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Sarrazin S, Poupon C, Uszynski I, Mangin JF, Polosan M, Favre P, Laidi C, D’Albis MA, Leboyer M, Lledo PM, Henry C, Emsell L, Shakeel M, Goghari V, Houenou J. A multicentric multimodal in vivo microscopy MRI study of bipolar disorder reveals axonal loss and demyelination. Eur Psychiatry 2022. [PMCID: PMC9566679 DOI: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction
Bipolar disorder has been repeatedly associated with abnormalities of white matter. However, DTI is intrinsically limited and the precise cellular mechanisms that underlie these alterations remains unknown.
Objectives
Our aim was to investigate microscopical characteristics of white matter using MRI in patients with bipolar and healthy controls.
Methods
77 patients and 71 controls from 3 sites had a T1 structural MRI, a multi-shell HARDI MRI and at one site with a T1-weighted VFA-SPGR acquisition, and a T2 MSME acquisition. The volume fraction and the orientation dispersion was extracted using NODDI from DW images in each site. Myelin Water Fraction was extracted in 33 patients and 36 controls to probe myelin characteristics. White matter bundles were reconstructed using deterministic tractography. Statistical analyses were performed after harmonization by the ComBat algorithm and controlled for age, gender and handedness.
Results
We found significant lower axonal density in patients along the short fibers of the left cingulum, the left anterior arcuate and the left inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus. We found lower mean MWF in patients along the short fibers of the right cingulum, the left inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, the left anterior arcuate and the splenium of the corpus callosum. We found higher mean orientation dispersion in patients only along the left uncinate fasciculus.
Conclusions
We report alterations of limbic and inter-hemispheric white matter tracts in patients with bipolar disorder reflecting axonal loss, demyelination and architecture alterations. These results contribute to better capture the plurality of the mechanisms involved in bipolar disorder that cannot be deciphered with classical diffusion MRI.
Disclosure
No significant relationships.
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Sarrazin S, Hein C, Delrieu J, Crestani S, Menhour S, Gilbert-Fontan E, Abellan van Kan G. Amiodarone-induced Ataxia: A Case Report of Severe Cerebellar Dysfunction and Review of Literature. J Nutr Health Aging 2021; 25:284-286. [PMID: 33575717 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-020-1475-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Amiodarone therapy is widely prescribed in patients with atrial fibrillation. The higher prevalence of this arrhythmic heart disease, and the specific age-related issues of homeostasis in the elderly population, makes this group particularly exposed to its adverse effects. Among the many described side-effects, neurological impairments are the less documented and studied. Because amiodarone can be responsible for severe complications, as described in the case below, a close monitoring is necessary throughout its prescription. Awareness should be brought on the amiodarone-induced neurological side-effects as they could be overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sarrazin
- Gabor Abellan Van Kan, Toulouse University Hospital. Geriatric Department. 224 Avenue de Casselardit. 31059 Toulouse, France,
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De Coensel E, Sarrazin S, Opsomer G, Dewulf J. Antibioticumgebruik bij de niet-gecompliceerde keizersnede bij het rund in Vlaanderen. VLAAMS DIERGEN TIJDS 2020. [DOI: 10.21825/vdt.v89i1.15983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
De keizersnede is een routine-ingreep voor dierenartsen in de Vlaamse rundveepraktijk. Alhoewel de ingreep wordt aangeleerd volgens een standaardprotocol, blijkt uit eerder onderzoek dat het antibioticumgebruik bij deze indicatie sterk varieert tussen dierenartsen. In deze studie werd door middel van een vragenlijst getracht een beeld te schetsen van wanneer welke antibiotica gebruikt worden en in welke mate dit overeenstemt met de aanbevelingen van het kenniscentrum “Antimicrobial Consumption and Resistance in Animals” (AMCRA). Uit de resultaten blijkt dat alle respondenten antibiotica gebruiken tijdens de ingreep. Negentien percent dient ook standaardantibiotica toe kort na de operatie. Penicilline wordt in 52% van de gevallen als eerste keuze ingezet, wat overeenstemt met de AMCRA-richtlijnen. Het overige deel van de respondenten (48%) opteert voor breedspectrumantibiotica, zoals penicillineneomycine, penicilline-dihydrostreptomycine, lincomycine-spectinomycine, die volgens AMCRA tweedekeuzemiddelen zijn. Voor wat betreft de intramusculaire behandelingen vóór en na de ingreep, behandelt slechts 35% overeenkomstig de referentiedosering voor een koe tussen de 600 en 800 kg. Er wordt vooral ondergedoseerd bij behandelingen na de ingreep en bij nabehandeling. Op basis van de evaluatie van het tijdstip van behandelen en de antibioticumkeuze blijkt dat slechts 23% van de respondenten handelt in overeenstemming met de voorschriften van het AMCRA-formularium. Uit deze resultaten kan besloten worden dat het gebruik van antibiotica tijdens een nietgecompliceerde keizersnede sterk varieert en slechts tot op zekere hoogte overeenkomt met wat door AMCRA wordt aanbevolen. Onvoldoende kennis van de richtlijnen kan hier aan de basis liggen. Een betere communicatie is dan ook een eerste en belangrijke stap om de bewustwording te verbeteren.
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Laidi C, Hajek T, Spaniel F, Kolenic M, d'Albis MA, Sarrazin S, Mangin JF, Duchesnay E, Brambilla P, Wessa M, Linke J, Polosan M, Favre P, Versace AL, Phillips ML, Manjon JV, Romero JE, Hozer F, Leboyer M, Coupe P, Houenou J. Cerebellar parcellation in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2019; 140:468-476. [PMID: 31418816 DOI: 10.1111/acps.13087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The cerebellum is involved in cognitive processing and emotion control. Cerebellar alterations could explain symptoms of schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD). In addition, literature suggests that lithium might influence cerebellar anatomy. Our aim was to study cerebellar anatomy in SZ and BD, and investigate the effect of lithium. METHODS Participants from 7 centers worldwide underwent a 3T MRI. We included 182 patients with SZ, 144 patients with BD, and 322 controls. We automatically segmented the cerebellum using the CERES pipeline. All outputs were visually inspected. RESULTS Patients with SZ showed a smaller global cerebellar gray matter volume compared to controls, with most of the changes located to the cognitive part of the cerebellum (Crus II and lobule VIIb). This decrease was present in the subgroup of patients with recent-onset SZ. We did not find any alterations in the cerebellum in patients with BD. However, patients medicated with lithium had a larger size of the anterior cerebellum, compared to patients not treated with lithium. CONCLUSION Our multicenter study supports a distinct pattern of cerebellar alterations in SZ and BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Laidi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U955 - Translational Psychiatry, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Psychiatrie, Créteil, France.,Pôle de Psychiatrie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Faculté de Médecine de Créteil, DHU PePsy, Hôpitaux Universitaires Mondor, Créteil, France.,Fondation Fondamental, Créteil, France.,NeuroSpin, CEA, Paris Saclay University, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - T Hajek
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - F Spaniel
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - M Kolenic
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - M-A d'Albis
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U955 - Translational Psychiatry, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Psychiatrie, Créteil, France.,Pôle de Psychiatrie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Faculté de Médecine de Créteil, DHU PePsy, Hôpitaux Universitaires Mondor, Créteil, France.,Fondation Fondamental, Créteil, France.,NeuroSpin, CEA, Paris Saclay University, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - S Sarrazin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U955 - Translational Psychiatry, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Psychiatrie, Créteil, France.,NeuroSpin, CEA, Paris Saclay University, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - J-F Mangin
- NeuroSpin, CEA, Paris Saclay University, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - E Duchesnay
- NeuroSpin, CEA, Paris Saclay University, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - P Brambilla
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - M Wessa
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - J Linke
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - M Polosan
- Grenoble Institute of Neuroscience, INSERM U1216, Hôpital Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | - P Favre
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U955 - Translational Psychiatry, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Psychiatrie, Créteil, France.,Fondation Fondamental, Créteil, France.,NeuroSpin, CEA, Paris Saclay University, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - A L Versace
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - M L Phillips
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - J V Manjon
- Instituto Universitario de Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicaciones (ITACA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, España
| | - J E Romero
- Instituto Universitario de Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicaciones (ITACA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, España
| | - F Hozer
- Department of Psychiatry, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) - Hôpital Corentin Celton, Paris Descartes University, Près Sorbonne Paris Cité, Issy-les- Moulineaux, France
| | - M Leboyer
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U955 - Translational Psychiatry, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Psychiatrie, Créteil, France.,Pôle de Psychiatrie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Faculté de Médecine de Créteil, DHU PePsy, Hôpitaux Universitaires Mondor, Créteil, France.,Fondation Fondamental, Créteil, France.,NeuroSpin, CEA, Paris Saclay University, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - P Coupe
- Pictura Research Group, Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR 5800), Laboratoire Bordelais de Recherche en Informatique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Talence, France.,Pictura Research Group, Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR 5800), Laboratoire Bordelais de Recherche en Informatique, University Bordeaux, Talence, France
| | - J Houenou
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U955 - Translational Psychiatry, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Psychiatrie, Créteil, France.,Pôle de Psychiatrie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Faculté de Médecine de Créteil, DHU PePsy, Hôpitaux Universitaires Mondor, Créteil, France.,Fondation Fondamental, Créteil, France.,NeuroSpin, CEA, Paris Saclay University, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Maris J, Laureyns J, Sarrazin S. Een BVDV type 2a-besmetting op een melkveebedrijf in België. VLAAMS DIERGEN TIJDS 2018. [DOI: 10.21825/vdt.v87i5.16061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In dit artikel wordt het verloop van een boviene virale diarree virus (BVDV) type 2a-besmetting op een Belgisch melkveebedrijf beschreven. In een periode van veertien dagen stierven zeventien volwassen melkkoeien als gevolg van acuut optredende diarree en dehydratatie. Van bij het begin van de uitbraak werd aan een infectie met het BVDV gedacht, maar dit vermoeden werd niet meteen door laboratoriumtesten bevestigd. Pas tijdens de vierendertig daaropvolgende maanden kon op verschillende tijdstippen BVDV type 2a worden geïdentificeerd.
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Abstract
Farm biosecurity includes the prevention of disease transmission within and between farms. Two studies were set up to investigate what motivates and withholds farmers to implement biosecurity measures. The first study aimed to assess the perception of cattle farmers towards biosecurity and to identify possible reasons for its low application. This study consisted of a focus group discussion, of which the trends were used to develop a questionnaire for Flemish cattle farmers. Although the 91 participating farmers were familiar with several measures, they associated them with disease prevention rather than biosecurity. Nearly all farmers (98%) identified their herd veterinarian as their main source of information. Twenty percent and 32% of the respondents were convinced that the implementation of biosecurity would cost them more money and time, respectively. Finally, 80% of the farmers saw room for improvement of their herd, but indicated a need for practical information. The second study aimed to identify the key elements of twenty preselected biosecurity measures, motivators and obstacles for their implementation. They were judged by twenty-two cattle stakeholders, such as farmers, veterinarians and advisors, on feasibility, efficacy and return on investment. A box for parturition, a plan for rodent control and cleaning and disinfection of the stables scored highest overall. The lowest scoring measures were showering before entering the stables and an animal-free period of 24 hours. Their return on investment scored very low, since high investments are required. For a farmer to understand why biosecurity is beneficial, he must understand all risks and costs of disease and how biosecurity may reduce these risks and costs.
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Pluim M, Martens A, Vanderperren K, Sarrazin S, Koene M, Luciani A, van Weeren PR, Delesalle C. Short- and long term follow-up of 150 sports horses diagnosed with tendinopathy or desmopathy by ultrasonographic examination and treated with high-power laser therapy. Res Vet Sci 2018; 119:232-238. [PMID: 30005398 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Pluim
- Department of Virology, Parasitology & Immunology, Research Group Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Tierklinik Luesche, Essernerstrase 39a, 49456 Bakum, Germany.
| | - A Martens
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of domestic animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - K Vanderperren
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S Sarrazin
- Department of obstetrics, Reproduction and herd health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - M Koene
- Tierklinik Luesche, Essernerstrase 39a, 49456 Bakum, Germany
| | - A Luciani
- Tierklinik Luesche, Essernerstrase 39a, 49456 Bakum, Germany
| | - P R van Weeren
- Department of Equine Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584, CL, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - C Delesalle
- Department of Virology, Parasitology & Immunology, Research Group Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Renault V, Damiaans B, Sarrazin S, Humblet MF, Dewulf J, Saegerman C. Biosecurity practices in Belgian cattle farming: Level of implementation, constraints and weaknesses. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:1246-1261. [PMID: 29566303 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few years, a shift from curative towards preventive medicine occurred in the livestock sector. This led to an increased importance of biosecurity to better control infectious diseases by preventing their introduction and/or reducing their spread. Farmers are the main responsible actors of biosecurity measures (BSM). Existing studies report a low implementation level of BSM by the cattle farmers. Barriers such as cost, usefulness, importance, workload and lack of knowledge were investigated but the decision-making process of farmers related to a given BSM is not yet clarified. The objectives of this study were to (i) assess the level of implementation of BSM in cattle farms, (ii) assess the correlation between the importance that farmers give to a BSM and its effective implementation and (iii) identify the main reasons of non-implementation. A randomized survey was implemented in Belgium from December 2016 up to April 2017 with face-to-face interviews conducted in 100 Belgian farms. A descriptive analysis of data was performed using Microsoft Excel® and Stata14® . Chi-square and Spearman's rank correlation tests, respectively, allowed comparing implementation levels in dairy herds vs. beef herds and investigating the correlation between the importance that farmers give to a BSM and its implementation level. Biosecurity measures were poorly implemented to prevent disease introduction through direct contact and almost not to avoid indirect transmission. Some measures showed a significant difference in terms of implementation level between beef and dairy herds. A positive correlation was highlighted between the importance that farmers give to a BSM and its actual effective implementation. Perceived lack of efficiency, feasibility and usefulness are the reasons most often mentioned for non-implementation. Other factors potentially influencing the decision-making process should be further investigated and clarified. Evidence-based studies would be useful to convince the farmers of the need of implementing BSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Renault
- Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiege), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal Health (FARAH) Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - B Damiaans
- Department Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - S Sarrazin
- Department Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - M-F Humblet
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Biosafety and Biosecurity unit, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - J Dewulf
- Department Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - C Saegerman
- Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiege), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal Health (FARAH) Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
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Van Cleven A, Boyen F, Paepe D, Chantziaras I, Sarrazin S, Haesebrouck F, Dewulf J. Voorkomen van resistentie tegen de ‘meest kritisch belangrijke antimicrobiële geneesmiddelen’ bij Escherichia coli-isolaten van hond en kat. VLAAMS DIERGEN TIJDS 2018. [DOI: 10.21825/vdt.v87i1.16092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Om een beter inzicht te krijgen in het voorkomen van antimicrobiële resistentie tegen ‘de meest kritisch belangrijke antibiotica met hoogste prioriteit voor humane geneeskunde’ bij kleine huisdieren werd een descriptieve retrospectieve analyse van 811 antibiogrammen bij hond en kat uitgevoerd. De antibiogrammen werden door een diergeneeskundig, diagnostisch laboratorium uitgevoerd op 811 Escherichia coli-isolaten afkomstig van klinische stalen van honden en katten genomen door dierenartsen uit Vlaanderen, waarbij de isolaten voornamelijk van fecale (62,5%) of urogenitale (30,5%) oorsprong waren. De antimicrobiële gevoeligheid werd bepaald aan de hand van de disk-diffusiemethode met breekpunten voorzien door de leverancier van de antibioticumschijfjes. Met deze testmethode was 9,5% van de Escherichia coli-isolaten resistent tegen of intermediair gevoelig voor marbofloxacine, 16,7% voor enrofloxacine en 15,7% voor cefovecin. Het enigszins onverwachte verschil in resistentie tussen marbofloxacine en enrofloxacine kan mogelijk ten minste deels verklaard worden door de verschillende klinische breekpunten die gebruikt worden om de resultaten van een gevoeligheidstest voor honden- en kattenisolaten bij beide agentia te interpreteren. Het is mogelijk dat de waargenomen resistentie in deze studie het gevolg is van het regelmatige gebruik van onder andere fluoroquinolonen en derdegeneratiecefalosporinen, zodat het gebruik van deze ‘meest kritisch belangrijke antibiotica met hoogste prioriteit voor humane geneeskunde’ een belangrijk aandachtspunt in de kleinehuisdierensector blijft.
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Tong W, Dwyer CA, Thacker BE, Glass CA, Brown JR, Hamill K, Moremen KW, Sarrazin S, Gordts PLSM, Dozier LE, Patrick GN, Tor Y, Esko JD. Guanidinylated Neomycin Conjugation Enhances Intranasal Enzyme Replacement in the Brain. Mol Ther 2017; 25:2743-2752. [PMID: 28958576 PMCID: PMC5768556 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Iduronidase (IDUA)-deficient mice accumulate glycosaminoglycans in cells and tissues and exhibit many of the same neuropathological symptoms of patients suffering from Mucopolysaccharidosis I. Intravenous enzyme-replacement therapy for Mucopolysaccharidosis I ameliorates glycosaminoglycan storage and many of the somatic aspects of the disease but fails to treat neurological symptoms due to poor transport across the blood-brain barrier. In this study, we examined the delivery of IDUA conjugated to guanidinoneomycin (GNeo), a molecular transporter. GNeo-IDUA and IDUA injected intravenously resulted in reduced hepatic glycosaminoglycan accumulation but had no effect in the brain due to fast clearance from the circulation. In contrast, intranasally administered GNeo-IDUA entered the brain rapidly. Repetitive intranasal treatment with GNeo-IDUA reduced glycosaminoglycan storage, lysosome size and number, and neurodegenerative astrogliosis in the olfactory bulb and primary somatosensory cortex, whereas IDUA was less effective. The enhanced efficacy of GNeo-IDUA was not the result of increased nose-to-brain delivery or enzyme stability, but rather due to more efficient uptake into neurons and astrocytes. GNeo conjugation also enhanced glycosaminoglycan clearance by intranasally delivered sulfamidase to the brain of sulfamidase-deficient mice, a model of Mucopolysaccharidosis IIIA. These findings suggest the general utility of the guanidinoglycoside-based delivery system for restoring missing lysosomal enzymes in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyong Tong
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, USA
| | - Chrissa A Dwyer
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, USA
| | - Bryan E Thacker
- TEGA Therapeutics, Inc., 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0713, USA
| | - Charles A Glass
- TEGA Therapeutics, Inc., 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0713, USA
| | - Jillian R Brown
- TEGA Therapeutics, Inc., 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0713, USA
| | - Kristina Hamill
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA
| | - Kelley W Moremen
- Department of Biochemistry, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Stéphane Sarrazin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, USA
| | - Philip L S M Gordts
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, USA
| | - Lara E Dozier
- Section of Neurobiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0366 USA
| | - Gentry N Patrick
- Section of Neurobiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0366 USA
| | - Yitzhak Tor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, USA.
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Filippitzi ME, Brinch Kruse A, Postma M, Sarrazin S, Maes D, Alban L, Nielsen LR, Dewulf J. Review of transmission routes of 24 infectious diseases preventable by biosecurity measures and comparison of the implementation of these measures in pig herds in six European countries. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65:381-398. [PMID: 29124908 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to review the transmission routes of important infectious pig diseases and to translate these into biosecurity measures preventing or reducing the transmission between and within pig herds. Furthermore, it aimed to identify the level of implementation of these measures in different European countries and discuss the observed variations to identify potentials for improvement. First, a literature review was performed to show which direct and indirect transmission routes of 24 infectious pig diseases can be prevented through different biosecurity measures. Second, a quantitative analysis was performed using the Biocheck.UGent™, a risk-based scoring system to evaluate biosecurity in pig herds, to obtain an insight into the implementation of these biosecurity measures. The database contained farm-specific biosecurity data from 574 pig farms in Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden, entered between January 2014 and January 2016. Third, a qualitative analysis based on a review of literature and other relevant information resources was performed for every subcategory of internal and external biosecurity in the Biocheck.UGent™ questionnaire. The quantitative analysis indicated that at the level of internal, external and overall biosecurity, Denmark had a significantly distinct profile with higher external biosecurity scores and less variation than the rest of the countries. This is likely due to a widely used specific pathogen-free (SPF) system with extensive focus on biosecurity since 1971 in Denmark. However, the observed pattern may also be attributed to differences in data collection methods. The qualitative analysis identified differences in applied policies, legislation, disease status, pig farm density, farming culture and habits between countries that can be used for shaping country-specific biosecurity advice to attain improved prevention and control of important pig diseases in European pig farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Filippitzi
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - A Brinch Kruse
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Postma
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - S Sarrazin
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - D Maes
- Porcine Health Management Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - L Alban
- Danish Agriculture & Food Council, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - L R Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Dewulf
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Sarrazin S, Vandael F, Van Cleven A, De Graef E, De Rooster H, Dewulf J. The impact of antimicrobial use guidelines on prescription habits in fourteen Flemish small animal practices. VLAAMS DIERGEN TIJDS 2017. [DOI: 10.21825/vdt.v86i3.16287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A prospective study was performed to explore the prescription habits in fourteen first-line, small animal practices during first consultations of cats and dogs. Consultations one month prior to the implementation of antimicrobial use guidelines and at least 20 days thereafter were examined. Differences in the proportion of consultations during which antimicrobials were prescribed, were assessed. Additionally, changes in the choice of active substance were critically evaluated against the introduced antimicrobial use guidelines. The proportion of consultations where antimicrobials were prescribed decreased in cats and dogs (both –12%) after the introduction of the antimicrobial use guidelines. There was an increase of consultations of cats (+13%) and dogs (+10%) where veterinarians handled according to those guidelines. However, an increase in the prescription of third-choice antimicrobials and highest priority critically important antimicrobials was noticed both in cats (+8% and +12%, respectively) and dogs (both +5%). This unexpected increase invites to create extra awareness amongst prescribers.
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Badillo A, Receveur-Brechot V, Sarrazin S, Cantrelle FX, Delolme F, Fogeron ML, Molle J, Montserret R, Bockmann A, Bartenschlager R, Lohmann V, Lippens G, Ricard-Blum S, Hanoulle X, Penin F. Overall Structural Model of NS5A Protein from Hepatitis C Virus and Modulation by Mutations Confering Resistance of Virus Replication to Cyclosporin A. Biochemistry 2017; 56:3029-3048. [PMID: 28535337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) is a RNA-binding phosphoprotein composed of a N-terminal membrane anchor (AH), a structured domain 1 (D1), and two intrinsically disordered domains (D2 and D3). The knowledge of the functional architecture of this multifunctional protein remains limited. We report here that NS5A-D1D2D3 produced in a wheat germ cell-free system is obtained under a highly phosphorylated state. Its NMR analysis revealed that these phosphorylations do not change the disordered nature of D2 and D3 domains but increase the number of conformers due to partial phosphorylations. By combining NMR and small angle X-ray scattering, we performed a comparative structural characterization of unphosphorylated recombinant D2 domains of JFH1 (genotype 2a) and the Con1 (genotype 1b) strains produced in Escherichia coli. These analyses highlighted a higher intrinsic folding of the latter, revealing the variability of intrinsic conformations in HCV genotypes. We also investigated the effect of D2 mutations conferring resistance of HCV replication to cyclophilin A (CypA) inhibitors on the structure of the recombinant D2 Con1 mutants and their binding to CypA. Although resistance mutations D320E and R318W could induce some local and/or global folding perturbation, which could thus affect the kinetics of conformer interconversions, they do not significantly affect the kinetics of CypA/D2 interaction measured by surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The combination of all our data led us to build a model of the overall structure of NS5A, which provides a useful template for further investigations of the structural and functional features of this enigmatic protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelie Badillo
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, MMSB, UMR 5086, CNRS, Labex Ecofect, Université de Lyon, 69367 Lyon, France
| | | | - Stéphane Sarrazin
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, MMSB, UMR 5086, CNRS, Labex Ecofect, Université de Lyon, 69367 Lyon, France
| | - François-Xavier Cantrelle
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576, UGSF, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F 59 000 Lille, France
| | - Frédéric Delolme
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, MMSB, UMR 5086, CNRS, Labex Ecofect, Université de Lyon, 69367 Lyon, France
| | - Marie-Laure Fogeron
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, MMSB, UMR 5086, CNRS, Labex Ecofect, Université de Lyon, 69367 Lyon, France
| | - Jennifer Molle
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, MMSB, UMR 5086, CNRS, Labex Ecofect, Université de Lyon, 69367 Lyon, France
| | - Roland Montserret
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, MMSB, UMR 5086, CNRS, Labex Ecofect, Université de Lyon, 69367 Lyon, France
| | - Anja Bockmann
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, MMSB, UMR 5086, CNRS, Labex Ecofect, Université de Lyon, 69367 Lyon, France
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Volker Lohmann
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Guy Lippens
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576, UGSF, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F 59 000 Lille, France
| | - Sylvie Ricard-Blum
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, MMSB, UMR 5086, CNRS, Labex Ecofect, Université de Lyon, 69367 Lyon, France
| | - Xavier Hanoulle
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576, UGSF, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F 59 000 Lille, France
| | - François Penin
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, MMSB, UMR 5086, CNRS, Labex Ecofect, Université de Lyon, 69367 Lyon, France
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Snoeck F, Sarrazin S, Wydooghe E, Van Soom A. Age and anti-Müllerian hormone levels predict the success of in vitro maturation of cat oocytes. Reprod Domest Anim 2016; 52 Suppl 2:98-102. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F Snoeck
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - S Sarrazin
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - E Wydooghe
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - A Van Soom
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
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Postma M, Vanderhaeghen W, Sarrazin S, Maes D, Dewulf J. Reducing Antimicrobial Usage in Pig Production without Jeopardizing Production Parameters. Zoonoses Public Health 2016; 64:63-74. [PMID: 27362766 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial usage (AMU) has been described to be high in pig production. Although farmers are aware of the high usage, little is known about intervention to improve the situation. This study evaluated the extent to which AMU could be reduced in pig production by the optimization of herd management, biosecurity status, vaccination strategy, anthelmintic therapy and advice on prudent AMU. Furthermore, the effects of these interventions on the herd production results were explored. This intervention study was conducted on 61 Flemish pig herds and included three visits per herd. During the initial visit, information was gathered on herd management, biosecurity status (quantified by means of the Biocheck.UGent™ risk-based scoring system), vaccination strategy, anthelmintic therapy and AMU. This info was then translated into a herd-specific action plan which was discussed with the farmer and herd veterinarian/other advisors during the second visit. In the final herd visit (±8 months later), comparable data were obtained to evaluate the progress. Overall, a significant improvement of 2.4 points external and 7 points internal biosecurity on the herds was obtained, combined with additional vaccination, anthelmintic therapy and prudent AMU. This was accompanied by a significant reduction in the AMU with a decrease of 52% for the pigs from birth till slaughter and 32% for breeding animals, based on treatment incidences (TIs) and included an important reduction in the use of critically important antimicrobials. More importantly, the increased biosecurity levels and decreased AMU were combined with significantly improved technical results such as the number of weaned piglets per sow per year (+1.1), daily weight gain (+5.9 g/day) and mortality in the finisher period (-0.6%). Guided interventions as a team effort of farmer and herd veterinarian/other advisors have shown to be a promising method in the reduction of AMU in pig production.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Postma
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - W Vanderhaeghen
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S Sarrazin
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - D Maes
- Porcine Health Management Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - J Dewulf
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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16
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Declerck I, Dewulf J, Sarrazin S, Maes D. Long-term effects of colostrum intake in piglet mortality and performance1. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:1633-43. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Sarrazin S, Dewulf J, Mathijs E, Laureyns J, Mostin L, Cay A. Virulence comparison and quantification of horizontal bovine viral diarrhoea virus transmission following experimental infection in calves. Vet J 2014; 202:244-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Laureyns J, Booth R, Sarrazin S, Deprez P, Pfeiffer D, Dewulf J, De Vliegher S. Assessment of two essential elements of BVDV control on selected Flemish dairy and beef farms. VLAAMS DIERGEN TIJDS 2013. [DOI: 10.21825/vdt.v82i6.16683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is one of the most important viruses to cause disease in cattle worldwide. The virus is endemically present in Belgium. Clinical diagnosis of BVDV infection is difficult. Therefore, monitoring through testing is necessary to detect the presence of the virus on farms. As vaccination alone does not suffice for eradication, a combination of measures is required for successful control. Via a questionnaire, the BVDV policy on 241 selected Flemish cattle farms was investigated. This revealed some striking results. For the majority of the herds, the BVDV status was unknown (63%), and only 23% had a monitoring program in place. Furthermore, on seven out of ten (71%) BVDV-vaccinating farms, vaccination against BVDV was implemented as a strategy without knowing the actual BVDV status.
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19
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Saesen E, Sarrazin S, Laguri C, Sadir R, Maurin D, Thomas A, Imberty A, Lortat-Jacob H. Insights into the mechanism by which interferon-γ basic amino acid clusters mediate protein binding to heparan sulfate. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:9384-90. [PMID: 23734709 DOI: 10.1021/ja4000867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The extensive functional repertoire of heparin and heparan sulfate, which relies on their ability to interact with a large number of proteins, has recently emerged. To understand the forces that drive such interactions the binding of heparin to interferon-γ (IFNγ), used as a model system, was investigated. NMR-based titration experiments demonstrated the involvement of two adjacent cationic domains (D1: KTGKRKR and D2: RGRR), both of which are present within the carboxy-terminal sequence of the cytokine. Kinetic analysis showed that these two domains contribute differently to the interaction: D1 is required to form a complex and constitutes the actual binding site, whereas D2, although unable to associate with heparin by itself, increased the association rate of the binding. These data are consistent with the view that D2, through nonspecific electrostatic forces, places the two molecules in favorable orientations for productive binding within the encounter complex. This mechanism was supported by electrostatic potential analysis and thermodynamic investigations. They showed that D1 association to heparin is driven by both favorable enthalpic and entropic contributions, as expected for a binding sequence, but that D2 gives rise to entropic penalty, which opposes binding in a thermodynamic sense. The binding mechanism described herein, by which the D2 domain kinetically drives the interaction, has important functional consequences and gives a structural framework to better understand how specific are the interactions between proteins and heparin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Els Saesen
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, CNRS, CEA, University Grenoble Alpes, UMR 5075, 41 rue Horowitz, 38027, Grenoble cedex 01, France
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20
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Laureyns J, Pardon B, Caij AB, Sarrazin S, Deprez P. Spontaneous bleeding in a neonatal calf persistently infected with BVDV1b. VLAAMS DIERGEN TIJDS 2013. [DOI: 10.21825/vdt.v82i2.16715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A calf developed skin bleeding on the second day of its life. It was referred to the clinic onsuspicion of bovine neonatal pancytopenia (BNP). Hematology showed extreme thrombocytopenia,moderate anemia, but no leukopenia. A PCR test on a heparinized blood sample was bovine viraldiarrhea virus (BVDV) positive, as were the two BVDV antigen ELISAs performed three and tenweeks later. Non-cytopathic BVDV type 1b was isolated from the blood. Although the calf recoveredfrom hemorrhagic disease, and continued to be healthy, it was euthanized at eleven weeks of agebecause of persistent BVDV infection. On the basis of the case history, BNP could be excludedfrom the differential diagnosis. This case illustrates that hemorrhagic disease is not exclusivelyassociated with BVDV type 2 and that the clinical signs in neonatal calves infected with BVDV1bcan be identical to the clinical presentation of BNP.
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Sarrazin S, Poupon C, Linke J, Wessa M, Phillips M, Delavest M, Versace A, Almeida J, Guevara P, Duclap D, Duchesnay E, Mangin JF, Le Dudal K, Daban C, Hamdani N, D’Albis MA, Leboyer M, Houenou J. 2793 – A multicenter tractography study of structural connectivity in bipolar disorder and effects of psychotic features. Eur Psychiatry 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-9338(13)77382-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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22
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Perron H, Hamdani N, Faucard R, Lajnef M, Jamain S, Daban-Huard C, Sarrazin S, LeGuen E, Houenou J, Delavest M, Moins-Teiserenc H, Bengoufa D, Yolken R, Madeira A, Garcia-Montojo M, Gehin N, Burgelin I, Ollagnier G, Bernard C, Dumaine A, Henrion A, Gombert A, Le Dudal K, Charron D, Krishnamoorthy R, Tamouza R, Leboyer M, Leboyer M. Molecular characteristics of Human Endogenous Retrovirus type-W in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2012; 2:e201. [PMID: 23212585 PMCID: PMC3565190 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2012.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological and genome-wide association studies of severe psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD), suggest complex interactions between multiple genetic elements and environmental factors. The involvement of genetic elements such as Human Endogenous Retroviruses type 'W' family (HERV-W) has consistently been associated with SZ. HERV-W envelope gene (env) is activated by environmental factors and encodes a protein displaying inflammation and neurotoxicity. The present study addressed the molecular characteristics of HERV-W env in SZ and BD. Hundred and thirty-six patients, 91 with BD, 45 with SZ and 73 healthy controls (HC) were included. HERV-W env transcription was found to be elevated in BD (P<10-4) and in SZ (P=0.012) as compared with HC, but with higher values in BD than in SZ group (P<0.01). The corresponding DNA copy number was paradoxically lower in the genome of patients with BD (P=0.0016) or SZ (P<0.0003) than in HC. Differences in nucleotide sequence of HERV-W env were found between patients with SZ and BD as compared with HC, as well as between SZ and BD. The molecular characteristics of HERV-W env also differ from what was observed in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and may represent distinct features of the genome of patients with BD and SZ. The seroprevalence for Toxoplasma gondii yielded low but significant association with HERV-W transcriptional level in a subgroup of BD and SZ, suggesting a potential role in particular patients. A global hypothesis of mechanisms inducing such major psychoses is discussed, placing HERV-W at the crossroads between environmental, genetic and immunological factors. Thus, particular infections would act as activators of HERV-W elements in earliest life, resulting in the production of an HERV-W envelope protein, which then stimulates pro-inflammatory and neurotoxic cascades. This hypothesis needs to be further explored as it may yield major changes in our understanding and treatment of severe psychotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Perron
- Geneuro, Plan-Les-Ouates, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - N Hamdani
- Inserm U955, Psychiatrie Génétique, Créteil, France,AP-HP, Hôpital Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Créteil, France,Fondation Fondamental, Créteil, France,Université Paris Est Créteil, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France
| | - R Faucard
- Geneuro-Innovation, Pre-Clinical R&D Department, Lyon, France
| | - M Lajnef
- Inserm U955, Psychiatrie Génétique, Créteil, France,AP-HP, Hôpital Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Créteil, France,Fondation Fondamental, Créteil, France
| | - S Jamain
- Inserm U955, Psychiatrie Génétique, Créteil, France,Fondation Fondamental, Créteil, France
| | - C Daban-Huard
- Inserm U955, Psychiatrie Génétique, Créteil, France,AP-HP, Hôpital Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Créteil, France,Fondation Fondamental, Créteil, France
| | - S Sarrazin
- Inserm U955, Psychiatrie Génétique, Créteil, France,AP-HP, Hôpital Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Créteil, France,Fondation Fondamental, Créteil, France,CEA Saclay, Neurospin, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - E LeGuen
- Inserm U955, Psychiatrie Génétique, Créteil, France,AP-HP, Hôpital Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Créteil, France,Fondation Fondamental, Créteil, France
| | - J Houenou
- Inserm U955, Psychiatrie Génétique, Créteil, France,AP-HP, Hôpital Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Créteil, France,Fondation Fondamental, Créteil, France,CEA Saclay, Neurospin, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - M Delavest
- Fondation Fondamental, Créteil, France,AP-HP, Université Paris Diderot, Service de Psychiatrie, Hôpital Lariboisiere Fernand Widal, Paris, France
| | - H Moins-Teiserenc
- Jean Dausset Department and INSERM UMRS 940, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - D Bengoufa
- Jean Dausset Department and INSERM UMRS 940, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - R Yolken
- Stanley Laboratory of Developmental Neurovirology, Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A Madeira
- Geneuro-Innovation, Pre-Clinical R&D Department, Lyon, France
| | | | - N Gehin
- Geneuro-Innovation, Pre-Clinical R&D Department, Lyon, France
| | - I Burgelin
- Geneuro-Innovation, Pre-Clinical R&D Department, Lyon, France
| | - G Ollagnier
- Geneuro-Innovation, Pre-Clinical R&D Department, Lyon, France
| | - C Bernard
- Geneuro, Plan-Les-Ouates, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - A Dumaine
- Inserm U955, Psychiatrie Génétique, Créteil, France,Fondation Fondamental, Créteil, France
| | - A Henrion
- Inserm U955, Psychiatrie Génétique, Créteil, France,Fondation Fondamental, Créteil, France
| | - A Gombert
- Inserm U955, Psychiatrie Génétique, Créteil, France,Fondation Fondamental, Créteil, France
| | - K Le Dudal
- Plateforme de Ressources Biologiques AP-HP, Créteil, France,Stanley Research Program, Sheppard Pratt, Baltimore, MD, USA,INSERM-CIC 006, Créteil, France
| | - D Charron
- Jean Dausset Department and INSERM UMRS 940, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | | | - R Tamouza
- Jean Dausset Department and INSERM UMRS 940, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - M Leboyer
- Inserm U955, Psychiatrie Génétique, Créteil, France,AP-HP, Hôpital Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Créteil, France,Fondation Fondamental, Créteil, France,Université Paris Est Créteil, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France,AP-HP, Hôpital Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier, Pôle de Psychiatrie, 40, rue de Mesly, 94010 Créteil, France. E-mail:
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Lamanna WC, Lawrence R, Sarrazin S, Lameda-Diaz C, Gordts PLSM, Moremen KW, Esko JD. A genetic model of substrate reduction therapy for mucopolysaccharidosis. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:36283-90. [PMID: 22952226 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.403360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited defects in the ability to catabolize glycosaminoglycans result in lysosomal storage disorders known as mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS), causing severe pathology, particularly in the brain. Enzyme replacement therapy has been used to treat mucopolysaccharidoses; however, neuropathology has remained refractory to this approach. To test directly whether substrate reduction might be feasible for treating MPS disease, we developed a genetic model for substrate reduction therapy by crossing MPS IIIa mice with animals partially deficient in heparan sulfate biosynthesis due to heterozygosity in Ext1 and Ext2, genes that encode the copolymerase required for heparan sulfate chain assembly. Reduction of heparan sulfate by 30-50% using this genetic strategy ameliorated the amount of disease-specific biomarker and pathology in multiple tissues, including the brain. In addition, we were able to demonstrate that substrate reduction therapy can improve the efficacy of enzyme replacement therapy in cell culture and in mice. These results provide proof of principle that targeted inhibition of heparan sulfate biosynthetic enzymes together with enzyme replacement might prove beneficial for treating mucopolysaccharidoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Lamanna
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0687, USA
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Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidoses are a group of genetically inherited disorders that result from the defective activity of lysosomal enzymes involved in glycosaminoglycan catabolism, causing their intralysosomal accumulation. Sanfilippo disease describes a subset of mucopolysaccharidoses resulting from defects in heparan sulfate catabolism. Sanfilippo disorders cause severe neuropathology in affected children. The reason for such extensive central nervous system dysfunction is unresolved, but it may be associated with the secondary accumulation of metabolites such as gangliosides. In this article, we describe the accumulation of dermatan sulfate as a novel secondary metabolite in Sanfilippo. Based on chondroitinase ABC digestion, chondroitin/dermatan sulfate levels in fibroblasts from Sanfilippo patients were elevated 2-5-fold above wild-type dermal fibroblasts. Lysosomal turnover of chondroitin/dermatan sulfate in these cell lines was significantly impaired but could be normalized by reducing heparan sulfate storage using enzyme replacement therapy. Examination of chondroitin/dermatan sulfate catabolic enzymes showed that heparan sulfate and heparin can inhibit iduronate 2-sulfatase. Analysis of the chondroitin/dermatan sulfate fraction by chondroitinase ACII digestion showed dermatan sulfate storage, consistent with inhibition of iduronate 2-sulfatase. The discovery of a novel storage metabolite in Sanfilippo patients may have important implications for diagnosis and understanding disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C. Lamanna
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0687
| | - Roger Lawrence
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0687
| | - Stéphane Sarrazin
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0687
| | - Jeffrey D. Esko
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0687
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Dix AV, Fischer L, Sarrazin S, Redgate CPH, Esko JD, Tor Y. Cooperative, heparan sulfate-dependent cellular uptake of dimeric guanidinoglycosides. Chembiochem 2011; 11:2302-10. [PMID: 20931643 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Oligoarginine and guanidinium-rich molecular transporters have been shown to facilitate the intracellular delivery of a diverse range of biologically relevant cargos. Several such transporters have been suggested to interact with cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans as part of their cell-entry pathway. Unlike for other guanidinium-rich transporters, the cellular uptake of guanidinoglycosides at nanomolar concentrations is exclusively heparan sulfate dependent. As distinct cells differ in their expression levels and/or the composition of cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans, one might be able to exploit such differences to selectively target certain cell types. To systematically investigate the nature of their cell-surface interactions, monomeric and dimeric guanidinoglycosides were synthesized by using neomycin, paromomycin, and tobramycin as scaffolds. These transporters differ in the number and 3D arrangement of their guanidinium groups. Their cellular uptake was measured by flow cytometry in wild-type and mutant Chinese hamster ovary cells after the corresponding fluorescent streptavidin-phycoerythrin-Cy5 conjugates had been generated. All derivatives showed negligible uptake in mutant cells lacking heparan sulfate. Decreasing the number of guanidinium groups diminished uptake, but the three dimensional arrangement of these groups was less important for cellular delivery. Whereas conjugates prepared with the monomeric carriers showed significantly reduced uptake in mutant cells expressing heparan sulfate chains with altered patterns of sulfation, conjugates prepared with the dimeric guanidinoglycosides could overcome this deficiency and maintain high levels of uptake in such deficient cells. This finding suggests that cellular uptake depends on the valency of the transporter and both the content and arrangement of the sulfate groups on the cell-surface receptors. Competition studies with chemically desulfated or carboxy-reduced heparin derivatives corroborated these observations. Taken together, these findings show that increasing the valency of the transporters retains heparan sulfate specificity and provides reagents that could distinguish different cell types based on the specific composition of their cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew V Dix
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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26
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Gendrin C, Sarrazin S, Bonnaffé D, Jault JM, Lortat-Jacob H, Dessen A. Hijacking of the pleiotropic cytokine interferon-γ by the type III secretion system of Yersinia pestis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15242. [PMID: 21179438 PMCID: PMC3001473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of bubonic plague, employs its type III secretion system to inject toxins into target cells, a crucial step in infection establishment. LcrV is an essential component of the T3SS of Yersinia spp, and is able to associate at the tip of the secretion needle and take part in the translocation of anti-host effector proteins into the eukaryotic cell cytoplasm. Upon cell contact, LcrV is also released into the surrounding medium where it has been shown to block the normal inflammatory response, although details of this mechanism have remained elusive. In this work, we reveal a key aspect of the immunomodulatory function of LcrV by showing that it interacts directly and with nanomolar affinity with the inflammatory cytokine IFNγ. In addition, we generate specific IFNγ mutants that show decreased interaction capabilities towards LcrV, enabling us to map the interaction region to two basic C-terminal clusters of IFNγ. Lastly, we show that the LcrV-IFNγ interaction can be disrupted by a number of inhibitors, some of which display nanomolar affinity. This study thus not only identifies novel potential inhibitors that could be developed for the control of Yersinia-induced infection, but also highlights the diversity of the strategies used by Y. pestis to evade the immune system, with the hijacking of pleiotropic cytokines being a long-range mechanism that potentially plays a key role in the severity of plague.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Gendrin
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR 5075 (Comissariat à l'Enérgie Atomique/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université Grenoble I), Grenoble, France
| | - Stéphane Sarrazin
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR 5075 (Comissariat à l'Enérgie Atomique/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université Grenoble I), Grenoble, France
| | - David Bonnaffé
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Multifonctionnelle, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, UMR 8182, Université Paris-Sud 11, Orsay, France
| | - Jean-Michel Jault
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR 5075 (Comissariat à l'Enérgie Atomique/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université Grenoble I), Grenoble, France
| | - Hugues Lortat-Jacob
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR 5075 (Comissariat à l'Enérgie Atomique/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université Grenoble I), Grenoble, France
| | - Andréa Dessen
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR 5075 (Comissariat à l'Enérgie Atomique/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université Grenoble I), Grenoble, France
- * E-mail:
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27
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Sarrazin S, Lyon M, Deakin JA, Guerrini M, Lassalle P, Delehedde M, Lortat-Jacob H. Characterization and binding activity of the chondroitin/dermatan sulfate chain from Endocan, a soluble endothelial proteoglycan. Glycobiology 2010; 20:1380-8. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwq100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Sarrazin S, Bonnaffé D, Lubineau A, Lortat-Jacob H. Heparan sulfate mimicry: a synthetic glycoconjugate that recognizes the heparin binding domain of interferon-gamma inhibits the cytokine activity. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:37558-64. [PMID: 16155294 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m507729200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-associated heparan sulfate (HS) is endowed with the remarkable ability to bind numerous proteins. As such, it represents a unique system that integrates signaling from circulating ligands with cellular receptors. This polysaccharide is extraordinary complex, and examples that define the structure-function relationship of HS are limited. In particular, it remains difficult to understand the structures by which HS interact with proteins. Among them, interferon-gamma (IFNgamma), a dimeric cytokine, binds to a complex oligosaccharide motif encompassing a N-acetylated glucosamine-rich domain and two highly sulfated sequences, each of which binds to one IFNgamma monomer. Based on this template, we have synthesized a set of glycoconjugate mimetics and evaluated their ability to interact with IFNgamma. One of these molecules, composed of two authentic N-sulfated octasaccharides linked to each other through a 50-Angstroms-long spacer termed 2O(10), displays high affinity for the cytokine and inhibits IFNgamma-HS binding with an IC(50) of 35-40 nm. Interestingly, this molecule also inhibits the binding of IFNgamma to its cellular receptor. Thus, in addition to its ability to delocalize the cytokine from cell surface-associated HS, this compound has direct anti-IFNgamma activity. Altogether, our results represent the first synthetic HS-like molecule that targets a cytokine, strongly validating the HS structural determinants for IFNgamma recognition, providing a new strategy to inhibit IFNgamma in a number of diseases in which the cytokine has been identified as a target, and reinforcing the view that it is possible to create"tailor-made"sequences based on the HS template to isolate therapeutic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Sarrazin
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-CNRS, Université Joseph Fourier, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5075, Grenoble, France
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29
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Sarrazin S, Adam E, Lyon M, Depontieu F, Motte V, Landolfi C, Lortat-Jacob H, Bechard D, Lassalle P, Delehedde M. Endocan or endothelial cell specific molecule-1 (ESM-1): a potential novel endothelial cell marker and a new target for cancer therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2005; 1765:25-37. [PMID: 16168566 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2005.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2005] [Revised: 08/08/2005] [Accepted: 08/10/2005] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Endocan, previously called endothelial cell specific molecule-1, is a soluble proteoglycan of 50 kDa, constituted of a mature polypeptide of 165 amino acids and a single dermatan sulphate chain covalently linked to the serine residue at position 137. This dermatan sulphate proteoglycan, which is expressed by the vascular endothelium, has been found freely circulating in the bloodstream of healthy subjects. Experimental evidence is accumulating that implicates endocan as a key player in the regulation of major processes such as cell adhesion, in inflammatory disorders and tumor progression. Inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha, and pro-angiogenic growth factors such as VEGF, FGF-2 and HGF/SF, strongly increased the expression, synthesis or the secretion of endocan by human endothelial cells. Endocan is clearly overexpressed in human tumors, with elevated serum levels being observed in late-stage lung cancer patients, as measured by enzyme-linked immunoassay, and with its overexpression in experimental tumors being evident by immunohistochemistry. Recently, the mRNA levels of endocan have also been recognized as being one of the most significant molecular signatures of a bad prognosis in several types of cancer including lung cancer. Overexpression of this dermatan sulphate proteoglycan has also been shown to be directly involved in tumor progression as observed in mouse models of human tumor xenografts. Collectively, these results suggest that endocan could be a biomarker for both inflammatory disorders and tumor progression as well as a validated therapeutic target in cancer. On the basis of the recent successes of immunotherapeutic approaches in cancer, the preclinical data on endocan suggests that an antibody raised against the protein core of endocan could be a promising cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sarrazin
- ENDOTIS PHARMA, Parc Eurasanté, 70 rue du Dr. Yersin, 59120 Loos, France
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30
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Lubineau A, Lortat-Jacob H, Gavard O, Sarrazin S, Bonnaffé D. Synthesis of Tailor-Made Glycoconjugate Mimetics of Heparan Sulfate That Bind IFN-γ in the Nanomolar Range. Chemistry 2004; 10:4265-82. [PMID: 15352109 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200306063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We have recently described the preparation of three building blocks for the combinatorial synthesis of heparan sulfate (HS) fragments. Herein we show that one of these building blocks (disaccharide 4) allows the preparation, in high yields and with total alpha stereoselectivity, of tetra-, hexa- and octasaccharides from the heparin (HP) regular region, by using 2+2, 2+4 and 4+4 glycosylation strategies, respectively. These oligosaccharides were processed into sulfated derivatives bearing an allyl moiety in the anomeric position. The UV-promoted conjugation of these compounds with alpha,omega-bis(thio)poly(ethylene glycol) spacers of three different lengths allowed us to prepare nine benzylated glycoconjugates. After final deprotection, the glycoconjugates 1 a-c, 2 a-c and 3 a-c were obtained and their ability to inhibit the interaction between IFN-gamma and HP was tested by using surface plasmon resonance detection. Compound 3 b, containing two HP octasaccharides linked by a 50-A linker was able to inhibit the IFN-gamma/HP interaction with an IC(50) value of approximately 35 nM. In addition, the nine glycoconjugates were perfect tools in the study to ascertain the topology of the IFN-gamma binding site on HS. Compounds 1 a-c, 2 a-c and 3 a-c, by mimicking the alternating sulfated and nonsulfated regions found in HS, thus comprise the first example of a library of synthetic HS mimetics giving access to the "second level of molecular diversity" found in HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Lubineau
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Multifonctionnelle, UMR CNRS-UPS 8614 Glycochimie Moléculaire, Bat. 420, Université Paris Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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31
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Sarrazin S, Bechard D, Lassalle P, Lyon M, Scherpereel A, Lortat-Jacob H, Ouatas T, Delehedde M. Purification and characterization of endocan (endothelial cell-specific molecule-1), a circulating proteoglycan involved in tumour progression and inflammatory diseases. Int J Exp Pathol 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0959-9673.2004.390am.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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32
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Borie N, Maisonhaute C, Sarrazin S, Loevenbruck C, Biémont C. Tissue-specificity of 412 retrotransposon expression in Drosophila simulans and D. melanogaster. Heredity (Edinb) 2002; 89:247-52. [PMID: 12242639 DOI: 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2002] [Accepted: 06/20/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyse the expression of the retrotransposon 412 in the soma, testes, and ovaries in populations of Drosophila simulans and D. melanogaster, using RT-PCR and in situ hybridization. We find that expression of 412 is highly variable in the soma, confirming previous findings based on Northern blots. No 412RNA is detected in the ovaries by either in situ hybridization or RT-PCR, in any population of either species. Transcripts are, however, detected in the male germline, which show a very characteristic spatial pattern of 412 expression in primary spermatocytes. There is no relationship between expression of the 412 element in the soma and in the testes in the populations. These findings show that the expression of 412 is independently regulated in the soma and the testes, and this raises the question of the real influence of the somatic transcripts on the organism and on the transposition rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Borie
- UMR CNRS 5558 Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Université Lyon1 69622 Villeurbanne, France
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Sarrazin S, Starck J, Gonnet C, Doubeikovski A, Melet F, Morle F. Negative and translation termination-dependent positive control of FLI-1 protein synthesis by conserved overlapping 5' upstream open reading frames in Fli-1 mRNA. Mol Cell Biol 2000; 20:2959-69. [PMID: 10757781 PMCID: PMC85554 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.20.9.2959-2969.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/1999] [Accepted: 02/02/2000] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The proto-oncogene Fli-1 encodes a transcription factor of the ets family whose overexpression is associated with multiple virally induced leukemias in mouse, inhibits murine and avian erythroid cell differentiation, and induces drastic perturbations of early development in Xenopus. This study demonstrates the surprisingly sophisticated regulation of Fli-1 mRNA translation. We establish that two FLI-1 protein isoforms (of 51 and 48 kDa) detected by Western blotting in vivo are synthesized by alternative translation initiation through the use of two highly conserved in-frame initiation codons, AUG +1 and AUG +100. Furthermore, we show that the synthesis of these two FLI-1 isoforms is regulated by two short overlapping 5' upstream open reading frames (uORF) beginning at two highly conserved upstream initiation codons, AUG -41 and GUG -37, and terminating at two highly conserved stop codons, UGA +35 and UAA +15. The mutational analysis of these two 5' uORF revealed that each of them negatively regulates FLI-1 protein synthesis by precluding cap-dependent scanning to the 48- and 51-kDa AUG codons. Simultaneously, the translation termination of the two 5' uORF appears to enhance 48-kDa protein synthesis, by allowing downstream reinitiation at the 48-kDa AUG codon, and 51-kDa protein synthesis, by allowing scanning ribosomes to pile up and consequently allowing upstream initiation at the 51-kDa AUG codon. To our knowledge, this is the first example of a cellular mRNA displaying overlapping 5' uORF whose translation termination appears to be involved in the positive control of translation initiation at both downstream and upstream initiation codons.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sarrazin
- Centre de Génétique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 5534, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
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Sarrazin S, Starck J, Morlé F. Télescopage des ribosomes sur l'ARNm Fli-1. Med Sci (Paris) 2000. [DOI: 10.4267/10608/1770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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35
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Starck J, Doubeikovski A, Sarrazin S, Gonnet C, Rao G, Skoultchi A, Godet J, Dusanter-Fourt I, Morle F. Spi-1/PU.1 is a positive regulator of the Fli-1 gene involved in inhibition of erythroid differentiation in friend erythroleukemic cell lines. Mol Cell Biol 1999; 19:121-35. [PMID: 9858537 PMCID: PMC83871 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.19.1.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Spi-1/PU.1 and Fli-1 are two members of the ETS family of transcription factors whose expression is deregulated by proviral insertion in most erythroleukemic cell lines induced by the spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV) and Friend murine leukemia virus (F-MuLV) components of the Friend viral complex, respectively. In this study, we present evidence that transcription of the Fli-1 gene is positively regulated by Spi-1/PU.1 in SFFV-transformed cell lines: (i) all SFFV-transformed cell lines expressing Spi-1/PU.1 are characterized by a specific pattern of Fli-1 gene transcripts initiated in the -200 region instead of position -400 as reported for F-MuLV-transformed cell lines; (ii) these Fli-1 transcripts initiated in the -200 region are downregulated in parallel with that of Spi-1/PU.1 during hexamethylenebisacetamide (HMBA) induced differentiation; and (iii) Fli-1 transcription is upregulated in SFFV cells lines following stable transfection of a Spi-1/PU.1 expression vector. Furthermore, we found by transient transfection assays that the -270/-41 region of the Fli-1 gene displays promoter activity which is transactivated by Spi-1/PU.1. This promoter is strictly dependent on the integrity of two highly conserved ETS DNA binding sites that bind the Spi-1/PU.1 protein in vitro. Finally, we show that transfection of constitutive or inducible Fli-1 expression vectors in SFFV-transformed cells inhibits their erythroid differentiation induced by HMBA. Overall, these data indicate that Fli-1 is a target gene of the Spi-1/PU.1 transcription factor in SFFV-transformed cell lines. We further suggest that deregulated synthesis of Fli-1 may trigger a common mechanism contributing to erythroleukemia induced by either SFFV or F-MuLV.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Starck
- Centre de Génétique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 5534, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
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36
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Abstract
Partial copper depletion of a variant rat hepatoma cell line induces a transient inhibition of growth and the genesis of stable, well-differentiated revertants. We report a burst of cell death, synchronous with the peak of reversion. The characteristics of this cell mortality were typical of apoptosis and included detachment from the plastic support, chromatin condensation and fragmentation, and internucleosomal DNA degradation. Although commitment to cell death was induced by copper deficiency, the apoptotic process was partially inhibited as assessed from electrophoretic patterns of DNA degradation. Redifferentiation was closely linked to the apoptotic death program. Analysis of rescued detached cells in all three media (standard, Cu-, Fe-) indicated that the frequency of revertants was significantly higher among floating as opposed to adherent cell populations. Nevertheless, experimental copper depletion increased by 10(4) times the revertant frequency among adherent cells. We propose that redifferentiation of the variant hepatoma cells (and concomitant recovery of tumorigenicity) is determined by the gene expression pattern of programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Renault
- Unité 347, l'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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37
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Maigné J, Deschatrette J, Sarrazin S, Hecquet B, Guerroui S, Wolfrom C. The time-pattern of rises and falls in proliferation fades with senescence of mortal lines and is perpetuated in immortal rat hepatoma Fao cell line. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 1998; 34:163-9. [PMID: 9542655 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-998-0100-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immortal cells perpetuate the rises and falls of proliferation that are progressively damped in mortal long-term cultured cells. For immortal rat hepatoma Fao cells, similar waves of proliferation occurred about every 3-4 wk. Under the same conditions, embryonic human fibroblasts and transformed but not immortalized embryonic fibroblasts display similarly recurring proliferation waves that progressively decrease in amplitude until senescence of the lines. In addition, strains of diploid normal human skin fibroblasts cultured under different culture conditions display a similar time-pattern of proliferation. Although the amplitude and baseline of these fluctuations are characteristic for each cell line, a common point was marked slow down in proliferation after every sequence of about 25 population doublings for all cells. Renewed proliferation waves of Fao cells allow about 22-23 additional population doublings each. Normal embryonic fibroblast culture and its transformed counterpart accumulate about 30 and 60 population doublings, respectively, before senescence. Normal fibroblast strains accumulate about 25 population doublings over their entire life spans. This halt in proliferation after every stretch of about 25 population doublings may correspond to a structural or functional stop following attrition of telomeric DNA. This putative stop may be bypassed once in transformed embryonic cells and repetitively in immortal cells. In support of this hypothesis, we observed rapid telomere shortening, in two steps, during divisions of mortal embryonic cells, and maintenance of long telomeres in immortal Fao cells, which may indicate episodic repair of telomeres. Alternatively, such maintenance of long telomeres may reflect survival and successive clonal growth of rare cells with long telomeres. We suggest that the balance between telomere attrition and repair processes regulates the waves of proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Maigné
- Unité de Recherche Génétique et mécanismes des maladies du foie de l'enfant, INSERM U347 Hôpital de Bicêtre, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Bioukar EB, Sarrazin S, Conti M, Rabetafika E, Carreau JP, Dhorne-Pollet S, Raynaud N, Deschatrette J. Extinction of peroxisomal functions in hepatoma cell-fibroblast hybrids. Biochem Genet 1996; 34:77-91. [PMID: 8734409 DOI: 10.1007/bf02396242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Although peroxisomes are ubiquitous, differences in the number of organelles and in the expression of associated metabolic activities are observed, depending on the cell type. To investigate the control of peroxisomal activity in connection with cell differentiation, we constructed hybrids between two types of cells whose histogenetic origins dictate significant differences in peroxisomal activities: hepatoma cells and fibroblasts, with high and low expression, respectively, of peroxisomal functions. In these hybrids, extinction of the elevated activities that characterize liver cells is observed, in parallel with the well-documented extinction of differentiated functions. This suggests the existence in fibroblasts of a negative trans-acting regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B Bioukar
- INSERM U 347, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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39
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Tong JZ, Sarrazin S, Cassio D, Gauthier F, Alvarez F. Application of spheroid culture to human hepatocytes and maintenance of their differentiation. Biol Cell 1994; 81:77-81. [PMID: 7987245 DOI: 10.1016/0248-4900(94)90058-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Human hepatocytes cultured with a hormonally defined medium on non-adherent poly-(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)-coated surface were able to form spheroids. The maintenance of liver-specific functions was assessed by following secretion of albumin, transferrin and alpha 1-antitrypsin that were still detectable after 4 months of spheroidal culture. Moreover, cytochrome P-450 IA was induced by methylcholanthrene for up to 2 weeks. This cell system is very promising for long-term in vitro studies of human hepatocyte functions.
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