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Ahn JW, Jang SK, Jo BR, Kim HS, Park JY, Park HY, Yoo YM, Joo SS. A therapeutic intervention for Alzheimer's disease using ginsenoside Rg3: its role in M2 microglial activation and non-amyloidogenesis. J Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 72. [PMID: 34374655 DOI: 10.26402/jpp.2021.2.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we have reported that ginsenoside Rg3 has typical activities for neuroprotection and Aβ42 clearance by modulating microglia. In this study, we determined the pivotal role of ginsenoside Rg3 in microglia and neuronal cells. In human microglia, Rg3 and its stereoisomers significantly restored inflammatory M1 to normal M0 state and promoted M2 activation by up-regulating acute cytokines such as interleukin-10 and Arginase 1. Moreover, scavenger receptor type A (SRA) was significantly elevated in the presence of ginsenoside Rg3 and 20(S)-Rg3. This indicated that ginsenoside Rg3 could play a crucial role in Aβ uptake and clearance under activated M2 state. We also observed that soluble amyloid precursor protein-alpha (sAPPα) and ADAM10 levels were increased in APP swe-transfected Nuro-2a neuronal cells, whereas sAPPβ was not processed, suggesting that ginsenoside Rg3 was involved in non-amyloidogenic processing. In immunocytochemistry, SRA and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 (desintegrin and metalloproteinase-containing protein 10, ADAM10) were coincidently upregulated in the presence of ginsenoside Rg3 and its stereoisomers compared to those in normal control. Taken together, these results suggested that ginsenoside Rg3 could boost acute activation of microglia, promote Aβ uptake, and elevate the sAPPα processing under activated M2 state. Although in vivo studies need to be performed, it is certain that ginsenoside Rg3 is highly involved in ameliorating the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration and can be a promising candidate for treating Alzheimer's disease as a new therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Ahn
- College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - S K Jang
- College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon, Republic of Korea.,Huscion MAJIC R&D Center, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - B R Jo
- College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - H S Kim
- College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - J Y Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Fergana Korea International University, Fergana, Uzbekistan
| | - H Y Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Y-M Yoo
- College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - S S Joo
- College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon, Republic of Korea. .,Huscion MAJIC R&D Center, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
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Lee DI, Jang SK, Park DW, Kim ST, Park JS, Jo BR, Park JY, Park HY, Joo SS. Diarylheptanoid Hirsutenone Attenuates Osteoclastogenesis by Suppressing IFNγ and NF-κB Signaling in Th1 and Preosteoclastic Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2017; 40:630-637. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-00876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Do Ik Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University
| | - Su Kil Jang
- College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University
| | - Da Woon Park
- College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University
| | - Seung Tae Kim
- College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University
| | - Jun Sub Park
- College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University
| | - Bo Ram Jo
- College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University
| | - Jung Youl Park
- Industry-Academic Cooperation Foundation, Hanbat National University
| | | | - Seong Soo Joo
- College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University
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Yoo YM, Jang SK, Kim GH, Park JY, Joo SS. Pharmacological advantages of melatonin in immunosenescence by improving activity of T lymphocytes. J Biomed Res 2016; 30:314-21. [PMID: 27533940 PMCID: PMC4946322 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.30.2016k0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin plays a critical role in regulating photoperiodic signals and has recently been shown to decrease immunosenescence with age. In this study, we examined whether melatonin activates T lymphocytes as major adaptive immune cells in in vitro and in vivo models. Splenocytes, CD4+, and naïve CD4 T lymphocytes were isolated from the spleen of BALB/c mice and the cell population patterns and mRNA profiles associated with T cell activation (CD28 and p21) and the melatonin receptor (MT1A and MT1B) were assessed. The T cell activation-related proteins Ki67 and Bcl2 were also evaluated to confirm the relationship between gene and protein levels. Our data clearly revealed that CD28, p21, MT1A, and MT1B mRNA were highly expressed in the presence of melatonin. Co-culture of CD4+ T lymphocyte and peritoneal macrophage 7 days after melatonin administration to young and aged mice significantly increased APRIL mRNA, suggesting induction or maintenance of T lymphocyte responses. We also found that the intracellular amount of Ki67 and Bcl2 proteins were significantly upregulated in aged CD4+ T lymphocytes, suggesting enhancing T cell proliferation and ling-term maintenance of memory T cells. Taken together, we conclude that melatonin supplementation may enhance immunity in aged individuals by upregulating immunosenescence indices in association with T lymphocytes and may be an attractive pharmacological candidate for aged and immunocompromised individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong-Min Yoo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do 220-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Kil Jang
- College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon-do 210-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang-Hoon Kim
- College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon-do 210-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Youl Park
- Industry-Academic Cooperation Foundation, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 305-719, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Soo Joo
- College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon-do 210-702, Republic of Korea.
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Jang SK, Lee DI, Kim ST, Kim GH, Park DW, Park JY, Han D, Choi JK, Lee YB, Han NS, Kim YB, Han J, Joo SS. The anti-aging properties of a human placental hydrolysate combined with dieckol isolated from Ecklonia cava. BMC Complement Altern Med 2015; 15:345. [PMID: 26438076 PMCID: PMC4594884 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0876-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS In the present study, we aimed to examine the anti-aging properties of human placental hydrolysate (HPE) and dieckol (DE) from Ecklonia cava against free radical scavenging, muscle hypertrophy-related follistatin mRNA expression, amelioration of cognition-related genes and proteins, inhibition of collagenase-regulating genes, and elastinase activity. METHODS The anti-aging effects were examined in human fibroblast (CCD986sk), mouse myoblast (C2C12), and neuroblastoma (N2a) cell models, by employing various assays such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH) scavenging, hydroxyl radical-mediated oxidation, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, enzyme activity, and immunocytochemistry observation. RESULTS Our results show that HPE combined with DE (HPE:DE) strongly scavenged DPPH radicals and protected proteins against degradation by hydroxyl radical attack. HPE:DE effectively inhibited matrix metalloproteinase-1 expression, protein kinase C alpha expression, and elastinase activity. Furthermore, HPE:DE improved the expression of cognition-related genes (choline acetyltransferase and vesicular acetylcholine transporter). These events may proactively contribute to retard the aging processes and the abrupt physiological changes probably induced by mitochondrial dysfunction with aging. CONCLUSIONS Based on these findings, we conclude that the combined treatment of HPE:DE may be useful for anti-aging therapy in which the accumulation of oxidative damage is the main driving force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Kil Jang
- Department of Marine Molecular Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 120 Gangneung Daehangno, Gangneung, Gangwon, 210-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Ik Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Heuksuk-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Tae Kim
- Department of Marine Molecular Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 120 Gangneung Daehangno, Gangneung, Gangwon, 210-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang Hoon Kim
- Department of Marine Molecular Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 120 Gangneung Daehangno, Gangneung, Gangwon, 210-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Woon Park
- Department of Marine Molecular Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 120 Gangneung Daehangno, Gangneung, Gangwon, 210-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Youl Park
- Industry-Academic Cooperation Foundation, Hanbat National University, Daejeon, 305-719, Republic of Korea
| | - Daehee Han
- Department of Marine Molecular Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 120 Gangneung Daehangno, Gangneung, Gangwon, 210-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kwon Choi
- Central Research Institute, Dr. Chung's Food Co. Ltd., Chungbuk, 361-782, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-bok Lee
- Central Research Institute, Dr. Chung's Food Co. Ltd., Chungbuk, 361-782, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Soo Han
- Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Bae Kim
- Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongsu Han
- DF-Dr. Han Biotech., Shaoyaojubeili, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 10029, China
| | - Seong Soo Joo
- Department of Marine Molecular Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 120 Gangneung Daehangno, Gangneung, Gangwon, 210-702, Republic of Korea.
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Jang SK, Yu JM, Kim ST, Kim GH, Park DW, Lee DI, Joo SS. An Aβ42 uptake and degradation via Rg3 requires an activation of caveolin, clathrin and Aβ-degrading enzymes in microglia. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 758:1-10. [PMID: 25848967 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrated previously that ginsenoside Rg3 enhances the expression of macrophage scavenger receptor class A (SRA) and amyloid β peptide 1-42 (Aβ42) uptake in BV2 cells. In this study, we investigated the biochemical and mechanistic roles of Rg3 in human microglia and animal models to identify the determinants that participate in restoring memory and learning in brains disrupted by the Aβ42 peptide. SRA was expressed highly in Rg3-treated rats, and learning and memory functions were maintained at a normal level after the infusion of Aβ42. SRA-transfected HMO6 human microglial cells (HMO6.hSRA) overexpressed SRA and took up a remarkable amount of Aβ42. Rg3-treated HMO6 cells showed highly enhanced SRA expression and dramatically promoted Aβ42 uptake. Moreover, high levels of clathrin and caveolin1 supported the roles of Rg3 in endocytic biogenesis by activating p38 and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase signaling. Notably, both neprilysin (NEP) and insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) were significantly expressed by Rg3, suggesting independent and compensatory hydrolytic activity for the Aβ peptide. In conclusion, Rg3 successfully triggered Aβ42 uptake via SRA and clathrin-/caveolae-mediated endocytic mechanisms and further contributed to accelerate the degradation of Aβ peptide via the increase of intracellular NEP and IDE, which may be a promising Alzheimer׳s disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Kil Jang
- College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 7 Jukheon-gil, Gangneung, Gangwon 210-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Min Yu
- College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 7 Jukheon-gil, Gangneung, Gangwon 210-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Tae Kim
- College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 7 Jukheon-gil, Gangneung, Gangwon 210-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang Hoon Kim
- College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 7 Jukheon-gil, Gangneung, Gangwon 210-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Woon Park
- College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 7 Jukheon-gil, Gangneung, Gangwon 210-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Ik Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 221 Heuksuk-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Soo Joo
- College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 7 Jukheon-gil, Gangneung, Gangwon 210-702, Republic of Korea.
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Lee DI, Kim ST, Lee DH, Yu JM, Jang SK, Joo SS. Ginsenoside-free molecules from steam-dried ginseng berry promote ethanol metabolism: an alternative choice for an alcohol hangover. J Food Sci 2014; 79:C1323-30. [PMID: 24962619 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol metabolism produces harmful compounds that contribute to liver damage and cause an alcohol hangover. The intermediate metabolite acetaldehyde is responsible for alcohol hangover and CYP2E1-induced reactive oxygen species damage liver tissues. In this study, we examined whether ginsenoside-free molecules (GFMs) from steam-dried ginseng berries promote ethanol metabolism and scavenge free radicals by stimulating primary enzymes (alcohol dehydrogenase, aldehyde dehydrogenase, CYP2E1, and catalase) and antioxidant effects using in vitro and in vivo models. The results revealed that GFM effectively scavenged 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl hydrate radicals and hydroxyl radicals. Notably, GFM significantly enhanced the expression of primary enzymes within 2 h in HepG2 cells. GFM clearly removed the consumed ethanol and significantly reduced the level of acetaldehyde as well as enhancement of primary gene expression in BALB/c mice. Moreover, GFM successfully protected HepG2 cells from ethanol attack. Of the major components identified in GFM, it was believed that linoleic acid was the most active ingredient. Based on these findings, we conclude that GFM holds promise for use as a new candidate for ethanol metabolism and as an antihangover agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Ik Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang Univ, 221 Heuksuk-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea
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Jang SK, Joo SS. Promotional effects of Sargassum fusiforme fractions on hair growth via in vitro and in vivo models. J Biomed Res 2014. [DOI: 10.12729/jbr.2014.15.2.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Kim MS, Yu JM, Kim HJ, Kim HB, Kim ST, Jang SK, Choi YW, Lee DI, Joo SS. Ginsenoside Re and Rd enhance the expression of cholinergic markers and neuronal differentiation in Neuro-2a cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2014; 37:826-33. [PMID: 24599032 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b14-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD), extensive neuronal loss and a deficiency of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) are the major characteristics during pathogenesis in the brain. In the present study, we aimed to investigate whether representative ginsenosides from ginseng can regulate choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), which are required for cholinergic neurotransmission. Our results revealed that Re and Rd induced effectively the expression of ChAT/VAChT genes in Neuro-2a cells as well as ACh elevation. Microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP-2), nerve growth factor receptor (p75), p21, and TrkA genes and proteins were also significantly expressed. Moreover, both activated extracelullar signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) and Akt were inhibited by K252a, a selective Trk receptor inhibitor. These findings strongly indicate that Re and Rd play an important role in neuronal differentiation and the nerve growth factor (NGF)-TrkA signaling pathway. High performance liquid chromatography analysis showed that Re and Rd administered orally were transported successfully into brain tissue and increased the level of ChAT and VAChT mRNA. The present study demonstrates that Re and Rd are selective candidates for upregulation of the expression of cholinergic markers, which may counter the symptoms and progress of AD.
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Yang G, Park D, Lee SH, Bae DK, Yang YH, Kyung J, Kim D, Choi EK, Hong JT, Jeong HS, Kim HJ, Jang SK, Joo SS, Kim YB. Neuroprotective Effects of a Butanol Fraction of Rosa hybrida Petals in a Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2014; 21:454-61. [PMID: 24404336 PMCID: PMC3879917 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2013.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuroprotective effects of a butanol fraction of white rose petal extract (WRPE-BF) were investigated in a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model. Seven week-old male rats were orally administered WRPE-BF for 2 weeks and subjected to MCAO for 2 h, followed by reperfusion. Twenty-four h later, MCAO-induced behavioral dysfunctions were markedly improved in a dose-dependent manner by pretreatment with WRPE-BF. Moreover, higher dose of WRPE-BF not only decreased infarction area but also effectively reduced astrogliosis. The expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, and glial fibrillary acidic protein in MCAO model were markedly inhibited by WRPE-BF treatment. Notably, WRPE-BF decreased nitric oxide and malondialdehyde levels in the striatum and subventricular zone of stroke-challenged brains. These data suggested that WRPE-BF may exert its neuroprotective effects via anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities against ischemia-reperfusion brain injury and could be a good candidate as a therapeutic target for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goeun Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongsun Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Hee Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Kwon Bae
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Hui Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jangbeen Kyung
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Dajeong Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Ehn-Kyoung Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon-Sang Jeong
- Department Food Science and Technology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jung Kim
- Department of Marine Molecular Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 210- 702, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Kil Jang
- Department of Marine Molecular Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 210- 702, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Soo Joo
- Department of Marine Molecular Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 210- 702, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Bae Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
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Lee KH, Kim HJ, Kim HB, Kim ST, Choi YR, Seo DW, Yu JM, Jang SK, Kim SM, Lee DI, Joo SS. Hizikia fusiformis fractions successfully improve atopic dermatitis indices in anti-CD3-stimulated splenocytes and 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-treated BALB/c mice. J Pharm Pharmacol 2013; 66:466-76. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
In the present study, we aimed to examine whether fractions from an edible sea weed, Hizikia fusiformis, had immunomodulatory effects, particularly an anti-atopic effect, by attenuating the expression of T cell-dependent cytokines using in-vitro and in-vivo animal atopic dermatitis-like models.
Methods
The anti-atopic activities were examined in in vitro, and a 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced atopic dermatitis-like mouse model using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, electrophoretic-mobility shift and histophathological analysis.
Key findings
Our results showed that the final fraction (F2′) of H. fusiformis contained a higher amount of butanoic acid which was not found in the other fractions, and effectively inhibited T cell activation by inhibiting dephosphorylation of nuclear factor of activated T cells in electrophoretic-mobility shift assay. As a consequence, helper T cell-dependent cytokines, such as interleukin-2, -4 and interferon-γ, were significantly inhibited while activated with an anti-CD3 antibody. We also showed that skin challenged with DNCB successfully recovered when treated with 2.5 mg/kg, comparable to that by 0.25% prednicarbate. These results indicate that F2′ may contribute to inhibit T cell activation by eliminating Th cell-dependent cytokines.
Conclusions
Taken together, we concluded that F2′ containing butanoic acid may be a new functional anti-atopic candidate, which probably acts through nuclear factor of activated T cell inactivation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Ho Lee
- Department of Marine Molecular Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangwon, Korea
| | - Hee Jung Kim
- Department of Marine Molecular Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangwon, Korea
| | - Hae Bok Kim
- Department of Marine Molecular Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangwon, Korea
| | - Seung Tae Kim
- Department of Marine Molecular Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangwon, Korea
| | - Young Ri Choi
- Department of Marine Molecular Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangwon, Korea
| | - Da Woom Seo
- Department of Marine Molecular Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangwon, Korea
| | - Jung Min Yu
- Department of Marine Molecular Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangwon, Korea
| | - Su Kil Jang
- Department of Marine Molecular Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangwon, Korea
| | - Sang Moo Kim
- Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangwon, Korea
| | - Do-Ik Lee
- Department of Immunology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong Soo Joo
- Department of Marine Molecular Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangwon, Korea
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Seo DW, Kim HJ, Jang SK, Jun M, Joo SS. Screening of functional components derived from fresh water laver, Prasiola japonica, and its pharmacological properties. J Biomed Res 2013. [DOI: 10.12729/jbr.2013.14.2.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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12
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Kim YK, Back SH, Rho J, Lee SH, Jang SK. La autoantigen enhances translation of BiP mRNA. Nucleic Acids Res 2001; 29:5009-16. [PMID: 11812831 PMCID: PMC97601 DOI: 10.1093/nar/29.24.5009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2001] [Revised: 10/25/2001] [Accepted: 10/25/2001] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Translational initiation of the human BiP mRNA is directed by an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) located in the 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR). In order to understand the mechanism of the IRES-dependent translation of BiP mRNA, cellular proteins interacting with the BiP IRES were investigated. La autoantigen, which augments the translation of polioviral mRNA and hepatitis C viral mRNA, bound specifically to the second half of the 5'-UTR of the BiP IRES and enhanced translation of BiP mRNA in both in vitro and in vivo assays. This finding suggests that cellular and viral IRESs containing very different RNA sequences may share a common mechanism of translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y K Kim
- Department of Life Science, Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San31, Hyoja-Dong, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Korea
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Woo HR, Chung KM, Park JH, Oh SA, Ahn T, Hong SH, Jang SK, Nam HG. ORE9, an F-box protein that regulates leaf senescence in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 2001; 13:1779-90. [PMID: 11487692 PMCID: PMC139127 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2001] [Accepted: 05/23/2001] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Senescence is a sequence of biochemical and physiological events that constitute the final stage of development. The identification of genes that alter senescence has practical value and is helpful in revealing pathways that influence senescence. However, the genetic mechanisms of senescence are largely unknown. The leaf of the oresara9 (ore9) mutant of Arabidopsis exhibits increased longevity during age-dependent natural senescence by delaying the onset of various senescence symptoms. It also displays delayed senescence symptoms during hormone-modulated senescence. Map-based cloning of ORE9 identified a 693-amino acid polypeptide containing an F-box motif and 18 leucine-rich repeats. The F-box motif of ORE9 interacts with ASK1 (Arabidopsis Skp1-like 1), a component of the plant SCF complex. These results suggest that ORE9 functions to limit leaf longevity by removing, through ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis, target proteins that are required to delay the leaf senescence program in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Woo
- Division of Molecular Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk, 790-784 Korea
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14
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Abstract
Translation initiation of human Bip mRNA is directed by an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) located in the 5' non-translated region. No trans-acting factor possibly involved in this process has as of yet been identified. For the encephalomyocarditis virus and other picornaviruses, polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTB) has been found to enhance the translation through IRES elements, probably by interaction with the IRES structure. Here, we report that PTB specifically binds to the central region (nt 50-117) of the Bip 5' non-translated region. Addition of purified PTB to rabbit reticulocyte lysate and overexpression of PTB in Cos-7 cells selectively inhibited Bip IRES-dependent translation. On the other hand, depletion of endogenous PTB or addition of an RNA interacting with PTB enhanced the translational initiation directed by Bip IRES. These suggest that PTB can either enhance or inhibit IRES-dependent translation depending on mRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y K Kim
- NRL, Department of Life Science, Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San31, Pohang, Hyoja-Dong, 790-784, Korea
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15
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Back SH, Kim JE, Rho J, Hahm B, Lee TG, Kim EE, Cho JM, Jang SK. Expression and purification of an active, full-length hepatitis C viral NS4A. Protein Expr Purif 2000; 20:196-206. [PMID: 11049744 DOI: 10.1006/prep.2000.1301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The nonstructural protein 3 (NS3) of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a bifunctional protein with protease and helicase activities. Nonstructural protein 4A (NS4A) is preceded by NS3 and augments the proteolytic activity of NS3 through protein-protein interaction. The central domain of NS4A has been shown to be sufficient for the enhancement of the NS3 protease activity. However, investigations on the roles of the N-terminal and the C-terminal regions of NS4A have been hampered by the difficulty of purification of full-length NS4A, a polypeptide that contains highly hydrophobic amino acid residues. Here we report a procedure by which one can produce and purify an active, full-length NS4A using maltose-binding protein fusion method. The full-length NS4A fused to the maltose binding protein is soluble and maintains its NS3 protease-enhancing activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Back
- Department of Life Science, Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31, Hyoja-Dong, Pohang, Kyungbuk, 790-784, Korea
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16
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Abstract
OsMADS1 is a MADS box gene controlling flower development in rice. In order to learn more about the function of OsMADS1, we searched for cellular proteins interacting with OsMADS1 employing the yeast two-hybrid system. Two novel proteins with MADS domains, which were named OsMADS14 and OsMADS15, were isolated from a rice cDNA library. OsMADS14 and -15 are highly homologous to the maize MADS box gene ZAP1 which is an orthologue of the floral homeotic gene APETALA1 (AP1). Interactions among the three MADS domain proteins were confirmed by in vitro experiments using GST-fused OsMADS1 expressed in Escherichia coli and in vitro translated proteins of OsMADS14 and -15. We determined which domains in OsMADS1, -14, and -15 were required for protein-protein interaction employing the two-hybrid system and pull-down experiments. While the K domain was essential for protein-protein interaction, a region preceded by the K domain augmented this interaction. Interestingly, the C-terminal region of OsMADS1 functioned as a transcriptional activation domain in yeast and mammalian cells, while, on the other hand, the C domains of OsMADS14 and -15 exhibited only very weak transcriptional activator functionality, if any at all.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lim
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Kyunghuk, Korea
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17
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Kim SY, Park KW, Lee YJ, Back SH, Goo JH, Park OK, Jang SK, Park WJ. In vivo determination of substrate specificity of hepatitis C virus NS3 protease: genetic assay for site-specific proteolysis. Anal Biochem 2000; 284:42-8. [PMID: 10933854 DOI: 10.1006/abio.2000.4662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3 protease is responsible for the processing of the viral polyprotein and is considered as a primary target for the development of anti-HCV therapy. We have developed a genetic method in yeast to screen for good substrate sequences of the NS3 protease. A library of fusion proteins was constructed with a transcription factor, GAL4, linked to the intracellular domain of an integral membrane protein, STE2, by a randomized protease substrate sequence. In yeast cells expressing NS3 protease, the substrate sequences in the fusion proteins were specifically recognized and cleaved. This cleavage resulted in the release of GAL4 from the cytoplasmic membrane and the subsequent activation of reporter genes by GAL4, which was detected by the growth of yeast cells on selective media. Based on the analysis of 69 isolated substrate sequences, a consensus sequence was deduced: (Glu/Asp)-X-Val-Val-(Leu/Pro)-Cys / (Ser/Ala), with the scissile bond being located between Cys and Ser or Ala and X not being determined. This is largely consistent with the previous results obtained by biochemical methods. An oligopeptide containing the deduced sequence was highly efficiently cleaved in vitro by the purified NS3 protease. These data demonstrated that the present genetic method could be used as an efficient tool for the in vivo determination of substrate specificity of proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Kim
- Department of Life Science, Kwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Kwangju, 500-712, Korea
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18
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Chung KM, Lee J, Kim JE, Song OK, Cho S, Lim J, Seedorf M, Hahm B, Jang SK. Nonstructural protein 5A of hepatitis C virus inhibits the function of karyopherin beta3. J Virol 2000; 74:5233-41. [PMID: 10799599 PMCID: PMC110877 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.11.5233-5241.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) of hepatitis C virus (HCV) plays a role in the incapacitation of interferon by inactivation of RNA-dependent protein kinase PKR. In order to further investigate the role of NS5A, we tried to identify cellular proteins interacting with NS5A by using the yeast two-hybrid system. The karyopherin beta3 gene was isolated from a human liver cell library as a protein interacting with NS5A. The protein-protein interaction between NS5A and karyopherin beta3 was confirmed by in vitro binding assay and an in vivo coimmunoprecipitation method. The effect of NS5A on the karyopherin beta3 activity was investigated using a yeast cell line containing mutations in both PSE1 and KAP123, genes that are homologous to the human karyopherin beta3 gene. Human karyopherin beta3 complemented the loss of the PSE1 and KAP123 functions, supporting growth of the double mutant cells. However, expression of NS5A hampered the growth of the double mutant cells supplemented with human karyopherin beta3. On the other hand, expression of NS5A by itself had no effect on the growth of the double mutant expressing wild-type yeast PSE1. This indicates that NS5A may inhibit karyopherin beta3 function via protein-protein interaction. The role of NS5A in HCV replication is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Chung
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Korea
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19
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Abstract
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) are involved in several RNA-related biological processes such as transcription, pre-mRNA processing, mature mRNA transport to the cytoplasm, and translation. About 20 major hnRNPs from A1 to U are known. Among them, hnRNP A, D, E, I, and K are known to shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. hnRNP E2 has been seen to stabilize alpha-globin mRNA and to enhance polioviral mRNA translation. hnRNP K modulates transcription and translation of some mRNAs. hnRNP I and its homologue hnRNP L have been suggested to enhance translation of some IRES-dependent mRNAs. In order to better understand the molecular mechanisms of the biological functions of hnRNPs, we investigated protein-protein interactions of six hnRNPs (hnRNP A1, C1, E2, I, K, and L) using the yeast two-hybrid system and in vitro co-precipitation assays. All of the hnRNPs tested exerted homomeric interactions, and hnRNP E2, I, K, and L interacted with each other. In the case of hnRNP E2 and hnRNP K, the N-terminal half of the proteins containing two KH (K homologous) domains were required for protein-protein interaction, and the second quarter of hnRNP I and hnRNP L containing RRM2 (RNA recognition motif 2) was essential for protein-protein interaction. hnRNP A1 and C1 did not form complexes with other hnRNPs in our assay systems. This suggests that the hnRNPs could fall into two groups: one group, including hnRNP A1 and C1, involved in hnRNP core complex formation and another group, including hnRNP E2, I, K, and L, involved in a variety of RNA-related biological processes. Different combinations of the proteins of the second group may facilitate different biological processes in conjunction with other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Kim
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Hyoja-Dong San31, Pohang, Kyungbuk, 790-784, Korea
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20
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Abstract
We determined the subcellular localization of hepatitis C viral (HCV) proteins as a first step towards the understanding of the functions of these proteins in the mammalian cell (CHO-K1). We used fluorescence emitted from green fluorescent protein (GFP)-fused to the viral proteins to determine the subcellular localization of the viral proteins. We found that most of the viral proteins were excluded from the nucleus. Core exhibited a globular pattern near the nucleus. NS2 was concentrated in the perinuclear space. NS4A accumulated in the ER and the Golgi regions. NS3 was detected in the nucleus as well as the cytoplasm, when it was expressed by itself. However, NS3 became restricted to the cytoplasm, when it was produced together with NS4A. NS4B showed a spot-like pattern throughout the cytoplasm. NS5A and NS5B were distributed throughout the cytoplasm in a mesh-like pattern. These results can provide a basis for further investigations into the functions of the HCV proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Kim
- Department of life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Kyungbuk, Korea
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21
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Cho S, Jang S, Chae S, Chung KM, Moon YH, An G, Jang SK. Analysis of the C-terminal region of Arabidopsis thaliana APETALA1 as a transcription activation domain. Plant Mol Biol 1999; 40:419-29. [PMID: 10437826 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006273127067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
APETALA1 (AP1) of Arabidopsis thaliana is a transcription factor controlling flower development. AP2 is a member of the MADS (MCM1, AGAMOUS, DEFICIENS, SRF) superfamily, which plays important roles in differentiation in plants and animals. MADS domains, which function most importantly in DNA binding, are found in all major eukaryotic kingdoms. In plants, MADS domain-containing proteins also possess a region of moderate sequence similarity named the K domain, which is involved in protein-protein interaction. Little is known about the function of a third, highly variable, domain designated the C domain, as it resides at the C terminus of the MADS proteins of plants. Here we report that the C-terminal domain of Arabidopsis thaliana AP1 and its homologues perform a transcriptional activation function. The C-terminal region of AP1 is composed of at least two separable transcriptional activation domains that function synergistically.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cho
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Kyungbuk, Korea
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22
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Cho S, Jang S, Chae S, Chung KM, Moon YH, An G, Jang SK. Analysis of the C-terminal region of Arabidopsis thaliana APETALA1 as a transcription activation domain. Plant Mol Biol 1999; 40:419-429. [PMID: 10437826 DOI: 10.1023/a:100627312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
APETALA1 (AP1) of Arabidopsis thaliana is a transcription factor controlling flower development. AP2 is a member of the MADS (MCM1, AGAMOUS, DEFICIENS, SRF) superfamily, which plays important roles in differentiation in plants and animals. MADS domains, which function most importantly in DNA binding, are found in all major eukaryotic kingdoms. In plants, MADS domain-containing proteins also possess a region of moderate sequence similarity named the K domain, which is involved in protein-protein interaction. Little is known about the function of a third, highly variable, domain designated the C domain, as it resides at the C terminus of the MADS proteins of plants. Here we report that the C-terminal domain of Arabidopsis thaliana AP1 and its homologues perform a transcriptional activation function. The C-terminal region of AP1 is composed of at least two separable transcriptional activation domains that function synergistically.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cho
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Kyungbuk, Korea
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23
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Kim Y, Kim JE, Lee SD, Lee TG, Kim JH, Park JB, Han JM, Jang SK, Suh PG, Ryu SH. Phospholipase D1 is located and activated by protein kinase C alpha in the plasma membrane in 3Y1 fibroblast cell. Biochim Biophys Acta 1999; 1436:319-30. [PMID: 9989263 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2760(98)00120-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The subcellular location of phospholipase D1 (PLD1) and its activation by protein kinase C alpha (PKC alpha) were examined by subcellular fractionation and by microscopic observation of green fluorescent protein-fused PLD1 (GFP-PLD1) or PKC alpha (GFP-PKC alpha) in fibroblastic 3Y1 cells. Major PLD1 immunoreactivity and PKC alpha-stimulated PLD activity segregated with a plasma membrane marker, even though a significant amount was co-fractionated with markers for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi. Upon treatment with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), PKC alpha translocated from the cytosolic fraction to the membrane fraction to which PLD1 also localized. GFP-PLD1 was found in the plasma membrane as well as a in a perinuclear compartment consistent with ER and Golgi and in other dispersed vesicular structures in the cytoplasm. However, most of GFP-PKC alpha was translocated from the cytosol to the plasma membrane after treatment with PMA. From these results, we concluded that the plasma membrane is the major site of PLD1 activation by PKC alpha in 3Y1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kim
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, South Korea
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24
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Hahm B, Kim YK, Kim JH, Kim TY, Jang SK. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L interacts with the 3' border of the internal ribosomal entry site of hepatitis C virus. J Virol 1998; 72:8782-8. [PMID: 9765422 PMCID: PMC110294 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.11.8782-8788.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Translation initiation of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA occurs by internal entry of a ribosome into the 5' nontranslated region in a cap-independent manner. The HCV RNA sequence from about nucleotide 40 up to the N terminus of the coding sequence of the core protein is required for efficient internal initiation of translation, though the precise border of the HCV internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) has yet to be determined. Several cellular proteins have been proposed to direct HCV IRES-dependent translation by binding to the HCV IRES. Here we report on a novel cellular protein that specifically interacts with the 3' border of the HCV IRES in the core-coding sequence. This protein with an apparent molecular mass of 68 kDa turned out to be heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L (hnRNP L). The binding of hnRNP L to the HCV IRES correlates with the translational efficiencies of corresponding mRNAs. This finding suggests that hnRNP L may play an important role in the translation of HCV mRNA through the IRES element.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hahm
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Hyoja-Dong, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Korea
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25
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Cho HS, Ha NC, Kang LW, Chung KM, Back SH, Jang SK, Oh BH. Crystal structure of RNA helicase from genotype 1b hepatitis C virus. A feasible mechanism of unwinding duplex RNA. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:15045-52. [PMID: 9614113 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.24.15045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Crystal structure of RNA helicase domain from genotype 1b hepatitis C virus has been determined at 2.3 A resolution by the multiple isomorphous replacement method. The structure consists of three domains that form a Y-shaped molecule. One is a NTPase domain containing two highly conserved NTP binding motifs. Another is an RNA binding domain containing a conserved RNA binding motif. The third is a helical domain that contains no beta-strand. The RNA binding domain of the molecule is distinctively separated from the other two domains forming an interdomain cleft into which single stranded RNA can be modeled. A channel is found between a pair of symmetry-related molecules which exhibit the most extensive crystal packing interactions. A stretch of single stranded RNA can be modeled with electrostatic complementarity into the interdomain cleft and continuously through the channel. These observations suggest that some form of this dimer is likely to be the functional form that unwinds double stranded RNA processively by passing one strand of RNA through the channel and passing the other strand outside of the dimer. A "descending molecular see-saw" model is proposed that is consistent with directionality of unwinding and other physicochemical properties of RNA helicases.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Cho
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk, 790-784, South Korea
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26
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Abstract
Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTB) is involved in pre-mRNA splicing and internal ribosomal entry site (IRES)-dependent translation. In order to identify cellular protein(s) interacting with PTB, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screening. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L (hnRNP L) was identified as a PTB-binding protein. The interaction between PTB and hnRNP L was confirmed in an in vitro binding assay. Both PTB and hnRNP L were found to localize in the nucleoplasm, excepting the nucleoli, in HeLa cells by the green fluorescent protein (GFP)-fused protein detection method. The N-terminal half of PTB (aa 1-329) and most of hnRNP L (aa 141-558) is required for the interaction between PTB and hnRNP L.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hahm
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Kyungbuk, South Korea
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27
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Oh YL, Hahm B, Kim YK, Lee HK, Lee JW, Song O, Tsukiyama-Kohara K, Kohara M, Nomoto A, Jang SK. Determination of functional domains in polypyrimidine-tract-binding protein. Biochem J 1998; 331 ( Pt 1):169-75. [PMID: 9512476 PMCID: PMC1219335 DOI: 10.1042/bj3310169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Polypyrimidine-tract-binding protein (PTB) is involved in pre-mRNA splicing and internal-ribosomal-entry-site-dependent translation. The biochemical properties of various segments of PTB were analysed in order to understand the molecular basis of the PTB functions. The protein exists in oligomeric as well as monomeric form. The central part of PTB (amino acids 169-293) plays a major role in the oligomerization. PTB contains several RNA-binding motifs. Among them, the C-terminal part of PTB (amino acids 329-530) exhibited the strongest RNA-binding activity. The N-terminal part of PTB is responsible for the enhancement of RNA binding by HeLa cell cytoplasmic factor(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Y L Oh
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San31, Hyoja-Dong, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, South Korea
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28
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Kang LW, Cho HS, Cha SS, Chung KM, Back SH, Jang SK, Oh BH. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of the helicase domain of hepatitis C virus NS3 protein. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 1998; 54:121-3. [PMID: 9761831 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444997008883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The NS3 protein of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is thought to be essential for viral replication. The N-terminal domain of the protein contains protease activity and the C-terminal domain contains nucleotide triphosphatase and RNA helicase activity. The RNA helicase domain of HCV NS3 protein was purified by using affinity-column chromatographic methods, and crystallized by using the microbatch crystallization method under oil at 277 K. The crystals belong to primitive trigonal space group P3121 or P3221 with cell dimensions of a = b = 93.3, c = 104.6 A. The asymmetric unit contains one molecule of the helicase domain, with the crystal volume per protein mass (Vm) of 2.50 A3 Da-1 and solvent content of about 50.8% by volume. A native data set to 2.3 A resolution was obtained from a frozen crystal indicating that the crystals are quite suitable for structure determination by multiple isomorphous replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- L W Kang
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science of Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk, 790-784, S. Korea
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29
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Chung KM, Song OK, Jang SK. Hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A contains potential transcriptional activator domains. Mol Cells 1997; 7:661-7. [PMID: 9387155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV), a major etiologic agent of transfusion associated hepatitis, is a positive, single-stranded RNA virus and is also known to be implicated in liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) of HCV contains acidic and proline-rich amino acids in its carboxy-terminal half. These structural features resemble eukaryotic transcription activators. In this report, we show that NS5A functions as a potent transcriptional activator when fused to the yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) GAL4 DNA-binding domain (1-147). The potential transcriptional activator maps to the C-terminal half of NS5A in the yeast cell. Therefore, our data provides the first evidence that NS5A may modulate host cell function at the transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Chung
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Korea
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30
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Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the major etiologic agent of non-A, non-B hepatitis. One of the difficulties in developing anti-HCV drugs is the lack of an efficient HCV cultivation system. We have generated an artificial surrogate virus suitable for testing the antiviral effects of drugs affecting HCV protease NS3, an enzyme believed to be essential for HCV proliferation. The surrogate virus genome is composed of most of the poliovirus genome and HCV protease NS3 and an NS3-specific cleavage site. The activity of HCV protease NS3 is required for proliferation of this chimeric virus. The antiviral efficacy of HCV protease inhibitors can, therefore, be evaluated by examining the effects of the drugs on the surrogate virus proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hahm
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Kyungbuk, Korea
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31
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Kim CJ, Shin KS, Kim WY, Lim DS, Yoon SK, Park YM, Kim BS, Jang SK, Cho MJ. Genotype distribution and comparison of the putative envelope region of hepatitis C virus from Korean patients. J Med Virol 1995; 46:380-6. [PMID: 7595417 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.1890460415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Comparative nucleotide sequence studies of the genomes of hepatitis C virus (HCV) revealed that there are at least 6 different genotypes of HCV. The prevalence of HCV genotypes among the patients with liver diseases in Korea was investigated using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the NS5 region. In the 75 HCV RNA positive samples, two genotypes, type 1b and type 2a, were the major causative agents which accounted for 60% and 33% of infections respectively, while 7% could not be assigned a genotype by the methods used. The nucleotide sequences of cDNAs encoding the putative envelope proteins from 10 type 1b and 5 type 2a genotype samples were analyzed. Approximately 31-42% of the nucleotide sequences of type 1b samples examined differed from those of different genotypes. In the case of type 2a samples, 36-42% of the nucleotide sequences differed from those of different genotypes. The diversities of the amino acid sequences were the same or greater than those of the nucleotide sequences. Two hypervariable regions (HVR1 and HVR2) were recognized in both HCV genomes of genotypes 1b and 2a. However, the sequence divergence within the HVR2 region of genotype 2a was less than that of genotype 1b.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Taejon, Korea
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32
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Abstract
The polyprotein encoded by a single open reading frame of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is processed by host- and virus-encoded proteases. The viral protease NS3 is responsible for the cleavage of at least four sites (NS3/4A, NS4A/4B, NS4B/5A, and NS5A/5B junctions) in the nonstructural protein region. To characterize the protease function of NS3 and NS4 on various target sites, efficient cis- and trans-cleavage assay systems were developed by using in vitro transcription and translation. Deletion of the C-terminal two-thirds from NS3 in an NS3-NS4A-4B polypeptide (NS3 delta C-4A-4B) hampered cleavage of the NS3/4A junction but not that of the NS4A/4B junction. As a consequence, expression of NS3 delta C-4A-4B containing an internal deletion of NS3 results in an NS3 delta C-4A fusion protein. NS3 delta C-4A shows very efficient and specific trans-cleavage activity at NS4A/4B, NS4B/5A, and NS5A/5B junctions. In addition, the biochemical properties of HCV NS3 delta C-4A were further elucidated by adding known protease inhibitors in trans-cleavage reactions. The HCV protease NS3-4A is inhibited by chymotrypsin-specific inhibitors N-tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone (TPCK), chymostatin, and Pefabloc SC but not by trypsin-like protease inhibitors antipain, leupeptin, and N-alpha-p-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK) or by the protease inhibitors E-64, bestatin, pepstatin, and phosphoramidon. This finding strongly suggests that HCV protease NS3-4A is a chymotrypsin-like serine protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hahm
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Kyungbuk
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33
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Abstract
NS3 of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a serine protease that carries out the proteolytic processing of the nonstructural proteins of the HCV polyprotein. Deletion analysis of the N terminus of NS2,3,4 fusion protein revealed that the N-terminal boundary of the active protease resides between amino acids 1050 and 1083. The processing patterns of internal deletion mutants of NS2,3,4 indicated that the C terminus of the enzymically active protease resides between amino acids 1115 and 1218. The N- and C-terminal boundaries of the protease were also confirmed by determining the trans-cleavage activity of internally deleted NS3,4. NS3 protease activity was inhibited by Cu2+ but was slightly enhanced by Zn2+. This report provides a possible approach for development of antiviral agents based on protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Han
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Kyungbuk, Korea
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34
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Abstract
The butanol extract of Paulownia tomentosa stem showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (SG511, 285 and 503), Streptococcus pyogenes (A308 and A77) and Streptococcus faecium MD8b etc. The most active compound of the extract was identified to be campneoside I, which had a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 150 micrograms/ml against Streptococcus and Staphylococcus species. From such antibacterial activity, the methoxy group of campneoside I was postulated to be the essential element for the antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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35
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Abstract
We have previously cloned a mutant hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome which had one thymidine addition in the pre-C region resulting in a frameshift mutation in the pre-C region and fusion of the X and C genes. We constructed plasmids containing serially deleted and/or back-mutated (authentic) pre-C regions to study the effect of the frameshift mutation. COS cells transfected with plasmids containing the frameshifted pre-C region produced a 21K C protein (P21c) but not a 22K partially processed pre-C protein (P22). On the other hand, COS cells transfected with plasmids containing the back-mutated pre-C region produced P22. This result was also observed in HepG2-K8 cells producing the mutant HBV particles. Therefore, the pre-C region of HBV is likely to be non-essential for virus replication. COS cells transfected with the plasmid containing a fused X-C open reading frame (ORF) produced a 40K X-C fusion protein. This X-C fusion protein exerted transcriptional trans-activation. These results suggest that the mutant HBV has a C gene with a defective pre-C region and a fused X-C ORF, and hence cannot synthesize 16K HBeAg (P16e).
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Seoul National University, Korea
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36
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Abstract
A dicistronic poliovirus W1-P1/E/P2,3-1 with the genotype [PV]5'NTR-P1-[EMCV]IRES-[PV]P2,3-3'NTR (Molla, Jang, Paul, Reuer, and Wimmer, 1992, Nature 356, 255) was used to investigate whether the viral proteinase 2Apro, whose primary function in proteolytic processing was erased through the insertion of an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) element into the ORF of the polyprotein, had other function(s) in viral replication. Deletion of 2Apro from W1-P1/E/P2,3-1 rendered the corresponding transcripts unable to replicate whereas partial deletion of 2Apro or an exchange of Cys109 (an amino acid of the catalytic triad of the proteinase) to Ala reduced RNA replication. No cytopathic effects were observed after transfection with any of the three dicistronic constructs containing mutant 2A, and no virus was recovered after attempts to expand a possibly low yield of mutant virus. In contrast, insertion of the IRES of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) into the ORF of the poliovirus polyprotein at the cleavage site between 2Apro and 2B yielded the novel dicistronic virus W1-P1,2A/E/2BC,P3-1 with the genotype [PV]5'NTR-P1-2A-[EMCV]IRES-[PV]2BC-P3-3'NTR, expressing a small plaque phenotype. These results indicate that neither the intact P2 polypeptide nor the cleavage fragment 2AB of P2 is required for viral proliferation. On the other hand, 2Apro appears to be an essential component in RNA replication as no viral RNA synthesis can be observed by reverse transcription/PCR in cells transfected with dicistronic RNA lacking this viral polypeptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Molla
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, State University of New York at Stony Brook 11794-5222
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37
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Kim DG, Kang HM, Jang SK, Shin HS. Construction of a bifunctional mRNA in the mouse by using the internal ribosomal entry site of the encephalomyocarditis virus. Mol Cell Biol 1992; 12:3636-43. [PMID: 1321342 PMCID: PMC364630 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.12.8.3636-3643.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Picornaviral mRNAs have been shown to possess special structures in their 5' nontranslated regions (5'NTRs) that provide sites for internal binding of ribosomes and thus direct cap-independent translation. The translational cis-acting elements for ribosomal internal entry into the 5'NTR of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), a member of family Picornaviridae, have been named the internal ribosomal entry site (IRES). All of the published experiments regarding the IRES function of the picornavirus 5'NTR, however, were performed with cell extracts in vitro or with tissue culture cells in transient assay systems. In this study, we examined the IRES function of the EMCV 5'NTR in chimeric mouse embryos and demonstrated that this element does in fact work stably in mouse embryos as well as in embryonic stem (ES) cells. By using a dicistronic vector, pWH8, consisting of a promoter-driven neomycin resistance gene (neo) followed by the EMCV 5'NTR-lacZ sequence, we showed that more than half of the ES cells made G418 resistant by the vector stained positive for beta-galactosidase (beta-gal). On Northern (RNA) blots, all of the clones analyzed revealed a transcript of the expected size containing both the beta-gal and the neo cistrons. These results indicate that dicistronic mRNAs are produced from the stably integrated vector in those ES clones and that both of the cistrons are translated to produce functional proteins. The chimeric embryos derived from these ES clones also stained positive for beta-gal, suggesting that the bifunctional mRNAs are active in the embryos. This dicistronic vector system provides a novel tool by which to obtain temporally and spatially coordinated expression of two different genes driven by a single promoter in a single cell in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Kim
- Department of Life Science, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea
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38
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Molla A, Jang SK, Paul AV, Reuer Q, Wimmer E. Cardioviral internal ribosomal entry site is functional in a genetically engineered dicistronic poliovirus. Nature 1992; 356:255-7. [PMID: 1313153 DOI: 10.1038/356255a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
High mutation rates have driven RNA viruses to shorten their genomes to the minimum possible size. Mammalian (+)-strand RNA viruses and retroviruses have responded by reducing the number of cis-acting regulatory elements, a constraint that has led to the emergence of the polyprotein. Poliovirus is a (+)-stranded picornavirus whose polyprotein, encoded by an open reading frame spanning most of the viral RNA, is processed by virus-encoded proteinases. Despite their genetic austerity, picornaviruses have retained long 5' untranslated regions, which harbour cis-acting elements that promote initiation of translation independently of the uncapped 5' end of the viral messenger RNA. These elements are termed 'internal ribosomal entry sites' and are formed from highly structured RNA segments of at least 400 nucleotides. How these elements function is not known, but special RNA-binding proteins may be involved. The ribosome or its 40S subunit probably binds at or near a YnXmAUG motif (where Y is a pyrimidine and X is a purine) at the 3' border of the internal ribosomal entry site, which either provides the initiating codon or enables the ribosome to translocate to one downstream (E.W. et al., submitted). Initiation from most eukaryotic messenger RNAs usually occurs by ribosomal recognition of the 5' and subsequent scanning to the AUG codon. Here we describe a genetic strategy for the dissection of polyproteins which proves that an internal ribosomal entry site element can initiate translation independently of the 5' end.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Molla
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, State University of New York, Stony Brook 11794
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39
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Jang SK, Wimmer E. Cap-independent translation of encephalomyocarditis virus RNA: structural elements of the internal ribosomal entry site and involvement of a cellular 57-kD RNA-binding protein. Genes Dev 1990; 4:1560-72. [PMID: 2174810 DOI: 10.1101/gad.4.9.1560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Translation of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) mRNA occurs by ribosomal internal entry into the 5'-nontranslated region (5' NTR) rather than by ribosomal scanning. The internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) in the EMCV 5' NTR was determined by in vitro translation with RNAs that were generated by in vitro transcription of EMCV cDNAs containing serial deletions from either the 5' or 3' end of the EMCV 5' NTR. Regions downstream of nucleotide 403 and upstream of nucleotide 811 of EMCV were required for efficient translation. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that a stem-loop structure (400 nucleotides upstream of the initiation codon) was essential for IRES function. We discovered a 57-kD cellular protein whose specific interaction with this stem-loop appears to be prerequisite for IRES function. A A pyrimidine-rich stretch proximal to the initiation codon was also crucial for efficient translation of EMCV mRNA. We propose that ribosomes bind directly to the initiating AUG without scanning.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Jang
- Department of Microbiology, State University of New York, Stony Brook 11794
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40
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Abstract
The p53 gene is frequently mutated in a wide variety of human cancers. However, the role of the wild-type p53 gene in growth control is not known. Hybrid proteins that contain the DNA binding domain of yeast GAL4 and portions of p53 have been used to show that the p53 protein contains a transcription-activating sequence that functions in both yeast and mammalian cells. The NH2-terminal 73 residues of p53 activated transcription in mammalian cells as efficiently as the herpes virus protein VP16, which contains one of the strongest known activation domains. Combined with previous data that showed p53 is localized to the nucleus and can bind to DNA, these results support the idea that one function of p53 is to activate the transcription of genes that suppress cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fields
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, State University of New York, Stony Brook 11794
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41
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Jang SK, Pestova TV, Hellen CU, Witherell GW, Wimmer E. Cap-independent translation of picornavirus RNAs: structure and function of the internal ribosomal entry site. Enzyme 1990; 44:292-309. [PMID: 1966843 DOI: 10.1159/000468766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Picornaviruses are mammalian plus-strand RNA viruses whose genomes serve as mRNA. A study of the structure and function of these viral mRNAs has revealed differences among them in events leading to the initiation of protein synthesis. A large segment of the 5' nontranslated region, approximately 400 nucleotides in length, promotes 'internal' entry of ribosomes independent of the non-capped 5' end of the mRNA. This segment, which we have called the internal ribosome entry site (IRES), maps approximately 200 nt down-stream from the 5' end and is highly structured. IRES elements of different picornaviruses, although functionally similar in vitro and in vivo, are not identical in sequence or structure. However, IRES elements of the genera entero- and rhinoviruses, on the one hand, and cardio- and aphthoviruses, on the other hand, reveal similarities corresponding to phylogenetic kinship. All IRES elements contain a conserved Yn-Xm-AUG unit (Y, pyrimidine; X, nucleotide) which appears essential for IRES function. The IRES elements of cardio-, entero- and aphthoviruses bind a cellular protein, p57. In the case of cardioviruses, the interaction between a specific stem-loop of the IREs is essential for translation in vitro. The IRES elements of entero- and cardioviruses also bind the cellular protein, p52, but the significance of this interaction remains to be shown. The function of p57 or p52 in cellular metabolism is unknown. Since picornaviral IRES elements function in vivo in the absence of any viral gene products, we speculate that IRES-like elements may also occur in specific cellular mRNAs releasing them from cap-dependent translation. IRES elements are useful tools in the construction of high yield expression vectors, or for tagging cellular genetic elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Jang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, State University of New York, Stony Brook
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42
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Jang SK, Davies MV, Kaufman RJ, Wimmer E. Initiation of protein synthesis by internal entry of ribosomes into the 5' nontranslated region of encephalomyocarditis virus RNA in vivo. J Virol 1989; 63:1651-60. [PMID: 2538648 PMCID: PMC248413 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.63.4.1651-1660.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression vectors that yield mono-, di-, and tricistronic mRNAs upon transfection of COS-1 cells were used to assess the influence of the 5' nontranslated regions (5'NTRs) on translation of reporter genes. A segment of the 5'NTR of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) allowed translation of an adjacent downstream reporter gene (CAT) regardless of its position in the mRNAs. A deletion in the EMCV 5'NTR abolishes this effect. Poliovirus infection completely inhibits translation of the first cistron of a dicistronic mRNA that is preceded by the capped globin 5'NTR, whereas the second cistron preceded by the EMCV 5'NTR is still translated. We conclude that the EMCV 5'NTR contains an internal ribosomal entry site that allows cap-independent initiation of translation. mRNA containing the adenovirus tripartite leader is also resistant to inhibition of translation by poliovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Jang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, State University of New York, Stony Brook 11794-8621
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43
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Jang SK, Kräusslich HG, Nicklin MJ, Duke GM, Palmenberg AC, Wimmer E. A segment of the 5' nontranslated region of encephalomyocarditis virus RNA directs internal entry of ribosomes during in vitro translation. J Virol 1988; 62:2636-43. [PMID: 2839690 PMCID: PMC253694 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.62.8.2636-2643.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1025] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Picornavirus RNAs are uncapped messengers and have unusually long 5' nontranslated regions (5'NTRs) which contain many noninitiating AUG triplets. The translational efficiency of different picornavirus RNAs varies between different cell-free extracts and even in the same extract, such as micrococcal nuclease-treated rabbit reticulocyte lysates. The effect of the poliovirus 5'NTR on in vitro translation was compared with that of the 5'NTR of encephalomyocarditis virus by the use of synthetic mRNAs, micrococcal nuclease-treated HeLa cell extracts, and rabbit reticulocyte lysates. Artificial mono- and dicistronic mRNAs synthesized with T7 RNA polymerase were used to investigate whether the 5'NTR of encephalomyocarditis virus RNA contains a potential internal ribosomal entry site. The sequence between nucleotides 260 and 484 in the 5'NTR of encephalomyocarditis RNA was found to play a critical role in the efficient translation in both mono- and dicistronic mRNAs. Our data suggest that an internal ribosomal entry site resides in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Jang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, State University of New York, Stony Brook 11794-8621
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44
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Paul AV, Yang CF, Jang SK, Kuhn RJ, Tada H, Nicklin M, Kräusslich HG, Lee CK, Wimmer E. Molecular events leading to poliovirus genome replication. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 1987; 52:343-52. [PMID: 2841067 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.1987.052.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A V Paul
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, State University of New York, Stony Brook 11794
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