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Nalwoga V, Kizito S, Kigongo E, Atwine P, Kabunga A. The Lived Experiences of Individuals and Coping Strategies in the Context of Internet Gaming Disorder: A Qualitative Study Within Higher Education Setting in Uganda. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2024; 20:823-834. [PMID: 38601069 PMCID: PMC11005923 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s454304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD), recognized as a mental disorder in both the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5) and International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11), poses significant threats to physical, social, and mental well-being. This study aims to delve into the experiences of individuals grappling with IGD. Methods and Materials The study employed an interpretive phenomenology, conducting interviews with 10 graduate students at Makerere University. Participants were purposefully sampled until data saturation was achieved during interviews, which took place between May and July 2023. An interview guide facilitated data collection (Supplementary File 1), and thematic analysis was manually applied for data interpretation, utilizing intuition and imaginative approaches. Results The findings revealed that the majority of participants started gaming during childhood, starting with offline games. Exposure to gadgets and games, idle time, and stress emerged as key triggers for IGD. Participants reported experiencing sleep deficits, deteriorating interpersonal relationships, declining job performance, unhealthy eating habits, academic challenges, and wastage of money and time. The study also identified strategies employed by participants to mitigate their gaming behaviors, such as refraining from purchasing data, seeking support from friends, and uninstalling the game app, although relapses were common. Conclusion The study highlights a global pattern of early initiation into gaming, emphasizing the need for early intervention and preventive measures. Factors such as easy accessibility and affordability of gaming platforms, idleness, and stress play significant roles in motivating internet gaming, contributing to a higher prevalence among the studied population. The research underscores the adverse effects of IGD on students, affecting academic performance, interpersonal relationships, and job performance. Notably, participants demonstrate agency in addressing IGD through practical coping strategies, including controlling data access, seeking social support, and uninstalling games. These coping mechanisms provide valuable insights into the complex nature of addressing IGD and form a basis for developing targeted interventions and support systems within the higher education setting in Uganda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Nalwoga
- Department of Community Psychology and Mental Health, Makerere University, Kampala City, Uganda
- Department of Psychiatry, Lira University, Lira City, Uganda
| | - Simon Kizito
- Department of Community Psychology and Mental Health, Makerere University, Kampala City, Uganda
| | - Eustes Kigongo
- Department of Environmental Health and Disease Control, Lira University, Lira City, Uganda
| | - Praise Atwine
- Department of Community Psychology and Mental Health, Makerere University, Kampala City, Uganda
| | - Amir Kabunga
- Department of Psychiatry, Lira University, Lira City, Uganda
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Ssemata AS, Nakitende AJ, Kizito S, Thomas MR, Islam S, Bangirana P, Nakasujja N, Yang Z, Yu Y, Tran TM, John CC, McHenry MS. Association of severe malaria with cognitive and behavioural outcomes in low- and middle-income countries: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Malar J 2023; 22:227. [PMID: 37537555 PMCID: PMC10401769 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04653-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria affects 24 million children globally, resulting in nearly 500,000 child deaths annually in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Recent studies have provided evidence that severe malaria infection results in sustained impairment in cognition and behaviour among young children; however, a formal meta-analysis has not been published. The objective was to assess the association between severe malaria infection with cognitive and behavioural outcomes among children living in LMICs. METHODS Six online bibliographic databases were searched and reviewed in November 2022. Studies included involved children < 18 years of age living in LMICs with active or past severe malaria infection and measured cognitive and/or behaviour outcomes. The quality of studies was assessed. Definitions of severe malaria included cerebral malaria, severe malarial anaemia, and author-defined severe malaria. Results from all studies were qualitatively summarized. For studies with relevant data on attention, learning, memory, language, internalizing behaviour and externalizing behaviour, results were pooled and a meta-analysis was performed. A random-effects model was used across included cohorts, yielding a standardized mean difference between the severe malaria group and control group. RESULTS Out of 3,803 initial records meeting the search criteria, 24 studies were included in the review, with data from 14 studies eligible for meta-analysis inclusion. Studies across sub-Saharan Africa assessed 11 cohorts of children from pre-school to school age. Of all the studies, composite measures of cognition were the most affected areas of development. Overall, attention, memory, and behavioural problems were domains most commonly found to have lower scores in children with severe malaria. Meta-analysis revealed that children with severe malaria had worse scores compared to children without malaria in attention (standardized mean difference (SMD) -0.68, 95% CI -1.26 to -0.10), memory (SMD -0.52, 95% CI -0.99 to -0.06), and externalizing behavioural problems (SMD 0.45, 95% CI 0.13-0.78). CONCLUSION Severe malaria is associated with worse neuropsychological outcomes for children living in LMICs, specifically in attention, memory, and externalizing behaviours. More research is needed to identify the long-term implications of these findings. Further interventions are needed to prevent cognitive and behavioural problems after severe malaria infection. TRIAL REGISTRATION This systematic review was registered under PROSPERO: CRD42020154777.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Sentoogo Ssemata
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda.
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | | | - Simon Kizito
- Department of Mental Health and Community Psychology, School of Psychology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Melissa R Thomas
- Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Sumaiya Islam
- School of Medicine, City University of New York (CUNY), New York City, USA
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, USA
| | - Paul Bangirana
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
- Global Health Uganda, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Noeline Nakasujja
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ziyi Yang
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Science, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Yunpeng Yu
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Science, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Tuan M Tran
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Chandy C John
- Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Megan S McHenry
- Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Ali H, Ahmed S, Hsini A, Kizito S, Naciri Y, Djellabi R, Abid M, Raza W, Hassan N, Rehman M, Jamal Khan A, Khan M, Zia Ul Haq M, Aboagye D, Irshad M, Hassan M, Hayat A, Wu B, Qadeer A, Ajmal Z. Adsorption/desorption characteristics of novel Fe3O4 impregnated N-doped biochar (Fe3O4@N/BC) for arsenic (III and V) removal from aqueous solution: Insight into mechanistic understanding and reusability potential. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Kizito S, Jjagwe J, Mdondo SW, Nagawa CB, Bah H, Tumutegyereize P. Synergetic effects of biochar addition on mesophilic and high total solids anaerobic digestion of chicken manure. J Environ Manage 2022; 315:115192. [PMID: 35550972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
High solids anaerobic digestion (AD) of chicken manure (CM) is often challenging due to ammonia-N inhibition and accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFAs). This study evaluated the effect of adding biochars from different feedstock to ameliorate semi-dry AD of fresh CM during batch fermentation. Experiments were performed in 300 mL at two total solid (TS) levels (12% and 15%) under mesophilic (36 ±1ᵒC) conditions for 55 d, using activated sludge as inoculum. Treatments included: fresh CM (at 12% or 15% TS) mixed separately with rice husks char (RB), wood char (WB) and bamboo char (BB) at biochar dosages of 2.5%, 5% and 10% of TS in the CM, inoculum only and inoculum plus CM without addition of char as the control. Results indicated that addition of biochar reduced the lag phases to 4-5.4 d and AD performances were significantly improved with total volatile solids removal of 53-67% and 62-71%, and cumulative methane of 277-380 mL/gVS (CH4 content ≈ 51-63%) and 297-438 mL/gVS (CH4 content ≈ 49-67%) at 12% and 15% TS, respectively. Biochar buffered over acidification and stabilized pH in the range of 6.5-7.8 but mild ammonia inhibition still occurred in all biochar treatments due to the high residual total ammonia-N (4.3 g-5.6 g/L). For all the investigated parameters, WB amended digesters exhibited the best results owing to its high specific surface area, porosity, cationic exchange capacity, and elemental composition which were superior to those of RB and BB. At 10% dosage of all tested biochars, the AD process was more stable and methane content neared optimal of >65% CH4. Therefore, addition of biochar from lignocellulosic materials at a given threshold dosage could promote semi-dry and dry biogas production from chicken manure and thus add value to this waste which in most cases is improperly managed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Kizito
- Department of Forestry, Biodiversity and Tourism, School of Forestry, Environmental and Geographical Sciences, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Joseph Jjagwe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology, Makerere University, P.O.Box.7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Simon Wandera Mdondo
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P. O. Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Christine Betty Nagawa
- Department of Forestry, Biodiversity and Tourism, School of Forestry, Environmental and Geographical Sciences, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Hamidou Bah
- Institute Superior Agronomy and Veterinary of Faranah (ISAV/F), Faranah 131, Guinea
| | - Peter Tumutegyereize
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, School of Food Technology, Nutrition and Bioengineering, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
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Kizito S, Jjagwe J, Ssewaya B, Nekesa L, Tumutegyereize P, Zziwa A, Komakech AJ. Biofuel characteristics of non-charred briquettes from dried fecal sludge blended with food market waste: Suggesting a waste-to-biofuel enterprise as a win-win strategy to solve energy and sanitation problems in slums settlements. Waste Manag 2022; 140:173-182. [PMID: 34836725 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the production and evaluation of briquettes made from dried fecal sludge mixed with fresh food waste as a dual strategy to solve energy poverty and poor sanitation problems in Ugandan slums. Cylindrical briquettes measuring 82 mm height by 76 mm diameter were produced from dried fecal sludge (FS) alone, and FS mixed separately with pineapple peels (FS + PP), charcoal fines (FS + CD), and bean husks (FS + BH) in a mix ratio of 50% FS: 50% biomass (wt/wt basis) using red soil as the binder. Physiochemical characteristics and fuel thermal efficiency of the briquettes were tested following ASTM standards and were compared to wood-derived charcoal and commonly traded briquettes on market in Uganda. The average moisture content was 5.1%. Bulk density was highest in FS briquettes (1.12 g/cm3) and lowest in FS + BH (0.847 g/cm3). Volatile matter (VM) was highest in FS + PP (39%) and lowest in FS alone (25.7%). The average ash content was 30.4%. FS + PP had the highest calorific value (17.92 MJ/kg) while FS alone had the lowest (6.19 MJ/kg). The highest burning rate was recorded in FS + CD briquettes (8 g/min) and was lowest in FS + PP (4 g/min). Based on the calculated burning rates and calorific values, the economic advantage calculations implied that blending one ton of dry FS with one ton of dry pineapple peels for fuel briquettes, and their use as a substitute could save consumers about USD 620 per ton of wood charcoal foregone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Kizito
- Department of Forestry, Biodiversity and Tourism, School of Forestry, Environmental and Geographical Sciences, Makerere University. P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Joseph Jjagwe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Design, Art, and Technology, Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Bruno Ssewaya
- Department of Environmental Management, School of Forestry, Environmental and Geographical Sciences, Makerere University. P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lillian Nekesa
- Department of Environmental Management, School of Forestry, Environmental and Geographical Sciences, Makerere University. P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Peter Tumutegyereize
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, School of Food Technology, Nutrition and Bioengineering, Makerere University. P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ahamada Zziwa
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, School of Food Technology, Nutrition and Bioengineering, Makerere University. P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Allan John Komakech
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, School of Food Technology, Nutrition and Bioengineering, Makerere University. P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
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Lee G, Meyer AJ, Kizito S, Katamba A, Davis JL, Armstrong-Hough M. Predictors of evaluation in child contacts of TB patients. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2021; 24:847-849. [PMID: 32912391 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.20.0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Children´s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - A J Meyer
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA, Uganda Tuberculosis Implementation Research Consortium, Makerere University, Kampala
| | - S Kizito
- Uganda Tuberculosis Implementation Research Consortium, Makerere University, Kampala
| | - A Katamba
- Uganda Tuberculosis Implementation Research Consortium, Makerere University, Kampala, Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Department of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - J L Davis
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA, Uganda Tuberculosis Implementation Research Consortium, Makerere University, Kampala, Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine Section, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - M Armstrong-Hough
- Uganda Tuberculosis Implementation Research Consortium, Makerere University, Kampala, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences and Department of Epidemiology, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA, ,
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Zziwa A, Jjagwe J, Kizito S, Kabenge I, Komakech AJ, Kayondo H. Nutrient recovery from pineapple waste through controlled batch and continuous vermicomposting systems. J Environ Manage 2021; 279:111784. [PMID: 33310239 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The largest portion of pineapple peels and pulp generated from production points is disposed of haphazardly contributing to a number of environmental and health challenges. However, these wastes contain valuable plant nutrients that could be recovered to boost soil fertility, and increase agricultural production. This study evaluated the variation in physico-chemical parameters in batch and continuous vermicomposting systems as potential pathways for nutrient recovery from pineapple waste. The study compared the efficiency of waste reduction and nutrient recovery for batch (B), and continuous (C) vermicomposting systems during a 60-day period. The substrates were pineapple peels (PW), and cattle manure (CM) fed in a ratio of 4:1 (w/w). Control reactors were fed with 100% CM in both the feeding modes. Results indicated that waste degradation was 60%, and 54% while earthworm biomass increased by 57% and 129% for BPW, and CPW, respectively. pH significantly decreased with time in both systems. Total phosphorous increased with vermicomposting time with that of B being significantly higher than C systems. Nitrogen, potassium, and sodium significantly increased in the control experiments while the three elements significantly reduced for BPW, and CPW owing to high leachate production in the latter. The N, P, K, and C retention in vermicompost was 24.2%, 90.4%, 67.5%, 41.1%, and 32.6%, 91.2%, 79.3%, 46.1%, for BPW and CPW, respectively. Continuous systems produced higher earthworm biomass and retained more nutrients in vermicompost than batch systems, and can therefore, be recommended as better systems for pineapple waste vermicomposting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahamada Zziwa
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. BOX, 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Joseph Jjagwe
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. BOX, 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Simon Kizito
- Department of Forestry, Biodiversity and Tourism, P.O.BOX, 7062, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Isa Kabenge
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. BOX, 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Allan John Komakech
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. BOX, 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Henry Kayondo
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. BOX, 7062, Kampala, Uganda
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Ssemata AS, Nakitende JA, Kizito S, Whipple EC, Bangirana P, Nakasujja N, John CC, McHenry MS. Associations of childhood exposure to malaria with cognition and behavior outcomes: a systematic review protocol. Syst Rev 2020; 9:174. [PMID: 32772929 PMCID: PMC7416398 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-020-01434-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is one of the major contributing risk factors for poor development of children living in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). However, little is known about the specific domains of cognition and behavior that are impacted by malaria, the extent of these deficits, and the different types of the malaria spectrum that are associated with these deficits. The objective of this systematic review is to determine the association of the different types of malaria infection on cognition and behavioral outcomes among children living in LMICs. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We will systematically search online bibliographic databases including MEDLINE (via PubMed), CINAHL (via EBSCO), PsycINFO (via EBSCO), Embase, and The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) as well as Google Scholar and bibliographies of pertinent articles. We will include studies with a comparison group (e.g., clinical trials, cohort, observational, cross-sectional case-control, and controlled before and after or interrupted-time-series studies) involving children under 18 years of age living in LMICs, as determined by the World Bank criteria, with either an active malaria infection or history of malaria. Included articles must also measure cognitive and/or behavior outcomes determined by standardized psychological assessments (questionnaire-based scales and or neurocognitive assessments). Studies will be excluded if they are not in English, lack a control group, take place in a high-income country, or if a standardized instrument was not used. Two reviewers will independently review all articles to determine if they meet eligibility criteria. Any conflicts will be resolved after discussion with a third reviewer. When a list of included articles is finalized, two reviewers will extract data to populate and then cross check within an electronic table. Risk of bias and the strength of evidence and recommendations will be assessed independently using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria, and a final score will be given upon consensus. For sufficiently homogeneous data on measured outcomes in multiple studies, we will investigate the possibility of pooling data to perform a meta-analysis. DISCUSSION This systematic review will evaluate the evidence of the association of malaria on the cognitive and behavioral outcomes. Findings from this planned review will generate insight on the domains affected by the different forms of malaria infection and may inform subsequent malaria interventions and future research in pediatric care. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42020154777.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Sentoogo Ssemata
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Jacquelline Ann Nakitende
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Simon Kizito
- Department of Mental Health and Community Psychology, School of Psychology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Elizabeth C Whipple
- Ruth Lilly Medical Library, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Paul Bangirana
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Noeline Nakasujja
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Chandy C John
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Megan S McHenry
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Kizito S, Katamba A, Marquez C, Turimumahoro P, Ayakaka I, Davis JL, Cattamanchi A. Quality of care in childhood tuberculosis diagnosis at primary care clinics in Kampala, Uganda. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2019; 22:1196-1202. [PMID: 30236188 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.18.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the quality of routine childhood tuberculosis (TB) evaluation in Kampala, Uganda. SETTING AND DESIGN This was a cross-sectional study of children aged <15 years attending six government-run clinics from November 2015 to December 2016. Clinicians completed a standardized patient record form for all child visits. We assessed the following performance indicators of TB evaluation developed based on the Desk Guide of the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, an evidence-based decision aid on childhood TB diagnosis and management for clinicians: proportion screened for TB symptoms or contact history, proportion referred for laboratory evaluation if screen-positive, and proportion treated for TB if test-positive or meeting clinical criteria. RESULTS Of 24 566 consecutive children enrolled, 11 614 (47%) were fully screened for TB symptoms. Of 1747 (15%) children who screened positive, 360 (21%) had sputum examined, including 159 (44%) using smear microscopy, 244 (67%) using Xpert® MTB/RIF, and 52 (14%) using both techniques. Treatment was initiated in 18/20 (80%) children who tested positive. An additional 65 screen-positive children met the clinical criteria for TB; none were initiated on treatment. CONCLUSIONS Large gaps exist along the pathway to diagnosis and treatment of childhood TB. There is an urgent need for enhanced implementation of evidence-based approaches to TB diagnosis to improve outcomes in childhood TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kizito
- School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - A Katamba
- School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - C Marquez
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - P Turimumahoro
- School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - I Ayakaka
- School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - J L Davis
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, & Sleep Medicine Section, School of Medicine and Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - A Cattamanchi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Center for Vulnerable Populations, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, and Curry International Tuberculosis Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Konate A, Wang Y, He X, Adeel M, Zhang P, Ma Y, Ding Y, Zhang J, Yang J, Kizito S, Rui Y, Zhang Z. Comparative effects of nano and bulk-Fe 3O 4 on the growth of cucumber (Cucumis sativus). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2018; 165:547-554. [PMID: 30223168 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) plants were cultivated in hydroponic media with nano and bulk- iron oxide (Fe3O4) (50, 500 and 2000 mg/L) over a period of 21 days. At the low concentration (50 mg/L), nano-Fe3O4 resulted in reduction of biomass and enzyme activities compared to the control. However, at the higher concentration of nano-Fe3O4 dosage (2000 mg/L), there was a significant increase in biomass, antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD). In contrary, the high concentration of bulk-Fe3O4 caused phytotoxicity in terms of biomass and enzymes activity. The phytotoxicity was dependent on the particles property (mainly sizes and aggregation) for nano-F3O4 and concentration dependent for bulk-Fe3O4. The particle size is an important factor that can influence the bioavailability of nanomaterials, which need to be included when evaluating the exposure of nanomaterials and their deleterious effects in the environment. These promising results can help to develop the possible application of Fe3O4 NPs which may improve nutrient management to overcome food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Konate
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Institute Superior of Agronomy and Veterinary of Faranah (ISAV/F), Faranah 131, Guinea
| | - Yaoyao Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiao He
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Radiation and Nuclear Energy Technology, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Muhammd Adeel
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Radiation and Nuclear Energy Technology, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuhui Ma
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Radiation and Nuclear Energy Technology, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yayun Ding
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Radiation and Nuclear Energy Technology, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junzhe Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Radiation and Nuclear Energy Technology, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Simon Kizito
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Yukui Rui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Radiation and Nuclear Energy Technology, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Ochom E, Meyer AJ, Armstrong-Hough M, Kizito S, Ayakaka I, Turimumahoro P, Ggita JM, Katamba A, Davis JL. Integrating home HIV counselling and testing into household TB contact investigation: a mixed-methods study. Public Health Action 2018; 8:72-78. [PMID: 29946523 PMCID: PMC6012957 DOI: 10.5588/pha.18.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Setting: Community health workers (CHWs) increasingly deliver community-based human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) counselling and testing (HCT) services. Less is known about how this strategy performs when integrated with household tuberculosis (TB) contact investigations. Objective: We conducted a prospective mixed-methods study to evaluate the feasibility and quality of CHW-facilitated, home-based HCT among household TB contacts. Design: CHWs visited households of consenting TB patients to screen household contacts for TB and HIV. They performed HIV testing using a serial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay rapid-antibody testing algorithm. Laboratory technicians at health facilities re-tested the samples and coordinated quarterly HIV panel testing for CHWs. We conducted focus group discussions (FGDs) with CHWs on their experiences in carrying out home-based HCT. Results: Of 114 household contacts who consented to and underwent HIV testing by CHWs, 5 (4%) tested positive, 108 (95%) tested negative, and 1 (1%) had indeterminate results; 110 (96%) samples had adequate volume for re-testing. Overall agreement between CHWs and laboratory technicians was 99.1% (κ = 0.90, 95%CI 0.71-1.00, P < 0.0001). In FGDs, CHWs described context-specific social challenges to performing HCT in a household setting, but said that their confidence grew with experience. Conclusion: Home-based HCT by CHWs was feasible among household TB contacts and produced high-quality results. Strategies to address social challenges are required to optimize yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ochom
- Uganda Tuberculosis Implementation Research Consortium, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - A J Meyer
- Uganda Tuberculosis Implementation Research Consortium, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - M Armstrong-Hough
- Uganda Tuberculosis Implementation Research Consortium, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - S Kizito
- Uganda Tuberculosis Implementation Research Consortium, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - I Ayakaka
- Uganda Tuberculosis Implementation Research Consortium, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - P Turimumahoro
- Uganda Tuberculosis Implementation Research Consortium, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - J M Ggita
- Uganda Tuberculosis Implementation Research Consortium, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - A Katamba
- Uganda Tuberculosis Implementation Research Consortium, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - J L Davis
- Uganda Tuberculosis Implementation Research Consortium, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine Section, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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12
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Ajmal Z, Muhmood A, Usman M, Kizito S, Lu J, Dong R, Wu S. Phosphate removal from aqueous solution using iron oxides: Adsorption, desorption and regeneration characteristics. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 528:145-155. [PMID: 29843062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.05.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dynamics of phosphate (PO43-) adsorption, desorption and regeneration characteristics of three lab-synthesized iron oxides, ferrihydrite (F), goethite (G), and magnetite (M) were evaluated in this study. Batch experiments were conducted to evaluate the impact of several adsorption parameters including adsorbent dosage, reaction time, temperature, pH, and ionic strength. The results showed that PO43- adsorption increased with reaction time and temperature while it decreased with an increase in solution pH. Adsorption isotherm data exhibited good agreement with the Freundlich and Langmuir model with maximum monolayer adsorption capacities of 66.6 mg·g-1 (F), 57.8 mg·g-1 (M), and 50.5 mg·g-1 (G). A thermodynamics evaluation produced ΔG < 0, ΔH > 0, and ΔS > 0, demonstrating that PO43- adsorption onto tested minerals is endothermic, spontaneous, and disordered. The PO43- removal mostly occurred via electrostatic attraction between the sorbate and sorbent surfaces. Moreover, the PO43- sorption was reversible and could be desorbed at varying rates in both neutral and alkaline environments. The good desorption capacity has practical benefits for potential regeneration and re-use of the saturated particles in wastewater treatment systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeeshan Ajmal
- Key Laboratory of Clean Utilization Technology for Renewable Energy in Ministry of Agriculture, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Atif Muhmood
- Key Laboratory of Clean Utilization Technology for Renewable Energy in Ministry of Agriculture, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Muhammad Usman
- Environmental Mineralogy, Center for Applied Geosciences, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Simon Kizito
- Key Laboratory of Clean Utilization Technology for Renewable Energy in Ministry of Agriculture, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China; College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, Uganda
| | - Jiaxin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Clean Utilization Technology for Renewable Energy in Ministry of Agriculture, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Renjie Dong
- Key Laboratory of Clean Utilization Technology for Renewable Energy in Ministry of Agriculture, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shubiao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Clean Utilization Technology for Renewable Energy in Ministry of Agriculture, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China; Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 6B, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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13
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Kizito S, Luo H, Wu S, Ajmal Z, Lv T, Dong R. Phosphate recovery from liquid fraction of anaerobic digestate using four slow pyrolyzed biochars: Dynamics of adsorption, desorption and regeneration. J Environ Manage 2017; 201:260-267. [PMID: 28672198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Four slow pyrolyzed biochars produced from wood (WDB), corncobs (CCB), rice husks (RHB) and sawdust (SDB) were evaluated for adsorption, desorption and regeneration of phosphate (PO43--P) from anaerobically digested liquid swine manure. The PO43--P adsorption capacity increased followed by initial concentrations increasing. Maximum PO43--P adsorptions at initial 150 mg/L of PO43--P (highest load) were average of 7.67, 6.43, 5.73 and 5.41 mg/g for WDB, CCB, RHB and SDB, respectively. Pseudo second order kinetics model could best fit PO43--P adsorption, which indicated the chemisorption via precipitation was the main mechanism for PO43--P removal. The sorption process was reversible and the adsorbed PO43--P could be desorbed in both neutral (57-78%) and acidic solution environments (75-88%) for all biochars. Meanwhile, regenerated biochar could re-adsorb up to 5.62 mg/g at the highest initial PO43--P of 150 mg/L. The present finding implied biochar could be effectively used to recover PO43--P from anaerobic digestate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Kizito
- Key Laboratory of Clean Utilization Technology for Renewable Energy, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, 100083, Beijing, PR China; College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Hongzhen Luo
- Key Laboratory of Clean Utilization Technology for Renewable Energy, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, 100083, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shubiao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Clean Utilization Technology for Renewable Energy, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, 100083, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Zeeshan Ajmal
- Key Laboratory of Clean Utilization Technology for Renewable Energy, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, 100083, Beijing, PR China
| | - Tao Lv
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000C, Denmark.
| | - Renjie Dong
- Key Laboratory of Clean Utilization Technology for Renewable Energy, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, 100083, Beijing, PR China
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14
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Kizito S, Lv T, Wu S, Ajmal Z, Luo H, Dong R. Treatment of anaerobic digested effluent in biochar-packed vertical flow constructed wetland columns: Role of media and tidal operation. Sci Total Environ 2017; 592:197-205. [PMID: 28319707 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Three types of vertical flow constructed wetland columns (VFCWs), packed with corn cob biochar (CB-CW), wood biochar (WB-CW) and gravel (G-CW) under tidal flow operations, were comparatively evaluated to investigate anaerobic digested effluent treatment performance and mechanisms. It was demonstrated that CB-CW and WB-CW provide significantly higher removal efficiencies for organic matter (>59%), NH4+-N (>76%), TN (>37%) and phosphorus (>71%), compared with G-CW (22%-49%). The higher pollutants removal ability of biochar-packed VFCWs was mainly attribute to the higher adsorption ability and microbial cultivation in the porous biochar media. Moreover, increasing the flooded/drained ratio from 4/8h to 8/4h of the tidal operation further improved around 10% of the removal of both organics and NH4+-N for biochar-packed VFCWs. The phosphorus removal was dependent on the media adsorption capacities through the whole experiment. However, the NH4+-N biodegradation by microbial communities was demonstrated to become the dominant removal mechanism in the long term treatment, which compensated the decreased adsorption capacities of the media. The study supported that the use of biochar would increase the treatment performance and elongate the lifespan of CWs under tidal operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Kizito
- Key Laboratory of Clean Utilization Technology for Renewable Energy, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, 100083 Beijing, PR China; College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, 7062 Kampala, Uganda
| | - Tao Lv
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000C, Denmark
| | - Shubiao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Clean Utilization Technology for Renewable Energy, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, 100083 Beijing, PR China.
| | - Zeeshan Ajmal
- Key Laboratory of Clean Utilization Technology for Renewable Energy, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, 100083 Beijing, PR China
| | - Hongzhen Luo
- Key Laboratory of Clean Utilization Technology for Renewable Energy, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, 100083 Beijing, PR China
| | - Renjie Dong
- Key Laboratory of Clean Utilization Technology for Renewable Energy, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, 100083 Beijing, PR China
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15
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Johnson LR, Chin EG, Kajumba M, Kizito S, Bangirana P. Views on Depression From Traditional Healing and Psychiatry Clinics in Uganda. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0022022116675424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In Uganda, depression is a growing concern, yet mental health professionals are in short supply, and help is often sought from traditional healers. To develop an integrated system of care, we must understand sociocultural aspects of depression including beliefs about help seeking and treatment. In a mixed methods study, we used semi-structured interviews and self-report measures to assess depressed patients ( N = 30) seeking treatment in traditional healing ( n = 15) and psychiatry clinics ( n = 15) near Kampala, Uganda. We assessed demographics, symptoms, treatment characteristics, and explanatory models (EMs) of depression (e.g., labeling the problem, cause, impact on life, best type of treatment). We predicted differences across treatment settings. To further explore EMs, we assessed differences in EMs of patients and their providers by interviewing patient–provider dyads ( n = 8 dyads). Patients in both settings were similar in demographics, symptoms, perceived cause, seriousness, and impact of depression. However, patients at traditional clinics were more likely to desire herbal remedies, while those in psychiatry clinics were more likely to desire modern medication. Patient–provider dyads also had different treatment beliefs, with patients desiring financial assistance, social support, and medication, and providers more likely to suggest counseling or advice. The study highlights the need to understand diverse beliefs and treatment trajectories in a multicultural context.
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16
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Johnson LR, Chin EG, Kajumba M, Buchanan E, Kizito S, Bangirana P. Do Concepts of Depression Predict Treatment Pathways? A Closer Look at Explanatory Models Among Clinical and Nonclinical Samples in Uganda. J Clin Psychol 2016; 73:893-909. [PMID: 27805737 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Explanatory models (EMs) are a collection of beliefs about a disorder that can help us understand help-seeking and treatment pathways in diverse contexts. In 2 related studies, we explore EMs about depression held among both clinical and nonclinical samples in Uganda. To explore the potential of EMs to predict help seeking, we assessed the relationship between 2 main aspects of the EM: problem conceptualization and treatment. METHOD In Study 1, we interviewed and assessed EMs of depression for 135 lay community members and 111 professional practitioners using a vignette. In Study 2, we assessed actual EMs among 33 clinically depressed adults. We transcribed all interviews and analyzed and coded the content. In Study 1, we used logistic regression to examine the relationship of problem conceptualization and stigma to treatment choice; in Study 2, we used Fisher's exact tests to examine the relationship between conceptualization and treatment. Sociodemographics such as age, income, and language were also examined. RESULTS Interviews elicited a diverse range of beliefs about the nature of depression and the types of treatment needed. However, problem conceptualization did not predict treatment in either group. Instead, education and interview language predicted treatment in clinical and nonclinical samples. CONCLUSION Although EMs can be useful for both exploring mental health and treatment-related beliefs in clinical settings and developing mental health services, contextual factors may be more significant predictors of help seeking.
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17
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Kizito S, Wu S, Wandera SM, Guo L, Dong R. Evaluation of ammonium adsorption in biochar-fixed beds for treatment of anaerobically digested swine slurry: Experimental optimization and modeling. Sci Total Environ 2016; 563-564:1095-1104. [PMID: 27241205 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Fixed-bed column experiments were performed to investigate the effect of influent concentration, flow rate, and adsorbent bed depth on ammonium adsorption from anaerobically digested swine slurry using three types of biochar made from corncobs (MCB), hardwood (WB), and mixed sawdust pellets (MSB). WB performed better than the other two biochar types with a maximum sorption capacity of 67-114mg/g due to its superior surface area and larger pore volume. Ammonium adsorption kinetics and dynamics depended on the influent NH4(+)-N concentration, applied inflow flow rate, and the depth of the fixed bed. Maximum sorption capacities under influent NH4(+)-N concentration of 500mg/L, were identified to be 114.2mg/g, 108.9mg/g, and 24.7mg/g at inflow rate of 15mL/min for WB, MCB, and MSB, respectively. The data shows that using deeper beds and applying lower flow rates could be a better strategy to increase ammonium adsorption in biochar-fixed beds. Moreover, three kinetic models (Thomas, Adams-Bohart (BDST), and Yoon-Nelson) were applied to the experimental data to predict breakthrough curves and determine characteristic adsorption parameters for process design. The applied models fitted data in the order: Thomas (R(2)=0.971)>BDST (R(2)=0.960)>Yoon-Nelson (R(2)=0.940). It was concluded that ammonium adsorption in biochar-fixed beds could be an effective method for routine cyclic treatment of slurry. However, further effluent polishing is required to meet discharge requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Kizito
- Key Laboratory for Clean Renewable Energy Utilization Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China; College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Shubiao Wu
- Key Laboratory for Clean Renewable Energy Utilization Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China.
| | - Simon Mdondo Wandera
- Key Laboratory for Clean Renewable Energy Utilization Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Luchen Guo
- Key Laboratory for Clean Renewable Energy Utilization Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Renjie Dong
- Key Laboratory for Clean Renewable Energy Utilization Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
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18
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Kirui WK, Wu S, Kizito S, Carvalho PN, Dong R. Pathways of nitrobenzene degradation in horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands: Effect of intermittent aeration and glucose addition. J Environ Manage 2016; 166:38-44. [PMID: 26468606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Intermittent aeration and addition of glucose were applied to horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands in order to investigate the effect on pathways of nitrobenzene (NB) degradation and interactions with microbial nitrogen and sulphur transformations. The experiment was carried out in three phases A, B and C consisting of different NB loading and glucose dosing. For each phase, the effect of aeration was assessed by intermittently aerating one wetland and leaving one unaerated. Regardless of whether or not the wetland was aerated, at an influent NB concentration of 140 mg/L, both wetlands significantly reduced NB to less than 2 mg/L, a reduction efficiency of 98%. However, once the influent NB concentration was increased to 280 mg/L, the aerated wetland had a higher removal performance 82% compared to that of the unaerated wetland 71%. Addition of glucose further intensified the NB removal to 95% in the aerated wetlands and 92% in the unaerated. Aeration of wetlands enhanced NB degradation, but also resulted in higher NB volatilization of 6 mg m(-2) d(-1). The detected high concentration of sulphide 20-60 mg/L in the unaerated wetland gave a strong indication that NB may act as an electron donor to sulphate-reducing bacteria, but this should be further investigated. Aeration positively improved NB removal in constructed wetlands, but resulted in higher NB volatilization. Glucose addition induced co-metabolism to enhance NB degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley K Kirui
- Key Laboratory of Clean Utilization Technology for Renewable Energy in Ministry of Agriculture, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, 100083 Beijing, PR China
| | - Shubiao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Clean Utilization Technology for Renewable Energy in Ministry of Agriculture, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, 100083 Beijing, PR China.
| | - Simon Kizito
- Key Laboratory of Clean Utilization Technology for Renewable Energy in Ministry of Agriculture, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, 100083 Beijing, PR China; College of Agricultural and Environmental Science, Makerere University, P.O. Box, 7062 Kampala, Uganda
| | - Pedro N Carvalho
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000C Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Renjie Dong
- Key Laboratory of Clean Utilization Technology for Renewable Energy in Ministry of Agriculture, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, 100083 Beijing, PR China
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Kizito S, Wu S, Kipkemoi Kirui W, Lei M, Lu Q, Bah H, Dong R. Evaluation of slow pyrolyzed wood and rice husks biochar for adsorption of ammonium nitrogen from piggery manure anaerobic digestate slurry. Sci Total Environ 2015; 505:102-12. [PMID: 25310885 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.09.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Due to its high adsorption capacity, the use of biochar to capture excess nutrients from wastewater has become a central focus in environmental remediation studies. In this study, its potential use in adsorption and removal of ammonium in piggery manure anaerobic digestate slurry was investigated. The adsorbed amount of NH4(+)-N (mg·g(-1)) and removal percentage as a function of adsorbent mass in solution, adsorbent particle size, NH4(+)-N concentration in the effluent, contact time, pH and temperature were quantified in batch equilibrium and kinetics experiments. The maximum NH4(+)-N adsorption from slurry at 1400 mgN·L(-1) was 44.64 ± 0.602 mg·g(-1) and 39.8 ± 0.54 mg·g(-1) for wood and rice husk biochar, respectively. For both biochars, adsorption increased with increase in contact time, temperature, pH and NH4(+)-N concentration but it decreased with increase in biochar particle size. Furthermore, the sorption process was endothermic and followed Langmuir (R(2)=0.995 and 0.998) and Pseudo-second order kinetic models (R(2)=0.998 and 0.999). Based on the removal amounts, we concluded that rice husk and wood biochar have potential to adsorb NH4(+)-N from piggery manure anaerobic digestate slurry, and thus can be used as nutrient filters prior to discharge into water streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Kizito
- Key Laboratory of Clean Utilization Technology for Renewable Energy in Ministry of Agriculture, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, 100083 Beijing, PR China
| | - Shubiao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Clean Utilization Technology for Renewable Energy in Ministry of Agriculture, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, 100083 Beijing, PR China.
| | - W Kipkemoi Kirui
- Key Laboratory of Clean Utilization Technology for Renewable Energy in Ministry of Agriculture, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, 100083 Beijing, PR China
| | - Ming Lei
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, 100083 Beijing, PR China
| | - Qimin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Clean Utilization Technology for Renewable Energy in Ministry of Agriculture, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, 100083 Beijing, PR China
| | - Hamidou Bah
- Key Laboratory of Clean Utilization Technology for Renewable Energy in Ministry of Agriculture, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, 100083 Beijing, PR China
| | - Renjie Dong
- Key Laboratory of Clean Utilization Technology for Renewable Energy in Ministry of Agriculture, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, 100083 Beijing, PR China
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Bah H, Zhang W, Wu S, Qi D, Kizito S, Dong R. Evaluation of batch anaerobic co-digestion of palm pressed fiber and cattle manure under mesophilic conditions. Waste Manag 2014; 34:1984-1991. [PMID: 25148926 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Palm pressed fiber (PPF) and cattle manure (CM) are the waste which can be managed properly by anaerobic co-digestion. The biogas production in co-digested PPF and CM at three volatile solids (VS) ratios of 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3 was investigated in a series of batch experiments at an organic loading rate of 30.0 g VS/L under mesophilic (37±1°C) conditions. The highest daily biogas yield of PPF and CM only, was 90.0 mL/g VS(added) at day 12 and 23.4 mL/g VS(added) at day 7. For co-digestion of PPF/CM at mixing ratios of 3:1, 1:1 and 1:3, there were 93.6 mL/g VS(added) at day 11, 86.8 and 26.4 mL/g VS(added) at day 8. VS removal rate for PPF, CM, and co-digestion at mixing ratio of 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3 were 91.1%, 86.0% and 71.0%, respectively. The anaerobic digestion of PPF and CM and their co-digestion systems were stable in operation with low range of volatile fatty acids (VFA)/TIC (total inorganic carbon) of (0.035-0.091). The main volatile fatty acids were propionic, and iso-butyric acids for PPF, iso-butyric and n-butyric acids for CM. The VFAs and ammonium inhibition were not occurred. The modified Gompertz model can be used to perform a better prediction with a lower difference between the measured and predicted biogas yields. A VS ratio of 3:1 is recommended for practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidou Bah
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China; Institute Superior of Agronomy and Veterinary of Faranah (ISAV/F), Faranah 131, Guinea
| | - Wanqin Zhang
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China; College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Shubiao Wu
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dandan Qi
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Simon Kizito
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China; College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala 256, Uganda
| | - Renjie Dong
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
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21
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Johnson LR, Mayanja MK, Bangirana P, Kizito S. Contrasting concepts of depression in Uganda: implications for service delivery in a multicultural context. Am J Orthopsychiatry 2009; 79:275-289. [PMID: 19485645 DOI: 10.1037/a0015818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a rising public health concern worldwide. Understanding how people conceptualize depression within and across cultures is crucial to effective treatment in a global environment. In this article, we highlight the importance of considering both lay and professional perspectives when developing a culturally competent and contextually relevant model for service delivery. We conducted interviews with 246 Ugandan adults to elicit their explanatory belief models (EMs) about the nature of depression, its causes, social meanings, effects, help seeking, and treatment. Interviews were transcribed, content analyzed, and coded. We compared EMs of community members (n = 135) to those of professional practitioners (n = 111), whom we further categorized into traditional healers, primary care providers, and mental health professionals. We found significant differences between lay and professional EMs and between 3 types of professionals. Contrary to our expectations, lay concepts did not overlap more with traditional healers than with other professional EMs. We discuss the diverse concepts of depression in Uganda, the nature of group differences, and implications for service delivery and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA.
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