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Qureshi M, Langham DR, Lucas SJ, Uzun B, Yol E. Breeding history for shattering trait in sesame: classic to genomic approach. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:7185-7194. [PMID: 35733066 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07636-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sesame is an important oilseed crop that has high oil and protein content and unique antioxidant lignans. Capsule shattering at harvest is one of the most important problems affecting sesame production, with seed losses of up to 50%, making the crop unsuitable for mechanized harvesting. This paper provides an overview of breeding approaches addressing the capsule shattering trait in sesame and gives an outlook about the future perspectives of improvement for this trait. Sesame research has proceeded along the following parallel tracks: breeding for additional shatter resistance for manual harvest, breeding for mechanized harvest, and using molecular biology to improve the shatter resistance trait. In the future, genes controlling the shattering trait should be studied with techniques like RNA interference (RNAi), site-oriented mutagenesis, and gene editing with zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) or CRISPR/Cas9, to develop new sesame varieties with capsules suitable for fully mechanized harvest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moin Qureshi
- Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Akdeniz University, 07058, Antalya, Turkey
| | | | - Stuart J Lucas
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Centre (SUNUM), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bulent Uzun
- Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Akdeniz University, 07058, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Engin Yol
- Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Akdeniz University, 07058, Antalya, Turkey.
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Oztolan-Erol N, Helmstetter AJ, İnan A, Buggs RJA, Lucas SJ. Unraveling Genetic Diversity Amongst European Hazelnut ( Corylus avellana L.) Varieties in Turkey. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:661274. [PMID: 34276724 PMCID: PMC8282208 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.661274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
European hazelnut (Corylus avellana) is a diploid (2n = 22), monecious and wind-pollinated species, extensively cultivated for its nuts. Turkey is the world-leading producer of hazelnut, supplying 70-80% of the world's export capacity. Hazelnut is mostly grown in the Black Sea Region, and maintained largely through clonal propagation. Understanding the genetic variation between hazelnut varieties, and defining variety-specific and disease resistance-associated alleles, would facilitate hazelnut breeding in Turkey. Widely grown varieties 'Karafındık' (2), 'Sarıfındık' (5), and 'Yomra' (2) were collected from Akçakoca in the west, while 'Tombul' (8), 'Çakıldak' (3), 'Mincane' (2), 'Allahverdi' (2), 'Sivri' (4), and 'Palaz' (5) were collected from Ordu and Giresun provinces in the east (numbers in parentheses indicate sample sizes for each variety). Powdery mildew resistant and susceptible hazelnut genotypes were collected from the field gene bank and heavily infected orchards in Giresun. Every individual was subjected to double digest restriction enzyme-associated DNA sequencing (ddRAD-seq) and a RADtag library was created. RADtags were aligned to the 'Tombul' reference genome, and Stacks software used to identify polymorphisms. 101 private and six common alleles from nine hazelnut varieties, four private from resistants and only one from susceptible were identified for diagnosis of either a certain hazelnut variety or powdery mildew resistance. Phylogenetic analysis and population structure calculations indicated that 'Mincane', 'Sarıfındık', 'Tombul', 'Çakıldak', and 'Palaz' were genetically close to each other; however, individuals within every varietal group were found in different sub-populations. Our findings indicated that years of clonal propagation of some preferred varieties across the Black Sea Region has resulted in admixed sub-populations and great genetic diversity within each variety. This impedes the development of a true breeding variety. For example, 'Tombul' is the most favored Turkish variety because of its high quality nuts, but an elite 'Tombul' line does not yet exist. This situation continues due to the lack of a breed protection program for commercially valuable hazelnut varieties. This study provides molecular markers suitable for establishing such a program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihal Oztolan-Erol
- Sabancı University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, İstanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Asuman İnan
- Sabancı University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Richard J. A. Buggs
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart J. Lucas
- Sabancı University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, İstanbul, Turkey
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Lucas SJ, Kahraman K, Avşar B, Buggs RJA, Bilge I. A chromosome-scale genome assembly of European hazel (Corylus avellana L.) reveals targets for crop improvement. Plant J 2021; 105:1413-1430. [PMID: 33249676 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The European hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) is a tree crop of economic importance worldwide, but especially for northern Turkey, where the majority of production takes place. Hazelnut production is currently challenged by environmental stresses, such as a recent outbreak of severe powdery mildew disease; furthermore, allergy to hazelnuts is an increasing health concern in some regions. In order to provide a foundation for using the available hazelnut genetic resources for crop improvement, we produced a fully assembled genome sequence and annotation for a hazelnut species, from C. avellana cv. 'Tombul', one of the most important Turkish varieties. A hybrid sequencing strategy, combining short reads, long reads and proximity ligation methods, enabled us to resolve heterozygous regions and produce a high-quality 370-Mb assembly that agrees closely with cytogenetic studies and genetic maps of the 11 C. avellana chromosomes, and covers 97.8% of the estimated genome size. The genome includes 27 270 high-confidence protein-coding genes, over 20 000 of which were functionally annotated based on homology with known plant proteins. We focused particularly on gene families encoding hazelnut allergens, and the Mildew resistance Locus O (MLO) proteins that are an important susceptibility factor for powdery mildew. The complete assembly enabled us to differentiate between members of these families and to identify homologues that may be important in mildew disease and hazelnut allergy. These findings provide examples of how the genome can be used to guide research and to develop effective strategies for crop improvement in C. avellana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Lucas
- Sabanci University SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Centre, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kadriye Kahraman
- Sabanci University SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Centre, Istanbul, Turkey
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bihter Avşar
- Sabanci University SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Centre, Istanbul, Turkey
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Richard J A Buggs
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, UK
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Ipek Bilge
- Sabanci University SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Centre, Istanbul, Turkey
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Abstract
Closely related species with a worldwide distribution provide an opportunity to understand evolutionary and biogeographic processes at a global scale. Hazel (Corylus) is an economically important genus of tree and shrub species found in temperate regions of Asia, North America and Europe. Here we use multiple nuclear and chloroplast loci to estimate a time-calibrated phylogenetic tree of the genus Corylus. We model the biogeographic history of this group and the evolutionary history of tree and shrub form. We estimate that multiple Corylus lineages dispersed long distances between Europe and Asia and colonised North America from Asia in multiple independent events. The geographic distribution of tree versus shrub form of species appears to be the result of 4–5 instances of convergent evolution in the past 25 million years. We find extensive discordance between our nuclear and chloroplast trees and potential evidence for chloroplast capture in species with overlapping ranges, suggestive of past introgression. The important crop species C. avellana is estimated to be closely related to C. maxima, C. heterophylla var. thunbergii and the Colurnae subsection. Our study provides a new phylogenetic hypothesis or Corylus and reveals how long-distance dispersal can shape the distribution of biodiversity in temperate plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Helmstetter
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3AB, Richmond, UK. .,Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR-DIADE, BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier, France.
| | - Richard J A Buggs
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3AB, Richmond, UK.,School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Stuart J Lucas
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Sabanci University, Orhanlı, 34956, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey
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Lucas SJ, Salantur A, Yazar S, Budak H. High-throughput SNP genotyping of modern and wild emmer wheat for yield and root morphology using a combined association and linkage analysis. Funct Integr Genomics 2017; 17:667-685. [PMID: 28550605 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-017-0563-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum var. durum Desf.) is a major world crop that is grown primarily in areas of the world that experience periodic drought, and therefore, breeding climate-resilient durum wheat is a priority. High-throughput single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping techniques have greatly increased the power of linkage and association mapping analyses for bread wheat, but as yet there is no durum wheat-specific platform available. In this study, we evaluate the new 384HT Wheat Breeders Array for its usefulness in tetraploid wheat breeding by genotyping a breeding population of F6 hybrids, derived from multiple crosses between T. durum cultivars and wild and cultivated emmer wheat accessions. Using a combined linkage and association mapping approach, we generated a genetic map including 1345 SNP markers, and identified markers linked to 6 QTLs for coleoptile length (2), heading date (1), anthocyanin accumulation (1) and osmotic stress tolerance (2). We also developed a straightforward approach for combining genetic data from multiple families of limited size that will be useful for evaluating and mapping pre-existing breeding material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Lucas
- SU Nanotechnology Research and Application Centre, Sabanci University, 34956, Tuzla, İstanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ayten Salantur
- Breeding and Genetics, Field Crops Central Research Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Selami Yazar
- Breeding and Genetics, Field Crops Central Research Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hikmet Budak
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey. .,412 Leon Johnson Hall, Cereal Genomics Lab, Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA.
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Turkec A, Lucas SJ, Karlık E. Monitoring the prevalence of genetically modified maize in commercial animal feeds and food products in Turkey. J Sci Food Agric 2016; 96:3173-3179. [PMID: 27295429 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND EU legislation strictly controls use of genetically modified (GM) crops in food and feed products, and requires them to be labelled if the total GM content is greater than 9 g kg(-1) (for approved GM crops). We screened maize-containing food and feed products from Turkey to assess the prevalence of GM material. RESULTS With this aim, 83 food and feed products - none labelled as containing GM material - were screened using multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for four common GM elements (35S/NOS/bar/FMV). Of these, 18.2% of feeds and 6% of food samples tested positive for one or more of these elements, and were subjected to event-specific PCR to identify which GM organisms they contained. Most samples were negative for the approved GM events tested, suggesting that they may contain adventitious GM contaminants. One sample was shown to contain an unapproved GM event (MON810, along with GA21) at a concentration well above the statutory labelling requirement. CONCLUSION Current legislation has restricted the penetration of GM maize into the Turkish food industry but not eliminated it, and the proliferation of different GM events is making monitoring increasingly complex. Our results indicate that labelling requirements are not being followed in some cases. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aydin Turkec
- Uludag University, Mustafa Kemalpasa Vocational School, Department of Plant and Animal Production, 16500, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Stuart J Lucas
- Sabanci University, Nanotechnology Research and Application Centre, Orhanlı, 34956, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Karlık
- Sabanci University, Nanotechnology Research and Application Centre, Orhanlı, 34956, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey
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Turkec A, Lucas SJ, Karacanli B, Baykut A, Yuksel H. Assessment of a direct hybridization microarray strategy for comprehensive monitoring of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Food Chem 2016; 194:399-409. [PMID: 26471572 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Detection of GMO material in crop and food samples is the primary step in GMO monitoring and regulation, with the increasing number of GM events in the world market requiring detection solutions with high multiplexing capacity. In this study, we test the suitability of a high-density oligonucleotide microarray platform for direct, quantitative detection of GMOs found in the Turkish feed market. We tested 1830 different 60nt probes designed to cover the GM cassettes from 12 different GM cultivars (3 soya, 9 maize), as well as plant species-specific and contamination controls, and developed a data analysis method aiming to provide maximum throughput and sensitivity. The system was able specifically to identify each cultivar, and in 10/12 cases was sensitive enough to detect GMO DNA at concentrations of ⩽1%. These GMOs could also be quantified using the microarray, as their fluorescence signals increased linearly with GMO concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aydin Turkec
- Uludag University Plant and Animal Production Department, Mustafa Kemalpasa Vocational School, 16500 Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Stuart J Lucas
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Centre, Sabanci University, Orhanli, 34956 Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Burçin Karacanli
- Elips Health Products Ltd., Ataturk mh. Namık Kemal Cd no: 17, Tan Plaza, Atasehir, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aykut Baykut
- Elips Health Products Ltd., Ataturk mh. Namık Kemal Cd no: 17, Tan Plaza, Atasehir, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hakki Yuksel
- Elips Health Products Ltd., Ataturk mh. Namık Kemal Cd no: 17, Tan Plaza, Atasehir, Istanbul, Turkey
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Akpinar BA, Lucas SJ, Vrána J, Doležel J, Budak H. Sequencing chromosome 5D of Aegilops tauschii and comparison with its allopolyploid descendant bread wheat (Triticum aestivum). Plant Biotechnol J 2015; 13:740-52. [PMID: 25516153 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometric sorting of individual chromosomes and chromosome-based sequencing reduces the complexity of large, repetitive Triticeae genomes. We flow-sorted chromosome 5D of Aegilops tauschii, the D genome donor of bread wheat and sequenced it by Roche 454 GS FLX platform to approximately 2.2x coverage. Repetitive sequences represent 81.09% of the survey sequences of this chromosome, and Class I retroelements are the prominent type, with a particular abundance of LTR/Gypsy superfamily. Nonrepetitive sequences were assembled to cover 17.76% of the total chromosome regions. Up to 6188 nonrepetitive gene loci were predicted to be encoded by the 5D chromosome. The numbers and chromosomal distribution patterns of tRNA genes suggest abundance in tRNA(L) (ys) and tRNA(M) (et) species, while the nonrepetitive assembly reveals tRNA(A) (la) species as the most abundant type. A comparative analysis of the genomic sequences of bread wheat and Aegilops chromosome 5D indicates conservation of gene content. Orthologous unique genes, matching Aegilops 5D sequences, numbered 3730 in barley, 5063 in Brachypodium, 4872 in sorghum and 4209 in rice. In this study, we provide a chromosome-specific view into the structure and organization of the 5D chromosome of Ae. tauschii, the D genome ancestor of bread wheat. This study contributes to our understanding of the chromosome-level evolution of the wheat genome and presents a valuable resource in wheat genomics due to the recent hybridization of Ae. tauschii genome with its tetraploid ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bala A Akpinar
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Stuart J Lucas
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Centre (SUNUM), Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Jan Vrána
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Doležel
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Hikmet Budak
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Centre (SUNUM), Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey
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Akpinar BA, Magni F, Yuce M, Lucas SJ, Šimková H, Šafář J, Vautrin S, Bergès H, Cattonaro F, Doležel J, Budak H. The physical map of wheat chromosome 5DS revealed gene duplications and small rearrangements. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:453. [PMID: 26070810 PMCID: PMC4465308 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1641-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The substantially large bread wheat genome, organized into highly similar three sub-genomes, renders genomic research challenging. The construction of BAC-based physical maps of individual chromosomes reduces the complexity of this allohexaploid genome, enables elucidation of gene space and evolutionary relationships, provides tools for map-based cloning, and serves as a framework for reference sequencing efforts. In this study, we constructed the first comprehensive physical map of wheat chromosome arm 5DS, thereby exploring its gene space organization and evolution. RESULTS The physical map of 5DS was comprised of 164 contigs, of which 45 were organized into 21 supercontigs, covering 176 Mb with an N50 value of 2,173 kb. Fifty-eight of the contigs were larger than 1 Mb, with the largest contig spanning 6,649 kb. A total of 1,864 molecular markers were assigned to the map at a density of 10.5 markers/Mb, anchoring 100 of the 120 contigs (>5 clones) that constitute ~95 % of the cumulative length of the map. Ordering of 80 contigs along the deletion bins of chromosome arm 5DS revealed small-scale breaks in syntenic blocks. Analysis of the gene space of 5DS suggested an increasing gradient of genes organized in islands towards the telomere, with the highest gene density of 5.17 genes/Mb in the 0.67-0.78 deletion bin, 1.4 to 1.6 times that of all other bins. CONCLUSIONS Here, we provide a chromosome-specific view into the organization and evolution of the D genome of bread wheat, in comparison to one of its ancestors, revealing recent genome rearrangements. The high-quality physical map constructed in this study paves the way for the assembly of a reference sequence, from which breeding efforts will greatly benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bala Ani Akpinar
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Centre (SUNUM), Sabanci University, Universite Cad. Orta Mah. No: 27, Tuzla, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Federica Magni
- Instituto di Genomica Applicata, Via J.Linussio 51, Udine, 33100, Italy.
| | - Meral Yuce
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Centre (SUNUM), Sabanci University, Universite Cad. Orta Mah. No: 27, Tuzla, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Stuart J Lucas
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Centre (SUNUM), Sabanci University, Universite Cad. Orta Mah. No: 27, Tuzla, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Hana Šimková
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Šafář
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Sonia Vautrin
- Centre Nationales Ressources Génomiques Végétales, INRA UPR 1258, 24 Chemin de Borde Rouge - Auzeville 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
| | - Hélène Bergès
- Centre Nationales Ressources Génomiques Végétales, INRA UPR 1258, 24 Chemin de Borde Rouge - Auzeville 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
| | - Federica Cattonaro
- Instituto di Genomica Applicata, Via J.Linussio 51, Udine, 33100, Italy.
| | - Jaroslav Doležel
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Hikmet Budak
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Centre (SUNUM), Sabanci University, Universite Cad. Orta Mah. No: 27, Tuzla, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Molecular Biology, Genetics and Bioengineering Program, Sabanci University, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Turkec A, Kazan H, Baykut A, Lucas SJ. Evalution of DNA extraction methods in order to monitor genetically modified materials in soy foodstuffs and feeds commercialised in Turkey by multiplex real-time PCR. J Sci Food Agric 2015; 95:386-92. [PMID: 24816675 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soybean is one of the most important biotech crops, widely used as an ingredient in both foodstuffs and feed. DNA extraction methods have been evaluated to detect the presence of genetically modified (GM) materials in soya-containing food and feed products commercialised in Turkey. RESULTS All extraction methods performed well for the majority of soya foods and feed products analysed. However, the most successful method varied between different products; the Foodproof, Genespin and the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) methods each produced the highest DNA yield and purity for different soya foodstuffs and feeds. Of the samples tested, 20% were positive for the presence of at least two GM elements (35S/NOS) while 11% contained an additional GM element (35S/NOS/FMV). Of the tested products, animal feeds showed a larger prevalence of GM material (50%) than the soya-containing foodstuffs (13%). CONCLUSION The best performing extraction methods proved to be the Foodproof, Genespin and CTAB methods for soya-containing food and feed products. The results obtained herein clearly demonstrate the presence of GM soybean in the Turkish market, and that the Foodproof GMO Screening Kit provides reliable screening of soy-containing food and feed products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aydin Turkec
- Department of Plant and Animal Production, Vocational School of Mustafakemalpasa, University of Uludag, 16500, Bursa, Turkey
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Lucas SJ, Akpınar BA, Šimková H, Kubaláková M, Doležel J, Budak H. Next-generation sequencing of flow-sorted wheat chromosome 5D reveals lineage-specific translocations and widespread gene duplications. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:1080. [PMID: 25487001 PMCID: PMC4298962 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-1080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ~17 Gb hexaploid bread wheat genome is a high priority and a major technical challenge for genomic studies. In particular, the D sub-genome is relatively lacking in genetic diversity, making it both difficult to map genetically, and a target for introgression of agriculturally useful traits. Elucidating its sequence and structure will therefore facilitate wheat breeding and crop improvement. Results We generated shotgun sequences from each arm of flow-sorted Triticum aestivum chromosome 5D using 454 FLX Titanium technology, giving 1.34× and 1.61× coverage of the short (5DS) and long (5DL) arms of the chromosome respectively. By a combination of sequence similarity and assembly-based methods, ~74% of the sequence reads were classified as repetitive elements, and coding sequence models of 1314 (5DS) and 2975 (5DL) genes were generated. The order of conserved genes in syntenic regions of previously sequenced grass genomes were integrated with physical and genetic map positions of 518 wheat markers to establish a virtual gene order for chromosome 5D. Conclusions The virtual gene order revealed a large-scale chromosomal rearrangement in the peri-centromeric region of 5DL, and a concentration of non-syntenic genes in the telomeric region of 5DS. Although our data support the large-scale conservation of Triticeae chromosome structure, they also suggest that some regions are evolving rapidly through frequent gene duplications and translocations. Sequence accessions EBI European Nucleotide Archive, Study no. ERP002330 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-1080) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hikmet Budak
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orhanlı, 34956 Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Turkec A, Kazan H, Karacanli B, Lucas SJ. DNA extraction techniques compared for accurate detection of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in maize food and feed products. J Food Sci Technol 2014; 52:5164-71. [PMID: 26243938 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-014-1547-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, DNA extraction methods have been evaluated to detect the presence of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in maize food and feed products commercialised in Turkey. All the extraction methods tested performed well for the majority of maize foods and feed products analysed. However, the highest DNA content was achieved by the Wizard, Genespin or the CTAB method, all of which produced optimal DNA yield and purity for different maize food and feed products. The samples were then screened for the presence of GM elements, along with certified reference materials. Of the food and feed samples, 8 % tested positive for the presence of one GM element (NOS terminator), of which half (4 % of the total) also contained a second element (the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S promoter). The results obtained herein clearly demonstrate the presence of GM maize in the Turkish market, and that the Foodproof GMO Screening Kit provides reliable screening of maize food and feed products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aydin Turkec
- Uludag University Plant and Animal Production Department, Mustafa Kemalpasa Vocational School, 16500 Bursa, Turkey
| | - Hande Kazan
- Elips Health Products Ltd, Ataturk mh. Namık Kemal cd no: 17, Tan Plaza, Atasehir, Istanbul Turkey
| | - Burçin Karacanli
- Elips Health Products Ltd, Ataturk mh. Namık Kemal cd no: 17, Tan Plaza, Atasehir, Istanbul Turkey
| | - Stuart J Lucas
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Centre, Orhanlı, 34956, Tuzla, Istanbul Turkey
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Kurtoglu KY, Kantar M, Lucas SJ, Budak H. Unique and conserved microRNAs in wheat chromosome 5D revealed by next-generation sequencing. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69801. [PMID: 23936103 PMCID: PMC3720673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are a class of short, non-coding, single-stranded RNAs that act as post-transcriptional regulators in gene expression. miRNA analysis of Triticum aestivum chromosome 5D was performed on 454 GS FLX Titanium sequences of flow-sorted chromosome 5D with a total of 3,208,630 good quality reads representing 1.34x and 1.61x coverage of the short (5DS) and long (5DL) arms of the chromosome respectively. In silico and structural analyses revealed a total of 55 miRNAs; 48 and 42 miRNAs were found to be present on 5DL and 5DS respectively, of which 35 were common to both chromosome arms, while 13 miRNAs were specific to 5DL and 7 miRNAs were specific to 5DS. In total, 14 of the predicted miRNAs were identified in wheat for the first time. Representation (the copy number of each miRNA) was also found to be higher in 5DL (1,949) compared to 5DS (1,191). Targets were predicted for each miRNA, while expression analysis gave evidence of expression for 6 out of 55 miRNAs. Occurrences of the same miRNAs were also found in Brachypodium distachyon and Oryza sativa genome sequences to identify syntenic miRNA coding sequences. Based on this analysis, two other miRNAs: miR1133 and miR167 were detected in B. distachyon syntenic region of wheat 5DS. Five of the predicted miRNA coding regions (miR6220, miR5070, miR169, miR5085, miR2118) were experimentally verified to be located to the 5D chromosome and three of them : miR2118, miR169 and miR5085, were shown to be 5D specific. Furthermore miR2118 was shown to be expressed in Chinese Spring adult leaves. miRNA genes identified in this study will expand our understanding of gene regulation in bread wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melda Kantar
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orhanlı, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Stuart J. Lucas
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hikmet Budak
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orhanlı, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey
- * E-mail:
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Benfield CTO, Ren H, Lucas SJ, Bahsoun B, Smith GL. Vaccinia virus protein K7 is a virulence factor that alters the acute immune response to infection. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:1647-1657. [PMID: 23580427 PMCID: PMC3709632 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.052670-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccinia virus (VACV) encodes many proteins that antagonize the innate immune system including a family of intracellular proteins with a B-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2-like structure. One of these Bcl-2 proteins called K7 binds Toll-like receptor-adaptor proteins and the DEAD-box RNA helicase DDX3 and thereby inhibits the activation of NF-κB and interferon regulatory factor 3. However, the contribution of K7 to virus virulence is not known. Here a VACV lacking the K7R gene (vΔK7) was constructed and compared with control viruses that included a plaque purified wt (vK7), a revertant with the K7R gene reinserted (vK7-rev) and a frame-shifted virus in which the translational initiation codon was mutated to prevent K7 protein expression (vK7-fs). Data presented show that loss of K7 does not affect virus replication in cell culture or in vivo; however, viruses lacking the K7 protein were less virulent than controls in murine intradermal (i.d.) and intranasal (i.n.) infection models and there was an altered acute immune response to infection. In the i.d. model, vΔK7 induced smaller lesions than controls, and after i.n. infection vΔK7 induced a reduced weight loss and signs of illness, and more rapid clearance of virus from infected tissue. Concomitantly, the intrapulmonary innate immune response to infection with vΔK7 showed increased infiltration of NK cells and CD8+ T-cells, enhanced MHC class II expression by macrophages, and enhanced cytolysis of target cells by NK cells and VACV-specific CD8+ T-cells. Thus protein K7 is a virulence factor that affects the acute immune response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla T O Benfield
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Hongwei Ren
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Stuart J Lucas
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Basma Bahsoun
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Geoffrey L Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
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Abstract
Stress signaling is central to plants which--as immobile organisms--have to endure environmental fluctuations that constantly interfere with vigorous growth. As a result, plant-specific, elaborate mechanisms have evolved to perceive and respond to stress conditions. Currently, these stress responses are plausibly being revealed to involve crosstalks with energy signaling pathways as any growth-limiting factor alters plant's energy status. Among these, autophagy, conventionally regarded as the mechanism whereby plants recycle and remobilize nutrients in bulk, has frequently been associated with stress responses. With the recent discoveries, however, autophagy has attained a novel role in stress signaling. In this review, major elements of abitoic stress signaling are summarized along with autophagy pathway, and in the light of recent discoveries, a putative, state-of-art role of autophagy is discussed.
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Lucas SJ, Budak H. Sorting the wheat from the chaff: identifying miRNAs in genomic survey sequences of Triticum aestivum chromosome 1AL. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40859. [PMID: 22815845 PMCID: PMC3398953 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual chromosome-based studies of bread wheat are beginning to provide valuable structural and functional information about one of the world's most important crops. As new genome sequences become available, identifying miRNA coding sequences is arguably as important a task as annotating protein coding sequences, but one that is not as well developed. We compared conservation-based identification of conserved miRNAs in 1.5× coverage survey sequences of wheat chromosome 1AL with a predictive method based on pre-miRNA hairpin structure alone. In total, 42 sequences expected to encode conserved miRNAs were identified on chromosome 1AL, including members of several miRNA families that have not previously been reported to be expressed in T. aestivum. In addition, we demonstrate that a number of sequences previously annotated as novel wheat miRNAs are closely related to transposable elements, particularly Miniature Inverted Terminal repeat Elements (MITEs). Some of these TE-miRNAs may well have a functional role, but separating true miRNA coding sequences from TEs in genomic sequences is far from straightforward. We propose a strategy for annotation to minimize the risk of mis-identifying TE sequences as miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J. Lucas
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orhanlı, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hikmet Budak
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orhanlı, Istanbul, Turkey
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Kantar M, Akpınar BA, Valárik M, Lucas SJ, Doležel J, Hernández P, Budak H. Subgenomic analysis of microRNAs in polyploid wheat. Funct Integr Genomics 2012; 12:465-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s10142-012-0285-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 04/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Kantar M, Lucas SJ, Budak H. miRNA expression patterns of Triticum dicoccoides in response to shock drought stress. Planta 2011; 233:471-84. [PMID: 21069383 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-010-1309-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Drought is a major environmental stress factor that affects plant growth and development worldwide. Wild emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides), the ancestor of domesticated durum wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum), has great potential for improving the understanding of the wheat drought response. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a recently discovered class of gene expression regulators that have also been linked to several plant stress responses; however, this relationship is just beginning to be understood. miRNA expression patterns of drought-resistant wild emmer wheat in response to drought stress were investigated using a plant miRNA microarray platform. Expression was detected to be 205 miRNAs in control and 438 miRNAs in drought-stressed leaf and root tissues. Of these miRNAs, the following 13 were differentially regulated in response to drought: miR1867, miR896, miR398, miR528, miR474, miR1450, miR396, miR1881, miR894, miR156, miR1432, miR166 and miR171. Regulation of miRNAs upon 4 and 8 h drought stress applications observed by qRT-PCR. Target transcripts of differentially regulated miRNAs were computationally predicted. In addition to miRNA microarray study, five new conserved T. turgidum miRNAs were identified through a homology-based approach, and their secondary structures and putative targets were predicted. These findings both computationally and experimentally highlight the presence of miRNAs in T. dicoccoides and further extend the role of miRNAs under shock drought stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melda Kantar
- Biological Sciences and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Willie CK, Colino FL, Bailey DM, Tzeng YC, Binsted G, Jones LW, Haykowsky MJ, Bellapart J, Ogoh S, Smith KJ, Smirl JD, Day TA, Lucas SJ, Eller LK, Ainslie PN. Utility of transcranial Doppler ultrasound for the integrative assessment of cerebrovascular function. J Neurosci Methods 2011; 196:221-37. [PMID: 21276818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
There is considerable utility in the use of transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) to assess cerebrovascular function. The brain is unique in its high energy and oxygen demand but limited capacity for energy storage that necessitates an effective means of regional blood delivery. The relative low cost, ease-of-use, non-invasiveness, and excellent temporal resolution of TCD make it an ideal tool for the examination of cerebrovascular function in both research and clinical settings. TCD is an efficient tool to access blood velocities within the cerebral vessels, cerebral autoregulation, cerebrovascular reactivity to CO(2), and neurovascular coupling, in both physiological states and in pathological conditions such as stroke and head trauma. In this review, we provide: (1) an overview of TCD methodology with respect to other techniques; (2) a methodological synopsis of the cerebrovascular exam using TCD; (3) an overview of the physiological mechanisms involved in regulation of the cerebral blood flow; (4) the utility of TCD for assessment of cerebrovascular pathology; and (5) recommendations for the assessment of four critical and complimentary aspects of cerebrovascular function: intra-cranial blood flow velocity, cerebral autoregulation, cerebral reactivity, and neurovascular coupling. The integration of these regulatory mechanisms from an integrated systems perspective is discussed, and future research directions are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Willie
- Department of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health and Social Development, University of British Columbia Okanagan, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC, Canada V1V 1V7.
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Abstract
Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) is a popular choice as a reporter gene in transgenic studies in many different organisms, including Plasmodium falciparum. For experimental investigations into transfection efficiency and gene expression a robustly quantitative assay is of great value. On investigation the published protocol for CAT assay of P. falciparum was found to be prone to saturation due to the long incubation time; moreover, cellular material extracted from the parasite increased the enzyme activity. A new protocol was developed which is quantitative across a range of three orders of magnitude of CAT activity, takes account of the cellular extract effect, and is more rapid than the established method. The value of these improvements was demonstrated by analysing the effects of parasitaemia and amount of plasmid on transfection efficiency with both old and new methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Lucas
- Division of Parasitology, National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW71AA, UK.
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Gaudette RE, Lucas SJ, Hogan AS. Managed care and eye services to diabetic patients: a study of participant behavior. J Am Optom Assoc 1998; 69:531-7. [PMID: 9747049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective managed care requires the active participation of health professionals and patients alike. The essential elements in management of diabetes involve well-defined professional clinical protocols, adequate patient education, and adherence to these management guidelines by all parties. This study was designed to evaluate how well the involved parties cooperate in this endeavor. METHODS Health plan records were searched for identified diabetic patients. This information was cross-referenced to vision care claims information. Clinical records of diabetic patients who had an eye examination during the study period were peer-reviewed for evidence of a diabetes notation. RESULTS Of 2825 diabetic patients identified, we obtained the clinical eye records of 554 for review. Seventy percent of those records noted the presence of diabetes. Ninety-seven percent of the eye examinations included a funds evaluation. Only 56% of records noted any patient education or-- at a minimum--notations about recall advice. CONCLUSION The nature of diabetes requires that health professionals be more aggressive in the management of individuals at risk or diagnosed with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Gaudette
- Block Vision, Inc. Managed Care Division, Boca Raton, Florida 33431, USA
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Rana F, Hawken MP, Meme HK, Chakaya JM, Githui WA, Odhiambo JA, Porter JD, McAdam KP, Lucas SJ. Autopsy findings in HIV-1-infected adults in Kenya. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1997; 14:83-5. [PMID: 8989219 DOI: 10.1097/00042560-199701010-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Lucas SJ. Cost effectiveness: radiologic services. Ohio State Med J 1979; 75:290-3. [PMID: 111190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
The roles of T and B cells in the immune response to influenza virus were studied by using mice deficient in either T cells (athymic nude) or immunoglobulin production (CBA/N). The serological responses of these mice to either whole or disrupted A/Aichi/2/68 influenza virus vaccines were examined, and the protective effect of these inoculations was tested by challenge infection with mouse-adapted A/Aichi/2/68 influenza virus. In contrast to normal mice, neither strain of immunodeficient mouse produced detectable serum antibody after inoculation with either type of vaccine. CBA/N mice immunized with intact virus vaccine were protected, however, against subsequent lethal challenge. CBA/N mice inoculated with disrupted virus vaccine and nude mice inoculated with either disrupted or whole virus vaccine were not protected against viral challenge. Evidence of immunological memory was observed in CBA/N and nude mice that had survived live virus challenge after immunization with inactivated vaccine.
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Barry DW, Sullivan JL, Lucas SJ, Dunlap RC, Albrecht P. Acute and chronic infection of human lymphoblastoid cell lines with measles virus. J Immunol 1976; 116:89-98. [PMID: 1107427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Several human continuous lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) having T or B characteristics were infected with low and high passage strains of measles virus. All of the cell lines were susceptible to one or the other or to both strains of measles virus with the production of typical syncytial giant cells and released cell-free infectious virus into the supernatant medium. There was no consistent pattern of susceptibility of LCL with either T or B characteristics to infection by measles virus. Viral induced cytolysis of the lymphoblastoid cells in many of the lines was marked, but in the LCL that could be maintained over longer periods of time, a state of chronic, less cytolytic and persistent infection could be established. The infection was characterized by the production of moderate amounts of cell-free infectious virus for up to 4 1/2 months after initial infection with little change in the number of viable cells in culture. Long-term low multiplicity of infection (MOI) experiments demonstrated that the cell-free infectious virus was being produced only by a small number of cells, but the majority of cells in culture contained measles antigen that was in a cell-restricted, noninfectious, or defective form. Electron microscopic examination of the chronically infected cells demonstrated that many of them contained aggregates of hollow tubular intranuclear nucleocapsids whose "stripped" appearance was in marked contrast to the larger granular intracytoplasmic nucleocapsids found during earlier stages of infection. It is theorized that the persistent infection of LCL may serve as a model in understanding the immune mechanisms which permit latent and chronic measles infection in man.
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Sullivan JL, Barry DW, Lucas SJ, Albrecht P. Measles infection of human mononuclear cells. I. Acute infection of peripheral blood lymphocytes and monocytes. J Exp Med 1975; 142:773-84. [PMID: 126271 PMCID: PMC2189913 DOI: 10.1084/jem.142.3.773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A study of the susceptibility of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to measles virus infection and replication is reported. Resting lymphocytes obtained from adults showed very low levels of infection and virus replication while lymphocytes activated by plant mitogens or allogenic lymphocytes supported mononuclear cells obtained from the umbilical cord of healthy neonates were more susceptible to measles virus infection than those of adults; however, activated cord lymphocytes supported viral replication in the range observed with adult activated lymphocytes. Monocytes obtained from adults were relatively resistant to measles virus infection and replication while neonatal cord blood monocytes supported viral replication to the degree observed with activated lymphocytes. It is hypothesized that infection of acitivated lymphocytes may explain the depression of cell-mediated immunity seen during acute measles virus infection. The significance of the finding that neonatal monocytes are more susceptible to viral infection and replication than adult monocytes is discussed.
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Sullivan JL, Barry DW, Albrecht P, Lucas SJ. Inhibition of lymphocyte stimulation by measles virus. J Immunol 1975; 114:1458-61. [PMID: 804515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The effect of measles virus on phytohemagglutinin-(PHA) induced stimulation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells was investigated to delineate possible mechanisms for viral suppression of cell-mediated immunity (CMI). it was noted that medium which had several days contact with uninfected monolayers as well as unpurified measles virus preparations produced significant inhibition of 3H-thymidine incorporation by PHA-stimulated lymphocytes. When partially purified measles virus preparations were used, however, marked inhibition was observed and the inhibitory effect of cell-derived factors could be separated easily from the virus-induced inhibition. Experiments to determine the mechanisms of this virus-induced inhibition of 3H-thymidine incorporation showed the following: 1) live measles virus and not UV-irradiated or heat-inactivated virus produced inhibition; 2) the inhibitory effect observed was not the result of a viral-induced inhibitor being released from measles-infected lymphocytes; and 3) monocyte depletion had no effect on the ability of measles virus to inhibit 3H-thymide incorporation by PHA-stimulated lymphocytes. Since it was found that measles virus-infected lymphocytes display an impaired response to in vitro PHA stimulation, perhaps this dysfunction may be extended to mediator release and other functions associated with delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity (DCH) in vivo.
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