and alteration of the somatodendritic morphology are much delayed events after excitotoxic loss of targets. Somatodendritic atrophy occurs several months postlesion, and neuronal death occurs close to 1 year after lesion. These results suggest that the hypothesis of a necessary continuous trophic support by target cells does not hold as firmly for the adult central nervous system as during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Marty
- INSERM Unité 421, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France
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Abstract
Lesioning of thalamic target neurons in the adult rat provokes a resorption of terminal axonal branches of afferent neurons from the dorsal column nuclei. There is, however, no massive neuronal loss in the dorsal column nuclei. In the adult, therefore, the thalamic post synaptic target cells influence primarily the extent of the terminal component of the afferent neurons. The subcellular changes underlying the regression of these adult terminals are unknown. To address this issue, we have looked at the electron microscopic level for the ultrastructural correlates of this retraction of the terminal compartment of target-deprived neurons in the adult rat thalamus. By analysing the fine structure of target-deprived axons and their immunoreactivity for a specific synaptic protein, synaptophysin, we have observed that all the organelles and the protein formed in the cell body, including dense-core vesicles, continue to be transported to the terminal compartment and accumulate at this level. At the terminal level, engorgement of organelles induces the formation of varicosities. An enormous increase in local degradative activity occurs in parallel to this accumulation. In contrast, organelles involved in membrane turnover and degradation (including synaptic and coated vesicles, multivesicular bodies, lysosomes) in the nerve terminals are clearly modified. There is a progressive loss of synaptic vesicles, whereas clathrin-coated vesicles and multivesicular bodies are numerous. We propose that the resorption of terminal axonal branches after thalamic target deprivation in the adult is associated with a bias of the system of membrane recycling at the axonal terminals towards degradation. In the absence of apparent changes in the pathways originating from the cell body in these conditions, it is unlikely that presynaptic neurons in the adult thalamus are dependent upon post synaptic target neurons for the delivery of organelles and proteins to the terminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Marty
- INSERUM CJF 91-02, Faculté de médecine, Créteil, France
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Marty S, Weinitz JM, Peschanski M. Target dependence of adult neurons: pattern of terminal arborizations. J Neurosci 1994; 14:5257-66. [PMID: 7521909 PMCID: PMC6577104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
During development, the survival of neurons in the CNS depends critically on interactions with postsynaptic target cells. The role of target cells on the maintenance of afferent neurons in the adult, however, is a matter of controversy. Morphological alterations of target-deprived neurons, such as axonal retraction or pruning, may occur. We have therefore undertaken an analysis of target-deprived neurons over time after an excitotoxic lesion in order to investigate these potential changes. Dorsal column nuclei (DCN) neurons were deprived of their target neurons in adult rats by the injection of kainic acid into the ventrobasal thalamic complex. Anterogradely transported wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to HRP from the DCN showed a progressive decrease of the density of afferent terminals during the first month after lesion. Density stabilized thereafter through the longest time studied (8 months). In contrast, the extent of the area occupied by DCN projections did not change up to 1 month and then shrank over time. These results indicated a continuous decrease in the number of axonal elements in the lesion, which is the strongest during the first month postlesion. To interpret these data, we then studied axonal morphology. Diffusion-filled lemniscal axons were labeled by WGA-HRP injections aimed at the medial lemniscus. There was no conspicuous alteration of axonal stems in the medial lemniscus. Terminal axonal arborizations and swellings dramatically decreased in number over the first month after the kainate injection, and large axonal varicosities were formed over the same period of time. These morphological data suggest that the decrease in number of axons in an excitotoxic lesion is related, at least during the first month, to a loss of axonal terminal arborizations rather than to a retraction of axonal stems. The pattern of terminal arborizations in the adult CNS may therefore depend critically on interactions of afferents with their target neurons, while the maintenance of the axonal stems does not.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Marty
- INSERM CJF 91-02, Faculté de médecine, Créteil, France
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Jaup T, de Laporte J, Fischer J, Marty S, Escher J, Ricou F. [Hypersensitivity myocarditis. A case of myocarditis following drug administration]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1994; 124:1334-8. [PMID: 8073232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Based upon the findings of eosinophilia and concomitant ECG changes, hypersensitivity myocarditis was diagnosed in a patient who had been given longstanding antibiotic therapy. With cessation of drug treatment the disease resolved spontaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Jaup
- Medizinische Abteilung, Oberwalliser Kreisspital, Brig
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Reymond JP, Haldimann B, Marty S. [Hospital pharmacy: partner in the health care team]. Rev Med Suisse Romande 1994; 114:119-23. [PMID: 8140364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The hospital pharmacy is responsible for providing each patient with the required drug treatment. This goal can be fulfilled by constant adaptation of the pharmaceutical services to the needs of the medical and nursing staff, hospital administration and other technical services. The goals and the functional relationship between the different activities of a hospital pharmacy are reviewed. The specific organisation of the Sierre-Loèche hospital pharmacy is presented. Centralisation of some services of the district hospital pharmacy within the central pharmacy of the "Institut Central des Hôpitaux Valaisans" provides the hospital with the required services. Pharmaceutical counseling based on a regular activity of the pharmacist within the health care team is a prerequisite to adapt organisation and services to the requirements of the clinical situation.
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Peschanski M, Hirsch E, Dusart I, Doye V, Marty S, Manceau V, Sobel A. Stathmin: cellular localization of a major phosphoprotein in the adult rat and human CNS. J Comp Neurol 1993; 337:655-68. [PMID: 8288776 DOI: 10.1002/cne.903370410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Stathmin is a ubiquitous, 19 kDa cytoplasmic protein the phosphorylation of which is associated with many cellular signaling pathways. It is particularly abundant in neurons and reaches a peak of expression in the neonatal period, although it remains highly expressed in the adult brain. In order to determine whether this abundant expression is associated with discrete cellular populations that are still at an immature stage during adulthood, as suggested by others, the cellular localization of stathmin was investigated in the adult rat and human central nervous system. Western blotting with a specific antiserum indicated that stathmin was ubiquitous in the brain and spinal cord but that its relative concentration varied up to 2.6 times between regions. To characterize the distribution of stathmin within the brain, its cellular localization was analyzed by immunocytochemistry. Highly immunoreactive neurons and oligodendrocytes were observed, and stathmin immunoreactivity was localized to the perikaryon and all processes, but not the nucleus. Most brain and spinal cord cell groups showed stathmin immunoreactivity, although the extent and intensity of labeling differed largely from one place to another. Particularly numerous stathmin-immunoreactive neuronal cell bodies were found in the pyriform, cingulate, and neocortex, as well as in many cholinergic nuclei of the basal forebrain and brainstem, in the medial thalamus, in various brainstem nuclei, in the dorsalmost layers of the spinal cord, and in brain areas lacking a blood-brain barrier to macromolecules. In addition to neuronal populations, stathmin-antibodies intensely labeled choroid plexuses. Many other brain regions exhibited moderate neuronal immunostaining. The distribution of stathmin-immunoreactive processes was in some areas relatively heterogeneous. Intense immunoreactivity was observed in some fiber tracts (corpus callosum, anterior commissure, inferior cerebellar peduncle, etc.) but was missing in others (internal capsule, posterior commissure, etc.). Some brain areas rich in immunoreactive neurons also displayed an intense immunoreactivity of the neuropile, whereas others contained either immunoreactive cells or fibers. In the human brain, stathmin immunostaining occurred in many areas, corresponding to those identified in the rat, with the exception of the cerebral cortex, the hippocampal fascia dentata, and the substantia nigra. The present results support our suggestion that, in addition to its involvement in cell proliferation and differentiation, stathmin may also be related to regulation of differentiated cell functions, as it appears to be a major signaling protein in widespread areas of the adult brain in both rat and human.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Peschanski
- INSERM CJF 91-02, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France
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Marty S, Reymond JP, Muff P, Beney J. [Clinical education of pharmacists: the Sion Model]. Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax 1993; 82:1306-1311. [PMID: 8265946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A post-graduate training program in clinical pharmacy for pharmacists is described. The yearly program gives an overview of the various activities. A detailed description of one working day delivers insight into the activities of a clinical pharmacist in a department of internal medicine. Clinical education of a pharmacist should enable him to apply his knowledge in the context of a practical cooperation with physicians and nursing staff and to consider patient, counselling and medication as a unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Marty
- Zentralinstitut der Walliser Spitäler, Apotheke, Sion
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Dusart I, Marty S, Peschanski M. Demyelination, and remyelination by Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes after kainate-induced neuronal depletion in the central nervous system. Neuroscience 1992; 51:137-48. [PMID: 1465177 PMCID: PMC7131789 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(92)90478-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Excitotoxins are thought to kill neurons while sparing afferent fibers and axons of passage. The validity of this classical conclusion has recently been questioned by the demonstration of axonal demyelination. In addition, axons are submitted to a profound alteration of their glial environment. This work was, therefore, undertaken to reassess axonoglial interactions over time after an excitotoxic lesion in the rat. Ultrastructural studies were carried out in the ventrobasal thalamus two days to 18 months after neuronal depletion by in situ injections of kainic acid. In some cases, lemniscal afferents were identified by using anterograde transport of wheatgerm agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase from the dorsal column nuclei. Two and four days after kainate injection, numerous dying axons displaying typical signs of Wallerian degeneration were observed in a neuropile characterized by the loss of neuronal somata and dendrites, an increase in number of microglia/macrophages and the disappearance of astrocytes. Ten and 12 days after kainate injection, degenerating axons were no longer observed although myelin degeneration of otherwise unaltered axons was ongoing with an accumulation of myelin remnants in the neuropile. At 16 and 20 days, the demyelination process was apparently complete and axons of different diameters were sometimes packed together. One and two months after kainate injection, the axonal environment changed again: remyelination of large-caliber axons occurred at the same time as reactive astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and numerous Schwann cells appeared in the tissue. Schwann cell processes surrounded aggregates of axons of diverse calibers, ensheathed small ones and myelinated larger ones. Axons were also remyelinated by oligodendrocytes. Horseradish peroxidase-labeled lemniscal afferents could be myelinated by either of the two cell types. After three months, the neuropile exhibited an increase in number of hypertrophied astrocytes and the progressive loss of any other cellular or axonal element. At this stage, remaining Schwann cells were surrounded by a glia limitans formed by astrocytic processes. These data indicate that although excitotoxins are sparing the axons, they are having a profound and complex effect on the axonal environment. Demyelination occurs over the first weeks, accompanying the loss of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Axonal ensheathment and remyelination takes place in a second period, associated with the reappearance of oligodendrocytes and recruitment of numerous Schwann cells, while reactive astrocytes appear in the tissue at a slightly later time. Over the following months, astrocytes occupy a greater proportion of the neuron-depleted territory and other elements decrease in number.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- I Dusart
- INSERM CJF 91-02, Neuroplasticité et Greffes Intracérébrales, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France
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Abstract
Astrocytes are involved, as are microglia/macrophages [Marty et al. (1991) Neuroscience 45, 529-539], in the formation of a glial scar after CNS lesions. This study was undertaken to follow the time-course of changes in the morphology and distribution of astrocytes that takes place during the formation of a glial scar after kainic acid injection in the rat thalamus. The astrocytes were identified using an antibody raised against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and the progression of their reaction to the lesion was followed from 24 h to one year after the kainate injection. Three periods could be distinguished during the evolution of the astrocytic response in the neuron-depleted area. There was an initial appearance of a large number of GFAP+ cells. These cells displayed profound morphological differences from the normal. They were enlarged, round and devoid of processes. These GFAP+ astrocytes disappeared four days after the lesion. This increase of the GFAP+ cells in the neuron-depleted area may be due to cytoskeletal changes and thus an increased exposure of antigenic sites. In a second period between four and 14 days, the only GFAP+ elements present in the neuron-depleted area were long and straight processes. These processes entered the lesioned area from the periphery and seemed to follow axon bundles. Additionally, during the first weeks, the number of reactive astrocytes increased in a small band just around the area of neuronal loss. The third period began after two weeks. The lesioned area became gradually occupied by GFAP+ astrocytes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- I Dusart
- Service de Médecine Nucléaire (INSERM-CJF 91-02) CHU Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
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