1
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Cronin AE, Liebig P, Detombe SA, Duggal N, Bartha R. Reproducibility of 3D pH-weighted chemical exchange saturation transfer contrast in the healthy cervical spinal cord. NMR Biomed 2024; 37:e5103. [PMID: 38243648 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.5103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Spinal cord ischemia and hypoxia can be caused by compression, injury, and vascular alterations. Measuring ischemia and hypoxia directly in the spinal cord noninvasively remains challenging. Ischemia and hypoxia alter tissue pH, providing a physiologic parameter that may be more directly related to tissue viability. Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) is an MRI contrast mechanism that can be made sensitive to pH. More specifically, amine/amide concentration independent detection (AACID) is a recently developed endogenous CEST contrast that has demonstrated sensitivity to intracellular pH at 9.4 T. The goal of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility of AACID CEST measurements at different levels of the healthy cervical spinal cord at 3.0 T incorporating B1 correction. Using a 3.0 T MRI scanner, two 3D CEST scans (saturation pulse train followed by a 3D snapshot gradient-echo readout) were performed on 12 healthy subjects approximately 10 days apart, with the CEST volume centered at the C4 level for all subjects. Scan-rescan reproducibility was evaluated by examining between and within-subject coefficients of variation (CVs) and absolute AACID value differences. The C4 level of the spinal cord demonstrated the lowest within-subject CVs (4.1%-4.3%), between-subject CVs (5.6%-6.3%), and absolute AACID percent difference (5.8-6.1%). The B1 correction scheme significantly improved reproducibility (adjusted p-value = 0.002) compared with the noncorrected data, suggesting that implementing B1 corrections in the spinal cord is beneficial. It was concluded that pH-weighted AACID measurements, incorporating B1-inhomogeneity correction, were reproducible within subjects along the healthy cervical spinal cord and that optimal image quality was achieved at the center of the 3D CEST volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia E Cronin
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Sarah A Detombe
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neil Duggal
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert Bartha
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Scalzitti N, Miralavy I, Korenchan DE, Farrar CT, Gilad AA, Banzhaf W. Computational peptide discovery with a genetic programming approach. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2024; 38:17. [PMID: 38570405 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-024-00558-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The development of peptides for therapeutic targets or biomarkers for disease diagnosis is a challenging task in protein engineering. Current approaches are tedious, often time-consuming and require complex laboratory data due to the vast search spaces that need to be considered. In silico methods can accelerate research and substantially reduce costs. Evolutionary algorithms are a promising approach for exploring large search spaces and can facilitate the discovery of new peptides. This study presents the development and use of a new variant of the genetic-programming-based POET algorithm, called POETRegex , where individuals are represented by a list of regular expressions. This algorithm was trained on a small curated dataset and employed to generate new peptides improving the sensitivity of peptides in magnetic resonance imaging with chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST). The resulting model achieves a performance gain of 20% over the initial POET models and is able to predict a candidate peptide with a 58% performance increase compared to the gold-standard peptide. By combining the power of genetic programming with the flexibility of regular expressions, new peptide targets were identified that improve the sensitivity of detection by CEST. This approach provides a promising research direction for the efficient identification of peptides with therapeutic or diagnostic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Scalzitti
- BEACON Center of Evolution in Action, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Iliya Miralavy
- BEACON Center of Evolution in Action, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - David E Korenchan
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christian T Farrar
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Assaf A Gilad
- BEACON Center of Evolution in Action, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Wolfgang Banzhaf
- BEACON Center of Evolution in Action, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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3
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Di Gregorio E, Papi C, Conti L, Di Lorenzo A, Cavallari E, Salvatore M, Cavaliere C, Ferrauto G, Aime S. A Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (MRI-CEST) Method for the Detection of Water Cycling across Cellular Membranes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202313485. [PMID: 37905585 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Water cycling across the membrane transporters is considered a hallmark of cellular metabolism and it could be of high diagnostic relevance in the characterization of tumors and other diseases. The method relies on the response of intracellular proton exchanging molecules to the presence of extracellular Gd-based contrast agents (GBCAs). Paramagnetic GBCAs enhances the relaxation rate of water molecules in the extracellular compartment and, through membrane exchange, the relaxation enhancement is transferred to intracellular molecules. The effect is detected at the MRI-CEST (Magnetic Resonance Imaging - Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer) signal of intracellular proton exchanging molecules. The magnitude of the change in the CEST response reports on water cycling across the membrane. The method has been tested on Red Blood Cells and on orthotopic murine models of breast cancer with different degree of malignancy (4T1, TS/A and 168FARN). The distribution of voxels reporting on membrane permeability fits well with the cells' aggressiveness and acts as an early reporter to monitor therapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enza Di Gregorio
- Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Chiara Papi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Laura Conti
- Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Antonino Di Lorenzo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cavallari
- Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Salvatore
- IRCCS SDN SynLab, Via E. Gianturco 113, 80143, Napoli, Italy
| | - Carlo Cavaliere
- IRCCS SDN SynLab, Via E. Gianturco 113, 80143, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ferrauto
- Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Silvio Aime
- IRCCS SDN SynLab, Via E. Gianturco 113, 80143, Napoli, Italy
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4
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Park SW, Lai JHC, Han X, Leung VWM, Xiao P, Huang J, Chan KWY. Preclinical Application of CEST MRI to Detect Early and Regional Tumor Response to Local Brain Tumor Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:101. [PMID: 38258112 PMCID: PMC10820766 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Treating glioblastoma and monitoring treatment response non-invasively remain challenging. Here, we developed a robust approach using a drug-loaded liposomal hydrogel that is mechanically compatible with the brain, and, simultaneously, we successfully monitored early tumor response using Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (CEST) MRI. This CEST-detectable liposomal hydrogel was optimized based on a sustainable drug release and a soft hydrogel for the brain tumor, which is unfavorable for tumor cell proliferation. After injecting the hydrogel next to the tumor, three distinctive CEST contrasts enabled the monitoring of tumor response and drug release longitudinally at 3T. As a result, a continuous tumor volume decrease was observed in the treatment group along with a significant decrease in CEST contrasts relating to the tumor response at 3.5 ppm (Amide Proton Transfer; APT) and at -3.5 ppm (relayed Nuclear Overhauser Effect; rNOE) when compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Interestingly, the molecular change at 3.5 ppm on day 3 (p < 0.05) was found to be prior to the significant decrease in tumor volume on day 5. An APT signal also showed a strong correlation with the number of proliferating cells in the tumors. This demonstrated that APT detected a distinctive decrease in mobile proteins and peptides in tumors before the change in tumor morphology. Moreover, the APT signal showed a regional response to the treatment, associated with proliferating and apoptotic cells, which allowed an in-depth evaluation and prediction of the tumor treatment response. This newly developed liposomal hydrogel allows image-guided brain tumor treatment to address clinical needs using CEST MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Weon Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (S.-W.P.); (J.H.C.L.); (X.H.); (P.X.)
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE), Hong Kong, China
| | - Joseph H. C. Lai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (S.-W.P.); (J.H.C.L.); (X.H.); (P.X.)
| | - Xiongqi Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (S.-W.P.); (J.H.C.L.); (X.H.); (P.X.)
| | - Vivian W. M. Leung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (S.-W.P.); (J.H.C.L.); (X.H.); (P.X.)
| | - Peng Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (S.-W.P.); (J.H.C.L.); (X.H.); (P.X.)
| | - Jianpan Huang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Kannie W. Y. Chan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (S.-W.P.); (J.H.C.L.); (X.H.); (P.X.)
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE), Hong Kong, China
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
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Zhuang C, Chen B, Wu S, Xu L, Zhang X, Zheng X, Chen Y, Geng Y, Guan J, Lin Y, Wilman AH, Wu R. Repurposing of the PET Probe Prototype PiB for Label and Radiation-Free CEST MRI Molecular Imaging of Amyloid. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:4344-4351. [PMID: 38061891 PMCID: PMC10741654 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) probes are specific and sensitive while suffering from radiation risk. It is worthwhile to explore the chemical emission saturation transfer (CEST) effects of the probe prototypes and repurpose them for CEST imaging to avoid radiation. In this study, we used 11C-PiB as an example of a PET probe for detecting amyloid and tested the feasibility of repurposing this PET probe prototype, PiB, for CEST imaging. After optimizing the parameters through preliminary phantom experiments, we used APP/PS1 transgenic mice and age-matched C57 mice for in vivo CEST magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of amyloid. Furthermore, the pathological assessment was conducted on the same brain slices to evaluate the correlation between the CEST MRI signal abnormality and β-amyloid deposition detected by immunohistochemical staining. In our results, the Z-spectra revealed an apparent CEST effect that peaked at approximately 6 ppm. APP/PS1 mice as young as 9 months injected with PiB showed a significantly higher CEST effect compared to the control groups. The hyperintense region was correlated with the Aβ deposition shown by pathological staining. In conclusion, repurposing the PET probe prototype for CEST MRI imaging is feasible and enables label- and radiation-free detection of the amyloid while maintaining the sensitivity and specificity of the ligand. This study opens the door to developing CEST probes based on PET probe prototypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyu Zhuang
- Department
of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Department
of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Beibei Chen
- Department
of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Shuohua Wu
- Department
of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Department
of Medical Imaging, Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- Department
of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Xinhui Zheng
- Department
of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Department
of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Yiqun Geng
- Laboratory
of Molecular Pathology, Shantou University
Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Jitian Guan
- Department
of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Department
of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Provincial
Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Alan H. Wilman
- The Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Renhua Wu
- Department
of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Provincial
Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Shantou 515041, China
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6
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Li T, Cárdenas-Rodríguez J, Trakru PN, Pagel MD. A machine learning approach that measures pH using acido CEST MRI of iopamidol. NMR Biomed 2023; 36:e4986. [PMID: 37280721 PMCID: PMC10529789 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Tumor acidosis is an important biomarker for aggressive tumors, and extracellular pH (pHe) of the tumor microenvironment can be used to predict and evaluate tumor responses to chemotherapy and immunotherapy. AcidoCEST MRI measures tumor pHe by exploiting the pH-dependent chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) effect of iopamidol, an exogenous CT agent repurposed for CEST MRI. However, all pH fitting methodologies for acidoCEST MRI data have limitations. Herein we present results of the application of machine learning for extracting pH values from CEST Z-spectra of iopamidol. We acquired 36,000 experimental CEST spectra from 200 phantoms of iopamidol prepared at five concentrations, five T1 values, and eight pH values at five temperatures, acquired at six saturation powers and six saturation times. We also acquired T1 , T2 , B1 RF power, and B0 magnetic field strength supplementary MR information. These MR images were used to train and validate machine learning models for the tasks of pH classification and pH regression. Specifically, we tested the L1-penalized logistic regression classification (LRC) model and the random forest classification (RFC) model for classifying the CEST Z-spectra for thresholds at pH 6.5 and 7.0. Our results showed that both RFC and LRC were effective for pH classification, although the RFC model achieved higher predictive value, and improved the accuracy of classification accuracy with CEST Z-spectra with a more limited set of saturation frequencies. Furthermore, we used LASSO and random forest regression (RFR) models to explore pH regression, which showed that the RFR model achieved higher accuracy and precision for estimating pH across the entire pH range of 6.2-7.3, especially when using a more limited set of features. Based on these results, machine learning for analysis of acidoCEST MRI is promising for eventual in vivo determination of tumor pHe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhe Li
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Priya N. Trakru
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mark D. Pagel
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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7
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Scalzitti N, Miralavy I, Korenchan DE, Farrar CT, Gilad AA, Banzhaf W. Computational Peptide Discovery with a Genetic Programming Approach. Res Sq 2023:rs.3.rs-3307450. [PMID: 37693481 PMCID: PMC10491332 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3307450/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Background The development of peptides for therapeutic targets or biomarkers for disease diagnosis is a challenging task in protein engineering. Current approaches are tedious, often time-consuming and require complex laboratory data due to the vast search space. In silico methods can accelerate research and substantially reduce costs. Evolutionary algorithms are a promising approach for exploring large search spaces and facilitating the discovery of new peptides. Results This study presents the development and use of a variant of the initial POET algorithm, called P O E T R e g e x , which is based on genetic programming, where individuals are represented by a list of regular expressions. The program was trained on a small curated dataset and employed to predict new peptides that can improve the problem of sensitivity in detecting peptides through magnetic resonance imaging using chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST). The resulting model achieves a performance gain of 20% over the initial POET variant and is able to predict a candidate peptide with a 58% performance increase compared to the gold-standard peptide. Conclusions By combining the power of genetic programming with the flexibility of regular expressions, new potential peptide targets were identified to improve the sensitivity of detection by CEST. This approach provides a promising research direction for the efficient identification of peptides with therapeutic or diagnostic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Scalzitti
- BEACON Center of Evolution in Action, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Iliya Miralavy
- BEACON Center of Evolution in Action, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - David E. Korenchan
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christian T. Farrar
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Assaf A. Gilad
- BEACON Center of Evolution in Action, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Wolfgang Banzhaf
- BEACON Center of Evolution in Action, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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8
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Bo S, Stabinska J, Wu Y, Pavuluri KD, Singh A, Mohanta Z, Choudhry R, Kates M, Sedaghat F, Bhujwalla Z, Pomper MG, McMahon MT. Exploring the potential of the novel imidazole-4,5-dicarboxyamide chemical exchange saturation transfer scaffold for pH and perfusion imaging. NMR Biomed 2023; 36:e4894. [PMID: 36543742 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Here, we describe and assess the potential of 14 newly synthesized imidazole-4,5-dicarboxyamides (I45DCs) for pH and perfusion imaging. A number of these aromatic compounds possess large labile proton chemical shifts (up to 7.7 ppm from water) because of their intramolecular hydrogen bonds and a second labile proton to allow for chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) signal ratio-based pH measurements. We have found that the contrast produced is strong for a wide range of substitutions and that the inflection points in the CEST signal ratio versus pH plots used to generate concentration-independent pH maps can be adjusted based on these subsitutions to tune the pH range that can be measured. These I45DC CEST agents have advantages over the triiodobenzenes currently employed for tumor and kidney pH mapping, both preclinically and in initial human studies. Finally, as CEST MRI combined with exogenous contrast has the potential to detect functional changes in the kidneys, we evaluated our highest performing anionic compound (I45DC-diGlu) on a unilateral urinary obstruction mouse model and observed lower contrast uptake in the obstructed kidney compared with the unobstructed kidney and that the unobstructed kidney displayed a pH of ~ 6.5 while the obstructed kidney had elevated pH and an increased range in pH values. Based on this, we conclude that the I45DCs have excellent imaging properties and hold promise for a variety of medical imaging applications, particularly renal imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowei Bo
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Julia Stabinska
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yunkou Wu
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kowsalya Devi Pavuluri
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Aruna Singh
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Zinia Mohanta
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rehan Choudhry
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Max Kates
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Farzad Sedaghat
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Zaver Bhujwalla
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Martin G Pomper
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael T McMahon
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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9
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Bie C, van Zijl P, Xu J, Song X, Yadav NN. Radiofrequency labeling strategies in chemical exchange saturation transfer MRI. NMR Biomed 2023; 36:e4944. [PMID: 37002814 PMCID: PMC10312378 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI has generated great interest for molecular imaging applications because it can image low-concentration solute molecules in vivo with enhanced sensitivity. CEST effects are detected indirectly through a reduction in the bulk water signal after repeated perturbation of the solute proton magnetization using one or more radiofrequency (RF) irradiation pulses. The parameters used for these RF pulses-frequency offset, duration, shape, strength, phase, and interpulse spacing-determine molecular specificity and detection sensitivity, thus their judicious selection is critical for successful CEST MRI scans. This review article describes the effects of applying RF pulses on spin systems and compares conventional saturation-based RF labeling with more recent excitation-based approaches that provide spectral editing capabilities for selectively detecting molecules of interest and obtaining maximal contrast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongxue Bie
- Department of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, No.1 Xuefu Avenue, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710127 (China)
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 707 N. Broadway, Baltimore MD 21205 (USA)
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave, Baltimore, MD 21205 (USA)
| | - Peter van Zijl
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 707 N. Broadway, Baltimore MD 21205 (USA)
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave, Baltimore, MD 21205 (USA)
| | - Jiadi Xu
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 707 N. Broadway, Baltimore MD 21205 (USA)
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave, Baltimore, MD 21205 (USA)
| | - Xiaolei Song
- Center for Biomedical Imaging Research, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084 (China)
| | - Nirbhay N. Yadav
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 707 N. Broadway, Baltimore MD 21205 (USA)
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave, Baltimore, MD 21205 (USA)
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10
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Bricco A, Miralavy I, Bo S, Perlman O, Korenchan DE, Farrar CT, McMahon MT, Banzhaf W, Gilad AA. A Genetic Programming Approach to Engineering MRI Reporter Genes. ACS Synth Biol 2023; 12:1154-1163. [PMID: 36947694 PMCID: PMC10128068 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Here we develop a mechanism of protein optimization using a computational approach known as "genetic programming". We developed an algorithm called Protein Optimization Engineering Tool (POET). Starting from a small library of literature values, the use of this tool allowed us to develop proteins that produce four times more MRI contrast than what was previously state-of-the-art. Interestingly, many of the peptides produced using POET were dramatically different with respect to their sequence and chemical environment than existing CEST producing peptides, and challenge prior understandings of how those peptides function. While existing algorithms for protein engineering rely on divergent evolution, POET relies on convergent evolution and consequently allows discovery of peptides with completely different sequences that perform the same function with as good or even better efficiency. Thus, this novel approach can be expanded beyond developing imaging agents and can be used widely in protein engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander
R. Bricco
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State
University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, United States
| | - Iliya Miralavy
- Department
of Computer Science & Engineering, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, United States
| | - Shaowei Bo
- The
Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences,
Division of MR Research, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Or Perlman
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Sagol
School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Athinoula
A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical
School, Boston, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - David E. Korenchan
- Athinoula
A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical
School, Boston, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Christian T. Farrar
- Athinoula
A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical
School, Boston, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Michael T. McMahon
- The
Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences,
Division of MR Research, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Wolfgang Banzhaf
- Department
of Computer Science & Engineering, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, United States
| | - Assaf A. Gilad
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, United States
- Department
of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, United States
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11
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Law LH, Huang J, Xiao P, Liu Y, Chen Z, Lai JHC, Han X, Cheng GWY, Tse KH, Chan KWY. Multiple CEST contrast imaging of nose-to-brain drug delivery using iohexol liposomes at 3T MRI. J Control Release 2023; 354:208-220. [PMID: 36623695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Image guided nose-to-brain drug delivery provides a non-invasive way to monitor drug delivered to the brain, and the intranasal administration could increase effective dose via bypassing Blood Brain Barrier (BBB). Here, we investigated the imaging of liposome-based drug delivery to the brain via intranasal administration, in which the liposome could penetrate mucus and could be detected by chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 3T field strength. Liposomes were loaded with a computed tomography (CT) contrast agent, iohexol (Ioh-Lipo), which has specific amide protons exchanging at 4.3 ppm of Z-spectrum (or CEST spectrum). Ioh-Lipo generated CEST contrasts of 35.4% at 4.3 ppm, 1.8% at -3.4 ppm and 20.6% at 1.2 ppm in vitro. After intranasal administration, these specific CEST contrasts were observed in both olfactory bulb (OB) and frontal lobe (FL) in the case of 10% polyethylene glycol (PEG) Ioh-Lipo. We observed obvious increases in CEST contrast in OB half an hour after the injection of 10% PEG Ioh-Lipo, with a percentage increase of 62.0% at 4.3 ppm, 10.9% at -3.4 ppm and 25.7% at 1.2 ppm. Interestingly, the CEST map at 4.3 ppm was distinctive from that at -3.4 pm and 1.2 ppm. The highest contrast of 4.3 ppm was at the external plexiform layer (EPL) and the region between left and right OB (LROB), while the CEST contrast at -3.4 ppm had no significant difference among all investigated regions with slightly higher signal in olfactory limbus (OL, between OB and FL) and FL, as validated with histology. While no substantial increase of CEST contrast at 4.3 ppm, -3.4 ppm or 1.2 ppm was observed in OB and FL when 1% PEG Ioh-Lipo was administered. We demonstrated for the first time the feasibility of non-invasively detecting the nose-to-brain delivery of liposomes using CEST MRI. This multiple-contrast approach is necessary to image the specific distribution of iohexol and liposome simultaneously and independently, especially when designing drug carriers for nose-to-brain drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lok Hin Law
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianpan Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Peng Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zilin Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Joseph H C Lai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiongqi Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gerald W Y Cheng
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kai-Hei Tse
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kannie W Y Chan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China; Tung Biomedical Science Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong, China.
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12
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Jackson LR, Masi MR, Selman BM, Sandusky GE, Zarrinmayeh H, Das SK, Maharjan S, Wang N, Zheng QH, Pollok KE, Snyder SE, Sun PZ, Hutchins GD, Butch ER, Veronesi MC. Use of multimodality imaging, histology, and treatment feasibility to characterize a transgenic Rag2-null rat model of glioblastoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:939260. [PMID: 36483050 PMCID: PMC9722958 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.939260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Many drugs that show potential in animal models of glioblastoma (GBM) fail to translate to the clinic, contributing to a paucity of new therapeutic options. In addition, animal model development often includes histologic assessment, but multiparametric/multimodality imaging is rarely included despite increasing utilization in patient cancer management. This study developed an intracranial recurrent, drug-resistant, human-derived glioblastoma tumor in Sprague-Dawley Rag2-Rag2 tm1Hera knockout rat and was characterized both histologically and using multiparametric/multimodality neuroimaging. Hybrid 18F-fluoroethyltyrosine positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, including chemical exchange saturation transfer (18F-FET PET/CEST MRI), was performed for full tumor viability determination and characterization. Histological analysis demonstrated human-like GBM features of the intracranially implanted tumor, with rapid tumor cell proliferation (Ki67 positivity: 30.5 ± 7.8%) and neovascular heterogeneity (von Willebrand factor VIII:1.8 to 5.0% positivity). Early serial MRI followed by simultaneous 18F-FET PET/CEST MRI demonstrated consistent, predictable tumor growth, with exponential tumor growth most evident between days 35 and 49 post-implantation. In a second, larger cohort of rats, 18F-FET PET/CEST MRI was performed in mature tumors (day 49 post-implantation) for biomarker determination, followed by evaluation of single and combination therapy as part of the model development and validation. The mean percentage of the injected dose per mL of 18F-FET PET correlated with the mean %CEST (r = 0.67, P < 0.05), but there was also a qualitative difference in hot spot location within the tumor, indicating complementary information regarding the tumor cell demand for amino acids and tumor intracellular mobile phase protein levels. Finally, the use of this glioblastoma animal model for therapy assessment was validated by its increased overall survival after treatment with combination therapy (temozolomide and idasanutlin) (P < 0.001). Our findings hold promise for a more accurate tumor viability determination and novel therapy assessment in vivo in a recently developed, reproducible, intracranial, PDX GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke R. Jackson
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University (IU) School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Megan R. Masi
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University (IU) School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Bryce M. Selman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University (IU) School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - George E. Sandusky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University (IU) School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Hamideh Zarrinmayeh
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University (IU) School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Sudip K. Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Surendra Maharjan
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University (IU) School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Nian Wang
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University (IU) School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Qi-Huang Zheng
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University (IU) School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Karen E. Pollok
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University (IU) School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Scott E. Snyder
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University (IU) School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Phillip Zhe Sun
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Gary D. Hutchins
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University (IU) School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Elizabeth R. Butch
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University (IU) School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Michael C. Veronesi
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University (IU) School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States,*Correspondence: Michael C. Veronesi,
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13
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Liu J, Chu C, Zhang J, Bie C, Chen L, Aafreen S, Xu J, Kamson DO, van Zijl PCM, Walczak P, Janowski M, Liu G. Label-Free Assessment of Mannitol Accumulation Following Osmotic Blood-Brain Barrier Opening Using Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112529. [PMID: 36432721 PMCID: PMC9695341 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Mannitol is a hyperosmolar agent for reducing intracranial pressure and inducing osmotic blood-brain barrier opening (OBBBO). There is a great clinical need for a non-invasive method to optimize the safety of mannitol dosing. The aim of this study was to develop a label-free Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (CEST)-based MRI approach for detecting intracranial accumulation of mannitol following OBBBO. METHODS In vitro MRI was conducted to measure the CEST properties of D-mannitol of different concentrations and pH. In vivo MRI and MRS measurements were conducted on Sprague-Dawley rats using a Biospec 11.7T horizontal MRI scanner. Rats were catheterized at the internal carotid artery (ICA) and randomly grouped to receive either 1 mL or 3 mL D-mannitol. CEST MR images were acquired before and at 20 min after the infusion. RESULTS In vitro MRI showed that mannitol has a strong, broad CEST contrast at around 0.8 ppm with a mM CEST MRI detectability. In vivo studies showed that CEST MRI could effectively detect mannitol in the brain. The low dose mannitol treatment led to OBBBO but no significant mannitol accumulation, whereas the high dose regimen resulted in both OBBBO and mannitol accumulation. The CEST MRI findings were consistent with 1H-MRS and Gd-enhanced MRI assessments. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that CEST MRI can be used for non-invasive, label-free detection of mannitol accumulation in the brain following BBBO treatment. This method may be useful as a rapid imaging tool to optimize the dosing of mannitol-based OBBBO and improve its safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510230, China
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Chengyan Chu
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jia Zhang
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Chongxue Bie
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Lin Chen
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Safiya Aafreen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Jiadi Xu
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - David O. Kamson
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Peter C. M. van Zijl
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Piotr Walczak
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Miroslaw Janowski
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Guanshu Liu
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-443-923-9500; Fax: +1-410-614-3147
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14
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Zaiss M, Jin T, Kim SG, Gochberg DF. Theory of chemical exchange saturation transfer MRI in the context of different magnetic fields. NMR Biomed 2022; 35:e4789. [PMID: 35704180 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a versatile MRI method that provides contrast based on the level of molecular and metabolic activity. This contrast arises from indirect measurement of protons in low concentration molecules that are exchanging with the abundant water proton pool. The indirect measurement is based on magnetization transfer of radio frequency (rf)-prepared magnetization from the small pool to the water pool. The signal can be modeled by the Bloch-McConnell equations combining standard magnetization dynamics and chemical exchange processes. In this article, we review analytical solutions of the Bloch-McConnell equations and especially the derived CEST signal equations and their implications. The analytical solutions give direct insight into the dependency of measurable CEST effects on underlying parameters such as the exchange rate and concentration of the solute pools, but also on the system parameters such as the rf irradiation field B1 , as well as the static magnetic field B0 . These theoretical field-strength dependencies and their influence on sequence design are highlighted herein. In vivo results of different groups making use of these field-strength benefits/dependencies are reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Zaiss
- High-field Magnetic Resonance Center, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tuebingen, Germany
- Institute of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tao Jin
- NeuroImaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Seong-Gi Kim
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Daniel F Gochberg
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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15
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Thomas AM, Yang E, Smith MD, Chu C, Calabresi PA, Glunde K, van Zijl PCM, Bulte JWM. CEST MRI and MALDI imaging reveal metabolic alterations in the cervical lymph nodes of EAE mice. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:130. [PMID: 35659311 PMCID: PMC9164344 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02493-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disease, wherein aberrant immune cells target myelin-ensheathed nerves. Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be performed to monitor damage to the central nervous system that results from previous inflammation; however, these imaging biomarkers are not necessarily indicative of active, progressive stages of the disease. The immune cells responsible for MS are first activated and sensitized to myelin in lymph nodes (LNs). Here, we present a new strategy for monitoring active disease activity in MS, chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI of LNs. Methods and results We studied the potential utility of conventional (T2-weighted) and CEST MRI to monitor changes in these LNs during disease progression in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model. We found CEST signal changes corresponded temporally with disease activity. CEST signals at the 3.2 ppm frequency during the active stage of EAE correlated significantly with the cellular (flow cytometry) and metabolic (mass spectrometry imaging) composition of the LNs, as well as immune cell infiltration into brain and spinal cord tissue. Correlating primary metabolites as identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) imaging included alanine, lactate, leucine, malate, and phenylalanine. Conclusions Taken together, we demonstrate the utility of CEST MRI signal changes in superficial cervical LNs as a complementary imaging biomarker for monitoring disease activity in MS. CEST MRI biomarkers corresponded to disease activity, correlated with immune activation (surface markers, antigen-stimulated proliferation), and correlated with LN metabolite levels. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02493-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline M Thomas
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, MD, 21205, Baltimore, USA.,Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ethan Yang
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, MD, 21205, Baltimore, USA
| | - Matthew D Smith
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Solomon H Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chengyan Chu
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, MD, 21205, Baltimore, USA.,Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter A Calabresi
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Solomon H Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kristine Glunde
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, MD, 21205, Baltimore, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter C M van Zijl
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, MD, 21205, Baltimore, USA.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeff W M Bulte
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, MD, 21205, Baltimore, USA. .,Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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16
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Bie C, Li Y, Zhou Y, Bhujwalla ZM, Song X, Liu G, van Zijl PCM, Yadav NN. Deep learning-based classification of preclinical breast cancer tumor models using chemical exchange saturation transfer magnetic resonance imaging. NMR Biomed 2022; 35:e4626. [PMID: 34668251 PMCID: PMC8876537 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) magnetic resonance imaging has shown promise for classifying tumors based on their aggressiveness, but CEST contrast is complicated by multiple signal sources and thus prolonged acquisition times are often required to extract the signal of interest. We investigated whether deep learning could help identify pertinent Z-spectral features for distinguishing tumor aggressiveness as well as the possibility of acquiring only the pertinent spectral regions for more efficient CEST acquisition. Human breast cancer cells, MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7, were used to establish bi-lateral tumor xenografts in mice to represent higher and lower aggressive tumors, respectively. A convolutional neural network (CNN)-based classification model, trained on simulated data, utilized Z-spectral features as input to predict labels of different tissue types, including MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, and muscle tissue. Saliency maps reported the influence of Z-spectral regions on classifying tissue types. The model was robust to noise with an accuracy of more than 91.5% for low and moderate noise levels in simulated testing data (SD of noise less than 2.0%). For in vivo CEST data acquired with a saturation pulse amplitude of 2.0 μT, the model had a superior ability to delineate tissue types compared with Lorentzian difference (LD) and magnetization transfer ratio asymmetry (MTRasym ) analysis, classifying tissues to the correct types with a mean accuracy of 85.7%, sensitivity of 81.1%, and specificity of 94.0%. The model's performance did not improve substantially when using data acquired at multiple saturation pulse amplitudes or when adding LD or MTRasym spectral features, and did not change when using saliency map-based partial or downsampled Z-spectra. This study demonstrates the potential of CNN-based classification to distinguish between different tumor types and muscle tissue, and speed up CEST acquisition protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongxue Bie
- Department of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yuguo Li
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yang Zhou
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Zaver M Bhujwalla
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiaolei Song
- Department of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guanshu Liu
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter C M van Zijl
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nirbhay N Yadav
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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17
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Abstract
Although the use of stem cell therapy for central nervous system (CNS) repair has shown considerable promise, it is still limited by the immediate death of a large fraction of transplanted cells owing to cell handling procedures, injection stress and host immune attack leading to poor therapeutic outcomes. Scaffolding cells in hydrogels is known to protect cells from such immediate death by shielding them from mechanical damage and by averting an immune attack after transplantation. Implanted hydrogels must eventually degrade and facilitate a safe integration of the graft with the surrounding host tissue. Hence, serial monitoring of hydrogel degradation in vivo is pivotal to optimize hydrogel compositions and overall therapeutic efficacy of the graft. We present here methods and protocols to use chemical exchange saturation transfer magnetic resonance imaging (CEST MRI) as a non-invasive, label-free imaging paradigm to monitor the degradation of composite hydrogels made up of thiolated gelatin (Gel-SH), thiolated hyaluronic acid (HA-SH), and poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA), of which the stiffness and CEST contrast can be fine-tuned by simply varying the composite concentrations and mixing ratios. By individually labeling Gel-S and HA-S with two distinct near-infrared (NIR) dyes, multispectral monitoring of the relative degradation of the components can be used for long-term validation of the CEST MRI findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyas Kuddannaya
- Division of MR Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wei Zhu
- Division of MR Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeff W M Bulte
- Division of MR Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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18
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Abstract
Imaging hydrogel-based local drug delivery to the brain after tumor resection has implications for refining treatments, especially for brain tumors with poor prognosis and high recurrence rate. Here, we developed a series of self-healing chitosan-dextran (CD)-based hydrogels for drug delivery to the brain. These hydrogels are injectable, self-healing, mechanically compatible, and detectable by chemical exchange saturation transfer magnetic resonance imaging (CEST MRI). CD hydrogels have an inherent CEST contrast at 1.1 ppm, which decreases as the stiffness increases. We further examined the rheological properties and CEST contrast of various chemotherapeutic-loaded CD hydrogels, including gemcitabine (Gem), doxorubicin, and procarbazine. Among these formulations, Gem presented the best compatibility with the rheological (G': 215.3 ± 4.5 Pa) and CEST properties of CD hydrogels. More importantly, the Gem-loaded CD hydrogel generated another CEST readout at 2.2 ppm (11.6 ± 0.1%) for monitoring Gem. This enabled independent and simultaneous imaging of the drug and hydrogel integrity using a clinically relevant 3 T MRI scanner. In addition, the Gem-loaded CD hydrogel exhibited a longitudinal antitumor efficacy of Gem over a week in vitro. Furthermore, the CD hydrogel could be visualized by CEST after brain injection with a contrast of 7.38 ± 2.31%. These natural labels on both the chemotherapeutics and hydrogels demonstrate unique image-guided local drug delivery for brain applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongqi Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Joseph Ho Chi Lai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Jianpan Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Se Weon Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Kannie Wai Yan Chan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong.,Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore MD21205, United States.,Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
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19
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Kuddannaya S, Zhu W, Chu C, Singh A, Walczak P, Bulte JWM. In Vivo Imaging of Allografted Glial-Restricted Progenitor Cell Survival and Hydrogel Scaffold Biodegradation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:23423-23437. [PMID: 33978398 PMCID: PMC9440547 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c03415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Transplanted glial-restricted progenitor (GRP) cells have potential to focally replace defunct astrocytes and produce remyelinating oligodendrocytes to avert neuronal death and dysfunction. However, most central nervous system cell therapeutic paradigms are hampered by high initial cell death and a host anti-graft immune response. We show here that composite hyaluronic acid-based hydrogels of tunable mechanical strengths can significantly improve transplanted GRP survival and differentiation. Allogeneic GRPs expressing green fluorescent protein and firefly luciferase were scaffolded in optimized hydrogel formulations and transplanted intracerebrally into immunocompetent BALB/c mice followed by serial in vivo bioluminescent imaging and chemical exchange saturation transfer magnetic resonance imaging (CEST MRI). We demonstrate that gelatin-sensitive CEST MRI can be exploited to monitor hydrogel scaffold degradation in vivo for ∼5 weeks post transplantation without necessitating exogenous labeling. Hydrogel scaffolding of GRPs resulted in a 4.5-fold increase in transplanted cell survival at day 32 post transplantation compared to naked cells. Histological analysis showed significant enhancement of cell proliferation as well as Olig2+ and GFAP+ cell differentiation for scaffolded cells compared to naked cells, with reduced host immunoreactivity. Hence, hydrogel scaffolding of transplanted GRPs in conjunction with serial in vivo imaging of cell survival and hydrogel degradation has potential for further advances in glial cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyas Kuddannaya
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Wei Zhu
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Chengyan Chu
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Anirudha Singh
- Department of Urology, the James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Piotr Walczak
- Center for Advanced Imaging Research, Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Jeff W M Bulte
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
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20
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Cai X, Zhang J, Lu J, Yi L, Han Z, Zhang S, Yang X, Liu G. N-Aryl Amides as Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agents. Chemistry 2020; 26:11705-11709. [PMID: 32639618 PMCID: PMC10186200 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI has recently emerged as a versatile molecular imaging approach in which diamagnetic compounds can be utilized to generate an MRI signal. To expand the scope of CEST MRI applications, herein, we systematically investigated the CEST properties of N-aryl amides with different N-aromatic substitution, revealing their chemical shifts (4.6-5.8 ppm) and exchange rates (up to thousands s-1 ) are favorable to be used as CEST agents as compared to alkyl amides. As the first proof-of-concept study, we used CEST MRI to detect the enzymatic metabolism of the drug acebutolol directly by its intrinsic CEST signal without any chemical labeling. Our study implies that N-aryl amides may enable the label-free CEST MRI detection of the metabolism of many N-aryl amide-containing drugs and a variety of enzymes that act on N-aryl amides, greatly expanding the scope of CEST MR molecular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuekang Cai
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, 100034, Beijing, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites and Beijing Key Lab of Bioprocess, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhuan East Road, Chaoyang District, 100029, Beijing, P. R. China.,Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jia Zhang
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Jiaqi Lu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21218, USA
| | - Long Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites and Beijing Key Lab of Bioprocess, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhuan East Road, Chaoyang District, 100029, Beijing, P. R. China.,Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Han
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Shuixing Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, Guandong, P. R. China
| | - Xing Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, 100034, Beijing, P. R. China.,Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Guanshu Liu
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
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21
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Han X, Huang J, To AK, Lai JH, Xiao P, Wu EX, Xu J, Chan KW. CEST MRI detectable liposomal hydrogels for multiparametric monitoring in the brain at 3T. Theranostics 2020; 10:2215-2228. [PMID: 32089739 PMCID: PMC7019148 DOI: 10.7150/thno.40146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Adjuvant treatment using local drug delivery is applied in treating glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) after tumor resection. However, there are no non-invasive imaging techniques available for tracking the compositional changes of hydrogel-based drug treatment. Methods: We developed Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer Magnetic Resonance Imaging (CEST MRI) detectable and injectable liposomal hydrogel to monitor these events in vivo at 3T clinical field. Mechanical attributes of these hydrogels and their in vitro and in vivo CEST imaging properties were systematically studied. Results: The MRI detectable hydrogels were capable of generating multiparametric readouts for monitoring specific components of the hydrogel matrix simultaneously and independently. Herein, we report, for the first time, CEST contrast at -3.4 ppm provides an estimated number of liposomes and CEST contrast at 5 ppm provides an estimated amount of encapsulated drug. CEST contrast decreased by 1.57% at 5 ppm, while the contrast at -3.4 ppm remained constant over 3 d in vivo, demonstrating different release kinetics of these components from the hydrogel matrix. Furthermore, histology analysis confirmed that the CEST contrast at -3.4 ppm was associated with liposome concentrations. Conclusion: This multiparametric CEST imaging of individual compositional changes in liposomal hydrogels, formulated with clinical-grade materials at 3T and described in this study, has the potential to facilitate the refinement of adjuvant treatment for GBM.
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22
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Zhu W, Chu C, Kuddannaya S, Yuan Y, Walczak P, Singh A, Song X, Bulte JW. In Vivo Imaging of Composite Hydrogel Scaffold Degradation Using CEST MRI and Two-Color NIR Imaging. Adv Funct Mater 2019; 29:1903753. [PMID: 32190034 PMCID: PMC7079757 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201903753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogel scaffolding of stem cells is a promising strategy to overcome initial cell loss and manipulate cell function post-transplantation. Matrix degradation is a requirement for downstream cell differentiation and functional tissue integration, which determines therapeutic outcome. Therefore, monitoring of hydrogel degradation is essential for scaffolded cell replacement therapies. We show here that chemical exchange saturation transfer magnetic resonance imaging (CEST MRI) can be used as a label-free imaging platform for monitoring the degradation of crosslinked hydrogels containing gelatin (Gel) and hyaluronic acid (HA), of which the stiffness can be fine-tuned by varying the ratio of the Gel:HA. By labeling Gel and HA with two different NIR dyes having distinct emission excitation frequencies, we show here that the HA signal remains stable for 42 days, while the Gel signal gradually decreases to <25% of its initial value at this time point. Both imaging modalities were in excellent agreement for both the time course and relative value of CEST MRI and NIR signals (R2=0.94). These findings support the further use of CEST MRI for monitoring biodegradation and optimizing of gelatin-containing hydrogels in a label-free manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhu
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Cellular Imaging Section, Institute for Cell Engineering, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Chengyan Chu
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Cellular Imaging Section, Institute for Cell Engineering, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Shreyas Kuddannaya
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Cellular Imaging Section, Institute for Cell Engineering, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Yue Yuan
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Cellular Imaging Section, Institute for Cell Engineering, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Piotr Walczak
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Cellular Imaging Section, Institute for Cell Engineering, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Anirudha Singh
- Department of Urology, the James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, the Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD, 21218
| | - Xiaolei Song
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Cellular Imaging Section, Institute for Cell Engineering, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Jeff W.M. Bulte
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Cellular Imaging Section, Institute for Cell Engineering, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, the Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD, 21218
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Oncology, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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23
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Zhang J, Yuan Y, Gao M, Han Z, Chu C, Li Y, van Zijl PCM, Ying M, Bulte JWM, Liu G. Carbon Dots as a New Class of Diamagnetic Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (diaCEST) MRI Contrast Agents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:9871-9875. [PMID: 31162873 PMCID: PMC6897491 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201904722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
While carbon dots (C-dots) have been extensively investigated pertaining to their fluorescent, phosphorescent, electrochemiluminescent, optoelectronic, and catalytic features, their inherent chemical exchange saturation transfer magnetic resonance imaging (CEST MRI) properties are unknown. By virtue of their hydrophilicity and abundant exchangeable protons of hydroxyl, amine, and amide anchored on the surface, we report here that C-dots can be adapted as effective diamagnetic CEST (diaCEST) MRI contrast agents. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, human glioma cells were labeled with liposomes with or without encapsulated C-dots and implanted in mouse brain. In vivo CEST MRI was able to clearly differentiate labeled cells from non-labeled cells. The present findings may encourage new applications of C-dots for in vivo imaging in deep tissues, which is currently not possible using conventional fluorescent (near-infrared) C-dots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhang
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (USA)
| | - Yue Yuan
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (USA)
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (USA)
| | - Minling Gao
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (USA)
| | - Zheng Han
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (USA)
| | - Chengyan Chu
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (USA)
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (USA)
| | - Yuguo Li
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (USA)
| | - Peter C. M. van Zijl
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (USA)
- F.M Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD (USA)
| | - Mingyao Ying
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (USA)
| | - Jeff W. M. Bulte
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (USA)
- F.M Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD (USA)
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (USA)
| | - Guanshu Liu
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (USA)
- F.M Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD (USA)
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24
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AlGhuraibawi W, Stromp T, Holtkamp R, Lam B, Rehwald W, Leung SW, Vandsburger M. CEST MRI reveals a correlation between visceral fat mass and reduced myocardial creatine in obese individuals despite preserved ventricular structure and function. NMR Biomed 2019; 32:e4104. [PMID: 31094042 PMCID: PMC6581603 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Systolic cardiac function is typically preserved in obese adults, potentially masking underlying declines in cardiomyocyte metabolism that may contribute to heart failure. We used chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI, a sensitive method for measurement of myocardial creatine, to examine whether myocardial creatine levels correlate with cardiac structure, contractile function, or visceral fat mass in obese adults. In this study, obese (body mass index, BMI > 30, n = 20) and healthy (BMI < 25, n = 11) adults were examined with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry to quantify fat masses. Cine MRI and myocardial tagging were performed at 1.5 T to measure ventricular structure and global function. CEST imaging with offsets in the range of ±10 parts per million (ppm) were performed in one mid-ventricular slice, where creatine CEST contrast was calculated at 1.8 ppm following field homogeneity correction. Ventricular structure, global function (ejection fraction 69.4 ± 4.3% healthy versus 69.6 ± 9.3% obese, NS), and circumferential strain (-17.0 ± 2.3% healthy versus -16.5 ± 1.5% obese, NS) and strain rate were preserved in obese adults. However, creatine CEST contrast was significantly reduced in obese adults (6.8 ± 1.3% healthy versus 4.1 ± 2.7% obese, p = 0.001). Creatine CEST contrast was inversely correlated with total body fat% (ρ = -0.45, p = 0.011), visceral fat mass (ρ = -0.58, p = 0.001), and septal wall thickness (ρ = -0.44, p = 0.013), but uncorrelated to ventricular function or contractile function. In conclusion, creatine CEST-MRI reveals a strong correlation between heightened body and visceral fat masses and reduced myocardial metabolic function that is independent of ventricular structure and global function in obese adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wissam AlGhuraibawi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Tori Stromp
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rebecca Holtkamp
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Bonnie Lam
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Wolfgang Rehwald
- Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Inc. And Duke Cardiovascular MR Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Steve W. Leung
- Gill Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Moriel Vandsburger
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
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25
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Zhang J, Yuan Y, Han Z, Li Y, van Zijl PCM, Yang X, Bulte JWM, Liu G. Detecting acid phosphatase enzymatic activity with phenol as a chemical exchange saturation transfer magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent (Phenol CEST MRI). Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 141:111442. [PMID: 31252256 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Phenol contains an exchangeable hydroxyl proton resonant at 4.8 ppm from the resonance frequency of water in the 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectrum, enabling itself to be detected at sub-mM concentration by either chemical exchange saturation transfer magnetic resonance imaging (CEST MRI) or exchange-based T2 relaxation enhancement (T2ex) effect under acidic and basic conditions, respectively. We recently investigated the T2ex effects of phenol and its derivatives, but the CEST characteristics of phenols are unknown in detail, and no study on using the natural CEST MRI effects of phenol for detecting enzymatic activity has been conducted. Herein, on the basis of the inherent CEST MR property of phenol, namely phenolCEST, we developed the first MRI approach to detect acid phosphatase (AcP) enzymatic activity. Upon the activity of AcP at pH = 5.0, non-CEST-detectable enzyme substrate phenyl phosphate was converted to CEST-detectable phenol, providing a simple way to quantify AcP activity directly without the need for a second signalling probe. We showed the application of this phenolCEST biosensor for measuring AcP activity in both enzyme solutions and cell lysates of prostate cells. This work opens a door for the utilization of phenolCEST MRI technique in sensor design and development.
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26
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Msayib Y, Harston GWJ, Sheerin F, Blockley NP, Okell TW, Jezzard P, Kennedy J, Chappell MA. Partial volume correction for quantitative CEST imaging of acute ischemic stroke. Magn Reson Med 2019; 82:1920-1928. [PMID: 31199009 PMCID: PMC6771886 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Contributions of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) have not been previously taken into account in the quantification of APT CEST effects, and correction for the dilution of CEST effects by CSF may allow for more robust measurement of CEST signals. The objective of this study was to compare the robustness of a partial volume (PV) correction model against a standard (4‐pool) multi‐pool model as far as their ability to quantify CEST effects in healthy, normal, and pathological tissue. Methods MRI data from 12 patients presenting with ischemic stroke, and 6 healthy subjects, were retrospectively analyzed. CEST signals derived from a 4‐pool model and a PV correction model were compared for repeatability and pathological tissue contrast. The effect of PV correction (PVC) was assessed within 3 ranges of tissue PV estimate (PVE): high PVE voxels, low PVE voxels, and the whole slice. Results In voxels with a high tissue PVE, PV correction did not make a significant difference to absolute APTR*. In low PVE voxels, the PVC model exhibited a significantly decreased ischemic core signal. The PVC measures exhibited higher repeatability between healthy subjects (4 pools: 3.4%, PVC: 2.4%) while maintaining a similar ischemic core CNR (0.7) to the 4‐pool model. In whole slice analysis it was found that both models exhibited similar results. Conclusions PV correction yielded a measure of APT effects that was more repeatable than standard 4‐pool analysis while achieving a similar CNR in pathological tissue, suggesting that PV‐corrected analysis was more robust at low values of tissue PVE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Msayib
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - G W J Harston
- Acute Vascular Imaging Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - F Sheerin
- Acute Vascular Imaging Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - N P Blockley
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB Division, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - T W Okell
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB Division, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - P Jezzard
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB Division, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - J Kennedy
- Acute Vascular Imaging Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - M A Chappell
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB Division, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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27
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Sinharay S, Randtke EA, Howison CM, Ignatenko NA, Pagel MD. Detection of Enzyme Activity and Inhibition during Studies in Solution, In Vitro and In Vivo with Cataly CEST MRI. Mol Imaging Biol 2019; 20:240-248. [PMID: 28726131 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-017-1092-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The detection of enzyme activities and evaluation of enzyme inhibitors have been challenging with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). To address this need, we have developed a diamagnetic, nonmetallic contrast agent and a protocol known as catalyCEST MRI that uses chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) to detect enzyme activity as well as enzyme inhibition. PROCEDURES We synthesized a diamagnetic MRI contrast agent that has enzyme responsive and enzyme unresponsive CEST signals. We tested the ability of this agent to detect the activity of kallikrein 6 (KLK6) in biochemical solutions, in vitro and in vivo, with and without a KLK6 inhibitor. RESULTS The agent detected KLK6 activity in solution and also detected KLK6 inhibition by antithrombin III. KLK6 activity was detected during in vitro studies with HCT116 colon cancer cells, relative to the detection of almost no activity in a KLK6-knockdown HCT116 cell line and HCT116 cells treated with antithrombin III inhibitor. Finally, strong enzyme activity was detected within an in vivo HCT116 tumor model, while lower enzyme activity was detected in a KLK6 knockdown tumor model and in the HCT116 tumor model treated with antithrombin III inhibitor. In all cases, comparisons of the enzyme responsive and enzyme unresponsive CEST signals were critical for the detection of enzyme activity. CONCLUSIONS This study has established that catalyCEST MRI with an exogenous diaCEST agent can evaluate enzyme activity and inhibition in solution, in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanhita Sinharay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Edward A Randtke
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, 1515 N. Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ, 84724-5024, USA
| | - Christine M Howison
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, 1515 N. Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ, 84724-5024, USA
| | - Natalia A Ignatenko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Mark D Pagel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. .,Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, 1515 N. Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ, 84724-5024, USA. .,University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. .,Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1881 East Road, Houston, TX, 77054, USA.
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Schnurr M, Joseph R, Naugolny-Keisar A, Kaizerman-Kane D, Bogdanoff N, Schuenke P, Cohen Y, Schröder L. High Exchange Rate Complexes of 129 Xe with Water-Soluble Pillar[5]arenes for Adjustable Magnetization Transfer MRI. Chemphyschem 2018; 20:246-251. [PMID: 30079552 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Macrocyclic host structures for generating transiently bound 129 Xe have been used in various ultra-sensitive NMR and MRI applications for molecular sensing of biochemical analytes. They are based on hyperpolarized nuclei chemical exchange saturation transfer (Hyper-CEST). Here, we tested a set of water-soluble pillar[5]arenes with different counterions in order to compare their potential contrast agent abilities with that of cryptophane-A (CrA), the most widely used host for such purposes. The exchange of Xe with such compounds was found to be sensitive to the type of ions present in solution and can be used for switchable magnetization transfer (MT) contrast that arises from off-resonant pre-saturation. We demonstrate that the adjustable MT magnitude depends on the interplay of saturation parameters and found that the optimum MT contrast surpasses the CrA CEST performance at moderate saturation power. Since modification of such water-soluble pillar[5]arenes is straightforward, these compounds can be considered a promising platform for designing various sensors that may complement the field of Xe HyperCEST-based biosensing MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schnurr
- Molecular Imaging, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roymon Joseph
- School of Chemistry, The Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Alissa Naugolny-Keisar
- School of Chemistry, The Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Dana Kaizerman-Kane
- School of Chemistry, The Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Nils Bogdanoff
- Molecular Imaging, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Schuenke
- Molecular Imaging, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yoram Cohen
- School of Chemistry, The Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Leif Schröder
- Molecular Imaging, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
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Scotti A, Tain RW, Li W, Gil V, Liew CW, Cai K. Mapping brown adipose tissue based on fat water fraction provided by Z-spectral imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 2018; 47:1527-1533. [PMID: 29148120 PMCID: PMC5957768 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has a great relevance in metabolic diseases and has been shown to be reduced in obesity and insulin resistance patients. Currently, Dixon MRI is used to calculate fat-water fraction (FWF) and differentiate BAT from white adipose tissue (WAT). However, it may fail in areas of phase wrapping and introduce fat-water swapping artifacts. PURPOSE To investigate the capacity of the Z-spectrum imaging (ZSI) for the identification of BAT in vivo. STUDY TYPE Retrospective study. SPECIMENS WAT, BAT, and lean tissue from healthy mice. ANIMALS Four C57BL/6 healthy mice. POPULATION Five healthy volunteers. FIELD STRENGTH 9.4T, 3T for volunteers. SEQUENCE Z-Spectra data were fitted to a model with three Lorentzian peaks reflecting the direct saturation of tissue water (W) and methylene fat (F), and the magnetization transfer from the semi-solid tissues. The peak amplitudes of water and fat were used to map the FWF. The novel FWF metric was calibrated with an oil and water mixture phantom and validated in specimens, mice and human subjects. ASSESSMEMT FWF distribution was compared with published works and values compared with Dixon's MRI results. STATISTICAL TESTS Comparisons were performed by t-tests. RESULTS ZSI clearly differentiated WAT, BAT, and lean tissues by having FWF = 1, 0.5, and 0, respectively. Calibration with oil mixture phantoms revealed a linear relationship between FWF and the actual fat fraction (R2 = 0.98). In vivo experiments in mice confirmed in vitro results by showing FWF = 0.6 in BAT. FWF maps of human subjects showed the same FWF distribution as Dixon's MRI (P > 0.05). ZSI is independent from B0 field inhomogeneity and fat-water swapping because both lipid and water frequency offsets are determined simultaneously during Z-spectral fitting. DATA CONCLUSION ZSI can derive artifact-free FWF maps, which can be used to identify BAT distribution in vivo noninvasively. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 1 Technical Efficacy: Stage 1 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;47:1527-1533.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Scotti
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for MR Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rong-Wen Tain
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for MR Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Weiguo Li
- Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Victoria Gil
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chong Wee Liew
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kejia Cai
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for MR Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
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30
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Shazeeb MS, Corazzini R, Konowicz PA, Fogle R, Bangari DS, Johnson J, Ying X, Dhal PK. Assessment of in vivo degradation profiles of hyaluronic acid hydrogels using temporal evolution of chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI. Biomaterials 2018; 178:326-338. [PMID: 29861090 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogels have found a wide range of applications in biomedicine: regenerative medicine to drug delivery applications. In vivo quantitative assessment of these hydrogels using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides an effective, accurate, safe, and non-invasive translational approach to assess the biodegradability of HA hydrogels. Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) is an MRI contrast enhancement technique that overcomes the concentration limitation of other techniques like magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) by detecting metabolites at up to two orders of magnitude or higher. In this study, HA hydrogels were synthesized based on different crosslinking agents and assessed using CEST MRI to investigate the in vivo degradation profiles of these gels in a mouse subcutaneous injection model over a three-month period. Nature of crosslinking agents was found to influence their degradation profiles. Since CEST MRI provides a unique chemical signature to visualize HA hydrogels, our studies proved that this technique could be used as a guide in the hydrogel optimization process for drug delivery and regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rubina Corazzini
- Diabetes Research, Sanofi Global R&D, 153 Second Avenue, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Paul A Konowicz
- Diabetes Research, Sanofi Global R&D, 153 Second Avenue, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Robert Fogle
- Bioimaging Research, Sanofi Global R&D, 49 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA 01701, USA
| | - Dinesh S Bangari
- Pathology Research, Sanofi Global R&D, 5 Mountain Road, Framingham, MA 01701, USA
| | - Jennifer Johnson
- Pathology Research, Sanofi Global R&D, 5 Mountain Road, Framingham, MA 01701, USA
| | - Xiaoyou Ying
- Bioimaging Research, Sanofi Global R&D, 49 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA 01701, USA.
| | - Pradeep K Dhal
- Diabetes Research, Sanofi Global R&D, 153 Second Avenue, Waltham, MA 02451, USA.
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31
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Jones KM, Randtke EA, Yoshimaru ES, Howison CM, Chalasani P, Klein RR, Chambers SK, Kuo PH, Pagel MD. Clinical Translation of Tumor Acidosis Measurements with Acido CEST MRI. Mol Imaging Biol 2018; 19:617-625. [PMID: 27896628 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-016-1029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We optimized acido-chemical exchange saturation transfer (acidoCEST) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a method that measures extracellular pH (pHe), and translated this method to the radiology clinic to evaluate tumor acidosis. PROCEDURES A CEST-FISP MRI protocol was used to image a flank SKOV3 tumor model. Bloch fitting modified to include the direct estimation of pH was developed to generate parametric maps of tumor pHe in the SKOV3 tumor model, a patient with high-grade invasive ductal carcinoma, and a patient with metastatic ovarian cancer. The acidoCEST MRI results of the patient with metastatic ovarian cancer were compared with DCE MRI and histopathology. RESULTS The pHe maps of a flank model showed pHe measurements between 6.4 and 7.4, which matched with the expected tumor pHe range from past acidoCEST MRI studies in flank tumors. In the patient with metastatic ovarian cancer, the average pHe value of three adjacent tumors was 6.58, and the most reliable pHe measurements were obtained from the right posterior tumor, which favorably compared with DCE MRI and histopathological results. The average pHe of the kidney showed an average pHe of 6.73 units. The patient with high-grade invasive ductal carcinoma failed to accumulate sufficient agent to generate pHe measurements. CONCLUSIONS Optimized acidoCEST MRI generated pHe measurements in a flank tumor model and could be translated to the clinic to assess a patient with metastatic ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle M Jones
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Edward A Randtke
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, 1515 N. Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ, 85724-5024, USA
| | | | - Christine M Howison
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, 1515 N. Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ, 85724-5024, USA
| | - Pavani Chalasani
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Robert R Klein
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Setsuko K Chambers
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Phillip H Kuo
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, 1515 N. Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ, 85724-5024, USA.,University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Mark D Pagel
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. .,Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, 1515 N. Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ, 85724-5024, USA. .,University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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32
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Chen M, Chen C, Shen Z, Zhang X, Chen Y, Lin F, Ma X, Zhuang C, Mao Y, Gan H, Chen P, Zong X, Wu R. Extracellular pH is a biomarker enabling detection of breast cancer and liver cancer using CEST MRI. Oncotarget 2017; 8:45759-67. [PMID: 28501855 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular pH (pHe) decrease is associated with tumor growth, invasion, metastasis, and chemoresistance, which can be detected by chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Here, we demonstrated that ioversol CEST MRI can be exploited to achieve pHe mapping of the liver cancer microenvironment. In in vitro studies, we firstly explored whether ioversol signal is pH-dependent, and calculated the function equation between the CEST effects of ioversol and pH values, in the range of 6.0 to 7.8, by a ratiometric method. Then we verified the feasibility of this technique and the equation in vivo by applying pHe imaging in an MMTV-Erbb2 transgenic mouse breast cancer model, which is often used in CEST pHe studies. Furthermore, in vivo ioversol CEST MRI, we were able to map relative pHe and differentiate between tumor and normal tissue in a McA-RH7777 rat hepatoma model. This suggests pHe may be a useful biomarker for human liver cancer.
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33
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Jones KM, Stuehm CA, Hsu CC, Kuo PH, Pagel MD, Randtke EA. Imaging Lung Cancer by Using Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer MRI With Retrospective Respiration Gating. Tomography 2018; 3:201-210. [PMID: 29479563 PMCID: PMC5823523 DOI: 10.18383/j.tom.2017.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Performing chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in lung tissue is difficult because of motion artifacts. We, therefore, developed a CEST MRI acquisition and analysis method that performs retrospective respiration gating. Our method used an acquisition scheme with a short 200-millisecond saturation pulse that can accommodate the timing of the breathing cycle, and with saturation applied at frequencies in 0.03-ppm intervals. The Fourier transform of each image was used to calculate the difference in phase angle between adjacent pixels in the longitudinal direction of the respiratory motion. Additional digital filtering techniques were used to evaluate the breathing cycle, which was used to construct CEST spectra from images during quiescent periods. Results from CEST MRI with and without respiration gating analysis were used to evaluate the asymmetry of the magnetization transfer ratio (MTRasym), a measure of CEST, for an egg white phantom that underwent cyclic motion, in the liver of healthy patients, as well as liver and tumor tissues of patients diagnosed with lung cancer. Retrospective respiration gating analysis produced more precise measurements in all cases with significant motion compared with nongated analysis methods. Finally, a preliminary clinical study with the same respiration-gated CEST MRI method showed a large increase in MTRasym after radiation therapy, a small increase or decrease in MTRasym after chemotherapy, and mixed results with combined chemoradiation therapy. Therefore, our retrospective respiration-gated method can improve CEST MRI evaluations of tumors and organs that are affected by respiratory motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle M Jones
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Carol A Stuehm
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.,University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Charles C Hsu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Phillip H Kuo
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.,University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Mark D Pagel
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.,University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Edward A Randtke
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.,University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
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Lindeman LR, Randtke EA, High RA, Jones KM, Howison CM, Pagel MD. A comparison of exogenous and endogenous CEST MRI methods for evaluating in vivo pH. Magn Reson Med 2017; 79:2766-2772. [PMID: 29024066 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Extracellular pH (pHe) is an important biomarker for cancer cell metabolism. Acido-chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI uses the contrast agent iopamidol to create spatial maps of pHe. Measurements of amide proton transfer exchange rates (kex ) from endogenous CEST MRI were compared to pHe measurements by exogenous acido-CEST MRI to determine whether endogenous kex could be used as a proxy for pHe measurements. METHODS Spatial maps of pHe and kex were obtained using exogenous acidoCEST MRI and an endogenous CEST MRI analyzed with the omega plot method, respectively, to evaluate mouse kidney, a flank tumor model, and a spontaneous lung tumor model. The pHe and kex results were evaluated using pixelwise comparisons. RESULTS The kex values obtained from endogenous CEST measurements did not correlate with the pHe results from exogenous CEST measurements. The kex measurements were limited to fewer pixels and had a limited dynamic range relative to pHe measurements. CONCLUSION Measurements of kex with endogenous CEST MRI cannot substitute for pHe measurements with acidoCEST MRI. Whereas endogenous CEST MRI may still have good utility for evaluating some specific pathologies, exogenous acido-CEST MRI is more appropriate when evaluating pathologies based on pHe values. Magn Reson Med 79:2766-2772, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila R Lindeman
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Edward A Randtke
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Rachel A High
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Kyle M Jones
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Mark D Pagel
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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35
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Sinharay S, Howison CM, Baker AF, Pagel MD. Detecting in vivo urokinase plasminogen activator activity with a cataly CEST MRI contrast agent. NMR Biomed 2017; 30:10.1002/nbm.3721. [PMID: 28370884 PMCID: PMC5704996 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) promotes tumor invasion and metastasis. The monitoring of uPA activity using molecular imaging may have prognostic value and be predictive for response to anti-cancer therapies. However, the detection of in vivo enzyme activity with molecular imaging remains a challenge. To address this problem, we designed a nonmetallic contrast agent, GR-4Am-SA, that can be detected with chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI. This agent has a peptide that is cleaved by uPA, which causes a CEST signal at 5.0 ppm to decrease, and also has a salicylic acid moiety that can produce a CEST signal at 9.5 ppm, which is largely unresponsive to enzyme activity. The two CEST signals were used to determine a reaction coordinate, representing the extent of enzyme-catalyzed cleavage of the GR-4Am-SA agent during an experimental study. Initial biochemical studies showed that GR-4Am-SA could detect uPA activity in reducing conditions. Subsequently, we used our catalyCEST MRI protocol with the agent to detect the uPA catalysis of GR-4Am-SA in a flank xenograft model of Capan-2 pancreatic cancer. The results showed an average reaction coordinate of 80% ± 8%, which was strongly dependent on the CEST signal at 5.0 ppm. The relative independence of the reaction coordinate on the CEST signal at 9.5 ppm showed that the detection of enzyme activity was largely independent of the concentration of GR-4Am-SA within the tumor tissue. These results demonstrated the advantages of a single CEST agent with biomarker-responsive and unresponsive signals for reliably assessing enzyme activity during in vivo cancer studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanhita Sinharay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | | | - Amanda F. Baker
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Mark D. Pagel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
- Corresponding Author: Mark D. Pagel, University of Arizona Cancer Center, 1515 N. Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724-5024, Tel: (520)-404-7049, Fax: (520)-626-0395,
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Abstract
Dendritic polymers or dendrimers present an alternate template for the development of nanoparticulate-based drug delivery and imaging systems. The smaller size (~7-12 nm) of dendrimers have the advantage over the other particles, because its smaller size can possibly improve tumor penetration and the inclusion of tumor specific drug release mechanisms. A Paramagnetic Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (PARACEST) MRI contrast agent, Eu-DOTA-Gly4 or a clinical relevant Gd-DOTA was conjugated on the surface of a G5 PAMAM dendrimer. To create a dual mode MRI-optical imaging nanoparticle, Dylight680 was also incorporated on the amines surface of a G5 dendrimer. The particle was detected with in vivo MRI in preclinical glioma animal model. Furthermore, noninvasive imaging results were validated with in vivo and ex-vivo optical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meser M Ali
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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37
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Abstract
A responsive magnetic resonance (MRI) contrast agent has been developed that can detect the enzyme activity of DT-diaphorase. The agent produced different chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI signals before and after incubation with the enzyme, NADH, and GSH at different pH values whereas it showed good stability in a reducing environment without enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Daryaei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Room 221, Tucson, Arizona, 85721-0041, USA
| | - Kyle M Jones
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, 1127 E James E. Rogers Way P.O. Box 210020, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0020, USA
| | - Mark D Pagel
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell, P.O. Box 245067, Tucson, Arizona, 85724, USA
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38
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Zhang L, Martins AF, Mai Y, Zhao P, Funk AM, Clavijo Jordan MV, Zhang S, Chen W, Wu Y, Sherry AD. Imaging Extracellular Lactate In Vitro and In Vivo Using CEST MRI and a Paramagnetic Shift Reagent. Chemistry 2017; 23:1752-1756. [PMID: 27987233 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Overproduction of lactate is a hallmark of cancer, yet a method to quantitatively measure lactate production by cancer cells is not straight-forward. Chemical exchange saturation transfer magnetic resonance imaging (CEST MRI) can potentially be used to image lactate but the small difference in chemical shift of the lactate -OH proton and water proton resonances make it challenging. Like other spectroscopic methods, CEST MRI cannot discriminate intracellular lactate from extracellular lactate. Herein, we demonstrate a relatively simple way to shift the lactate -OH proton resonance far away from water by addition of the paramagnetic shift reagent, EuDO3A, while retaining the CEST properties of lactate itself. The potential of the method was demonstrated by imaging extracellular lactate excreted from lung cancer cells in tissue culture without interference from other components in the culture media and by imaging excess lactate excreted into the bladder of a mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - André F Martins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Yuyan Mai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Piyu Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Alexander M Funk
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - M Veronica Clavijo Jordan
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Shanrong Zhang
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Yunkou Wu
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - A Dean Sherry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA.,Advanced Imaging Research Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
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Randtke EA, Pagel MD, Cárdenas-Rodríguez J. QUESPOWR MRI: QUantification of Exchange as a function of Saturation Power On the Water Resonance. J Magn Reson 2016; 270:56-70. [PMID: 27404128 PMCID: PMC6010190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2016.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
QUantification of Exchange as a function of Saturation Power On the Water Resonance (QUESPOWR) MRI is a new method that can estimate chemical exchange rates. This method acquires a series of OPARACHEE MRI acquisitions with a range of RF powers for the WALTZ16(∗) pulse train, which are applied on the water resonance. A QUESPOWR plot can be generated from the power dependence of the % water signal, which is similar to a QUESP plot that is generated from CEST MRI acquisition methods with RF saturation applied off-resonance from water. A QUESPOWR plot can be quantitatively analyzed using linear fitting methods to provide estimates of average chemical exchange rates. Analyses of the shapes of QUESPOWR plots can also be used to estimate relative differences in average chemical exchange rates and concentrations of biomolecules. The performance of QUESPOWR MRI was assessed via simulations, an in vitro study with iopamidol, and an in vivo study with a mouse model of mammary carcinoma. The results showed that QUESPOWR MRI is especially sensitive to chemical exchange between water and biomolecules that have intermediate to fast chemical exchange rates and chemical shifts that are close to water, which are notoriously difficult to assess with other CEST MRI methods. In addition, in vivo QUESPOWR MRI detected acidic tumor tissues relative to normal tissues that are pH-neutral, and therefore may be a new paradigm for tumor detection with MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Randtke
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Mark D Pagel
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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40
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Randtke EA, Granados JC, Howison CM, Pagel MD, Cárdenas-Rodríguez J. Multislice CEST MRI improves the spatial assessment of tumor pH. Magn Reson Med 2016; 78:97-106. [PMID: 27465207 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Multislice maps of extracellular pH (pHe) are needed to interrogate the heterogeneities of tumors and normal organs. To address this need, we have developed a multislice chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI acquisition method with a CEST spectrum-fitting method that measures in vivo pHe over a range of 6.3 to 7.4. METHODS The phase offset multiplanar (POMP) method was adapted for CEST fast imaging with steady-state free precession (FISP) MRI to acquire multiple image slices with a single CEST saturation pulse. The Bloch-McConnell equations were modified to include pH based on a calibration of pH and chemical exchange rate for the contrast agent iopamidol. These equations were used to estimate the pixel-wise pHe values throughout the multislice acidoCEST MR images of the tumor, kidney, bladder, and other tissues of a MDA-MB-231 tumor model. RESULTS Multislice acidoCEST MRI successfully mapped a gradient of pHe from 6.73 to 6.81 units from the tumor core to rim, and also mapped a gradient of pHe 6.56 to 6.97 across the mouse kidney. The bladder was found to be pHe 6.3. CONCLUSION AcidoCEST MRI with POMP acquisition and Bloch-McConnel analysis can map pHe in multiple imaging slices through the tumor, kidney, and bladder. This multislice evaluation facilitates assessments of spatial heterogeneity of tissue pHe. Magn Reson Med 78:97-106, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Randtke
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Jeffry C Granados
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Mark D Pagel
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Julio Cárdenas-Rodríguez
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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41
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Abstract
Responsive CEST MRI biosensors offer good sensitivity and excellent specificity for detection of biomarkers with great potential for clinical translation. We report the application of fosfosal, a phosphorylated form of salicylic acid, for the detection of alkaline phosphatase (AP) enzyme. We detected conversion of fosfosal to salicylic acid in the presence of the enzyme by CEST MRI. Importantly the technique was able to detect AP enzyme expressed in cells in the presence of other cell components, which improves specificity. Various isoforms of the enzyme showed different Michaelis-Menten kinetics and yet these kinetics studies indicated very efficient catalytic rates. Our results with the fosfosal biosensor encourage further in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Daryaei
- Biological
Chemistry Program, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719, United States
| | - Mahsa Mohammadebrahim Ghaffari
- Biological
Chemistry Program, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719, United States
| | - Kyle M. Jones
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Mark D. Pagel
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona 85724, United States
- Department
of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, United States
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42
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Song X, Walczak P, He X, Yang X, Pearl M, Bulte JWM, Pomper MG, McMahon MT, Janowski M. Salicylic acid analogues as chemical exchange saturation transfer MRI contrast agents for the assessment of brain perfusion territory and blood-brain barrier opening after intra-arterial infusion. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:1186-94. [PMID: 26980755 PMCID: PMC4929703 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16637882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a major obstacle for drug delivery to the brain. Predicted, focal opening of the BBB through intra-arterial infusion of hyperosmolar mannitol is feasible, but there is a need to facilitate imaging techniques (e.g. MRI) to guide interventional procedures and assess the outcomes. Here, we show that salicylic acid analogues (SAA) can depict the brain territory supplied by the catheter and detect the BBB opening, through chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI. Hyperosmolar SAA solutions themselves are also capable of opening the BBB, and, when multiple SAA agents were co-injected, their locoregional perfusion could be differentiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Song
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltmore, MD, USA F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Piotr Walczak
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltmore, MD, USA F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Xiaowei He
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltmore, MD, USA School of Information Sciences and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Xing Yang
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltmore, MD, USA
| | - Monica Pearl
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltmore, MD, USA
| | - Jeff W M Bulte
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltmore, MD, USA F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Martin G Pomper
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltmore, MD, USA
| | - Michael T McMahon
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltmore, MD, USA F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mirosław Janowski
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltmore, MD, USA Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA NeuroRepair Department, MMRC, PAS, Warsaw, Poland Department of Neurosurgery, MMRC, PAS, Warsaw, Poland
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43
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Sinharay S, Randtke EA, Jones KM, Howison CM, Chambers SK, Kobayashi H, Pagel MD. Noninvasive detection of enzyme activity in tumor models of human ovarian cancer using cataly CEST MRI. Magn Reson Med 2016; 77:2005-2014. [PMID: 27221386 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We proposed to detect the in vivo enzyme activity of γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) within mouse models of human ovarian cancers using catalyCEST MRI with a diamagnetic CEST agent. METHODS A CEST-FISP MRI protocol and a diamagnetic CEST agent were developed to detect GGT enzyme activity in biochemical solution. A quantitative Michaelis-Menten enzyme kinetics study was performed to confirm that catalyCEST MRI can measure enzyme activity. In vivo catalyCEST MRI studies generated pixel-wise activity maps of GGT activities. Ex vivo fluorescence imaging was performed for validation. RESULTS CatalyCEST MRI selectively detected two CEST signals from a single CEST agent, whereby one CEST signal was responsive to GGT enzyme activity and the other CEST signal was an unresponsive control signal. The comparison of these CEST signals facilitated in vivo catalyCEST MRI studies that detected high GGT activity in OVCAR-8 tumors, low GGT activity in OVCAR-3 tumors, and low or no GGT activity in muscle tissues. CONCLUSION CatalyCEST MRI with a diamagnetic CEST agent can detect the level of GGT enzyme activity within in vivo tumor models of human ovarian cancers. Magn Reson Med 77:2005-2014, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanhita Sinharay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Edward A Randtke
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Kyle M Jones
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Setsuko K Chambers
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Theranostics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark D Pagel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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44
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Akhenblit PJ, Hanke NT, Gill A, Persky DO, Howison CM, Pagel MD, Baker AF. Assessing Metabolic Changes in Response to mTOR Inhibition in a Mantle Cell Lymphoma Xenograft Model Using Acido CEST MRI. Mol Imaging 2016; 15:15/0/1536012116645439. [PMID: 27140422 PMCID: PMC4878391 DOI: 10.1177/1536012116645439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
AcidoCEST magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has previously been shown to measure tumor extracellular pH (pHe) with excellent accuracy and precision. This study investigated the ability of acidoCEST MRI to monitor changes in tumor pHe in response to therapy. To perform this study, we used the Granta 519 human mantle cell lymphoma cell line, which is an aggressive B-cell malignancy that demonstrates activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. We performed in vitro and in vivo studies using the Granta 519 cell line to investigate the efficacy and associated changes induced by the mTOR inhibitor, everolimus (RAD001). AcidoCEST MRI studies showed a statistically significant increase in tumor pHe of 0.10 pH unit within 1 day of initiating treatment, which foreshadowed a decrease in tumor growth of the Granta 519 xenograft model. AcidoCEST MRI then measured a decrease in tumor pHe 7 days after initiating treatment, which foreshadowed a return to normal tumor growth rate. Therefore, this study is a strong example that acidoCEST MRI can be used to measure tumor pHe that may serve as a marker for therapeutic efficacy of anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Akhenblit
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Neale T Hanke
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Alexander Gill
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Daniel O Persky
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Mark D Pagel
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Amanda F Baker
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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45
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Jones KM, Randtke EA, Howison CM, Pagel MD. Respiration gating and Bloch fitting improve pH measurements with acido CEST MRI in an ovarian orthotopic tumor model. Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng 2016; 9788. [PMID: 27212783 DOI: 10.1117/12.2216418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a MRI method that can measure extracellular pH in tumor tissues, known as acidoCEST MRI. This method relies on the detection of Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (CEST) of iopamidol, an FDA-approved CT contrast agent that has two CEST signals. A log10 ratio of the two CEST signals is linearly correlated with pH, but independent of agent concentration, endogenous T1 relaxation time, and B1 inhomogeneity. Therefore, detecting both CEST effects of iopamidol during in vivo studies can be used to accurately measure the extracellular pH in tumor tissues. Past in vivo studies using acidoCEST MRI have suffered from respiration artifacts in orthotopic and lung tumor models that have corrupted pH measurements. In addition, the non-linear fitting method used to analyze results is unreliable as it is subject to over-fitting especially with noisy CEST spectra. To improve the technique, we have recently developed a respiration gated CEST MRI pulse sequence that has greatly reduced motion artifacts, and we have included both a prescan and post scan to remove endogenous CEST effects. In addition, we fit the results by parameterizing the contrast of the exogenous agent with respect to pH via the Bloch equations modified for chemical exchange, which is less subject to over-fitting than the non-linear method. These advances in the acidoCEST MRI technique and analysis methods have made pH measurements more reliable, especially in areas of the body subject to respiratory motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle M Jones
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Edward A Randtke
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Cancer Biology Program
| | - Christine M Howison
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Cancer Biology Program
| | - Mark D Pagel
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Cancer Biology Program; University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ
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46
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Rezaeian MR, Hossein-Zadeh GA, Soltanian-Zadeh H. Simultaneous optimization of power and duration of radio-frequency pulse in PARA CEST MRI. Magn Reson Imaging 2016; 34:743-753. [PMID: 26956610 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI is increasingly used to probe mobile proteins and microenvironment properties, and shows great promise for tumor and stroke diagnosis. The CEST effect is complex and depends not only on the CEST agent concentration, exchange rates, the characteristic of the magnetization transfer (MT), and the relaxation properties of the tissue, but also varies with the experimental conditions such as radio-frequency (RF) pulse power and duration. The RF pulse is one of the most important factors that promote the CEST effect for biological properties such as pH, temperature and protein content, especially for contrast agents with intermediate to fast exchange rates. The CEST effect is susceptible to the RF duration and power. The present study aims at determining the optimal power and the corresponding optimal duration (that maximize the CEST effect) using an off-resonance scheme through a new definition of the CEST effect. This definition is formulated by solving the Bloch-McConnell equation through the R1ρ method (based on the eigenspace solution) for both of the MT and CEST effects as well as their interactions. The proposed formulations of the optimal RF pulse power and duration are the first formulations in which the MT effect is considered. The extracted optimal RF pulse duration and power are compared with those of the MTR asymmetry model in two- and three-pool systems, using synthetic data that are similar to the muscle tissue. To validate them further, the formulations are compared with the empirical formulation of the CEST effect and other findings of the previous researches. By extending our formulations, the optimal power and the corresponding optimal duration (in the biological systems with many chemical exchange sites) can be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad-Reza Rezaeian
- Control and Intelligent Processing Center of Excellence (CIPCE), School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Eng., Univ. of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Gholam-Ali Hossein-Zadeh
- Control and Intelligent Processing Center of Excellence (CIPCE), School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Eng., Univ. of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamid Soltanian-Zadeh
- Control and Intelligent Processing Center of Excellence (CIPCE), School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Eng., Univ. of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Medical Image Analysis Laboratory, Radiology Department, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.
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47
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Li J, Feng X, Zhu W, Oskolkov N, Zhou T, Kim BK, Baig N, McMahon MT, Oldfield E. Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (CEST) Agents: Quantum Chemistry and MRI. Chemistry 2016; 22:264-71. [PMID: 26616530 PMCID: PMC4715718 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Diamagnetic chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) contrast agents offer an alternative to Gd(3+) -based contrast agents for MRI. They are characterized by containing protons that can rapidly exchange with water and it is advantageous to have these protons resonate in a spectral window that is far removed from water. Herein, we report the first results of DFT calculations of the (1) H nuclear magnetic shieldings in 41 CEST agents, finding that the experimental shifts can be well predicted (R(2) =0.882). We tested a subset of compounds with the best MRI properties for toxicity and for activity as uncouplers, then obtained mice kidney CEST MRI images for three of the most promising leads finding 16 (2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid) to be one of the most promising CEST MRI contrast agents to date. Overall, the results are of interest since they show that (1) H NMR shifts for CEST agents-charged species-can be well predicted, and that several leads have low toxicity and yield good in vivo MR images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jikun Li
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, 600 South Mathews Urbana, IL 61801 (USA)
| | - Xinxin Feng
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, 600 South Mathews Urbana, IL 61801 (USA)
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, 600 South Mathews Urbana, IL 61801 (USA)
| | - Nikita Oskolkov
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 991 N. Broadway Baltimore, Maryland 21287 (USA)
| | - Tianhui Zhou
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, 600 South Mathews Urbana, IL 61801 (USA)
| | - Boo Kyung Kim
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, 600 South Mathews Urbana, IL 61801 (USA)
| | - Noman Baig
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, 600 South Mathews Urbana, IL 61801 (USA)
| | - Michael T McMahon
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 991 N. Broadway Baltimore, Maryland 21287 (USA).
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 707 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21287 (USA).
| | - Eric Oldfield
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, 600 South Mathews Urbana, IL 61801 (USA).
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48
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Hingorani DV, Montano LA, Randtke EA, Lee YS, Cárdenas-Rodríguez J, Pagel MD. A single diamagnetic cataly CEST MRI contrast agent that detects cathepsin B enzyme activity by using a ratio of two CEST signals. Contrast Media Mol Imaging 2015; 11:130-8. [PMID: 26633584 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CatalyCEST MRI can detect enzyme activity by monitoring the change in chemical exchange with water after a contrast agent is cleaved by an enzyme. Often these molecules use paramagnetic metals and are delivered with an additional non-responsive reference molecule. To improve this approach for molecular imaging, a single diamagnetic agent with enzyme-responsive and enzyme-unresponsive CEST signals was synthesized and characterized. The CEST signal from the aryl amide disappeared after cleavage of a dipeptidyl ligand with cathepsin B, while a salicylic acid moiety was largely unresponsive to enzyme activity. The ratiometric comparison of the two CEST signals from the same agent allowed for concentration independent measurements of enzyme activity. The chemical exchange rate of the salicylic acid moiety was unchanged after enzyme catalysis, which further validated that this moiety was enzyme-unresponsive. The temperature dependence of the chemical exchange rate of the salicylic acid moiety was non-Arrhenius, suggesting a two-step chemical exchange mechanism for salicylic acid. The good detection sensitivity at low saturation power facilitates clinical translation, along with the potentially low toxicity of a non-metallic MRI contrast agent. The modular design of the agent constitutes a platform technology that expands the variety of agents that may be employed by catalyCEST MRI for molecular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina V Hingorani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, George Palade 310, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0647, USA
| | - Luis A Montano
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Edward A Randtke
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Yeon Sun Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Mark D Pagel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,University of Arizona Cancer Center, 1515 N Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ, 85724-5024, USA
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49
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Moon BF, Jones KM, Chen LQ, Liu P, Randtke EA, Howison CM, Pagel MD. A comparison of iopromide and iopamidol, two acido CEST MRI contrast media that measure tumor extracellular pH. Contrast Media Mol Imaging 2015; 10:446-55. [PMID: 26108564 PMCID: PMC4691225 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Acidosis within tumor and kidney tissues has previously been quantitatively measured using a molecular imaging technique known as acidoCEST MRI. The previous studies used iopromide and iopamidol, two iodinated contrast agents that are approved for clinical CT diagnoses and have been repurposed for acidoCEST MRI studies. We aimed to compare the performance of the two agents for measuring pH by optimizing image acquisition conditions, correlating pH with a ratio of CEST effects from an agent, and evaluating the effects of concentration, endogenous T1 relaxation time and temperature on the pH-CEST ratio correlation for each agent. These results showed that the two agents had similar performance characteristics, although iopromide produced a pH measurement with a higher dynamic range while iopamidol produced a more precise pH measurement. We then compared the performance of the two agents to measure in vivo extracellular pH (pHe) within xenograft tumor models of Raji lymphoma and MCF-7 breast cancer. Our results showed that the pHe values measured with each agent were not significantly different. Also, iopromide consistently measured a greater region of the tumor relative to iopamidol in both tumor models. Therefore, an iodinated contrast agent for acidoCEST MRI should be selected based on the measurement properties needed for a specific biomedical study and the pharmacokinetic properties of a specific tumor model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna F. Moon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ
| | - Kyle M. Jones
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ
| | - Liu Qi Chen
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ
| | - Peilu Liu
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ
| | - Edward A. Randtke
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ
| | | | - Mark D. Pagel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ
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50
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Chen LQ, Howison CM, Spier C, Stopeck AT, Malm SW, Pagel MD, Baker AF. Assessment of carbonic anhydrase IX expression and extracellular pH in B-cell lymphoma cell line models. Leuk Lymphoma 2015; 56:1432-9. [PMID: 25130478 PMCID: PMC4697737 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2014.933218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The expression of carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) and its relationship to acidosis in lymphomas has not been widely studied. We investigated the protein expression of CA IX in a human B-cell lymphoma tissue microarray, and in Raji, Ramos and Granta 519 lymphoma cell lines and tumor models, while also investigating the relationship with hypoxia. An imaging method, acidoCEST magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), was used to estimate lymphoma xenograft extracellular pH (pHe). Our results showed that clinical lymphoma tissues and cell line models in vitro and in vivo had moderate CA IX expression. Although in vitro studies showed that CA IX expression was induced by hypoxia, in vivo studies did not show this correlation. Untreated lymphoma xenograft tumor pHe had acidic fractions, and an acidity score was qualitatively correlated with CA IX expression. Therefore, CA IX is expressed in B-cell lymphomas and is qualitatively correlated with extracellular acidosis in xenograft tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Qi Chen
- University of Arizona, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
| | | | - Catherine Spier
- University of Arizona, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine
| | - Alison T. Stopeck
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Section of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine
| | - Scott W. Malm
- University of Arizona, Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, College of Pharmacy
| | - Mark D. Pagel
- University of Arizona, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biomedical Engineering, Medical Imaging, and University of Arizona Cancer Center
| | - Amanda F. Baker
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Section of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine,Corresponding Author: Amanda Baker, Pharm.D., Ph.D., 1515 N. Campbell Ave., Room 3977A, Tucson, AZ, 85724, Tel: (520)-626-0301, Fax: (520)-626-0395,
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