Assessment of Dialysis Adequacy Using Small Solute Clearance Indices among Twice versus Thrice Weekly Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Bangladesh

This observational study was carried out in the Department of Nephrology, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh from January 2020 to December 2020. A total of 179 patients were included in this study according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Informed written consent was taken from each patient. All patients were underwent detail history taking, thorough physical examination and relevant investigations. Data collection was conducted through a structured questionnaire. Collected data were analyzed using the statistical software SPSS 23.0. Mean age ±SD of the study patients was 47.06±14.1 with a majority in age group 41-50 years. Male predominance was observed with a male: female ratio of 2.19:1 and 68.7% male patients. Level of pre-dialysis, post-dialysis urea in the study population was 123.77±26.86mg/dl, 50.27±15.70mg/dl respectively and mean ±SD of Urea Reduction Ratio (URR) in hemodialysis (target >65.0%) was 67.2±1.9. Most of the 8 hours (two times) per week hemolysis patients could not achieve the target value of dialysis adequacy parameters. On the other hand, maximum people in 12 hours (three times) per week hemodialysis group achieved the target value of dialysis adequacy parameters. It is important to calculate Kt/V or URR and individualize the dialysis doses for each patient.

Identifying a Dose Constraint for the Parotid Ducts: Impact on Patient Reported Xerostomia and Comparison to Conventional Parotid Gland Mean Dose Sparing

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S)

(1) Identify a dose constraint for the parotid ducts to reduce patient reported xerostomia and compare effectiveness to QUANTEC constraint. (2) Determine if conventionally planned patients meet this constraint by using atlas-based duct segmentation.

MATERIALS/METHODS

(1) 38 patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) were treated prospectively on trial with MRI sialography guided parotid duct sparing radiation therapy (parotid duct sparing cohort). These patients were compared to a historical cohort of 89 similar patients treated with conventional parotid gland mean dose sparing for salivary gland dosimetry and patient reported xerostomia (PRO-CTCAE ≥ Moderate). (2) A contour atlas comprised of 24 patients with MRI sialograms was created. Atlas-based segmentation was generated on the remaining 14 patients with MRI sialograms to assess for contour accuracy. Atlas-based parotid duct contours were generated on 111 patients treated with conventional parotid gland mean dose sparing to facilitate a dosimetric comparison to the parotid duct sparing cohort.

RESULTS

(1) In the parotid duct sparing cohort, patients whose parotid ducts (bilateral) were planned for a mean dose <14 Gy reported significantly (p<0.01) lower rates of xerostomia compared to patients whose ducts were planned to receive >14 Gy (26% (5/19) versus 86% (12/14) at 6 months post-RT and 22% (4/18) versus 73% (8/11) at 12 months post-RT). This improvement compares favorably to the QUANTEC constraint of bilateral parotid glands < 25 Gy (see Table). (2) The atlas-based duct contours were found to have a mean distance-to-agreement of 5mm and an average absolute dose difference of 4.5 Gy compared to the MRI sialography defined duct contours. The average duct dose for those undergoing MRI sialography guided duct sparing was found to be 13.5 Gy compared to an estimated (via atlas-based segmentation) 22.3 Gy for those receiving conventional parotid gland mean dose sparing (p < 0.01). 20% (22/111) patients receiving conventional parotid gland mean dose sparing met the 14 Gy parotid duct constraint versus 60% of patients undergoing MRI sialography guided parotid duct sparing.

CONCLUSION

Parotid duct sparing (parotid duct dose <14 Gy) was both more effective (∼50% [76% to 26%] absolute xerostomia reduction at 6mo and ∼24% [46% to 22%] absolute xerostomia reduction at 12 mo) and more achievable (∼60% of patients vs ∼35% patients) than mean dose parotid gland sparing per QUANTEC constraint. Atlas-based segmentation estimated that MRI sialography guided parotid duct sparing reduced the parotid duct dose by 9 Gy and that only 20% of patients met the parotid duct dose constraint (<14 Gy) with conventional parotid gland mean dose sparing.

Assessing the Sustainability of Initiatives Aimed to Enhance Patient Safety Culture: A > 10-year Experience with Multifaceted Interventions

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S)

Culture is a key factor in maintaining high-quality care. We have instituted a series of mutually-reinforcing initiatives aimed to improve operations, and patient and staff safety. We herein review the impact of these initiatives on our Patient Safety Culture over 14 years. We hypothesize that these initiatives can lead to sustained improvements in Culture.

MATERIALS/METHODS

In ≈ 2009, our department, with help of dedicated quality improvement coaches from our internal Division of Healthcare Engineering (with knowledge of Lean-Six Sigma and High Reliability methods and tools), instituted (and largely sustained) initiatives aimed to improve our operations, and to improve patient/staff safety; including: (a) daily multidisciplinary team huddles, (b) daily pre-planning/treatment peer review, (c) a robust Incident Learning System, (d) weekly meetings to review reported incidents, (e) monthly department-wide meetings to review the highlights from the weekly incident review meetings, (f) celebration/recognitions for staff participation and (g) leader Gemba walks. Culture was quantitatively assessed via the AHRQ (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality) Patient Safety Culture Survey (with 51 questions) which was sent to the department every two years (2021 was skipped due to Covid). Changes in the summary survey results over time were assessed using 2-tailed chi-square.

RESULTS

Within 2-4 years of starting of our initiatives, there was an increase in the number of survey respondents, and an increase in the % of favorable responses (vs. pre-initiative data from 2009), for most comparisons (see Table with representative data). The % favorable responses plateaued in ≈ 2013-2015, and there was a non-significant decline in % favorable responses in later years (vs. the high scores in 2015).

CONCLUSION

A series of mutually reinforcing initiatives aimed to improve operations, and to improve patient/staff safety, can lead to improvements in Patient Safety Culture; and these improvements can be largely sustained over time. Some of the modest non-significant decline in later years may reflect staff changes, fatigue, increasing practice complexity, financial pressures, and/or Covid-related issues (in the 2022 survey). This speaks to the importance of maintaining quality/safety initiatives through transitions in leadership, staff and external stressors.

COVID-19 Induces Neuroinflammation and Suppresses Peroxisomes in the Brain

OBJECTIVE

Peroxisome injury occurs in the central nervous system (CNS) during multiple virus infections that result in neurological disabilities. We investigated host neuroimmune responses and peroxisome biogenesis factors during severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection using a multiplatform strategy.

METHODS

Brain tissues from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) (n = 12) and other disease control (ODC) (n = 12) patients, as well as primary human neural cells and Syrian hamsters, infected with a clinical variant of SARS-CoV-2, were investigated by droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR), quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-qPCR), and immunodetection methods.

RESULTS

SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in the CNS of 4 patients with COVID-19 with viral protein (NSP3 and spike) immunodetection in the brainstem. Olfactory bulb, brainstem, and cerebrum from patients with COVID-19 showed induction of pro-inflammatory transcripts (IL8, IL18, CXCL10, NOD2) and cytokines (GM-CSF and IL-18) compared to CNS tissues from ODC patients (p < 0.05). Peroxisome biogenesis factor transcripts (PEX3, PEX5L, PEX11β, and PEX14) and proteins (PEX3, PEX14, PMP70) were suppressed in the CNS of COVID-19 compared to ODC patients (p < 0.05). SARS-CoV-2 infection of hamsters revealed viral RNA detection in the olfactory bulb at days 4 and 7 post-infection while inflammatory gene expression was upregulated in the cerebrum of infected animals by day 14 post-infection (p < 0.05). Pex3 transcript levels together with catalase and PMP70 immunoreactivity were suppressed in the cerebrum of SARS-CoV-2 infected animals (p < 0.05).

INTERPRETATION

COVID-19 induced sustained neuroinflammatory responses with peroxisome biogenesis factor suppression despite limited brainstem SARS-CoV-2 neurotropism in humans. These observations offer insights into developing biomarkers and therapies, while also implicating persistent peroxisome dysfunction as a contributor to the neurological post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. ANN NEUROL 2023;94:531-546.

Antibacterial effect of kitchen herbs against pathogenic multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates from calf diarrhoea

Calf diarrhoea remains the biggest challenge both in the small and large farms. Infectious diarrhoea is associated with many pathogens, Escherichia coli being one, but majority are systematically treated with antibiotics. Since antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing menace, the need to find alternative prophylactic solutions using popular kitchen herbs such as Trachyspermum ammi (carom seeds), Curcuma longa (turmeric) and cinnamon (Cinnamomum sp.) extracts is been investigated against virulent form of E. coli isolated from calf diarrhoea. The virulence factors identified in these isolates were ST (32.5%), LT (20%), eaeA (15%), stx1 (2.5%) and stx2 (5%) with the occurrence of the most common serogroups as O18 (15%) followed by O111 (12.5%). Highest resistance was seen with beta lactam + beta lactamase inhibitor (amoxicillin/clavulanic acid) followed by beta lactams (ampicillin, cefuroxime and cefepime). The zone of inhibition due to cinnamon (methanol) and carom seed (ethanol) extracts (500 to 250 μg/mL concentration) on E. coli bacteria was >19 mm, respectively. Turmeric, cinnamon and carom had the potency of inhibiting the pathogenic E. coli which maybe suggestive of its use in calf diets as prophylaxis against diarrhoea.

Evaluation of transfer factors of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K radionuclides from soil to grass and mango in the northern region of Bangladesh

Bangladesh is a rapidly developing country, which is vulnerable to various types of pollution due to the large-scale industrial and associated human activities that might potentially affect the locally harvested foodstuffs. Therefore, the transfer factor is an essential tool to assess the safety of foodstuffs due to the presence of natural radioactivity in environmental matrix and/or strata. This is a first study of its kind conducted in a well-known region for mango farming in Bangladesh, measuring the uptake of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs) by grass and mango from soil to assess the ingestion doses to humans. The HPGe gamma-ray detector was used to determine the concentrations of NORMs in samples of soil (20), grass (10), and mango (10), which were then used to calculate the transfer factors of soil to grass and soil to mango. Average activity concentrations of ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, and ⁴⁰K in associated soil samples (47.27 ± 4.10, 64.49 ± 4.32, 421.60 ± 28.85) of mango and ²²⁶Ra and ²³²Th in associated soil samples (45.07 ± 3.93, 52.17 ± 3.95) of grass were found to exceed the world average values. The average transfer factors (TFs) for mango were obtained in the order of ⁴⁰K(0.80) > ²²⁶Ra (0.61) > ²³²Th (0.31), and for grass, it shows the order of ⁴⁰K (0.78) > ²³²Th (0.64) > ²²⁶Ra (0.56). However, a few values (3 mango samples and 3 grass samples) of the estimated TFs exceeded the recommended limits. Moreover, Bangladesh lacks the transfer factors for most of the food crops; therefore, calculation of TFs in the major agricultural products is required all over Bangladesh, especially the foodstuffs produced near the Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant, which is scheduled to be commissioned in 2023.

Effect of long-term caloric restriction on DNA methylation measures of biological aging in healthy adults from the CALERIE trial

The geroscience hypothesis proposes that therapy to slow or reverse molecular changes that occur with aging can delay or prevent multiple chronic diseases and extend healthy lifespan1-3. Caloric restriction (CR), defined as lessening caloric intake without depriving essential nutrients4, results in changes in molecular processes that have been associated with aging, including DNA methylation (DNAm)5-7, and is established to increase healthy lifespan in multiple species8,9. Here we report the results of a post hoc analysis of the influence of CR on DNAm measures of aging in blood samples from the Comprehensive Assessment of Long-term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy (CALERIE) trial, a randomized controlled trial in which n = 220 adults without obesity were randomized to 25% CR or ad libitum control diet for 2 yr (ref. 10). We found that CALERIE intervention slowed the pace of aging, as measured by the DunedinPACE DNAm algorithm, but did not lead to significant changes in biological age estimates measured by various DNAm clocks including PhenoAge and GrimAge. Treatment effect sizes were small. Nevertheless, modest slowing of the pace of aging can have profound effects on population health11-13. The finding that CR modified DunedinPACE in a randomized controlled trial supports the geroscience hypothesis, building on evidence from small and uncontrolled studies14-16 and contrasting with reports that biological aging may not be modifiable17. Ultimately, a conclusive test of the geroscience hypothesis will require trials with long-term follow-up to establish effects of intervention on primary healthy-aging endpoints, including incidence of chronic disease and mortality18-20.

Use of multimodality imaging, histology, and treatment feasibility to characterize a transgenic Rag2-null rat model of glioblastoma

Many drugs that show potential in animal models of glioblastoma (GBM) fail to translate to the clinic, contributing to a paucity of new therapeutic options. In addition, animal model development often includes histologic assessment, but multiparametric/multimodality imaging is rarely included despite increasing utilization in patient cancer management. This study developed an intracranial recurrent, drug-resistant, human-derived glioblastoma tumor in Sprague-Dawley Rag2-Rag2 ^tm1Hera knockout rat and was characterized both histologically and using multiparametric/multimodality neuroimaging. Hybrid ¹⁸F-fluoroethyltyrosine positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, including chemical exchange saturation transfer (¹⁸F-FET PET/CEST MRI), was performed for full tumor viability determination and characterization. Histological analysis demonstrated human-like GBM features of the intracranially implanted tumor, with rapid tumor cell proliferation (Ki67 positivity: 30.5 ± 7.8%) and neovascular heterogeneity (von Willebrand factor VIII:1.8 to 5.0% positivity). Early serial MRI followed by simultaneous ¹⁸F-FET PET/CEST MRI demonstrated consistent, predictable tumor growth, with exponential tumor growth most evident between days 35 and 49 post-implantation. In a second, larger cohort of rats, ¹⁸F-FET PET/CEST MRI was performed in mature tumors (day 49 post-implantation) for biomarker determination, followed by evaluation of single and combination therapy as part of the model development and validation. The mean percentage of the injected dose per mL of ¹⁸F-FET PET correlated with the mean %CEST (r = 0.67, P < 0.05), but there was also a qualitative difference in hot spot location within the tumor, indicating complementary information regarding the tumor cell demand for amino acids and tumor intracellular mobile phase protein levels. Finally, the use of this glioblastoma animal model for therapy assessment was validated by its increased overall survival after treatment with combination therapy (temozolomide and idasanutlin) (P < 0.001). Our findings hold promise for a more accurate tumor viability determination and novel therapy assessment in vivo in a recently developed, reproducible, intracranial, PDX GBM.

Abstract 1661: Development of a patient-derived glioblastoma model in the transgenic Rag2 Null rat: In vivo imaging, histology, and combination therapy assessment

An important obstacle to translating promising drug treatments against glioblastoma (GBM) to the clinic is lack of resistant GBM animal models that more accurately parallel the clinical course of GBM drug resistance found in patients.

In this project, a recurrent patient derived intracranial GBM tumor model (GB10) was developed for the first time in the novel Rag2 Null transgenic rat to establish a reproducible preclinical brain tumor model. Histologic characterization confirmed markers of high nuclear proliferation (30% Ki67) and presence of neovascularity (3% Von Willebrand Factor VIII) in all tumors. Serial in vivo imaging was performed to determine a clinically relevant late stage of tumor across all rats before initiation of treatment, accounting for heterogeneity of tumor size and growth rate characteristics. Overall survival was measured following oral administration of control, Temozolomide (TMZ), or combination therapy with TMZ and Idasanutlin.

Eighteen Rag2 Null rats were intracranially implanted with GB10, a well characterized, recurrent cell line from the Mayo Clinic Brain Tumor Patient-Derived Xenograft National Resource. Bi-weekly high resolution, 2-dimensional T2 magnetic resonance imaging (2DT2 MRI) was performed on a Bruker 9.4 tesla scanner until tumor volume reached 30 µL. 14 days later, simultaneous positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (PET MRI) was performed on each rat with three dimensional T1 post-contrast (3DT1 CE), amino acid-based 18F-Flouroethyltyrosine (18F-FET), and amide proton transfer-chemical exchange saturation transfer (amide-CEST). Measured tumor parameters included volumetry (3DT1 CE), metabolic activity (18F-FET), and mobile phase intracellular protein content (amide-CEST), to confirm late-stage viable tumors of similar size (15.3 mm^2 +/-1.38 based on SEM, N=16) and metabolism (2:1 ratio of activity of tumor relative to contralateral control brain tissue). Two rats were removed: 1 died prematurely of infection and 1 had extra-axial tumor location.

Oral treatment groups were as follows: Control (N= 5), TMZ (N=6) or TMZ + Idasanutlin (N=5). Kaplan Meier survival curves for the TMZ treated group (80.2+/-4.1 days) and combined TMZ + Idasanutlin group (93.8+/-6.2 days) were both significantly increased (P&lt;0.001) compared to control (67.4+/-4.5 days). Survival for the TMZ + Idasanutlin treated group was also significantly increased (P&lt;0.001) relative to TMZ treated group indicating efficacy of combination therapy.

In conclusion, a robust, resistant, patient derived GBM animal model was developed using serial, high field, non-invasive, multimodality, molecular imaging along with histopathologic analysis. Feasibility of assessing treatment response was also demonstrated with both a standard of care and experimental combination therapy, in the late stage of GBM growth.

Citation Format: Luke R. Jackson, Megan R. Masi, Hamideh zarrinmayeh, Sudip K. Das, Mark A. Green, Scott E. Snyder, Nian Wang, Karen Pollok, Gary D. Hutchins, Elizabeth R. Butch, Michael C. Veronesi. Development of a patient-derived glioblastoma model in the transgenic Rag2 Null rat: In vivo imaging, histology, and combination therapy assessment [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 1661.

Pattern of Glomerular Disease in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Bangladesh

Glomerular disease is one of the most important causes of chronic kidney disease in developing countries like Bangladesh as well as the whole world. The pattern of glomerular disease varies in different countries and can have different clinical presentations. The aim of the study was to analyze the clinical profile and to determine the histological pattern of glomerular diseases in a large tertiary care hospital in Bangladesh. All kidney biopsies performed in Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh from October 2018 to March 2020 were prospectively analyzed in the study. A total of 101 patients with kidney biopsy were examined by clinical and laboratory findings and by light and immuno-fluorescence microscopy. The mean age was 30.0±14.6 years and 50(49.5%) were male and 51(50.5%) were female with a male to female ratio of 1:1. The clinical syndromes namely nephrotic syndrome, nephritic syndrome, nephrito-nephrotic presentation, RPGN like presentation, macroscopic haematuria and asymptomatic urine abnormality were present in 31.7%, 34.5%, 22.8%, 11.9%, 19.8% and 10.9% patients respectively. The most common histological varieties found in the study were mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis (MesPGN) (18.8%) and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) (18.8%). Other histopathological pattern among the studied subjects revealed minimal change disease (MCD) in 5.9%, membranous nephropathy (MN) in 7.9%, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) in 16.8%, IgA nephropathy in 5%, IgM nephropathy in 2%, IgG nephropathy in 2%, diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis (DPGN) in 1%, focal proliferative glomerulo-nephritis (FPGN) in 3%, crescentic GN in 3%, lupus nephritis (LN) in 13.9%, amyloidosis in 1% and fibrillary glomerulopathy in 1% patient. The pattern of glomerular disease found in this study was similar to other studies performed in Bangladesh with a little variation. It may guide the future researchers to establish a national kidney biopsy registry in Bangladesh.

Do children in India grow well into adolescents? Longitudinal analysis of growth transitions from Young Lives panel survey in India

OBJECTIVES

Studies that examined the growth during late childhood and early adolescence beyond 8 years of age are very limited. Further, most studies have used dichotomized classification of stunting, thereby limiting the understanding of moderate stunting in childhood growth trajectory. We aimed to examine the course of stunting from childhood to adolescence by undertaking robust analyses of the Young Lives Survey (YLS) longitudinal data from India using multilevel categorization of stunting.

STUDY DESIGN

Retrospective cohort analysis was undertaken from YLS in India among 1827 children from the younger cohort born in 2001-02 with complete follow-up data in all five rounds of YLS collected in 2002, 2006, 2009, 2013, and 2016.

METHODS

A three-state multistate Markov model (not stunted, moderate, severe) was performed to estimate annual transition probabilities, mean sojourn-time, and transition-specific risk factors.

RESULTS

Between Round-one and Round-five, cross-sectional prevalence of severe stunting decreased from 10.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 7.8%, 13.7%) to 5.3% (95% CI: 3.8%, 7.3%), while moderate stunting increased from 19.9% (95% CI: 16.3%,23.9%) to 21.7% (95% CI: 18.4%, 24.9%). Mean Sojourn time estimation indicated a relatively concise state for moderate stunting. The stunting trajectory had shown gender differential where more faltering to severe stunting and lower recovery to the normal state was observed among girls between 8 and 12 years and among boys between 12 and 15 years. Compared with boys, girls had 40% excess likelihood (Hazard Ratio: 1.40; 95% CI 1.00 to 1.95) for moderate-to-severe stunting transition and also had 19% excess likelihood (Hazard Ratio: 1.19; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.40) of favorable transition (moderate-to-non-stunted).

CONCLUSIONS

The transition trajectory highlights preadolescence, especially among girls, as an additional window of opportunity to ensure better nutrition in adolescent life. With a fifth of adolescents living in India, study findings call for coordinated, multisectoral, age-appropriate, and gender-responsive approach to take India closer to meeting SDG-2.

Open Label Randomized Controlled Comparison of Three Alternative Regimes of Ciprofloxacin, Azithromycin and Cefixime for Treatment of Uncomplicated Typhoid Fever in Bangladesh

Multi-drug resistant Typhoid fever (resistant to previously used chloramphenicol, ampicillin, amoxicillin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) has been commonly described in the South East Asia region and a recent report suggests that the salmonella typhi have reduced response to fluoroquinolones (nalidixic acid-resistant). The optimum treatment protocol for this type of serovar has not been established. This study compared different antimicrobial regimens for the treatment of uncomplicated typhoid fever which was conducted in the medicine ward of Dhaka Medical College Hospital (DMCH) and outdoor setting in private practice in Dhaka metropolitan city, Mymensingh and Sylhet town from January 2017 to December 2017. Bangladeshi adults with uncomplicated typhoid fever were included in this an open-label randomized controlled trial. Ciprofloxacin (20mg/kg of body weight/day for 14 days), azithromycin (20mg/kg/day for 14 days), and Cefixime (16mg/kg/day for 14 days) were compared. Of the 81 enrolled patients, 62 were eligible for analysis (61 S. enterica serovar Typhi, 1 Salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi A). Of the S enterica serovar Typhi isolates, 88.7% (55/62) were MDR and 93.5% (58/62) were nalidixic acid resistant (NAR). The clinical cure rate was 62% (13/21) with ciprofloxacin, 71% (15/21) with Cefixime, and 85% (17/20) with azithromycin (p=0.053). The mean (95% confidence interval [CI]) fever clearance time for patients treated with azithromycin (5.8 days [5.1 to 6.5 days]) was shorter than that for patients treated with cefixime (7.1 days [6.2 to 8.1 days]) and ciprofloxacin (8.2 days [7.2 to 9.2 days]) (p<0.001). All three antibiotics were well tolerated. A 7-day course of azithromycin can be successfully used in uncomplicated typhoid fever due to isolates of MDR S enterica serovar Typhi.

Aerosolized In Vivo 3D Localization of Nose-to-Brain Nanocarrier Delivery Using Multimodality Neuroimaging in a Rat Model-Protocol Development

The fate of intranasal aerosolized radiolabeled polymeric micellar nanoparticles (LPNPs) was tracked with positron emission tomography/computer tomography (PET/CT) imaging in a rat model to measure nose-to-brain delivery. A quantitative temporal and spatial testing protocol for new radio-nanotheranostic agents was sought in vivo. LPNPs labeled with a zirconium 89 (⁸⁹Zr) PET tracer were administered via intranasal or intravenous delivery, followed by serial PET/CT imaging. After 2 h of continuous imaging, the animals were sacrificed, and the brain substructures (olfactory bulb, forebrain, and brainstem) were isolated. The activity in each brain region was measured for comparison with the corresponding PET/CT region of interest via activity measurements. Serial imaging of the LPNPs (100 nm PLA–PEG–DSPE+⁸⁹Zr) delivered intranasally via nasal tubing demonstrated increased activity in the brain after 1 and 2 h following intranasal drug delivery (INDD) compared to intravenous administration, which correlated with ex vivo gamma counting and autoradiography. Although assessment of delivery from nose to brain is a promising approach, the technology has several limitations that require further development. An experimental protocol for aerosolized intranasal delivery is presented herein, which may provide a platform for better targeting the olfactory epithelium.

Seasonal variation in photosynthetic rates and satellite-based GPP estimation over mangrove forest

In view of increasing anthropogenic influences and global changes, quantification of carbon assimilation through photosynthesis has gained tremendous significance. Precise estimation of Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) is essential for several ecosystem models and is typically done using coarser scale satellite data. The mangrove ecosystem, which offers significant protection to the coastal environment, is one of the critical habitats from a global change point of view. Light use efficiency (LUE) was measured using diurnal in situ photosynthetic rate observations for 13 dominant mangrove species for 3 seasons at each of the three mangrove dominant test-sites situated along the east and west coast of India. Variations in photosynthetic rates among these species were studied for 3 seasons that indicated varying responses of mangrove ecosystem at each site. Among all species, Rhizophora mucronata and Sonneratia apetala indicated higher values at two of the test-sites. IRS Resourcesat-2 LISS-IV datasets were used for the estimation of GPP. Mean GPP for all the sites varied from 1.2 to 7.7 g C m^-2 day^-1 with maximum value of 14.4 g C m^-2 day^-1. Mean values of GPP varied across the sites, based on its maximum LUE values and available photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). The results provide GPP values at much better spatial resolution for a threatened habitat like mangroves that typically survive in a narrow habitat along the coasts.

Correlation of eGFR By MDRD and CKD-EPI Formula with Creatinine Clearance Estimation in CKD Patients and Healthy Subjects

This cross sectional comparative study was conducted in the Nephrology and Medicine outdoor and in-patients department of Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh from April 2014 to March 2015. A total of 100 patients with CKD and 100 healthy subjects were included in the study. Data were collected by interview of the patients, clinical examination and laboratory investigations using a semi-structured case record form. Among all subjects, 50.0% had no CKD and 50.0% patients had CKD: Stage 3 CKD were 8.5%, CKD Stage 4 CKD were 21.0%, CKD Stage 5 CKD were 20.5%. Serum creatinine was 4.32±3.08mg/dl in patients with CKD and 1.00±0.22mg/dl was in healthy subjects. Mean±SD of CCR/ml/min was found 17.67±11.63ml/min in patients with CKD and 79.31±13.31ml/min was found in healthy subjects. On the other hand, Mean±SD CCCR/ml/m/1.73m² was found 19.79±12.85 ml/m/1.73m² in patient with CKD and healthy subjects had 83.83±13.33 ml/m/1.73m². Urinary creatinine was 45.59±15.63 & 57.66±11.45mg/dl respectively. CKD-EPI eGFR was 22.10±15.02 & 90.61±23.27ml/m/1.73m²; MDRD eGFR was 22.15±14.18 & 89.35±26.19 ml/m/1.73m² respectively. Difference between all the variables between CKD group and healthy group was found statistically significant (p<0.001). CKD-EPIeGFR and MDRDeGFR were increased both in CKD patients and healthy subjects in respect to CCR and CCCR. There was a strong positive correlation between CCCR (ml/m/1.73m2) and CKD-EPI (ml/m/1.73m²) among all patients (r=0.934 and p<0.001) and also a positive correlation of CCCR with MDRD among all patients (r=0.913 and p<0.001). A positive correlation of CCCR was found with CKD-EPIeGFR among CKD patients (r=0.848 and p<0.001). A positive correlation of CCCR was also found with MDRDeGFR among CKD patients (r=0.841, p<0.001). There are positive correlations between CCCR and CKD/EPI among healthy subjects (r=0.616 and p<0.05) and between CCCR with MDRD among healthy subjects (r=0.568 and p<0.05). Various formulae were used to calculate GFR on the basis of serum creatinine levels. The Overall correlation of population (healthy and CKD patients) between CCCR and CKD EPI and MDRD formula was (r=0.93 and 0.91) respectively, among CKD patients it was (r=0.848 and r=0.841) in healthy subjects it was (r=0.616 and r=0.568) respectively. CKD EPI eGFR and MDRD eGFR formula had fairly good correlation with conventional 24 hours creatinine clearance in both CKD patient and healthy subjects, there was even more strong correlation especially in CKD patients. The performance of CKD-EPI equation is better than MDRD equation to estimate the eGFR in both CKD patients and healthy subjects.

Pathodynamics of Circulating Strains of Duck Enteritis Virus: A Step Forward to Understand Its Pathogenesis

Duck enteritis virus (DEV) causes an acute and contagious infection in duck. The present study was carried out to evaluate the pathogenicity and pathodynamics of DEV isolates from different natural outbreaks in the Assam Province of India. A total of six wild-type isolates of DEV were revived in ducklings to determine its biologic characterization. Postmortem examination of infected ducklings revealed DEV-specific gross lesions in different organs. The presence of DEV was confirmed by its genome amplification and the presence of viral antigens from collected tissue samples by indirect fluorescent antibody test. All the isolates revived in ducklings were further propagated in duck embryo fibroblast cells. Highly virulent and low virulent isolates of DEV were selected for further study based on median duck infectivity dose (DID₅₀) and median tissue culture infectivity dose (TCID₅₀). The highly virulent isolate of DEV had values of 10² DID₅₀/ml and 10^6.33 TCID₅₀/ml, whereas the low virulent strain had titers of 10 DID₅₀/ml and 10^4.83 TCID₅₀/ml in the cell culture. Our results showed replication of DEV in ducks with the highest and lowest viral titers in the thymus and bursa of Fabricius, respectively. In addition, microscopic analysis revealed necrosis and degeneration of submucosal esophageal glands and glandular epithelium. The study will be useful to understand the organ tropism and pathologic alteration among the virulent DEV isolates.

Polymeric micelles for anticancer drug delivery

Polymeric micelles have gained interest as novel drug delivery systems for the treatment and diagnosis of cancer, as they offer several advantages over conventional drug therapies. This includes drug targeting to tumor tissue, in vivo biocompatibility and biodegradability, prolonged circulation time, enhanced accumulation, retention of the drug loaded micelle in the tumor and decreased side effects. This article provides an overview on the current state of micellar formulations as nanocarriers for anticancer drugs and their effectiveness in cancer therapeutics, including their clinical status. The type of copolymers used, their physicochemical properties and characterization as well as recent developments in the design of functional polymeric micelles are highlighted. The article also presents the design and outcomes of various types of stimuli-responsive polymeric micelles.

Prevalence of Subclinical Hypothyroidism in Hospitalized Pre-dialysis Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

Among general population sub-clinical primary hypothyroidism is common. The cross sectional descriptive type of observational study was conducted in medicine and allied wards in Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from January 2010 to December 2010; among 230 purposively selected hospitalized pre-dialysis patients with chronic kidney disease. The purpose of the study was to find out the prevalence of sub-clinical hypothyroidism in hospitalized pre-dialysis patients with chronic kidney disease. Data were collected from the patients using a case record form by face to face interview, clinical examination and laboratory investigations. The collected data were entered into SPSS version 20.0 and analyzed accordingly. Mean age of the patients was 47.2 years with a SD of ±2.05 years. Maximum patients were male with a male female ratio of 5:1. A significant number of patients were smoker- 11.8% of sub-clinical hypothyroidism group and 13.6% of euthyroid group. Among the patients 40 (17.40%) had sub-clinical hypothyroidism while the majority 190 (82.60%) did not have it. Estimated prevalence of sub-clinical hypothyroidism in hospitalized pre-dialysis patients with chronic kidney disease was 17.40%. Co-morbidities found in the patients were hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic glomerulonephritis and obstructive uropathy. All the patients (40, 100.0%) with sub-clinical hypothyroidism were hypertensive. On the other hand, 184 (97.1%) patients without sub-clinical hypothyroidism were hypertensive. Presence of co-morbidities in patients with sub-clinical hypothyroidism did not differ significantly (p>0.05) from patients without sub-clinical hypothyroidism. Patients in group with sub-clinical hypothyroidism were more over weight in comparison to patients without sub-clinical hypothyroidism (p<0.05). Biochemical parameters of patients with sub-clinical hypothyroidism differed significantly (p<0.05) from those of patients without sub-clinical hypothyroidism. There was no significant difference between urinary albumin of two groups of patients (p>0.05). Stage 4 CKD patients were more in sub-clinical hypothyroidism group in comparison to euthyroid group. As this study may not reflect the actual picture, further large scale multi-centric study is recommended to explore the real situation of sub-clinical hypothyroidism in patients with chronic kidney disease.

Comparison of Serum Amylase and Lipase Levels between Predialysis and Maintenance Haemodialysis CKD Patients

This cross sectional study was done to compare serum levels of amylase and lipase between predialysis and maintenance haemodialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and also to find out their relationship between degrees of renal impairment in Mymensingh Medical College Hospital and National Institute of Kidney Diseases and Urology, Dhaka, Bangladesh from May 2016 to April 2017. A total of 80 patients were included purposively as study subjects and made into two groups namely predialysis CKD group comprising 50 patients and other as maintenance haemodialysis group comprising of 30 patients. Among the predialysis group majority of the CKD was caused by glomerulonephritis (48%) followed by diabetes (26%), HTN (2%) and large portion undiagnosed (24%) whereas in the haemodialysis group ESRD was caused by diabetes (46%) followed by glomerulonephritis (16%), HTN (13%) and undiagnosed (23%). This study showed that mean serum amylase (158±718U/L vs. 111±41U/L) did not significantly differ between study groups except being above reference level but serum lipase (739±888U/L vs. 434±214U/L) was significantly higher in the predialysis group. There was a correlation between rising serum creatinine with serum amylase and lipase.

Electrophoretic profile of seminal proteins and their correlation with in vitro sperm characters in Black Bengal buck semen

Aim:

This study aimed to study the electrophoretic properties of seminal plasma and sperm proteins of Black Bengal buck semen and their correlation with in vitro sperm characters and freezability.

Materials and Methods:

Semen ejaculates from nine Black Bengal bucks were collected by artificial vagina (n=20/buck). Ejaculates were evaluated for in vitro sperm characters and electrophoretic profile of seminal protein. In vitro sperm characters were evaluated immediately after collection, after completion of equilibration period, and after freeze-thawing. For seminal protein studies, seminal plasma proteins were precipitated by ice-cold ethanol method, and sperm proteins were extracted by Triton X detergent extraction method. Discontinuous sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was performed to assess the molecular weight of seminal proteins. Correlation between in vitro sperm characters and protein bands was determined by Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and two-way ANOVA was applied to find the individual buck differences.

Results:

Significant difference (p<0.01) among the bucks was noticed in the in vitro sperm characters evaluated at all the three stages of semen evaluation such as immediately after collection, after completion of equilibration period, and post-freeze thawing. Progressive loss of sperm motility, membrane integrity, and other in vitro sperm characters were noticed during cryopreservation. A total of ten protein bands in the molecular weight ranging from 17 to 180 kDa were found in the SDS-PAGE of seminal plasma proteins, while nine bands of 17-134 kDa were observed in sperm proteins. Seminal plasma proteins of molecular weight 75, 62-49, 20, and 17 kDa and sperm proteins of 75, 20, and 17 kDa were present in all the nine bucks (100%) screened, and variation among the bucks was noticed for the presence of other proteins. Seminal plasma protein of 180-134 kDa showed a negative correlation with individual motility (−0.716) and functional membrane integrity of sperm cells (−0.724) in post-freeze–thaw analysis and 48 kDa protein had a positive correlation with individual motility (0.649) and functional membrane integrity of sperm cells (0.664) in post-thaw analysis. Sperm proteins of 63 kDa had a negative correlation (−0.616) with sperm concentration in neat semen.

Conclusion:

Variation among the bucks was noticed in the in vitro sperm characters and semen freezability. Correlation between seminal proteins and in vitro sperm characters and semen freezability had been found which might be useful as a tool to select breeding bucks.

A Dose Ranging Study to Evaluate Dermatan Sulphate in Preventing Deep Vein Thrombosis following Total Hip Arthroplasty

Dermatan sulphate catalyses thrombin inhibition by heparin cofactor II; it has a lower haemorrhagic to antithrombotic ratio than that of heparin in animal models. Consecutive patients aged forty years or more, electively undergoing total hip replacement under general anaesthesia, were randomly allocated to one of three dosage regimens of dermatan sulphate (MF701, Mediolanum Farmaceutici) given intramuscularly. These were 200 mg once daily (n = 50), 200 mg twice daily (n = 52) and 300 mg twice daily (n = 51), administered from twenty-four hours pre-operatively until the tenth postoperative day. The overall incidence of DVT assessed by bilateral venography was 53%, 51% and 34% respectively (Chi-square test for trend p = 0.06). The incidence of major proximal DVT was 10.6%, 8.5% and 2.1% respectively. Pulmonary embolism (PE) and bleeding were assessed in all 153 patients. There was one case of PE in each dose group. The incidence of bleeding episodes, volume of blood lost and blood transfusion requirements were low and showed no increase with increasing dose. The patients were followed up 4-8 weeks after discharge.

We conclude that the two lower doses were subtherapeutic in this population, however dermatan sulphate given 300 mg twice daily, proved to be efficacious with an incidence of proximal major DVT of 2.1% and a low incidence of bleeding complications. A trial of dermatan sulphate 300 mg twice daily compared to standard prophylactic agents is needed.

Prevalence of Microalbuminuria and Overt Proteinuria in Diabetes Mellitus and their Association with Renal Function

This cross sectional observational study was conducted in the Department of Nephrology, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from April 2009 to March 2010. Samples were collectedfrom rural area of Khalishaur union of Purbadhala upazilla in Netrakona District, 30km away from Mymensingh Town. The main objective of the study was to find out the prevalence of microalbuminuria as well as overt proteinuria in diabetes mellitus in a rural population and to observe their association with renal function. In this study 1048 adult participants of 18 to 65 years in a rural area of Netrakona were included purposively as study subjects. Among them 54% were male and 46% were female. Mean age of study subjects was 42.4±13.4 years. Prevalence of microalbuminuria among diabetic participants was 29.72% where as in non diabetic non hypertensive participants it was 6.62%. Diabetic persons 9.45% and 3.9% of non diabetic participants showed overt proteinuria by dipstick test. Prevalence of hypertension in diabetic and non diabetic participants was 45.94% and 16.52% respectively. The mean eCCr of the diabetic patients and non-microalbuminuric healthy persons was 78.4±25.4 ml/min/1.73m² and 94.67±24.8 ml/min/l.73m² respectively according to Cock Croft-Gault equation. The mean eCCr of diabetic participants with overt proteinuria was 57.44±28.33 ml/min/l.73m² but diabetic patients with microalbuminuria had better mean eCCr 80.62±21.17 ml/min/1.73m² which justifies the importance of detection of microalbuminuria for early intervention. By regression analysis it was found that degree of microalbuminuria had linear relation with renal function and random blood sugar level. Neither BMI nor duration of diabetes showed any correlation with urine microalbumin. There was no effect of sex on the prevalence of microalbuminuria in diabetes mellitus. Microalbuminuria is the first sign of renal involvement in diabetic patients which is a risk factor for overt nephropathy. Monitoring of this condition is important because early treatment of microalbuminuria can prevent or postpone overt nephropathy.

Abstract 3711: Smart therapy: Using CCND1-targeted siRNA-loaded liposomes to sensitize mantle cell lymphoma cells to cisplatin

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is the most aggressive subtype of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, due to its refractory nature and high relapse rate. It is characterized by the aberrant overexpression of the cell cycle regulatory oncogene, cyclin D1 (CCND1), which occurs as a result of a t (11; 14) chromosomal translocation event, the initiating lesion for MCL tumorigenesis. Current therapy includes a series of different chemotherapy regimens often involving a combination of at least four drugs, but there is no gold standard combination treatment regimen. One of the most commonly used drugs in combination treatment is the chemotherapeutic agent, cisplatin. High concentrations of cisplatin in the body cause nausea, vomiting, loss of taste and, more severely, nephrotoxicity. A commonly used approach to reduce the concentration of a chemotherapeutic agent is to use it in combination with a molecular targeting agent. Since cyclin D1 is overexpressed in MCL, we hypothesize that knocking down CCND1 by using siRNA will sensitize MCL cells to cisplatin. We developed CCND1 primers to detect reduction in CCND1 mRNA levels after RNAi using PCR. The greatest challenge against siRNA delivery is its poor stability in vivo and low efficacy of transfection into tumor cells. Our objective is to formulate a dosage form that could be practically adapted in a clinical setting in the future. We developed a liposome formulation that uses a balanced ratio of neutral and cationic lipids to serve as a carrier for the siRNA and improves delivery to tumor cells. Our CCND1 siRNA and control siRNA-loaded liposomes have an average particle size below 150 nm and an overall cationic charge less than 30V. These characteristics are important for the trafficking of the liposome carrier in vivo and its eventual uptake into tumor tissue. Fluorescence assays were used to detect and quantify the amounts of siRNA bound to the liposome. We determined the effect of the liposomes in combination with cisplatin on MCL cell viability using a colorimetric MTT assay. The novel CCND1 siRNA-loaded liposome combined with cisplatin was found to show a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability and was more potent than either CCND1 siRNA liposomes or cisplatin alone (p&lt;0.05). In conclusion, our preliminary studies indicate a potential advantage of using smart therapy by co-administering cisplatin with CCND1 siRNA-loaded liposomes.

Citation Format: Tanvi N. Gandhi, Chioniso P. Masamha, Sudip K. Das, Nandita G. Das. Smart therapy: Using CCND1-targeted siRNA-loaded liposomes to sensitize mantle cell lymphoma cells to cisplatin [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3711.

Abstract 4662: Comparing 2D and 3D culture models for in vitro therapeutic screening of paclitaxel loaded micelles co-administered with iRGD peptide

Clinical efficacy of paclitaxel, a potent chemotherapeutic agent, is limited by its nonspecificity that leads to toxic side effects. Polymeric micellar formulations of paclitaxel were designed with the long term goals of decreasing toxicity by tumor targeting, increasing circulation time, and enhancing permeability and retention in solid tumors. Biodegradable amphiphilic block copolymers that self assemble into micelles were used to entrap hydrophobic paclitaxel in the core. Traditional 2D cell culture models are standard for cytotoxicity assays. However, they lack the diffusion gradient and cell to cell interactions present in solid tumors which 3D multicellular tumor spheroids are capable of providing. We evaluated the in vitro cytotoxicity of polymeric micelles entrapping paclitaxel in 3D multicellular tumor spheroids of triple negative breast cancer cells and compared it with the standard 2D model. We added the cell penetrating iRGD peptide with the expectation that the iRGD peptide will increase the cellular uptake of the paclitaxel micelles. Particle uptake is enhanced due to the interaction of the iRGD peptide with the highly expressed integrin receptor on the cell surface, followed by neuropilin receptor binding which mediates an active transport system for deep tumor permeation. Paclitaxel loaded micelles were prepared and the drug content was analyzed. The cytotoxicity of the micellar paclitaxel nanocarrier system was studied in both the 2D and 3D cell culture models. Micellar paclitaxel induced cytotoxicity was significantly higher than free paclitaxel for the same concentrations of paclitaxel. Furthermore, a synergistic growth inhibitory response was observed upon coadministration of iRGD compared to treatment with the paclitaxel loaded nanocarriers on their own. Significantly higher concentration of the drug was needed in the 3D cultures to achieve comparable levels of cytotoxicity to the 2D cell culture models. This suggested that multicellular tumor spheroids exhibit higher resistance to anticancer drugs, supporting the fact that 3D culture is the better model to study in vitro cytotoxicity and likely to produce biorelevant data.

Citation Format: Nayela N. Chowdhury, Nandita G. Das, Sudip K. Das. Comparing 2D and 3D culture models for in vitro therapeutic screening of paclitaxel loaded micelles co-administered with iRGD peptide [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4662.

Virulence gene profiling of porcine Pasteurella multocida isolates of Assam

Aim:

The present study was conducted to detect and identify the virulence genes in Pasteurella multocida isolates of porcine origin from Assam.

Materials and Methods:

A total of 21 porcine P. multocida isolates were subjected to capsular typing and detection of virulence-associated genes (pfhA, tbpA, hgbB, toxA, oma87, ompH, and nanB) using various polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods reported elsewhere. Further, pathogenicity of the porcine isolates of P. multocida was studied in mice. For each strain of P. multocida selected for pathogenicity trial, the group of mice was injected intraperitoneally (i/p) with 0.1 ml of the inoculum prepared from respective field isolates, containing 10⁹ organisms per ml.

Results:

Capsular typing of the isolates by multiplex PCR showed two capsular types, type A (66.66%) and type D (33.33%). All the isolates were positive for outer membrane protein genes, oma87 and ompH genes. Iron acquisition genes, tbpA and hgbB, were detected in 14.28% and 19.04% of the isolates. The dermonecrotoxin encoding gene, toxA, was present in 23.80% of the isolates. Filamentous hemagglutinin encoding gene, pfhA, was detected in 28.57%. The virulence gene distribution pattern of the isolates indicates the important role of the genes in disease pathogenesis.

Conclusion:

From the present study, it can be concluded that toxA gene is an important marker gene for defining the pathogenic potential of P. multocida strains in swine.

Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with Acute Viral Hepatitis: A Study in a Tertiary Care Hospital

This cross sectional observational study was done in the Department of Medicine, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital (MMCH), Mymensingh, Bangladesh from May 2013 to April 2014 to find out the proportion of acute kidney injury among patients with acute viral hepatitis and to identify risk factors associated with development of acute kidney injury (AKI). A total of 100 patients with acute viral hepatitis were included purposively as study subjects. Among them 61 were male and 39 were female. They were divided into AKI group (n=6) and non-AKI group (n=94) on the basis of development of AKI. There was no significant difference in mean age (39.0±13.1 years vs. 32.2±10.8 years, p=0.335) and sex (67% vs. 61% & 33.0% vs. 39.0%) p=0.769) between AKI group and non-AKI group. There were 27% acute viral hepatitis A, 21% acute viral hepatitis B and 52% acute viral hepatitis E but no case of acute viral hepatitis C was found in this study. Acute kidney injury (AKI) developed in 6 of 27 patients with acute viral hepatitis A. This study showed that 22.2% patients with acute viral hepatitis A developed acute kidney injury but patients with acute viral hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis E (HEV) did not develop acute kidney injury. Majority of the patients with acute kidney injury were smokers and hypertensive with elevated mean arterial pressure (p=0.0001) at presentation and had higher total bilirubin (p=0.0001), alanine aminotranseferase values (p=0.040), prolonged prothrombin time (INR) {p=0.0001}, lower albumin (p=0.0001), lower haematocrit level (p=0.0001), high CRP concentration (p=0.0001), leucocytosis (p=0.0001) and thrombocytopenia (p=0.0001) at presentation than patients without acute kidney injury. It is evident from the study that acute kidney injury is not a rare complication in patients with acute viral hepatitis.

Incidence of elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus in Asian elephants in India

Elephant endotheliotropic herpesviruses (EEHVs) are the cause of acute hemorrhagic disease in endangered Asian and African elephants. In the present study, we report the incidence of EEHV infection and associated mortality in the captive elephant of Assam, India. Our result showed the gross morphology and histopathological changes of EEHV infection in the elephant. Moreover, the phylogenetic analysis of the polymerase, helicase, and GPCR genes from the infected tissue samples suggested the presence of EEHV1A virus.

Outcome of Pregnancy Related Acute Kidney Injury Observed in a Tertiary Care Hospital

This prospective case control study was carried out in Mymensingh Medical College Hospital (MMCH) from April 2011 to March 2012. The main objective of the study was to determine the short term maternal outcome of pregnancy related Acute Kidney Injury and to identify aetiological factors and to observe clinical features of pregnancy related Acute Kidney Injury. Total 60 pregnant women with AKI were included in the study as sample and equal (60) number of pregnant women with normal renal function was taken as control. Mean ages (±SD) of study and control group were observed 31.6±6.9 years and 25.5±4.7 years respectively. It was observed that most patients were from rural area with low income group. Most women were multiparous and presented in third trimester and postpartum period. Majority of the study subjects did not receive antenatal care at any stage of pregnancy. Fifty (86.7%) of the study subjects were oligo-anuric, forty-nine (81.7%) were edematous and fifty one (85%) were anaemic. Twenty-five (41.7%) patients presented with abnormal vaginal bleeding. Sepsis (including septic abortion and puerperal sepsis) was responsible for of Pregnancy Related AKI (PR-AKI) in more than two fifths of cases. Haemorrhage (APH & PPH combined) was the next common cause of Pregnancy Related AKI (PR-AKI). Toxemia of Pregnancy was responsible in one fourth of cases. Dialysis (HD & IPD combined) was required for two fifths of the patients. Rest patients were treated conservatively with antibiotics, blood transfusion, maintenance of fluid and electrolytes balance etc. Maternal outcome of Pregnancy related acute kidney injury was considered for the period of patient's hospital staying. 56.6% patients recovered completely, 15.0% patients recovered partially, 6.7% did not recover at the time of hospital discharge; while 21.7% died. So it can be concluded that, pregnancy related acute kidney injury is a critical condition, associated with worse prognosis.

Radioactive ion beams of 111In using ECR plasma sputtering method

Radioactive ion beams of ¹¹¹In (indium-111, half-life 2.8 days) have been produced using the plasma sputtering method in an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source at the Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre RIB facility. Indium isotopes were first produced by bombarding a natural silver target with a 32 MeV, 40 μA alpha particle beam from the K-130 cyclotron. After radio-chemical separation, about 25 mCi In-chloride was deposited on an aluminum electrode and inserted in the plasma chamber of the ECR. Indium ions produced by ion induced sputtering in the plasma were extracted from the ion source, isotopically separated, and a pure ¹¹¹In beam was measured at the focal plane of the separator. The measured ¹¹¹In beam intensity was 2.67 × 10⁵ particles/s for a beam energy of 5 keV.

Separation of nuclear isomers for cancer therapeutic radionuclides based on nuclear decay after-effects

¹⁷⁷Lu has sprung as a promising radionuclide for targeted therapy. The low soft tissue penetration of its β^- emission results in very efficient energy deposition in small-size tumours. Because of this, ¹⁷⁷Lu is used in the treatment of neuroendocrine tumours and is also clinically approved for prostate cancer therapy. In this work, we report a separation method that achieves the challenging separation of the physically and chemically identical nuclear isomers, ^177mLu and ¹⁷⁷Lu. The separation method combines the nuclear after-effects of the nuclear decay, the use of a very stable chemical complex and a chromatographic separation. Based on this separation concept, a new type of radionuclide generator has been devised, in which the parent and the daughter radionuclides are the same elements. The ^177mLu/¹⁷⁷Lu radionuclide generator provides a new production route for the therapeutic radionuclide ¹⁷⁷Lu and can bring significant growth in the research and development of ¹⁷⁷Lu based pharmaceuticals.

Developing a new PI-RADS v2-based nomogram for forecasting high-grade prostate cancer

AIM

To establish a predictive nomogram for high-grade prostate cancer (HGPCa) in biopsy-naive patients based on the Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System version 2 (PI-RADS v2), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based prostate volume (PV), MRI-based PV-adjusted prostate-specific antigen density (PSAD), and other classical parameters.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Between August 2014 and August 2015, 158 men who were eligible for analysis were included as the training cohort. A prediction model for HGPCa was built using backward logistic regression and was presented on a nomogram. The prediction model was evaluated by a validation cohort between September 2015 and March 2016 (n=89). Histology of all lesions was obtained with MRI-directed transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided targeted and sectoral biopsy.

RESULTS

The multivariate analysis revealed that patient age, PI-RADS v2 score, and adjusted PSAD were independent predictors for HGPCa. The most discriminative cut-off value for the logistic regression model was 0.33; the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 83.3%, 87.4%, 88.4%, and 81.2%, respectively. The diagnostic performance measures retained similar values in the validation cohort (AUC=0.83).

CONCLUSION

The nomogram for forecasting HGPCa is effective and potentially reducing harm from unnecessary prostate biopsy and over-diagnosis.

Comparative evaluation of hormonal protocol on the performance of crossbred cattle

A total of 60 animals (38 cows, 22 heifers) were selected and were divided into three groups of 20 animals each (containing both anoestrus and repeat breeder) in which treatment was performed for 60 days. Group I: control (farmer practice), T₁ group: group I + hormone (double synch), and T₂ group: group I + hormone (Estra double synch). The growth performances were measured in terms of body weight and average daily gain (ADG). Blood collection was done at the start and end of the experiment for assessment of blood biochemical, hematological, and reproductive status of the animals. Results revealed significant improvement in growth and reproductive performances in treatment group as compared to control group. Higher percentage of conception was achieved in group III (60%) followed by group II (55%). The least percentage was in group I (15%), i.e., in control group. So it was found that the effect of treating the reproductive-disordered animals with Estra double synch gave comparatively better result than double synch hormonal application.

Seroprevalence of Rotavirus infection in pig population of Arunachal Pradesh

AIM

This study was conducted to find out the seroprevalence of Rotavirus(RV) infection among the pig population of Arunachal Pradesh.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Serums samples were collected from piglets of age ranging from 1 week to 6 months and the sows associated with the piglets that were reared under organized and unorganized system of management in six different districts of Arunachal Pradesh. The prevalence of RV specific antibodies was detected using a polyclonal antibody-based indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (i-ELISA).

RESULTS

The study revealed that out of 394 serum samples, 255 (64.72%) samples were found to be positive for RV-specific antibody in i-ELISA. Considering the samples from different districts, Papumpare district of Arunachal Pradesh showed highest numbers of seropositive animals (68.75%) followed by upper Subansiri (64.91%) while West Siang district showed lowest positivity rate (61.22%).

CONCLUSION

As considerable seropositivity was recorded among pig population of Arunachal Pradesh in this study, there is urgent need to establish high-impact and cost-effective public health intervention tools, key among them being the introduction of strict hygiene practice and RV vaccination program, to greatly reduce the number of deaths due to diarrheal diseases. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report on the prevalence of RV infection from pigs of Arunachal Pradesh.

A Breast Lump in an Elderly Lady - Carcinoma or else ?

Breast tuberculosis (TB) is rare form of extra-pulmonary TB. It is most commonly seen in women of reproductive age group, especially in young, multiparous women who are breast feeding. In geriatric women, breast TB in some cases simulates with breast carcinoma due to common signs which include hard breast lump with nodular surface, ulceration, fixity to skin, discharging sinus, retraction of nipple, axillary lymphadenopathy etc. Hence, it is very difficult to differentiate breast TB from breast cancer, especially in elderly women on clinical ground only, and therefore, histopathological diagnosis is mandatory. Fine needle aspiration cytology is frequently inconclusive due to very small amount of tissue material, and open biopsy or lumpectomy followed by histopathological examination is necessary to confirm the diagnosis of breast TB. Six-month course of anti-tuberculous therapy - ATT (rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and ethambutol) is adequate for complete resolution. Here, we report a case of breast TB in an elderly women presenting with left sided breast lump with ulceration of overlying skin and ipsilateral axillary lymphadenopathy. This case of tuberculous mastitis was suspected to be carcinoma due to presence of hard, tender, breast lump with irregular margin, nodular surface, ulceration, purulent discharge and ipsilateral axillary lymphadenopathy in absence of any constitutional symptoms of TB, and heterogenous, hypoechoic mass on USG, which was confirmed by histopathological examination of resected breast lump and responded fully to ATT.

Detecting Tumor Metastases: The Road to Therapy Starts Here

Metastasis is the complex process by which primary tumor cells migrate and establish secondary tumors in an adjacent or distant location in the body. Early detection of metastatic disease and effective therapeutic options for targeting these detected metastases remain impediments to effectively treating patients with advanced cancers. If metastatic lesions are identified early, patients might maximally benefit from effective early therapeutic interventions. Further, monitoring patients whose primary tumors are effectively treated for potential metastatic disease onset is also highly valuable. Finally, patients with metastatic disease can be monitored for efficacy of specific therapeutic interventions through effective metastatic detection techniques. Thus, being able to detect and visualize metastatic lesions is key and provides potential to greatly improve overall patient outcomes. In order to achieve these objectives, researchers have endeavored to mechanistically define the steps involved in the metastatic process as well as ways to effectively detect metastatic progression. We presently overview various preclinical and clinical in vitro and in vivo assays developed to more efficiently detect tumor metastases, which provides the foundation for developing more effective therapies for this invariably fatal component of the cancerous process.

Common peroneal nerve injury as a complication of short saphenous vein surgery

Objectives: To determine the incidence of common peroneal nerve (CPN) injury following short saphenous vein surgery (SSV) in a UK district general hospital, and establish possible risk factors, and preventative strategies to minimize the risk of nerve injury following this type of surgery.

Methods: Retrospective review of all cases of SSV surgery performed in a single institution during the period January 2002–October 2004.

Results: Sixty-four patients underwent SSV surgery during the review period. Three patients (4.7%) developed a CPN injury postoperatively. One patient recovered fully after 24 h, whereas the other two patients' symptoms recovered within six months. All three patients had a saphenopopliteal junction (SPJ) located high above the popliteal skin crease.

Conclusions: CPN injury during SSV surgery occurs with an appreciable frequency. In view of this, there is a need for a revised approach to the management of SSV disease, possibly incorporating less-invasive techniques such as endovenous closure.

AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC: A Promiscuous Protein Partner Critical in Cancer, Obesity, and CNS Diseases

Since its original discovery in 2002, AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC has emerged as a primary regulator of several diseases including cancer, inflammatory diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC has emerged as a key contributory molecule in almost every aspect of cancer progression, including uncontrolled cell growth, evasion of apoptosis, increased cell migration and invasion, angiogenesis, chemoresistance, and metastasis. Additionally, recent studies highlight a seminal role of AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC in neurodegenerative diseases and obesity. By interacting with multiple protein partners, AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC plays multifaceted roles in the pathogenesis of a wide variety of diseases. This review discusses the current state of understanding of AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC regulation and function in cancer and other diseases with a focus on its association/interaction with several pivotal protein partners.

A Rare Case of Bilateral Aspergillomas in a Patient of Ankylosing Spondylitis

Pulmonary involvement by Aspergillus sp. mainly includes allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, aspergilloma, and invasive aspergillosis. Aspergilloma (Fungal ball) is the most common form of aspergillous pulmonary involvement, which occurs in preexisting pulmonary cavities, especially secondary to pulmonary tuberculosis. Ankylosing spondylitis is a rare cause of upper lobe fibro-cavitary lesions in pulmonary parenchyma. It may also lead to development of fungal balls in pulmonary cavities. Most common presentation is mild to massive hemoptysis; dyspnoea, chronic cough, expectoration may be other presentation; even the patient may remain asymptomatic. Intaracavitary mobile mass is a valuable sign for fungal ball, best detected by computed tomography (CT) scan of thorax. Lobectomy is the treatment of choice to stop the hemoptysis, if the general condition of the patient is fit; otherwise associated co-morbidities complicate the post-operative scenario. In this situation, bronchial artery embolization may be used as a temporary measure to control hemoptysis. Here, we report a case of bilateral aspergillomas within the cavities located in upper lobes of both lungs in a 74 years old male who was suffering from ankylosing spondylitis for last 42 years.

Mechanisms of uterine estrogen signaling during early pregnancy in mice: an update

Adherence of an embryo to the uterus represents the most critical step of the reproductive process. Implantation is a synchronized event between the blastocyst and the uterine luminal epithelium, leading to structural and functional changes for further embryonic growth and development. The milieu comprising the complex process of implantation is mediated by estrogen through diverse but interdependent signaling pathways. Mouse models have demonstrated the relevance of the expression of estrogen-modulated paracrine factors to uterine receptivity and implantation window. More importantly, some factors seem to serve as molecular links between different estrogen pathways, promoting cell growth, acting as molecular chaperones, or amplifying estrogenic effects. Abnormal expression of these factors can lead to implantation failure and infertility. This review provides an overview of several well-characterized signaling pathways that elucidates the molecular cross talk involved in the uterus during early pregnancy.

A case of paraneoplastic bullous pemphigoid in association with squamous cell carcinoma of lung

Bullous pemphigoid is a chronic, autoimmune, acquired subepidermal blistering disorder. It is idiopathic in origin, and mainly seen in elderly individuals. Association between bullous pemphigoid and internal malignancies is reported in the literature, but the exact causal relation is not established. Paraneoplastic bullous pemphigoid is rarely reported in lung cancers, especially in squamous cell variety. So their presence should raise the suspicion of various internal malignancies including lung cancer. It is presented mainly with tense, large blisters over the erythematous base or over normal skin. Subepidermal blisters with tissue eosinophilia are characteristic histopathological features of bullous pemphigoid. Direct immunofluorescence shows linear deposits of IgG - complement complex along the dermoepidermal junction. Conventional treatment of bullous pemphigoid along with treatment of lung cancer (surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy) may result in successful resolution of skin lesions. Here, we report a rare association of paraneoplastic bullous phemphigoid and squamous cell carcinoma of lung in a 76-year-old male to increase the awareness among the clinicians regarding this variety of cutaneous paraneoplastic manifestation of lung cancer.

Effect of some plant starches and carrageenan as fat substitutes in chicken patties

This study evaluated the effect of different flours on the physicochemical, textural, and sensory properties of chicken patties. pH; cooking yield %; water holding capacity (WHC); proximate analysis (cooked); cholesterol content; and storage stability studies of control (Con) and sorghum flour (SF; 10%w/w), finger millet flour (FMF; 10%w/w), and carrageenan (Cgn; 0.5% w/w) treated chicken patties were observed in this study. Texture profile analysis (TPA) parameters like hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness, and sensory parameters were estimated on cooked patties. Highly significant (P < 0.01) difference in fat %, total ash %, and cholesterol content; significant (P < 0.05) difference in moisture % (cooked); and no significant (P > 0.05) difference in pH, WHC, and protein % among control and treatments were noticed. Storage stability was dependent on treatments and storage periods. Significant difference (P < 0.05) was observed in different TPA parameters among the treatments, except for hardness value. Sensory scores showed no significant difference (P > 0.05) between Con and treatments.

Adipose tissue gene expression and metabolic health of obese adults

Obese subjects with a similar body mass index (BMI) exhibit substantial heterogeneity in gluco- and cardiometabolic heath phenotypes. However, defining genes that underlie the heterogeneity of metabolic features among obese individuals and determining metabolically healthy and unhealthy phenotypes remain challenging. We conducted unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis of subcutaneous adipose tissue transcripts from 30 obese men and women ⩾40 years old. Despite similar BMIs in all subjects, we found two distinct subgroups, one metabolically healthy (group 1) and one metabolically unhealthy (group 2). Subjects in group 2 showed significantly higher total cholesterol (P=0.005), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P=0.006), 2-h insulin during oral glucose tolerance test (P=0.015) and lower insulin sensitivity (SI, P=0.029) compared with group 1. We identified significant upregulation of 141 genes (for example, MMP9 and SPP1) and downregulation of 17 genes (for example, NDRG4 and GINS3) in group 2 subjects. Intriguingly, these differentially expressed transcripts were enriched for genes involved in cardiovascular disease-related processes (P=2.81 × 10(-11)-3.74 × 10(-02)) and pathways involved in immune and inflammatory response (P=8.32 × 10(-5)-0.04). Two downregulated genes, NDRG4 and GINS3, have been located in a genomic interval associated with cardiac repolarization in published GWASs and zebra fish knockout models. Our study provides evidence that perturbations in the adipose tissue gene expression network are important in defining metabolic health in obese subjects.

Effect of methotrexate conjugated PAMAM dendrimers on the viability of MES-SA uterine cancer cells

The aim of this work was to synthesize methotrexate (MTX)-polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendritic nanoconjugates and to study their effect on cell viability in uterine sarcoma cells. The amide-bonded PAMAM dendrimer-MTX conjugates were prepared by conjugation between the amine-terminated G5 dendrimer and the carboxylic groups of the MTX using a dicyclohexylcarbodiimide coupling reaction. The formation of conjugates was evaluated by ultraviolet (UV) and (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H NMR) spectroscopy studies. The cell survival of MES-SA cells, a uterine sarcoma cell line, was evaluated in the presence of the dendrimer-MTX nanoconjugate, using appropriate controls. The UV and (1)H NMR study confirmed the formation of covalent bonds between the drug and the dendrimer. The cell viability study indicated that the nanoconjugates had significantly improved cell killing compared to the free MTX.

Oxidative stress and antioxidative parameters in patients with spinal cord injury: implications in the pathogenesis of disease

STUDY DESIGN

Oxygen-derived free radicals have been implicated in the pathogenesis of spinal cord injury (SCI) after trauma.

OBJECTIVE

In this review we will elucidate the importance of oxidative stress and antioxidants and its possible relationship with SCI.

METHODS

Literature analysis of oxidative stress, antioxidative parameters based on its implications in the pathogenesis along with devastating effect of oxidative stress parameters on SCI patients and its suggested proposed treatment by antioxidants have been performed.

RESULTS

SCI remains a major health problem despite advances in neurotechnology. Previous studies have reported oxidative stress in SCI patients, but the results were inconsistent. Furthermore, increased free radical levels are reported in SCI. Moreover, we have also mentioned in this review that oxidative stress is supposed to be increased in patients with SCI, which is related to the severity of SCI pain.

CONCLUSION

Oxidative stress was commonly seen in SCI patients, which may provide useful information to augment the understanding of pathophysiology of SCI patients. However, complete understanding of the biochemical events occurring at a cellular level that influence oxidative damage is required to guide future therapeutic advances. Furthermore, supplementation of antioxidants may also be considered in these patients.

Chromosome-specific physical localisation of expressed sequence tag loci in Corchorus olitorius L

Jute (Corchorus spp.), as a natural fibre-producing species, ranks next only to cotton. Inadequate understanding of its genetic architecture is a major lacuna for genetic improvement of this crop in terms of yield and quality. Establishment of a physical map provides a genomic tool that helps in positional cloning of valuable genes. In this report, an attempt was initiated to study association and localisation of single copy expressed sequence tag (EST) loci in the genome of Corchorus olitorius. The chromosome-specific association of EST was determined based on the appearance of an extra signal for a single copy cDNA probe in mitotic interphase nuclei of specific trisomic(s) for fluorescence in situ hybridisation, and validated using a cDNA fragment of the 26S rRNA gene (600 bp) as molecular probe. The probe exhibited three signals in meiotic interphase nuclei of trisomic 5, instead of two as observed in diploids and other trisomics, indicating its association with chromosome 5. Subsequent hybridisation of the same probe on the pachytene chromosomes of diploids confirmed that 26S rRNA occupies the terminal end of the short arm of chromosome 5 in C. olitorius. Subsequently, chromosome-specific association of 63 single copy EST and their physical localisation were determined on chromosomes 2, 4, 5 and 7. The study describes chromosome-specific physical localisation of genes in jute. The approach used here could be a step towards construction of genome-wide physical maps for any recalcitrant plant species like jute.

Pilot randomized trial demonstrating reversal of obesity-related abnormalities in reward system responsivity to food cues with a behavioral intervention

OBJECTIVES

Obesity is associated with hyperactivation of the reward system for high-calorie (HC) versus low-calorie (LC) food cues, which encourages unhealthy food selection and overeating. However, the extent to which this hyperactivation can be reversed is uncertain, and to date there has been no demonstration of changes by behavioral intervention.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure changes in activation of the striatum for food images at baseline and 6 months in a pilot study of 13 overweight or obese adults randomized to a control group or a novel weight-loss intervention.

RESULTS

Compared to controls, intervention participants achieved significant weight loss (-6.3±1.0 kg versus +2.1±1.1 kg, P<0.001) and had increased activation for LC food images with a composition consistent with that recommended in the behavioral intervention at 6 months versus baseline in the right ventral putamen (P=0.04), decreased activation for HC images of typically consumed foods in the left dorsal putamen (P=0.01). There was also a large significant shift in relative activation favoring LC versus HC foods in both regions (P<0.04).

CONCLUSIONS

This study provides the first demonstration of a positive shift in activation of the reward system toward healthy versus unhealthy food cues in a behavioral intervention, suggesting new avenues to enhance behavioral treatments of obesity.

Chemoprevention gene therapy (CGT) of pancreatic cancer using perillyl alcohol and a novel chimeric serotype cancer terminator virus

Conditionally replication competent adenoviruses (Ads) that selectively replicate in cancer cells and simultaneously express a therapeutic cytokine, such as melanoma differentiation associated gene- 7/Interleukin-24 (mda-7/IL-24), a Cancer Terminator Virus (CTV-M7), hold potential for treating human cancers. To enhance the efficacy of the CTV-M7, we generated a chimeric Ad.5 and Ad.3 modified fiber bipartite CTV (Ad.5/3-CTV-M7) that can infect tumor cells in a Coxsackie Adenovirus receptor (CAR) independent manner, while retaining high infectivity in cancer cells containing high CAR. Although mda-7/IL-24 displays broad-spectrum anticancer properties, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells display an intrinsic resistance to mda-7/IL-24-mediated killing due to an mda-7/IL-24 mRNA translational block. However, using a chemoprevention gene therapy (CGT) approach with perillyl alcohol (POH) and a replication incompetent Ad to deliver mda-7/IL-24 (Ad.mda-7) there is enhanced conversion of mda-7/IL-24 mRNA into protein resulting in pancreatic cancer cell death in vitro and in vivo in nude mice containing human PDAC xenografts. This combination synergistically induces mda-7/IL-24-mediated cancer-specific apoptosis by inhibiting anti-apoptotic Bcl-xL and Bcl-2 protein expression and inducing an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response through induction of BiP/GRP-78, which is most evident in chimeric-modified non-replicating Ad.5/3- mda-7- and CTV-M7-infected PDAC cells. Moreover, Ad.5/3-CTV-M7 in combination with POH sensitizes therapy-resistant MIA PaCa-2 cell lines over-expressing either Bcl-2 or Bcl-xL to mda-7/IL-24-mediated apoptosis. Ad.5/3-CTV-M7 plus POH also exerts a significant antitumor 'bystander' effect in vivo suppressing both primary and distant site tumor growth, confirming therapeutic utility of Ad.5/3-CTV-M7 plus POH in PDAC treatment, where all other current treatment strategies in clinical settings show minimal efficacy.