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Tran J, Vassiliadis S, Elkins AC, Cogan NOI, Rochfort SJ. Developing Prediction Models Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy to Quantify Cannabinoid Content in Cannabis Sativa. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:2607. [PMID: 36904818 PMCID: PMC10007171 DOI: 10.3390/s23052607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis is commercially cultivated for both therapeutic and recreational purposes in a growing number of jurisdictions. The main cannabinoids of interest are cannabidiol (CBD) and delta-9 tetrahydrocannabidiol (THC), which have applications in different therapeutic treatments. The rapid, nondestructive determination of cannabinoid levels has been achieved using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy coupled to high-quality compound reference data provided by liquid chromatography. However, most of the literature describes prediction models for the decarboxylated cannabinoids, e.g., THC and CBD, rather than naturally occurring analogues, tetrahydrocannabidiolic acid (THCA) and cannabidiolic acid (CBDA). The accurate prediction of these acidic cannabinoids has important implications for quality control for cultivators, manufacturers and regulatory bodies. Using high-quality liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LCMS) data and NIR spectra data, we developed statistical models including principal component analysis (PCA) for data quality control, partial least squares regression (PLS-R) models to predict cannabinoid concentrations for 14 different cannabinoids and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) models to characterise cannabis samples into high-CBDA, high-THCA and even-ratio classes. This analysis employed two spectrometers, a scientific grade benchtop instrument (Bruker MPA II-Multi-Purpose FT-NIR Analyzer) and a handheld instrument (VIAVI MicroNIR Onsite-W). While the models from the benchtop instrument were generally more robust (99.4-100% accuracy prediction), the handheld device also performed well (83.1-100% accuracy prediction) with the added benefits of portability and speed. In addition, two cannabis inflorescence preparation methods were evaluated: finely ground and coarsely ground. The models generated from coarsely ground cannabis provided comparable predictions to that of the finely ground but represent significant timesaving in terms of sample preparation. This study demonstrates that a portable NIR handheld device paired with LCMS quantitative data can provide accurate cannabinoid predictions and potentially be of use for the rapid, high-throughput, nondestructive screening of cannabis material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Tran
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio Centre, AgriBio, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Simone Vassiliadis
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio Centre, AgriBio, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Aaron C. Elkins
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio Centre, AgriBio, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Noel O. I. Cogan
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio Centre, AgriBio, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Simone J. Rochfort
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio Centre, AgriBio, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
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Reddy P, Panozzo J, Guthridge KM, Spangenberg GC, Rochfort SJ. Single Seed Near-Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging for Classification of Perennial Ryegrass Seed. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:1820. [PMID: 36850417 PMCID: PMC9961513 DOI: 10.3390/s23041820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The detection of beneficial microbes living within perennial ryegrass seed causing no apparent defects is challenging, even with the most sensitive and conventional methods, such as DNA genotyping. Using a near-infrared hyperspectral imaging system (NIR-HSI), we were able to discriminate not only the presence of the commercial NEA12 fungal endophyte strain but perennial ryegrass cultivars of diverse seed age and batch. A total of 288 wavebands were extracted for individual seeds from hyperspectral images. The optimal pre-processing methods investigated yielded the best partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) classification model to discriminate NEA12 and without endophyte (WE) perennial ryegrass seed with a classification accuracy of 89%. Effective wavelength (EW) selection based on GA-PLS-DA resulted in the selection of 75 wavebands yielding 88.3% discrimination accuracy using PLS-DA. For cultivar identification, the artificial neural network discriminant analysis (ANN-DA) was the best-performing classification model, resulting in >90% classification accuracy for Trojan, Alto, Rohan, Governor and Bronsyn. EW selection using GA-PLS-DA resulted in 87 wavebands, and the PLS-DA model performed the best, with no extensive compromise in performance, resulting in >89.1% accuracy. The study demonstrates the use of NIR-HSI reflectance data to discriminate, for the first time, an associated beneficial fungal endophyte and five cultivars of perennial ryegrass seed, irrespective of seed age and batch. Furthermore, the negligible effects on the classification errors using EW selection improve the capability and deployment of optimized methods for real-time analysis, such as the use of low-cost multispectral sensors for single seed analysis and automated seed sorting devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Reddy
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Joe Panozzo
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Kathryn M. Guthridge
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - German C. Spangenberg
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Simone J. Rochfort
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
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Naim-Feil E, Elkins AC, Malmberg MM, Ram D, Tran J, Spangenberg GC, Rochfort SJ, Cogan NOI. The Cannabis Plant as a Complex System: Interrelationships between Cannabinoid Compositions, Morphological, Physiological and Phenological Traits. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:493. [PMID: 36771577 PMCID: PMC9919051 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining specific and reproducible cannabinoid compositions (type and quantity) is essential for the production of cannabis-based remedies that are therapeutically effective. The current study investigates factors that determine the plant's cannabinoid profile and examines interrelationships between plant features (growth rate, phenology and biomass), inflorescence morphology (size, shape and distribution) and cannabinoid content. An examination of differences in cannabinoid profile within genotypes revealed that across the cultivation facility, cannabinoids' qualitative traits (ratios between cannabinoid quantities) remain fairly stable, while quantitative traits (the absolute amount of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), cannabichromene (CBC), cannabigerol (CBG), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) and cannabidivarin (CBDV)) can significantly vary. The calculated broad-sense heritability values imply that cannabinoid composition will have a strong response to selection in comparison to the morphological and phenological traits of the plant and its inflorescences. Moreover, it is proposed that selection in favour of a vigorous growth rate, high-stature plants and wide inflorescences is expected to increase overall cannabinoid production. Finally, a range of physiological and phenological features was utilised for generating a successful model for the prediction of cannabinoid production. The holistic approach presented in the current study provides a better understanding of the interaction between the key features of the cannabis plant and facilitates the production of advanced plant-based medicinal substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erez Naim-Feil
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Aaron C. Elkins
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - M. Michelle Malmberg
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Doris Ram
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Jonathan Tran
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - German C. Spangenberg
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Simone J. Rochfort
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Noel O. I. Cogan
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
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Elkins AC, Rochfort SJ, Maharjan P, Panozzo J. A Simple High-Throughput Method for the Analysis of Vicine and Convicine in Faba Bean. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196288. [PMID: 36234824 PMCID: PMC9571945 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The faba bean is one of the earliest domesticated crops, with both economic and environmental benefits. Like most legumes, faba beans are high in protein, and can be used to contribute to a balanced diet, or as a meat substitute. However, they also produce the anti-nutritional compounds, vicine and convicine (v-c), that when enzymatically degraded into reactive aglycones can potentially lead to hemolytic anemia or favism. Current methods of analysis use LC-UV, but are only suitable at high concentrations, and thus lack the selectivity and sensitivity to accurately quantitate the low-v-c genotypes currently being developed. We have developed and fully validated a rapid high-throughput LC-MS method for the analysis of v-c in faba beans by optimizing the extraction protocol and assessing the method of linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantitation, accuracy, precision and matrix effects. This method uses 10-times less starting material; removes the use of buffers, acids and organic chemicals; and improves precision and accuracy when compared to current methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron C. Elkins
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Simone J. Rochfort
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Pankaj Maharjan
- Agriculture Victoria, Grains Innovation Park, Horsham, VIC 3400, Australia
| | - Joe Panozzo
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- Centre for Agriculture Innovation, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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Reddy P, Guthridge KM, Panozzo J, Ludlow EJ, Spangenberg GC, Rochfort SJ. Near-Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging Pipelines for Pasture Seed Quality Evaluation: An Overview. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:s22051981. [PMID: 35271127 PMCID: PMC8914962 DOI: 10.3390/s22051981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Near-infrared (800–2500 nm; NIR) spectroscopy coupled to hyperspectral imaging (NIR-HSI) has greatly enhanced its capability and thus widened its application and use across various industries. This non-destructive technique that is sensitive to both physical and chemical attributes of virtually any material can be used for both qualitative and quantitative analyses. This review describes the advancement of NIR to NIR-HSI in agricultural applications with a focus on seed quality features for agronomically important seeds. NIR-HSI seed phenotyping, describing sample sizes used for building high-accuracy calibration and prediction models for full or selected wavelengths of the NIR region, is explored. The molecular interpretation of absorbance bands in the NIR region is difficult; hence, this review offers important NIR absorbance band assignments that have been reported in literature. Opportunities for NIR-HSI seed phenotyping in forage grass seed are described and a step-by-step data-acquisition and analysis pipeline for the determination of seed quality in perennial ryegrass seeds is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Reddy
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (P.R.); (K.M.G.); (E.J.L.); (G.C.S.)
| | - Kathryn M. Guthridge
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (P.R.); (K.M.G.); (E.J.L.); (G.C.S.)
| | - Joe Panozzo
- Agriculture Victoria Research, 110 Natimuk Road, Horsham, VIC 3400, Australia;
- Centre for Agriculture Innovation, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Emma J. Ludlow
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (P.R.); (K.M.G.); (E.J.L.); (G.C.S.)
| | - German C. Spangenberg
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (P.R.); (K.M.G.); (E.J.L.); (G.C.S.)
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Simone J. Rochfort
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (P.R.); (K.M.G.); (E.J.L.); (G.C.S.)
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Tran J, Elkins AC, Spangenberg GC, Rochfort SJ. High-Throughput Quantitation of Cannabinoids by Liquid Chromatography Triple-Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27030742. [PMID: 35164007 PMCID: PMC8840290 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The high-throughput quantitation of cannabinoids is important for the cannabis industry. As medicinal products increase, and research into compounds that have pharmacological benefits increase, and the need to quantitate more than just the main cannabinoids becomes more important. This study aims to provide a rapid, high-throughput method for cannabinoid quantitation using a liquid chromatography triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer (LC-QQQ-MS) with an ultraviolet diode array detector (UV-DAD) for 16 cannabinoids: CBDVA, CBDV, CBDA, CBGA, CBG, CBD, THCV, THCVA, CBN, CBNA, THC, Δ8-THC, CBL, CBC, THCA-A and CBCA. Linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), accuracy, precision, recovery and matrix effect were all evaluated. The validated method was used to determine the cannabinoid concentration of four different Cannabis sativa strains and a low THC strain, all of which have different cannabinoid profiles. All cannabinoids eluted within five minutes with a total analysis time of eight minutes, including column re-equilibration. This was twice as fast as published LC-QQQ-MS methods mentioned in the literature, whilst also covering a wide range of cannabinoid compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Tran
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio Centre, AgriBio, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (J.T.); (G.C.S.); (S.J.R.)
| | - Aaron C. Elkins
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio Centre, AgriBio, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (J.T.); (G.C.S.); (S.J.R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - German C. Spangenberg
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio Centre, AgriBio, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (J.T.); (G.C.S.); (S.J.R.)
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Simone J. Rochfort
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio Centre, AgriBio, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (J.T.); (G.C.S.); (S.J.R.)
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
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Fernando K, Reddy P, Guthridge KM, Spangenberg GC, Rochfort SJ. A Metabolomic Study of Epichloë Endophytes for Screening Antifungal Metabolites. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12010037. [PMID: 35050159 PMCID: PMC8781816 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epichloë endophytes, fungal endosymbionts of Pooidae grasses, are commonly utilized in forage and turf industries because they produce beneficial metabolites that enhance resistance against environmental stressors such as insect feeding and disease caused by phytopathogen infection. In pastoral agriculture, phytopathogenic diseases impact both pasture quality and animal production. Recently, bioactive endophyte strains have been reported to secrete compounds that significantly inhibit the growth of phytopathogenic fungi in vitro. A screen of previously described Epichloë-produced antifeedant and toxic alkaloids determined that the antifungal bioactivity observed is not due to the production of these known metabolites, and so there is a need for methods to identify new bioactive metabolites. The process described here is applicable more generally for the identification of antifungals in new endophytes. This study aims to characterize the fungicidal potential of novel, ‘animal friendly’ Epichloë endophyte strains NEA12 and NEA23 that exhibit strong antifungal activity using an in vitro assay. Bioassay-guided fractionation, followed by metabolite analysis, identified 61 metabolites that, either singly or in combination, are responsible for the observed bioactivity. Analysis of the perennial ryegrass-endophyte symbiota confirmed that NEA12 and NEA23 produce the prospective antifungal metabolites in symbiotic association and thus are candidates for compounds that promote disease resistance in planta. The “known unknown” suite of antifungal metabolites identified in this study are potential biomarkers for the selection of strains that enhance pasture and turf production through better disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishni Fernando
- AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Agriculture Victoria, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (K.F.); (P.R.); (K.M.G.); (G.C.S.)
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Priyanka Reddy
- AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Agriculture Victoria, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (K.F.); (P.R.); (K.M.G.); (G.C.S.)
| | - Kathryn M. Guthridge
- AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Agriculture Victoria, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (K.F.); (P.R.); (K.M.G.); (G.C.S.)
| | - German C. Spangenberg
- AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Agriculture Victoria, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (K.F.); (P.R.); (K.M.G.); (G.C.S.)
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Simone J. Rochfort
- AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Agriculture Victoria, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (K.F.); (P.R.); (K.M.G.); (G.C.S.)
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-390327110
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Fernando K, Reddy P, Spangenberg GC, Rochfort SJ, Guthridge KM. Metabolic Potential of Epichloë Endophytes for Host Grass Fungal Disease Resistance. Microorganisms 2021; 10:64. [PMID: 35056512 PMCID: PMC8781568 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Asexual species of the genus Epichloë (Clavicipitaceae, Ascomycota) form endosymbiotic associations with Pooidae grasses. This association is important both ecologically and to the pasture and turf industries, as the endophytic fungi confer a multitude of benefits to their host plant that improve competitive ability and performance such as growth promotion, abiotic stress tolerance, pest deterrence and increased host disease resistance. Biotic stress tolerance conferred by the production of bioprotective metabolites has a critical role in an industry context. While the known antimammalian and insecticidal toxins are well characterized due to their impact on livestock welfare, antimicrobial metabolites are less studied. Both pasture and turf grasses are challenged by many phytopathogenic diseases that result in significant economic losses and impact livestock health. Further investigations of Epichloë endophytes as natural biocontrol agents can be conducted on strains that are safe for animals. With the additional benefits of possessing host disease resistance, these strains would increase their commercial importance. Field reports have indicated that pasture grasses associated with Epichloë endophytes are superior in resisting fungal pathogens. However, only a few antifungal compounds have been identified and chemically characterized, and these from sexual (pathogenic) Epichloë species, rather than those utilized to enhance performance in turf and pasture industries. This review provides insight into the various strategies reported in identifying antifungal activity from Epichloë endophytes and, where described, the associated antifungal metabolites responsible for the activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishni Fernando
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (K.F.); (P.R.); (G.C.S.); (S.J.R.)
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Priyanka Reddy
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (K.F.); (P.R.); (G.C.S.); (S.J.R.)
| | - German C. Spangenberg
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (K.F.); (P.R.); (G.C.S.); (S.J.R.)
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Simone J. Rochfort
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (K.F.); (P.R.); (G.C.S.); (S.J.R.)
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Kathryn M. Guthridge
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (K.F.); (P.R.); (G.C.S.); (S.J.R.)
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Fernando K, Reddy P, Vassiliadis S, Spangenberg GC, Rochfort SJ, Guthridge KM. The Known Antimammalian and Insecticidal Alkaloids Are Not Responsible for the Antifungal Activity of Epichloë Endophytes. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:plants10112486. [PMID: 34834850 PMCID: PMC8624124 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Asexual Epichloë sp. endophytes in association with pasture grasses produce agronomically important alkaloids (e.g., lolitrem B, epoxy-janthitrems, ergovaline, peramine, and lolines) that exhibit toxicity to grazing mammals and/or insect pests. Novel strains are primarily characterised for the presence of these compounds to ensure they are beneficial in an agronomical setting. Previous work identified endophyte strains that exhibit enhanced antifungal activity, which have the potential to improve pasture and turf quality as well as animal welfare through phytopathogen disease control. The contribution of endophyte-derived alkaloids to improving pasture and turf grass disease resistance has not been closely examined. To assess antifungal bioactivity, nine Epichloë related compounds, namely peramine hemisulfate, n-formylloline-d3, n-acetylloline hydrochloride, lolitrem B, janthitrem A, paxilline, terpendole E, terpendole C, and ergovaline, and four Claviceps purpurea ergot alkaloids, namely ergotamine, ergocornine, ergocryptine, and ergotaminine, were tested at concentrations higher than observed in planta in glasshouse and field settings using in vitro agar well diffusion assays against three common pasture and turf phytopathogens, namely Ceratobasidium sp., Drechslera sp., and Fusarium sp. Visual characterisation of bioactivity using pathogen growth area, mycelial density, and direction of growth indicated no inhibition of pathogen growth. This was confirmed by statistical analysis. The compounds responsible for antifungal bioactivity of Epichloë endophytes hence remain unknown and require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishni Fernando
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (K.F.); (P.R.); (S.V.); (G.C.S.); (S.J.R.)
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Priyanka Reddy
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (K.F.); (P.R.); (S.V.); (G.C.S.); (S.J.R.)
| | - Simone Vassiliadis
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (K.F.); (P.R.); (S.V.); (G.C.S.); (S.J.R.)
| | - German C. Spangenberg
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (K.F.); (P.R.); (S.V.); (G.C.S.); (S.J.R.)
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Simone J. Rochfort
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (K.F.); (P.R.); (S.V.); (G.C.S.); (S.J.R.)
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Kathryn M. Guthridge
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (K.F.); (P.R.); (S.V.); (G.C.S.); (S.J.R.)
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Fernando K, Reddy P, Hettiarachchige IK, Spangenberg GC, Rochfort SJ, Guthridge KM. Novel Antifungal Activity of Lolium-Associated Epichloë Endophytes. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8060955. [PMID: 32599897 PMCID: PMC7355949 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Asexual Epichloë spp. fungal endophytes have been extensively studied for their functional secondary metabolite production. Historically, research mostly focused on understanding toxicity of endophyte-derived compounds on grazing livestock. However, endophyte-derived compounds also provide protection against invertebrate pests, disease, and other environmental stresses, which is important for ensuring yield and persistence of pastures. A preliminary screen of 30 strains using an in vitro dual culture bioassay identified 18 endophyte strains with antifungal activity. The novel strains NEA12, NEA21, and NEA23 were selected for further investigation as they are also known to produce alkaloids associated with protection against insect pests. Antifungal activity of selected endophyte strains was confirmed against three grass pathogens, Ceratobasidium sp., Dreschlera sp., and Fusarium sp., using independent isolates in an in vitro bioassay. NEA21 and NEA23 showed potent activity against Ceratobasidium sp. and NEA12 showed moderate inhibition against all three pathogens. Crude extracts from liquid cultures of NEA12 and NEA23 also inhibited growth of the phytopathogens Ceratobasidium sp. and Fusarium sp. and provided evidence that the compounds of interest are stable, constitutively expressed, and secreted. Comparative analysis of the in vitro and in planta metabolome of NEA12 and NEA23 using LCMS profile data revealed individual metabolites unique to each strain that are present in vitro and in planta. These compounds are the best candidates for the differential bioactivity observed for each strain. Novel endophyte strains show promise for endophyte-mediated control of phytopathogens impacting Lolium spp. pasture production and animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishni Fernando
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, 3083 Victoria, Australia; (K.F.); (P.R.); (I.K.H.); (G.C.S.); (S.J.R.)
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, 3083 Victoria, Australia
| | - Priyanka Reddy
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, 3083 Victoria, Australia; (K.F.); (P.R.); (I.K.H.); (G.C.S.); (S.J.R.)
| | - Inoka K. Hettiarachchige
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, 3083 Victoria, Australia; (K.F.); (P.R.); (I.K.H.); (G.C.S.); (S.J.R.)
| | - German C. Spangenberg
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, 3083 Victoria, Australia; (K.F.); (P.R.); (I.K.H.); (G.C.S.); (S.J.R.)
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, 3083 Victoria, Australia
| | - Simone J. Rochfort
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, 3083 Victoria, Australia; (K.F.); (P.R.); (I.K.H.); (G.C.S.); (S.J.R.)
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, 3083 Victoria, Australia
| | - Kathryn M. Guthridge
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, 3083 Victoria, Australia; (K.F.); (P.R.); (I.K.H.); (G.C.S.); (S.J.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61390327062
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Luke TDW, Pryce JE, Wales WJ, Rochfort SJ. A Tale of Two Biomarkers: Untargeted 1H NMR Metabolomic Fingerprinting of BHBA and NEFA in Early Lactation Dairy Cows. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10060247. [PMID: 32549362 PMCID: PMC7345919 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10060247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Disorders of energy metabolism, which can result from a failure to adapt to the period of negative energy balance immediately after calving, have significant negative effects on the health, welfare and profitability of dairy cows. The most common biomarkers of energy balance in dairy cows are β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA). While elevated concentrations of these biomarkers are associated with similar negative health and production outcomes, the phenotypic and genetic correlations between them are weak. In this study, we used an untargeted 1H NMR metabolomics approach to investigate the serum metabolomic fingerprints of BHBA and NEFA. Serum samples were collected from 298 cows in early lactation (calibration dataset N = 248, validation N = 50). Metabolomic fingerprinting was done by regressing 1H NMR spectra against BHBA and NEFA concentrations (determined using colorimetric assays) using orthogonal partial least squares regression. Prediction accuracies were high for BHBA models, and moderately high for NEFA models (R2 of external validation of 0.88 and 0.75, respectively). We identified 16 metabolites that were significantly (variable importance of projection score > 1) correlated with the concentration of one or both biomarkers. These metabolites were primarily intermediates of energy, phospholipid, and/or methyl donor metabolism. Of the significant metabolites identified; (1) two (acetate and creatine) were positively correlated with BHBA but negatively correlated with NEFA, (2) nine had similar associations with both BHBA and NEFA, (3) two were correlated with only BHBA concentration, and (4) three were only correlated with NEFA concentration. Overall, our results suggest that BHBA and NEFA are indicative of similar metabolic states in clinically healthy animals, but that several significant metabolic differences exist that help to explain the weak correlations between them. We also identified several metabolites that may be useful intermediate phenotypes in genomic selection for improved metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. W. Luke
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (T.D.W.L.); (J.E.P.)
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Jennie E. Pryce
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (T.D.W.L.); (J.E.P.)
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - William J. Wales
- Agriculture Victoria Research, Ellinbank Centre, Ellinbank, VIC 3821, Australia;
- Centre for Agricultural Innovation, School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Simone J. Rochfort
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (T.D.W.L.); (J.E.P.)
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Ludlow EJ, Vassiliadis S, Ekanayake PN, Hettiarachchige IK, Reddy P, Sawbridge TI, Rochfort SJ, Spangenberg GC, Guthridge KM. Analysis of the Indole Diterpene Gene Cluster for Biosynthesis of the Epoxy-Janthitrems in Epichloë Endophytes. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7110560. [PMID: 31766147 PMCID: PMC6921081 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7110560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epoxy-janthitrems are a class of indole diterpenes with structural similarity to lolitrem B. Two taxa of asexual Epichloë endophytes have been reported to produce epoxy-janthitrems, LpTG-3 (Lolium perenne Taxonomic Group 3; e.g., NEA12) and LpTG-4 (e.g., E1). Epichloë epoxy-janthitrems are not well understood, the biosynthetic pathway and associated gene complement have not been described and while the literature suggests they are associated with superior protection against pasture insect pests and are tremorgenic in grazing mammals, these properties have not been confirmed using isolated and purified compounds. Whole genome sequence analysis was used to identify candidate genes for epoxy-janthitrem biosynthesis that are unique to epoxy-janthitrem producing strains of Epichloë. A gene, jtmD, was identified with homology to aromatic prenyl transferases involved in synthesis of indole diterpenes. The location of the epoxy-janthitrem biosynthesis gene cluster (JTM locus) was determined in the assembled nuclear genomes of NEA12 and E1. The JTM locus contains cluster 1 and cluster 2 of the lolitrem B biosynthesis gene cluster (LTM locus), as well as four genes jtmD, jtmO, jtm01, and jtm02 that are unique to Epichloë spp. that produce epoxy-janthitrems. Expression of each of the genes identified was confirmed using transcriptome analysis of perennial ryegrass-NEA12 and perennial ryegrass-E1 symbiota. Sequence analysis confirmed the genes are functionally similar to those involved in biosynthesis of related indole diterpene compounds. RNAi silencing of jtmD and in planta assessment in host-endophyte associations confirms the role of jtmD in epoxy-janthitrem production. Using LCMS/MS technologies, a biosynthetic pathway for the production of epoxy-janthitrems I-IV in Epichloë endophytes is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J. Ludlow
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia; (E.J.L.); (S.V.); (P.N.E.); (I.K.H.); (P.R.); (T.I.S.); (S.J.R.); (G.C.S.)
| | - Simone Vassiliadis
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia; (E.J.L.); (S.V.); (P.N.E.); (I.K.H.); (P.R.); (T.I.S.); (S.J.R.); (G.C.S.)
| | - Piyumi N. Ekanayake
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia; (E.J.L.); (S.V.); (P.N.E.); (I.K.H.); (P.R.); (T.I.S.); (S.J.R.); (G.C.S.)
| | - Inoka K. Hettiarachchige
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia; (E.J.L.); (S.V.); (P.N.E.); (I.K.H.); (P.R.); (T.I.S.); (S.J.R.); (G.C.S.)
| | - Priyanka Reddy
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia; (E.J.L.); (S.V.); (P.N.E.); (I.K.H.); (P.R.); (T.I.S.); (S.J.R.); (G.C.S.)
| | - Tim I. Sawbridge
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia; (E.J.L.); (S.V.); (P.N.E.); (I.K.H.); (P.R.); (T.I.S.); (S.J.R.); (G.C.S.)
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Simone J. Rochfort
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia; (E.J.L.); (S.V.); (P.N.E.); (I.K.H.); (P.R.); (T.I.S.); (S.J.R.); (G.C.S.)
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - German C. Spangenberg
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia; (E.J.L.); (S.V.); (P.N.E.); (I.K.H.); (P.R.); (T.I.S.); (S.J.R.); (G.C.S.)
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Kathryn M. Guthridge
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia; (E.J.L.); (S.V.); (P.N.E.); (I.K.H.); (P.R.); (T.I.S.); (S.J.R.); (G.C.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Vassiliadis S, Elkins AC, Reddy P, Guthridge KM, Spangenberg GC, Rochfort SJ. A Simple LC-MS Method for the Quantitation of Alkaloids in Endophyte-Infected Perennial Ryegrass. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E649. [PMID: 31703425 PMCID: PMC6891275 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid identification and quantitation of alkaloids produced by Epichloë endophyte-infected pasture grass is important for the agricultural industry. Beneficial alkaloids, such as peramine, provide the grass with enhanced insect protection. Conversely, ergovaline and lolitrem B can negatively impact livestock. Currently, a single validated method to measure these combined alkaloids in planta does not exist. Here, a simple two-step extraction method was developed for Epichloë-infected perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Peramine, ergovaline and lolitrem B were quantified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Alkaloid linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), accuracy, precision, selectivity, recovery, matrix effect and robustness were all established. The validated method was applied to eight different ryegrass-endophyte symbiota. Robustness was established by comparing quantitation results across two additional instruments; a triple quadruple mass spectrometer (QQQ MS) and by fluorescence detection (FLD). Quantitation results were similar across all three instruments, indicating good reproducibility. LOQ values ranged from 0.8 ng/mL to 6 ng/mL, approximately one hundred times lower than those established by previous work using FLD (for ergovaline and lolitrem B), and LC-MS (for peramine). This work provides the first highly sensitive quantitative LC-MS method for the accurate and reproducible quantitation of important endophyte-derived alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Vassiliadis
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (A.C.E.); (P.R.); (K.M.G.); (G.C.S.); (S.J.R.)
| | - Aaron C. Elkins
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (A.C.E.); (P.R.); (K.M.G.); (G.C.S.); (S.J.R.)
| | - Priyanka Reddy
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (A.C.E.); (P.R.); (K.M.G.); (G.C.S.); (S.J.R.)
| | - Kathryn M. Guthridge
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (A.C.E.); (P.R.); (K.M.G.); (G.C.S.); (S.J.R.)
| | - German C. Spangenberg
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (A.C.E.); (P.R.); (K.M.G.); (G.C.S.); (S.J.R.)
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Simone J. Rochfort
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (A.C.E.); (P.R.); (K.M.G.); (G.C.S.); (S.J.R.)
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
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Hayden HL, Rochfort SJ, Ezernieks V, Savin KW, Mele PM. Metabolomics approaches for the discrimination of disease suppressive soils for Rhizoctonia solani AG8 in cereal crops using 1H NMR and LC-MS. Sci Total Environ 2019; 651:1627-1638. [PMID: 30360288 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The suppression of soilborne crop pathogens such as Rhizoctonia solani AG8 may offer a sustainable and enduring method for disease control, though soils with these properties are difficult to identify. In this study, we analysed the soil metabolic profiles of suppressive and non-suppressive soils over 2 years of cereal production. We collected bulk and rhizosphere soil at different cropping stages and subjected soil extracts to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR) analyses. Community analyses of suppressive and non-suppressive soils using principal component analyses and predictive modelling of LC-MS and NMR datasets respectively, revealed distinct biochemical profiles for the two soil types with clustering based on suppressiveness and cropping stage. NMR spectra revealed the suppressive soils to be more abundant in sugar molecules than non-suppressive soils, which were more abundant in lipids and terpenes. LC-MS features that were significantly more abundant in the suppressive soil were identified and assessed as potential biomarkers for disease suppression. The structures of a potential class of LC-MS biomarkers were elucidated using accurate mass data and MS fragmentation spectrum information. The most abundant compound found in association with suppressive soils was confirmed to be a macrocarpal, which is an antimicrobial secondary metabolite. Our study has demonstrated the utility of environmental metabolomics for the study of disease suppressive soils, resulting in the discovery of a macrocarpal biomarker for R. solani AG8 suppressive soil which can be further studied functionally in association with suppression pot trials and microbial isolation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen L Hayden
- Agriculture Victoria Research, Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Trade and Resources, 5 Ring Rd, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
| | - Simone J Rochfort
- Agriculture Victoria Research, Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Trade and Resources, 5 Ring Rd, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia; School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Vilnis Ezernieks
- Agriculture Victoria Research, Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Trade and Resources, 5 Ring Rd, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Keith W Savin
- Agriculture Victoria Research, Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Trade and Resources, 5 Ring Rd, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Pauline M Mele
- Agriculture Victoria Research, Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Trade and Resources, 5 Ring Rd, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia; School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aphid Rhopalosiphum padi L. is a vector of Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) in wheat and other economically important cereal crops. Increased atmospheric CO2 has been shown to alter plant growth and metabolism, enhancing BYDV disease in wheat. However, the biochemical influences on aphid metabolism are not known. OBJECTIVES This work aims to determine whether altered host-plant quality, influenced by virus infection and elevated CO2, impacts aphid weight and metabolism. METHODS Untargeted 1H NMR metabolomics coupled with multivariate statistics were employed to profile the metabolism of R. padi reared on virus-infected and non-infected (sham-inoculated) wheat grown under ambient CO2 (aCO2, 400 µmol mol-1) and future, predicted elevated CO2 (eCO2, 650 µmol mol-1) concentrations. Un-colonised wheat was also profiled to observe changes to host-plant quality (i.e., amino acids and sugars). RESULTS The direct impacts of virus or eCO2 were compared. Virus presence increased aphid weight under aCO2 but decreased weight under eCO2; whilst eCO2 increased non-viruliferous (sham) aphid weight but decreased viruliferous aphid weight. Discriminatory metabolites due to eCO2 were succinate and sucrose (in sham wheat), glucose, choline and betaine (in infected wheat), and threonine, lactate, alanine, GABA, glutamine, glutamate and asparagine (in aphids), irrespective of virus presence. Discriminatory metabolites due to virus presence were alanine, GABA, succinate and betaine (in wheat) and threonine and lactate (in aphids), irrespective of CO2 treatment. CONCLUSION This study confirms that virus and eCO2 alter host-plant quality, and these differences are reflected by aphid weight and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Vassiliadis
- Agriculture Research Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia.
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia.
| | - Kim M Plummer
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | | | - Simone J Rochfort
- Agriculture Research Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
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Ekanayake PN, Kaur J, Tian P, Rochfort SJ, Guthridge KM, Sawbridge TI, Spangenberg GC, Forster JW. Genomic and metabolic characterisation of alkaloid biosynthesis by asexual Epichloë fungal endophytes of tall fescue pasture grasses. Genome 2017; 60:496-509. [PMID: 28177829 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2016-0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Symbiotic associations between tall fescue grasses and asexual Epichloë fungal endophytes exhibit biosynthesis of alkaloid compounds causing both beneficial and detrimental effects. Candidate novel endophytes with favourable chemotypic profiles have been identified in germplasm collections by screening for genetic diversity, followed by metabolite profile analysis in endogenous genetic backgrounds. A subset of candidates was subjected to genome survey sequencing to detect the presence or absence and structural status of known genes for biosynthesis of the major alkaloid classes. The capacity to produce specific metabolites was directly predictable from metabolic data. In addition, study of duplicated gene structure in heteroploid genomic constitutions provided further evidence for the origin of such endophytes. Selected strains were inoculated into meristem-derived callus cultures from specific tall fescue genotypes to perform isogenic comparisons of alkaloid profile in different host backgrounds, revealing evidence for host-specific quantitative control of metabolite production, consistent with previous studies. Certain strains were capable of both inoculation and formation of longer-term associations with a nonhost species, perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Discovery and primary characterisation of novel endophytes by DNA analysis, followed by confirmatory metabolic studies, offers improvements of speed and efficiency and hence accelerated deployment in pasture grass improvement programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyumi N Ekanayake
- a Agriculture Victoria, Biosciences Research, AgriBio, the Centre for AgriBioscience, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.,c Molecular Plant Breeding Cooperative Research Centre, Victorian AgriBiosciences Centre, La Trobe Research and Development Park, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.,d Dairy Futures Cooperative Research Centre, AgriBio, the Centre for AgriBioscience, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Jatinder Kaur
- a Agriculture Victoria, Biosciences Research, AgriBio, the Centre for AgriBioscience, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.,c Molecular Plant Breeding Cooperative Research Centre, Victorian AgriBiosciences Centre, La Trobe Research and Development Park, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.,d Dairy Futures Cooperative Research Centre, AgriBio, the Centre for AgriBioscience, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Pei Tian
- a Agriculture Victoria, Biosciences Research, AgriBio, the Centre for AgriBioscience, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.,c Molecular Plant Breeding Cooperative Research Centre, Victorian AgriBiosciences Centre, La Trobe Research and Development Park, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.,d Dairy Futures Cooperative Research Centre, AgriBio, the Centre for AgriBioscience, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Simone J Rochfort
- a Agriculture Victoria, Biosciences Research, AgriBio, the Centre for AgriBioscience, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.,b School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia.,d Dairy Futures Cooperative Research Centre, AgriBio, the Centre for AgriBioscience, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Kathryn M Guthridge
- a Agriculture Victoria, Biosciences Research, AgriBio, the Centre for AgriBioscience, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.,c Molecular Plant Breeding Cooperative Research Centre, Victorian AgriBiosciences Centre, La Trobe Research and Development Park, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.,d Dairy Futures Cooperative Research Centre, AgriBio, the Centre for AgriBioscience, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Timothy I Sawbridge
- a Agriculture Victoria, Biosciences Research, AgriBio, the Centre for AgriBioscience, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.,b School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia.,c Molecular Plant Breeding Cooperative Research Centre, Victorian AgriBiosciences Centre, La Trobe Research and Development Park, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.,d Dairy Futures Cooperative Research Centre, AgriBio, the Centre for AgriBioscience, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - German C Spangenberg
- a Agriculture Victoria, Biosciences Research, AgriBio, the Centre for AgriBioscience, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.,b School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia.,c Molecular Plant Breeding Cooperative Research Centre, Victorian AgriBiosciences Centre, La Trobe Research and Development Park, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.,d Dairy Futures Cooperative Research Centre, AgriBio, the Centre for AgriBioscience, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - John W Forster
- a Agriculture Victoria, Biosciences Research, AgriBio, the Centre for AgriBioscience, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.,b School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia.,c Molecular Plant Breeding Cooperative Research Centre, Victorian AgriBiosciences Centre, La Trobe Research and Development Park, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.,d Dairy Futures Cooperative Research Centre, AgriBio, the Centre for AgriBioscience, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
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Vassiliadis S, Plummer KM, Powell KS, Tr Bicki P, Luck JE, Rochfort SJ. The effect of elevated CO 2 and virus infection on the primary metabolism of wheat. Funct Plant Biol 2016; 43:892-902. [PMID: 32480513 DOI: 10.1071/fp15242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric CO2 concentrations are predicted to double by the end of this century. Although the effects of CO2 fertilisation in crop systems have been well studied, little is known about the specific interactions among plants, pests and pathogens under a changing climate. This growth chamber study focuses on the interactions among Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), its aphid vector (Rhopalosiphum padi) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Yitpi) under ambient (aCO2; 400µmolmol-1) or elevated (eCO2; 650µmolmol-1) CO2 concentrations. eCO2 increased the tiller number and biomass of uninoculated plants and advanced the yellowing symptoms of infected plants. Total foliar C content (percentage of the total DW) increased with eCO2 and with sham inoculation (exposed to early herbivory), whereas total N content decreased with eCO2. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry approaches were used to quantify the products of primary plant metabolism. eCO2 significantly increased sugars (fructose, mannitol and trehalose), irrespective of disease status, whereas virus infection significantly increased the amino acids essential to aphid diet (histidine, lysine, phenylalanine and tryptophan) irrespective of CO2 concentration. Citric acid was reduced by both eCO2 and virus infection. Both the potential positive and negative biochemical impacts on wheat, aphid and BYDV interactions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Vassiliadis
- Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources (DEDJTR), Molecular Phenomics, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Vic. 3083, Australia
| | - Kim M Plummer
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Vic. 3083, Australia
| | - Kevin S Powell
- DEDJTR, Biosciences Research, Rutherglen Centre, 124 Chiltern Valley Road, Rutherglen, Vic. 3685, Australia
| | - Piotr Tr Bicki
- DEDJTR, Biosciences Research, Horsham Centre, 110 Natimuk Road, Horsham, Vic. 3685, Australia
| | - Jo E Luck
- Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, Burnley Campus, 500 Yarra Boulevard, Richmond, Vic. 3121, Australia
| | - Simone J Rochfort
- Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources (DEDJTR), Molecular Phenomics, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Vic. 3083, Australia
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18
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Abstract
NMR is a robust analytical technique that has been employed to investigate the properties of many substances of agricultural relevance. NMR was first used to investigate the properties of milk in the 1950s and has since been employed in a wide range of studies; including properties analysis of specific milk proteins to metabolomics techniques used to monitor the health of dairy cows. In this brief review, we highlight the different uses of NMR in the dairy industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D Maher
- Biosciences Research Division, Department of Environment and Primary Industries, 5 Ring Rd Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
| | - Simone J Rochfort
- Biosciences Research Division, Department of Environment and Primary Industries, 5 Ring Rd Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
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Maher AD, Hayes B, Cocks B, Marett L, Wales WJ, Rochfort SJ. Latent biochemical relationships in the blood-milk metabolic axis of dairy cows revealed by statistical integration of 1H NMR spectroscopic data. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:1428-35. [PMID: 23394630 DOI: 10.1021/pr301056q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A detailed understanding of the relationships between the distinct metabolic compartments of blood and milk would be of potential benefit to our understanding of the physiology of lactation, and potentially for development of biomarkers for health and commercially relevant traits in dairy cattle. NMR methods were used to measure metabolic profiles from blood and milk samples from Holstein cows. Data were analyzed using PLS regression to identify quantitative relationships between metabolic profiles and important traits. Statistical Heterospectroscopy (SHY), a powerful approach to recovering latent biological information in NMR spectroscopic data sets from multiple complementary samples, was employed to explore the metabolic relationships between blood and milk from these animals. The study confirms milk is a distinct metabolic compartment with a metabolite composition largely not influenced by plasma composition under normal circumstances. However, several significant relationships were identified, including a high correlation for trimethylamine (TMA) and dimethylsulfone (DMSO(2)) across plasma and milk compartments, and evidence plasma valine levels are linked to differences in amino acid catabolism in the mammary gland. The findings provide insights into the physiological mechanisms underlying lactation and identification of links between key metabolites and milk traits such as the protein and fat content of milk. The approach has the potential to enable measurement of health, metabolic status and other important phenotypes with milk sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D Maher
- Biosciences Research Division, Department of Primary Industries, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
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21
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Rochfort SJ, Moore S, Craft C, Martin NH, Van Wagoner RM, Wright JLC. Further studies on the chemistry of the flustra alkaloids from the bryozoan Flustra foliacea. J Nat Prod 2009; 72:1773-1781. [PMID: 19785389 DOI: 10.1021/np900282j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Since 1980, over a dozen novel brominated alkaloids, named flustramines, have been isolated from Scandinavian and Canadian collections of the marine bryozoan Flustra foliacea. This paper describes the reisolation of the known compound dihydroflustramine C (1) and the isolation of 11 new flustramines (2-4, 6-13), including two dimers (12, 13) that may be isolation artifacts. Together these compounds, some with an unexpected aryl substitution pattern, reveal an intricate network of metabolites present in the extracts of the bryozoan. The structures of these metabolites were solved using a variety of spectroscopic techniques and chemical derivatization and modification. This work also led to the recognition of an unusual rearrangement reaction that occurred slowly over a number of years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone J Rochfort
- Institute for Marine Biosciences, National Research Council of Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 3Z1
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Rochfort SJ, Trenerry VC, Imsic M, Panozzo J, Jones R. Class targeted metabolomics: ESI ion trap screening methods for glucosinolates based on MSn fragmentation. Phytochemistry 2008; 69:1671-9. [PMID: 18396302 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2007] [Revised: 02/11/2008] [Accepted: 02/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates are naturally occurring anionic secondary plant metabolites incorporating a thioglucosidic link to the carbon of a sulphonated oxime. There are a large number of naturally occurring glucosinolates and they are found in relatively large quantities in many plant species within the family Crucifereae. These metabolites are of interest for both their anticancer and flavour properties and in the study of nitrogen and sulphur metabolism in model plants such as Arabidopsis. Parent ion mapping is an analytical mass spectrometry approach that allows rapid assessment of glucosinolate content. Ion mapping proved to be highly sensitive and the glucosinolate sinigrin could be detected at three parts per trillion. This method takes advantage of the glucosinolate anion fragmentation which consistently produces a sulphonate ring-opened glucose moiety in the ion trap mass spectrometer, m/z 259. An intramolecular transfer mechanism for this fragmentation is presented here for the first time. This fragmentation can be exploited as a general identifier of the glucosinolate class of metabolites in plant extracts and in LCMSn can be employed provide positive identification and quantification of individual glucosinolates. Such approaches offer sensitive tools for focused metabolomics analysis and screening of plant breeding lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone J Rochfort
- Department of Primary Industries - Werribee Center, 621 Sneydes Road, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia.
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Rochfort SJ, Imsic M, Jones R, Trenerry VC, Tomkins B. Characterization of flavonol conjugates in immature leaves of pak choi [Brassica rapa L. Ssp. chinensis L. (Hanelt.)] by HPLC-DAD and LC-MS/MS. J Agric Food Chem 2006; 54:4855-60. [PMID: 16787039 DOI: 10.1021/jf060154j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The flavonoid composition of immature leaves of pak choi [Brassica rapa L. ssp. chinensis L. (Hanelt.)] was investigated. Flavonol aglycone content was measured in 11 pak choi varieties, indicating significant differences (P < 0.05) in content between varieties and relatively high contents of kaempferol and isorhamnetin. Levels of quercetin ranged from 3.2 to 6.1 mg/100 g of dry weight (DW), whereas levels of isorhamnetin and kaempferol were significantly higher (8.1-35.1 and 36.0-102.6 mg/100 g of DW, respectively). A large number of glycoside and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives of quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin were identified in cv. 'Shanghai' by LC/UV-DAD/ESI-MS/MS. The UV-DAD data allowed identification of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, but detailed MS/MS fragmentations were required for the structure elucidation. Pak choi could be a potentially important source of dietary flavonols, in particular, kaempferol and isorhamnetin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone J Rochfort
- Department of Primary Industries, Primary Industries Research Victoria, Werribee Centre, 621 Sneydes Road, Werribee 3030, Victoria, Australia.
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Rochfort SJ, Towerzey L, Carroll A, King G, Michael A, Pierens G, Rali T, Redburn J, Whitmore J, Quinn RJ. Latifolians A and B, novel JNK3 kinase inhibitors from the Papua New Guinean plant Gnetum latifolium. J Nat Prod 2005; 68:1080-2. [PMID: 16038553 DOI: 10.1021/np049616i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
As part of our search for natural products active against the JNK3 kinase, two novel, charged benzylisoquinolines, latifolian A (1) and latifolian B (2), were isolated from the stem bark of the Papua New Guinean vine Gnetum latifolium. The planar structures were determined through detailed 2D NMR analysis. The relative configurations were assigned after examination of the ROESY data and through detailed molecular modeling studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone J Rochfort
- Natural Product Discovery, Eskitis Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia
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25
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Abstract
Two new chromenols, namely (R)-2-methyl-2-(4-methylpenta-1,3-dienyl)-2H-chromen-6-ol (7) and 1-[(R)-6-hydroxy-2-methyl-2H-chromen-2-yl]-4-methylpentan-2-one (8), have been isolated from a southern Australian tunicate, Aplidium solidum. The structures of (7) and (8) were assigned by spectroscopic analysis, and the absolute stereochemistry of (7) by chemical degradation.
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Rochfort SJ, Capon RJ. Parguerenes Revisited: New Brominated Diterpenes From the Southern Australian Marine Red Alga Laurencia Filiformis. Aust J Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1071/ch9960019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Five new pargueranes, 15-bromoparguer-9(11)-ene-2,7,16,19-tetrol 2,7,16-triacetate (20), 15-bromoparguer-9(11)-ene-2,7,16-triol 2,7-diacetate (21), 15-bromoparguer-9(11)-ene-2,16-diol 2-acetate (22), 15-bromoparguer-9(11)-en-16-ol (23) and 15-bromoisoparguer-9(11)-en-16-ol (24), together with a plausible biosynthetic precursor, preparguerene (25), two known parguerenes , 15-bromoparguer-9(11)-ene-2,7,16,19-tetrol tetraacetate (4) and 15-bromoparguer-9(11)-ene-2,7,16-triol 2,16 diacetate (7), and the known algal metabolites (-)- aromadendrene (17), austradiol acetate (18) and austradiol diacetate (19), have been isolated from a collection of the southern Australian marine red alga Laurencia filiformis. The known synthetic parguerane 15-bromoparguer-9(11)-ene-2,7-16-triol triacetate (5) was also found for thefirst time as a natural product. In addition to securing the structures of new compounds by chemical correlation and detailed spectroscopic analysis, a lausible biosynthetic pathway has been proposed linking preparguerene, parguerene, isoparguerene and secoparguerene carbon skeletons.
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Abstract
Mycalone (1), a new steroid incorporating a novel six- membered lactone side chain, has been isolated fram a southern Australian marine sponge, Mycale sp. The gross structure for mycalone (1) was secured by spectroscopic analysis, and the stereochemistry established by a single-crystal X-ray structure determination.
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