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Turcotte B, Bélanger L, Blais AS, Blouin AC, Bolduc S, Bolduc-Mokhtar A, Bureau M, Caumartin Y, Cloutier J, Deschênes-Rompré MP, Dujardin T, Fradet Y, Gaudreau N, Lacombe L, Moore K, Morin F, Nadeau G, Paquet S, Simard F, Simonyan D, Soucy F, Tiguert R, Toren P, Lodde M, Pouliot F. Perception and satisfaction of patients after telemedicine urology consultations: A matched analysis with physicians' perspective. Can Urol Assoc J 2022; 16:334-339. [PMID: 35621285 PMCID: PMC9565072 DOI: 10.5489/cuaj.7819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION During the first regional COVID-19 lockdown in March 2020, we conducted a study aimed at evaluating completeness of telemedicine consultation in urology. Of 1679 consultations, 67% were considered completely managed by phone. The aim of the present study was to assess patients' experience and satisfaction with telemedicine and to compare them with urologists' perceptions about quality and completeness of the telemedicine consultation. METHODS We contacted a randomly selected sample of patients (n=356) from our previous study to enquire about their experience. We used a home patient experience questionnaire, inspired by the Patient Experiences Questionnaire for Out-of-Hours Care (PEQOHC) and the Consumer Assessment Health Profile Survey (CAHPS). RESULTS Of 356 patients contacted, 315 agreed to complete the questionnaire. Urological consultations were for non-oncological (104), oncological (121), cancer suspicion (41), and pediatric (49) indications. Mean patient satisfaction score after telemedicine consultation was 8.8/10 (median 9/10) and 86.3% of patients rated the quality of the consultation as either excellent (54.6%) or very good (31.7%). Consultations regarding cancer suspicion had the lowest score (8.3/10). Overall, 46.7% of all patients would have preferred an in-person visit outside of the pandemic situation. Among patients whose consultations were rated suboptimal by urologists, almost a third more (31.2%) would have preferred an in-person visit (p=0.03). CONCLUSIONS Despite high reported patient satisfaction rates with telemedicine, it is noteworthy that nearly half of the patients would have preferred an in-person visit. Post-pandemic, it will be important to incorporate telemedicine as an alternative, while retaining and offering in-person visits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Turcotte
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, CHU de Québec–Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Lynda Bélanger
- Office of Patient Experience Expertise, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Department of Nursing Sciences and School of Design (Public Services), Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Anne-Sophie Blais
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, CHU de Québec–Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Annie-Claude Blouin
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, CHU de Québec–Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Stéphane Bolduc
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, CHU de Québec–Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Amélie Bolduc-Mokhtar
- Office of Patient Experience Expertise, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Michel Bureau
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, CHU de Québec–Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Yves Caumartin
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, CHU de Québec–Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Jonathan Cloutier
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, CHU de Québec–Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | | | - Thierry Dujardin
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, CHU de Québec–Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Yves Fradet
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, CHU de Québec–Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Noémie Gaudreau
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, CHU de Québec–Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Louis Lacombe
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, CHU de Québec–Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Katherine Moore
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, CHU de Québec–Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Fannie Morin
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, CHU de Québec–Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Geneviève Nadeau
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, CHU de Québec–Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Sophie Paquet
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, CHU de Québec–Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Francis Simard
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, CHU de Québec–Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - David Simonyan
- Clinical and Evaluative Research Platform, Research Center, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Frédéric Soucy
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, CHU de Québec–Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Rabi Tiguert
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, CHU de Québec–Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Paul Toren
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, CHU de Québec–Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Michele Lodde
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, CHU de Québec–Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Frédéric Pouliot
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, CHU de Québec–Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
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Turcotte B, Paquet S, Blais AS, Blouin AC, Bolduc S, Bureau M, Caumartin Y, Cloutier J, Deschênes-Rompré MP, Dujardin T, Fradet Y, Lacombe L, Moore K, Morin F, Nadeau G, Simonyan D, Soucy F, Tiguert R, Toren P, Lodde M, Pouliot F. A prospective, multisite study analyzing the percentage of urological cases that can be completely managed by telemedicine. Can Urol Assoc J 2020; 14:319-321. [PMID: 33275552 DOI: 10.5489/cuaj.6862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the development of telemedicine due to confinement measures. However, the percentage of outpatient urological cases that could be managed completely by telemedicine outside of the COVID-19 pandemic remains to be determined. We conducted a prospective, multisite study involving all urologists working in the region of Quebec City. METHODS During the first four weeks of the regional confinement, 18 pediatric and adult urologists were asked to determine, after each telemedicine appointment, if it translated into a complete (CCM), incomplete (ICM), or suboptimal case management (SCM, adequate only in the context of the pandemic). RESULTS A total of 1679 appointments representing all urological areas were registered. Overall, 67.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 65.3; 69.8), 27.1% (25.0; 29.3), and 4.3% (3.5; 5.4) were reported as CCM, SCM, and ICM, respectively. The CCM ratio varied according to the reason for consultation, with cancer suspicion (52.9% [42.9; 62.8]) and pediatric reasons (38.0% [30.0; 46.6]) showing the lowest CCM percentages. CCM percentages also varied significantly based on the setting where it was performed, ranging from 61.1% (private clinic) to 86.8% (endourology and general hospital). CONCLUSIONS We show that two-thirds of all urological outpatient cases could be completely managed by telemedicine outside of the pandemic. After the pandemic, it will be important to incorporate telemedicine as an alternative for a patient's first or followup visit, especially those with geographical, pathological, and socioeconomic considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Turcotte
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Sophie Paquet
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Anne-Sophie Blais
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Annie-Claude Blouin
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Stéphane Bolduc
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Michel Bureau
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Yves Caumartin
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Jonathan Cloutier
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | | | - Thierry Dujardin
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Yves Fradet
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Louis Lacombe
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Katherine Moore
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Fannie Morin
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Geneviève Nadeau
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - David Simonyan
- Clinical and Evaluative Research Platform, Research Centre, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Frédéric Soucy
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Rabi Tiguert
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Paul Toren
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Michele Lodde
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Frédéric Pouliot
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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Benoist R, Paquet S, Decourcelle F, Guez J, Jeannette R, Calatayud PA, Le Ru B, Mougel F, Kaiser L. Role of egg-laying behavior, virulence and local adaptation in a parasitoid's chances of reproducing in a new host. J Insect Physiol 2020; 120:103987. [PMID: 31785239 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.103987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the ability of parasitoid insects to succeed in new host populations is a relevant question for biological control and adaptive mechanisms. Cotesia typhae is an African parasitoid specialized on the moth Sesamiae nonagrioides, also called the Mediterranean corn borer. Two Kenyan strains of C. typhae differ in their virulence against a new host population from France. We explored behavioral and physiological hypotheses about this differentiation. Cotesia genus belongs to a group of Hymenoptera in which females inject a domesticated virus in their host to overcome its resistance. Since viral particles are injected along with eggs and since the strain with the higher virulence injects more eggs, we hypothesized that virulence could be explained by the quantity of virus injected. To test this assumption, we measured the injected quantities of eggs and viral particles (estimated by viral DNA segments) of each parasitoid strain along several ovipositions, to vary these quantities. Unexpectedly, results showed that virulence against the French host was not correlated to the injected quantities of eggs or viral segments, indicating that virulence differentiation is explained by other causes. The virulence against the respective natural hosts of the two C. typhae strains was also measured, and results suggest that local adaptation to a more resistant natural host may explain the pre-adaptation of one strain to the new host population. We also identified a differentiation of oviposition strategy and subsequent offspring number between the parasitoid strains, which is important in a biocontrol perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Benoist
- Laboratory: Evolution, Génomes, Comportement et Ecologie (CNRS, IRD, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay), Campus CNRS, Bat. 13, 12 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - S Paquet
- Laboratory: Evolution, Génomes, Comportement et Ecologie (CNRS, IRD, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay), Campus CNRS, Bat. 13, 12 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - F Decourcelle
- Laboratory: Evolution, Génomes, Comportement et Ecologie (CNRS, IRD, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay), Campus CNRS, Bat. 13, 12 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - J Guez
- Laboratory: Evolution, Génomes, Comportement et Ecologie (CNRS, IRD, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay), Campus CNRS, Bat. 13, 12 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - R Jeannette
- Laboratory: Evolution, Génomes, Comportement et Ecologie (CNRS, IRD, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay), Campus CNRS, Bat. 13, 12 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - P-A Calatayud
- Laboratory: Evolution, Génomes, Comportement et Ecologie (CNRS, IRD, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay), Campus CNRS, Bat. 13, 12 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France; icipe: International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Duduville Campus, Kasarani, P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - B Le Ru
- Laboratory: Evolution, Génomes, Comportement et Ecologie (CNRS, IRD, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay), Campus CNRS, Bat. 13, 12 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - F Mougel
- Laboratory: Evolution, Génomes, Comportement et Ecologie (CNRS, IRD, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay), Campus CNRS, Bat. 13, 12 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - L Kaiser
- Laboratory: Evolution, Génomes, Comportement et Ecologie (CNRS, IRD, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay), Campus CNRS, Bat. 13, 12 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
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Gomes MP, Maccario S, Le Manac'h SG, Lucotte M, Moingt M, Paquet S, Labrecque M, Juneau P. Comments on the "Glyphosate herbicide residue determination in samples of environmental importance using spectrophotometric method". J Hazard Mater 2017; 340:487-489. [PMID: 28457666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M P Gomes
- Université du Québec à Montréal, Département des Sciences biologiques - GRIL - TOXEN, Ecotoxicology of Aquatic Microorganisms Laboratory, Succ. Centre-Ville, C.P. 8888, H3C 3P8, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Botânica, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Caixa Postal 486, 31270-970, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - S Maccario
- Université du Québec à Montréal, Institut des Sciences de l'environnement & GEOTOP, Succ. Centre-Ville, C.P. 8888, H3C 3P8, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - S G Le Manac'h
- Université du Québec à Montréal, Département des Sciences biologiques - GRIL - TOXEN, Ecotoxicology of Aquatic Microorganisms Laboratory, Succ. Centre-Ville, C.P. 8888, H3C 3P8, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - M Lucotte
- Université du Québec à Montréal, Institut des Sciences de l'environnement & GEOTOP, Succ. Centre-Ville, C.P. 8888, H3C 3P8, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - M Moingt
- Université du Québec à Montréal, Institut des Sciences de l'environnement & GEOTOP, Succ. Centre-Ville, C.P. 8888, H3C 3P8, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - S Paquet
- Université du Québec à Montréal, Institut des Sciences de l'environnement & GEOTOP, Succ. Centre-Ville, C.P. 8888, H3C 3P8, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - M Labrecque
- Université de Montréal, Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, 4101 Sherbrooke East, H1X 2B2, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - P Juneau
- Université du Québec à Montréal, Département des Sciences biologiques - GRIL - TOXEN, Ecotoxicology of Aquatic Microorganisms Laboratory, Succ. Centre-Ville, C.P. 8888, H3C 3P8, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Stinchcombe A, Yamin S, Paquet S, Gagnon S. PERFORMANCE AT INTERSECTIONS: ASSOCIATION WITH NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL DOMAINS IN DRIVERS WITH DEMENTIA. Innov Aging 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igx004.4348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A. Stinchcombe
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada,
- Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - S. Yamin
- Saint Paul University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada,
| | - S. Paquet
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada,
| | - S. Gagnon
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada,
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Paquet S, Tal Dia A, Niang M, Le Hesran JY. Séroprévalence de l’infection par le virus A/H1N1pdm09 et facteurs de risque d’infection à Pikine, région de Dakar, Sénégal. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.respe.2016.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Sampaio da Silva D, Lucotte M, Paquet S, Brux G, Lemire M. Inverse mercury and selenium concentration patterns between herbivorous and piscivorous fish in the Tapajos River, Brazilian Amazon. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2013; 97:17-25. [PMID: 23921221 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the levels of selenium and mercury in five fish species commonly eaten by local populations of the Brazilian Amazon. Fish specimens were sampled in two lotic and three lentic areas at two different phases of the hydrological cycle. Analyses of Carbon and Nitrogen stable isotopes allowed us to confirm the trophic levels of the fish species (one herbivorous, two omnivorous and two piscivorous) and verify that these levels remained unchanged with the habitats and the season. The levels of selenium and mercury in fish varied from 50ng/g to 1006ng/g and from 17ng/g to 3502ng/g respectively. For both seasons, fish from lotic ecosystems presented higher selenium concentrations. An inverse pattern was observed between selenium and mercury concentrations within the trophic chain, and this in both seasons. Indeed, the highest mean concentrations of selenium and lowest mean concentrations of mercury were measured in the herbivorous species and the opposite in the piscivorous species. Our results unequivocally demonstrate that local riverside populations will maximize the selenium health benefits of eating fish while minimizing their risk of being chronically exposed to mercury by preferentially consuming herbivorous species and to some extent omnivorous species, while avoiding piscivorous species.
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Baelde L, Renom G, Paquet S. Bilan de la surveillance biométrologique de l’exposition au plomb sur 10ans dans une usine de fabrication de batteries. ARCH MAL PROF ENVIRO 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.admp.2012.03.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Sampaio da Silva D, Lucotte M, Paquet S, Davidson R. Influence of ecological factors and of land use on mercury levels in fish in the Tapajós River basin, Amazon. Environ Res 2009; 109:432-446. [PMID: 19356749 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2009.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Revised: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) contamination of riparian communities and of environmental compartments of the Amazon can be directly related to the occupation of the territory. The objective of this study was to identify the characteristics of aquatic environments that are associated with high levels of Hg in ichthyofauna. Our research aimed at determining the influence of variables related to fish ecology, types of aquatic environment, fishing activities by local riparian populations, and watershed use on the levels of contamination of ichthyofauna. Six sites were sampled during two distinct periods of the hydrological cycle: at the beginning of descending waters and during low waters. We focused on ten dominant fish species representing four trophic levels: Curimata inornata, Geophagus proximus, Schizodon vittatum, Leporinus fasciatus, Anostomoides laticeps, Hemiodus unimaculatus, Caenotropus labyrinthicus, Hoplias malabaricus, Plagioscion squamosissimus, Acestrorhynchus falcirostris. The study sites, which included lotic and lentic habitats, are exploited year-round by local riparian communities. Spatial variations in Hg contamination in ichthyofauna were determined by factorial analysis of variance taking into account fish diets, seasons, and sampling sites. Multiple regressions were used to check the influence of ecological and anthropogenic variables and variables related to watershed uses, on Hg levels in key species representing the four trophic groups. Each variable was checked independently. Next, multiple regressions were used to verify the concomitant influence of selected variables. Independently of the study site and the phase of the hydrologic cycle, fish Hg contamination followed the trend piscivores>omnivores>herbivores>detritivores. In all the aquatic study sites, Hg levels measured in predatory species were often higher than the 500 ng/g fresh weight threshold. Mean Hg levels in key species were significantly higher during descending waters in lotic environments, and during low waters in lentic environments. Data from this study demonstrated that simple models based on watershed use and on easily obtained variables such as the suspended particulate matter (SPM) load and SPM Hg concentrations, number of inhabitants, habitat types, and the stage in the hydrological cycle enable very good prediction of Hg levels in fish. Our cartographical data clearly showed that the watershed site with the highest aquatic vegetation cover (6% of the open water body) and with the lowest forest cover (62% of the land) corresponded to the highest Hg concentrations in fish. Conversely, the watershed site with 94% forest cover and 1% aquatic vegetation corresponded to the lowest levels Hg concentrations in fish. These results suggest that land uses of watersheds play a key role in the level of Hg contamination of local ichthyofauna.
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Abstract
Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes (POMDPs) provide a rich framework for sequential decision-making under uncertainty in stochastic domains. However, solving a POMDP is often intractable except for small problems due to their complexity. Here, we focus on online approaches that alleviate the computational complexity by computing good local policies at each decision step during the execution. Online algorithms generally consist of a lookahead search to find the best action to execute at each time step in an environment. Our objectives here are to survey the various existing online POMDP methods, analyze their properties and discuss their advantages and disadvantages; and to thoroughly evaluate these online approaches in different environments under various metrics (return, error bound reduction, lower bound improvement). Our experimental results indicate that state-of-the-art online heuristic search methods can handle large POMDP domains efficiently.
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Courageot MP, Daude N, Nonno R, Paquet S, Di Bari MA, Le Dur A, Chapuis J, Hill AF, Agrimi U, Laude H, Vilette D. A cell line infectible by prion strains from different species. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:341-347. [PMID: 18089759 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83344-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been shown previously that ovine prion protein (PrP(C)) renders rabbit epithelial RK13 cells permissive to the multiplication of ovine prions, thus providing evidence that species barriers can be crossed in cultured cells through the expression of a relevant PrP(C). The present study significantly extended this observation by showing that mouse and bank vole prions can be propagated in RK13 cells that express the corresponding PrP(C). Importantly, the respective molecular patterns of abnormal PrP (PrP(res)) and, where examined, the neuropathological features of the infecting strains appeared to be maintained during the propagation in cell culture. These findings indicate that RK13 cells can be genetically engineered to replicate prion strains faithfully from different species. Such an approach may facilitate investigations of the molecular basis of strain identity and prion diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-P Courageot
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - N Daude
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - R Nonno
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - S Paquet
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - M A Di Bari
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - A Le Dur
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - J Chapuis
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - A F Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21, Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - U Agrimi
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - H Laude
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - D Vilette
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Paquet S, Daude N, Courageot MP, Chapuis J, Laude H, Vilette D. PrPc does not mediate internalization of PrPSc but is required at an early stage for de novo prion infection of Rov cells. J Virol 2007; 81:10786-91. [PMID: 17626095 PMCID: PMC2045457 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01137-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have studied the interactions of exogenous prions with an epithelial cell line inducibly expressing PrPc protein and permissive to infection by a sheep scrapie agent. We demonstrate that abnormal PrP (PrPSc) and prion infectivity are efficiently internalized in Rov cells, whether or not PrPc is expressed. At odds with earlier studies implicating cellular heparan sulfates in PrPSc internalization, we failed to find any involvement of such molecules in Rov cells, indicating that prions can enter target cells by several routes. We further show that PrPSc taken up in the absence of PrPc was unable to promote efficient prion multiplication once PrPc expression was restored in the cells. This observation argues that interaction of PrPSc with PrPc has to occur early, in a specific subcellular compartment(s), and is consistent with the view that the first prion multiplication events may occur at the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Paquet
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Paquet S, Langevin C, Chapuis J, Jackson GS, Laude H, Vilette D. Efficient dissemination of prions through preferential transmission to nearby cells. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:706-713. [PMID: 17251590 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82336-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite circumstantial evidence that prions can be found extracellularly or at the surface of infected cells, little is known about how these infectious agents spread from cell to cell. In order to gain better insight into this critical issue, this study used two different cell lines (neuroglial MovS and epithelial Rov cells) that have previously been shown to be permissive for ovine prion multiplication. Co-culture of infected cells and uninfected target cells at a ratio of 1 : 9 resulted in total infection of MovS cells within 10 days but not of Rov cell cultures, suggesting that the efficiency of prion dissemination may vary greatly depending on the type of permissive cell. Analysis of the spatial distribution of the newly infected cells revealed that, although long-range spread could also occur, cells proximal to the infected donor cells consistently accumulated more abnormal PrP, consistent with preferential infection of nearby cells. This experimental approach, focused on dissemination among living cells, could help in the analysis of mechanisms involved in the cell-to-cell spread of prion infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Paquet
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Christelle Langevin
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jérome Chapuis
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Graham S Jackson
- MRC Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Hubert Laude
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Didier Vilette
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Porto-Carreiro I, Février B, Paquet S, Vilette D, Raposo G. Prions and exosomes: from PrPc trafficking to PrPsc propagation. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2006; 35:143-8. [PMID: 16099696 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2005.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2005] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are membrane vesicles released into the extracellular environment upon exocytic fusion of multivesicular endosomes with the cell surface. Exosome secretion can be used by cells to eject molecules targeted to intraluminal vesicles of multivesicular bodies, but particular cell types may exploit exosomes as intercellular communication devices for transfer of proteins and lipids among cells. The glycosylphosphatyidylinositol-linked prion protein (PrP) in both its normal (PrPc) and scrappie (PrPsc) conformation is associated with exosomes. Targeting of exosomes containing the normal cellular PrP could confer susceptibility of cells that do not express PrP to prion multiplication. Furthermore, exosomes bearing proteinase-K resistant PrPsc are infectious, suggesting a model in which exosomes secreted by infected cells could serve as vehicles for propagation of prions. Thus, cells may exploit the nature of endosome-derived exosomes to communicate with each other in normal and pathological situations, providing for a novel route of cell-to-cell communication and therefore of pathogen transmission. These findings open the possibility that methods to interfere with trafficking of such unconventional pathogens could be envisioned from insights on the mechanisms involved in exosome formation, secretion and targeting.
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Sabuncu E, Paquet S, Chapuis J, Moudjou M, Lai TL, Grassi J, Baron U, Laude H, Vilette D. Prion proteins from susceptible and resistant sheep exhibit some distinct cell biological features. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 337:791-8. [PMID: 16214113 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.09.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2005] [Accepted: 09/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that natural polymorphisms in the coding sequence of the PrP protein can control the expression of prion disease. Studies with a cell model of sheep prion infection have shown that ovine PrP allele associated with resistance to sheep scrapie may confer resistance by impairing the multiplication of the infectious agent. To further explore the biochemical and cellular mechanisms underlying the genetic control of scrapie susceptibility, we established permissive cells expressing two different PrP variants. In this study, we show that PrP variants with opposite effects on prion multiplication exhibit distinct cell biological features. These findings indicate that cell biological properties of ovine PrP can vary with natural polymorphisms and raise the possibility that differential interactions of PrP variants with the cellular machinery may contribute to permissiveness or resistance to prion multiplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elifsu Sabuncu
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Abstract
During prion infections, the cellular glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored glycoprotein PrP is converted into a conformational isoform. This abnormal conformer is thought to recruit and convert the normal cellular PrP into a likeness of itself and is proposed to be the infectious agent. We investigated the distribution of the PrP protein on the surface of Rov cells, an epithelial cell line highly permissive to prion multiplication, and we found that PrP is primarily expressed on the apical side. We further show that prion transmission to Rov cells is much more efficient if infectivity contacts the apical side, indicating that the apical and basolateral sides of Rov cells are not equally competent for prion infection and adding prions to the list of the conventional infectious agents (viruses and bacteria) that infect epithelial cells in a polarized manner. These data raise the possibility that apically expressed PrP may be involved in this polarized process of infection. This would add further support for a crucial role of PrP at the cell surface in prion infection of target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Paquet
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Bourcier T, Berbar T, Paquet S, Rondeau N, Thomas F, Borderie V, Laroche L, Rostène W, Haour F, Lombet A. Characterization and functionality of CXCR4 chemokine receptor and SDF-1 in human corneal fibroblasts. Mol Vis 2003; 9:96-102. [PMID: 12677165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate whether cultured human corneal fibroblasts express functional chemokine CXCR4 receptors on their cell surface and to determine the presence of its specific ligand, SDF-1 (CXCL12), in human corneal fibroblasts. METHODS Human corneal fibroblast cultures were obtained using human donor corneas. CXCR4 receptors were characterized using binding studies and autoradiography with [125I]SDF-1. The functionality of CXCR4 receptors was assessed by intracellular calcium measurement using a dynamic imaging microscopy system. CXCR4 and SDF-1 mRNA were detected in human corneal fibroblasts using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The CXCR4 protein was detected by western blot analysis. RESULTS [125I]SDF-1 specifically bound to cultured corneal fibroblasts with a KD value of 8.3+/-1.2 nM. The presence of CXCR4 was confirmed by autoradiography of the radioligand on slices of corneal stroma. SDF-1 induced a rapid and transient intracellular calcium increase in cultured corneal fibroblasts that was blocked by the specific antagonist bicyclam. Moreover, a 48 kDa protein was detected by western blot analysis of corneal fibroblast extracts, using a specific CXCR4 polyclonal antibody. RT-PCR showed the expression of both CXCR4 and SDF-1 mRNAs in human corneal fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate for the first time that cultured human corneal fibroblasts express the chemokine receptors CXCR4 and its ligand SDF-1. This latter might exert physiological effects on the cornea and could be involved in pathological conditions such as corneal angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Bourcier
- Cornea Bank, EFS AP-HP, EA 3123 Paris 6 University, Paris, France
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Bourcier T, Rondeau N, Paquet S, Forgez P, Lombet A, Pouzaud F, Rostène W, Borderie V, Laroche L. Expression of neurotensin receptors in human corneal keratocytes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002; 43:1765-71. [PMID: 12036977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the study was to investigate whether cultured human keratocytes express the neurotensin receptors (NTR1, NTR2, and NTR3), to determine the presence of neurotensin (NT) in keratocytes, and to assess the influence of NT on these cells. METHODS Human keratocytes were cultured in medium treated with various concentrations (10(-7)-10(-9) M) of JMV449 (a weakly degradable NT agonist). Cell proliferation and viability were analyzed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxy-methoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium inner salt (MTS) assay. Apoptosis was studied by nucleus labeling with a fluorescent dye and cold light fluorometry. NT, NTR1, NTR2, and NTR3 mRNA were detected in human keratocytes by means of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). NTR1 protein was detected by Western blot analysis. Functionality of NTR1 was assessed by intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) measurement with a dynamic imaging microscopy system. RESULTS RT-PCR and Western blot analysis showed the expression of the NTR1 (mRNA and protein) and NTR3 mRNA in human corneal keratocytes. NT and NTR2 mRNA were undetectable. JMV449 induced a rapid and transient [Ca2+]i increase in human corneal keratocytes that was blocked by the specific antagonist SR48692. JMV449 significantly increased cell proliferation and viability after 72, 96, and 120 hours of culture, with a maximum effect at 10(-7) M (P < 0.005). Finally, JMV449 decreased keratocyte apoptosis, whatever the concentration used (P < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that cultured human keratocytes express NTR1 and NTR3 and that NT may exert physiological effects on cornea such as regulation of keratocyte proliferation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Bourcier
- Cornea Bank, Public Assistance Hospitals of Paris (AP-HP), Paris 6 University, France.
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Grover SA, Coupal L, Paquet S, Zowall H. Cost-effectiveness of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: forecasting the incremental benefits of preventing coronary and cerebrovascular events. Arch Intern Med 1999; 159:593-600. [PMID: 10090116 DOI: 10.1001/archinte.159.6.593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To forecast the long-term benefits and cost-effectiveness of lipid modification in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. METHODS A validated model based on data from the Lipid Research Clinics cohort was used to estimate the benefits and cost-effectiveness of lipid modification with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) based on results from the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S), including a 35% decrease in low-density-lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol levels and an 8% increase in high-density-lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol levels. After comparing the short-term outcomes predicted for the 4S with the results actually observed, we forecast the long-term risk of recurrent myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, transient ischemic attacks, arrhythmias, and strokes and the need for surgical procedures such as coronary artery bypass grafting, catheterization, angioplasty, and pacemaker insertions. Outpatient follow-up care costs were estimated, as were the costs of hospital care and drug therapy. All costs were expressed in 1996 US dollars. RESULTS The short-term outcomes predicted for the 4S were consistent with the observed results. The long-term benefits of lipid modification among low-risk subjects (normotensive nonsmokers) with a baseline LDL/ HDL ratio of 5 but no other risk factors ranged from $5424 to $9548 per year of life saved for men and $8389 to $13747 per year of life saved for women. In high-risk subjects (hypertensive smokers) with an LDL/HDL ratio of 5, the estimated costs ranged from $4487 to $8532 per year of life saved in men and $5138 to $8389 per year of life saved in women. Assuming that lipid modification has no effect on the risk of stroke, cost-effectiveness increased by as much as 100%. CONCLUSIONS These long-term cost estimates are consistent with the short-term economic analyses of the published 4S results. The long-term treatment of hyperlipidemia in secondary prevention is forecasted to be cost-effective across a broad range of patients between 40 and 70 years of age. Recognizing the additional effects of lipid changes on cerebrovascular events can substantially improve the cost-effectiveness of treating hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Grover
- Centre for the Analysis of Cost-Effective Care, Montreal General Hospital, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Quebec
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Martínez JA, Kearney JM, Kafatos A, Paquet S, Martínez-González MA. Variables independently associated with self-reported obesity in the European Union. Public Health Nutr 1999; 2:125-33. [PMID: 10933632 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980099000178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The rapid increase in obesity rates over recent years suggest that cultural and societal influences are affecting the adjustment in the energy balance equation in addition to other physiopathological or genetic determinants. Therefore, a pan-EU study was carried out to explore the influence of sociodemographic factors as well as some attitudes (smoking and exercise) on the prevalence of obesity in the adult population of all 15 member states of the EU. DESIGN Overall, a sample of 15,239 individuals aged 15 years and upwards in the EU completed the questionnaire. Subject selection was quota-controlled to make the sample nationally representative following a multistage stratified cluster sampling. Self-reported height and weight were used to calculate body mass index (BMI). RESULTS From the EU average results, it can be seen that only about half of the EU population (48%) is within the normal weight range, while the obesity (BMI > or = 30 kg m(-2)) prevalence was about 10% in the EU and the overweight prevalence was 36.6% and 25.6% among men and women, respectively. UK subjects had the highest prevalence of obesity (12%), while Italians, French and Swedes had the lowest levels of obesity (about 7%). Concerning age and social class interactions, logistic regression analysis showed that high social class and younger individuals in all groups had a lower odds ratio for obesity prevalence. People with a higher level of education are less likely to be obese, while the interaction between educational levels and obesity was different for men and women. A low participation in various leisure-time physical activities, the lack of interest (precontemplation) in being involved in exercise/physical activity and the increasing number of hours sitting down at work appear to be predictors of obesity. Single individuals were less prone to become obese than couples or widowed/divorced people. Finally, smoking status was statistically linked to the prevalence of obesity, since non-smokers or ex-smokers for more than 1 year presented a higher tendency for a BMI > 30. CONCLUSIONS This survey confirms that a priority area for health intervention aimed at preventing the development of obesity should be to increase levels of physical activity, although the approach will depend on the population, especially with respect to educational and socioeconomic aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Martínez
- Department of Physiology and Nutrition and Public Health, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this paper is to describe recent weight changes and weight loss practices in the EU, and in particular to describe the group of subjects who were in a recent state of weight gain. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS Overall, 15,239 adults aged 15 years and upwards composed of 1000 from each EU member state were selected to complete the interview-assisted face-to-face questionnaire. In each member state, sample selection was quota-controlled to ensure national representativeness. RESULTS This survey points to a fairly alarming tendency of more normal weight, overweight or obese European people being in a state of weight gain rather than weight loss. But it is also worrying that almost a fifth of underweight people are in the process of losing more weight. The recommendations for interventions to promote weight loss might be somewhat different between countries in the EU as the common weight loss practices differ between such countries. Overall, a campaign alone may not be effective in encouraging people to do more physical activity in Europe. Additional methods should be found. Furthermore, a combination of diet and exercise as a method of weight control is underestimated or undervalued by the general population who are either overweight or obese.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lappalainen
- General Hospital Psychiatry, Tampere University Hospital, and Finnish Institute for Behavioural Science
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Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop and validate a simple clinical index to identify individuals at increased risk of an elevated CHL/HDL ratio. Using recursive partitioning, factors associated with an elevated CHL/HDL ratio were identified among 1993 men and 1631 women in the Lipid Research Clinic Prevalence Study. These factors were weighted using logistic regression analyses to develop a clinical index that was validated on 486 men and 484 women reported in the Santé Québec cardiovascular health survey. A high CHL/HDL ratio was defined as > or =5 for women and > or =6 for men which approximates the 75th percentiles reported in the second United States National Health and Nutrition Survey. In the Lipid Research Clinics cohort, 307 men (15.4%) and 188 women (11.5%) had an elevated CHL/HDL ratio. Using separate clinical indices for men and women, significant variables included body mass index, alcohol consumption, age, smoking status, systolic blood pressure, physical activity status, and the presence of diabetes, the study identified 88% of the men and 82% of the women with elevated ratios. External validation using the Santé Québec data set demonstrated test sensitivities of 81% for men and 94% for women. Overall, 12% of those with a high CHL/HDL ratio were misclassified as low risk. The ratio of total plasma cholesterol to HDL cholesterol has been shown to be one of the best lipid predictors of increased coronary risk. Readily available clinical data can be used to identify 88% of those individuals most likely to benefit from lipid screening while obviating the need for such screening in one quarter of otherwise healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Grover
- Centre for the Analysis of Cost-Effective Care, The Montreal General Hospital, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
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Grover SA, Paquet S, Levinton C, Coupal L, Zowall H. Estimating the benefits of modifying risk factors of cardiovascular disease: a comparison of primary vs secondary prevention. Arch Intern Med 1998; 158:655-62. [PMID: 9521231 DOI: 10.1001/archinte.158.6.655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the potential years of life saved (YOLS) associated with risk factor modification in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). METHODS The CVD life expectancy model estimates the risk of death due to coronary disease, stroke, and other causes based on the levels of independent risk factors (such as age, blood pressure, and blood lipid levels) found in the cohort of the Lipid Research Clinics. The model was validated by comparing its predictions with the observed fatal outcomes of 9 randomized clinical trials. We then estimated the YOLS associated with treating hyperlipidemia or hypertension among hypothetical patient groups with and without CVD at baseline. We defined high-risk patients as those with 3 risk factors (hyperlipidemia, cigarette smoking, and hypertension) and low-risk patients as those with isolated hypertension or hyperlipidemia. RESULTS The fatal events predicted by the model were consistent with the clinical trial results. Among men and women with hyperlipidemia without CVD, the forecasted benefits of lipid therapy were substantially greater among high-risk groups vs low-risk groups (4.74-0.78 YOLS vs 2.50-0.25 YOLS, respectively). Among those with CVD, the forecasted benefits of treatment were similar for both high-risk and low-risk groups (4.65-0.65 YOLS vs 3.84-0.58 YOLS, respectively). The results for hypertension therapy also demonstrated greater benefits for high-risk vs low-risk patients undergoing primary prevention therapy (1.34-0.29 YOLS vs 0.85-0.13 YOLS, respectively), and the forecasted benefits in secondary prevention were similar (1.26-0.23 YOLS vs 1.00-0.23 YOLS, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The clinical approach to risk factor modification in primary prevention should be different from that in secondary prevention. The forecasted benefits of therapy among patients without CVD are greatest in the presence of other risk factors. Among those with CVD, the benefits of therapy are equivalent, thereby obviating the need to target high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Grover
- Centre for the Analysis of Cost-Effective Care, Montreal General Hospital, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
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Lepelley P, Zandecki M, Paquet S, Lerche B, Estienne MH, Fenaux P, Torpier G, Cosson A. Total peroxidase deficiency in eosinophils: a report on twin sisters, one with a refractory anaemia. Eur J Haematol Suppl 1987; 39:77-81. [PMID: 2820788 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1987.tb00169.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A total lack of EPO was fortuitously discovered in a 63-yr-old woman from the north of France who had primary refractory anaemia, but without dysgranulopoiesis; MPO activity was normal. Her twin sister, whose blood count was normal, also had EPO deficiency. This familial disorder was first described in the Israeli Jewish population and is very rare in Caucasians; it seems to have no pathological consequences. Microscopic studies showed no anomaly except a negativity of Sudan Black B staining which we consider to be a sign of peroxidase deficiency. Ultrastructural studies of the granules revealed normal cristalloid, but the matrix, which contains EPO in normal eosinophils, was very thin; the nature of the relation between functional and morphological anomalies has still to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lepelley
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Lille, France
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Buts JP, Delacroix DL, Dekeyser N, Paquet S, Horsmans Y, Boelens M, Van Craynest MP, De Meyer R. Role of dietary iron in maturation of rat small intestine at weaning. Am J Physiol 1984; 246:G725-31. [PMID: 6742122 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.1984.246.6.g725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The weanling process is characterized by the transition from a liquid diet poor in iron (rat milk) to a solid diet high in iron (chow pellets). To examine the effects of iron content of the weanling diet on terminal maturation of rat small intestine, suckling pups, nursed by iron-sufficient mothers, were weaned by day 16 onto a solid basal diet that was either deficient [low-iron diet (LID): 0.5 mg iron/100 g solid] or high [high-iron diet (HID) controls: 30 mg iron/100 g solid] in iron. The animals were studied during or at the end of the 4th postnatal wk. By day 17 rats weaned onto the LID exhibited an initial rise in jejunal sucrase activity as did their controls, but the activity plateau of the enzyme was reduced to a level 60% of the controls. On day 28 iron-deprived rats were anemic and showed significant decreases (P less than 0.01 compared with HID rats) in the activity of jejunal sucrase (-57%), neutral lactase (-83%), and maltase (-46%), whereas villus height, crypt depth, mucosal mass parameters, ileal acid beta-galactosidase activity, mucosal protein, and DNA synthesis rates were equivalent in LID and HID groups. The concentration of the secretory component, a glycoprotein synthesized by the intestinal crypt cell, was markedly depressed (P less than 0.01 vs. controls) in the jejunum (-54%) and ileum (-79%) of iron-deprived rats. When D-[1-14C]glucosamine was injected intraperitoneally, incorporation of the label into jejunal and ileal brush-border proteins was two to three times lower for iron-deficient rats than for controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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