Adapting a health facility HIV stigma-reduction participatory training intervention to address drug use stigma in HIV care and treatment clinics in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

BACKGROUND

HIV prevalence among people who use drugs (PWUD) in Tanzania is 4-7 times higher than in the general population, underscoring an urgent need to increase HIV testing and treatment among PWUD. Drug use stigma within HIV clinics is a barrier to HIV treatment for PWUD, yet few interventions to address HIV-clinic drug use stigma exist. Guided by the ADAPT-ITT model, we adapted the participatory training curriculum of the evidence-based Health Policy Plus Total Facility Approach to HIV stigma reduction, to address drug use stigma in HIV care and treatment clinics (CTCs).

METHODS

The first step in the training curriculum adaptation process was formative research. We conducted 32 in-depth interviews in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: 18 (11 men and 7 women) with PWUD living with HIV, and 14 with a mix of clinical [7] and non-clinical [7] CTC staff (5 men and 9 women). Data were analyzed through rapid qualitative analysis to inform initial curriculum adaptation. This initial draft curriculum was then further adapted and refined through multiple iterative steps of review, feedback and revision including a 2-day stakeholder workshop and external expert review.

RESULTS

Four CTC drug use stigma drivers emerged as key to address in the curriculum adaptation: (1) Lack of awareness of the manifestations and consequences of drug use stigma in CTCs (e.g., name calling, ignoring PWUD and denial of care); (2) Negative stereotypes (e.g., all PWUD are thieves, dangerous); (3) Fear of providing services to PWUD, and; (4) Lack of knowledge about drug use as a medical condition and absence of skills to care for PWUD. Five, 2.5-hour participatory training sessions were developed with topics focused on creating awareness of stigma and its consequences, understanding and addressing stereotypes and fears of interacting with PWUD; understanding drug use, addiction, and co-occurring conditions; deepening understanding of drug use stigma and creating empathy, including a panel session with people who had used drugs; and working to create actionable change.

CONCLUSION

Understanding context specific drivers and manifestations of drug use stigma from the perspective of PWUD and health workers allowed for ready adaptation of an existing evidence-based HIV-stigma reduction intervention to address drug use stigma in HIV care and treatment clinics. Future steps include a pilot test of the adapted intervention.

Using a mixed-methods approach to adapt an HIV stigma reduction to address intersectional stigma faced by men who have sex with men in Ghana

INTRODUCTION

In Ghana, men who have sex with men (MSM) are estimated to be 11 times more likely to be living with HIV than the general population. Stigmas at the intersection of HIV, same-sex and gender non-conformity are potential key drivers behind this outsized HIV disease burden. Healthcare workers (HCWs) are essential to HIV prevention, care and treatment and can also be sources of stigma for people living with HIV and MSM. This article describes the process and results of adapting an evidence-based HIV stigma-reduction HCW training curriculum to address HIV, same-sex and gender non-conformity stigma among HCWs in the Greater Accra and Ashanti regions, Ghana.

METHODS

Six steps were implemented from March 2020 to September 2021: formative research (in-depth interviews with stigma-reduction trainers [n = 8] and MSM living with HIV [n = 10], and focus group discussions with HCWs [n = 8] and MSM [n = 8]); rapid data analysis to inform a first-draft adapted curriculum; a stakeholder adaptation workshop; triangulation of adaptation with HCW baseline survey data (N = 200) and deeper analysis of formative data; iterative discussions with partner organizations for further refinement; external expert review; and final adaptation with the teams of HCWs and MSM being trained to deliver the curriculum.

RESULTS

Key themes emerging under four immediately actionable drivers of health facility intersectional stigma (awareness, fear, attitudes and facility environment) informed the adaptation of the HIV training curriculum. Based on the findings, existing curriculum exercises were placed in one of four categories: (1) Expand-existing exercises that needed modifications to incorporate deeper MSM and gender non-conformity stigma content; (2) Generate-new exercises to fill gaps; (3) Maintain-exercises to keep with no modifications; and (4) Eliminate-exercises that could be dropped given training time constraints. New exercises were developed to address gender norms, the belief that being MSM is a mental illness and stigmatizing attitudes towards MSM.

CONCLUSIONS

Getting to the "heart of stigma" requires understanding and responding to both HIV and other intersecting stigma targeting sexual and gender diversity. Findings from this study can inform health facility stigma reduction programming not only for MSM, but also for other populations affected by HIV-related and intersectional stigma in Ghana and beyond.

Situating HIV Stigma in Health Facility Settings: A Qualitative Study of Experiences and Perceptions of Stigma in 'Clinics' among Healthcare Workers and Service Users in Zambia

The study focused on the representations, processes and effects of HIV stigma for healthcare workers living with HIV within health facilities in Zambia. A descriptive study design was deployed. A total of 56 health workers and four service user participants responded to a structured questionnaire (n = 50) or took part in key informant interviews (n = 10) in five high HIV-prevalence provinces. Most participants did not disclose if they were living with HIV, except for four participants who responded to the questionnaire and were selected for being open about living with HIV. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with health workers in key government health facility positions. The questions were standardized and used a Likert scale. Descriptive statistical and thematic analyses were applied to the data. Results show that antiretroviral treatment (ART) has an impact on stigma reduction. Almost half the participants agreed that treatment is reducing levels of HIV stigma. However, fears of exposure of HIV status and labelling and judgemental attitudes persist. No comprehensive stigma reduction policies and guidelines in healthcare facilities were mentioned. Informal flexible systems to deliver HIV services were in place for health workers living with HIV, illustrating how stigma can be quietly navigated. Lack of confidentiality in healthcare facilities plays a role in fuelling disclosure issues and hampering access to testing and treatment. Stigma reduction training needs standardization. Further, codes of conduct for ‘stigma-free healthcare settings’ should be developed.

Feasibility, Acceptability and Preliminary Efficacy of Tikambisane ('Let's Talk to Each Other'): A Pilot Support Group Intervention for Adolescent Girls Living With HIV in Zambia

Background:

In Zambia, 84,959 adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) aged 15-24 are currently living with HIV. We explored the feasibility and acceptability of a 6-session, curriculum-based support group intervention designed to address key concerns of AGYW living with HIV.

Setting:

Urban Zambia

Methods:

Surveys and in-depth interviews were collected pre- and post-intervention from participants enrolled from 2 health facilities. Eight participant observations of sessions were conducted. Descriptive statistics at baseline were reported only for AGYW who participated in the intervention (N = 21), while analyses comparing baseline and endline outcome measures were restricted to participants who had data at both time points (N = 14).

Results:

Support groups were feasible to conduct and acceptable to participants. Co-facilitation by an adult counselor and peers living with HIV raised confidence about session content. Sessions on antiretroviral therapy (ART), disclosure and stigma, and grief and loss were most in demand. We did not observe significant differences in key outcome measures between baseline and follow-up. However, qualitative data supported the positive impact of the intervention on ART adherence and hope for the future following the intervention among our participants.

Conclusion:

A short-term, structured support group series holds promise for helping AGYW living with HIV safely navigate a complex time in their lives.

"My mother told me that I should not": a qualitative study exploring the restrictions placed on adolescent girls living with HIV in Zambia

Introduction

Adolescent girls in sub‐Saharan Africa are disproportionately affected by HIV due to a range of social and structural factors. As they transition to adulthood, they are recipients of increasing blame for HIV infection and ‘improper’ sex, as well as increasing scrutiny, restrictions and surveillance. This study used a qualitative and participatory approach to explore the messaging and restrictions imposed on adolescent girls living with HIV in Zambia.

Methods

Thirty‐four in‐depth interviews and four participatory workshops were carried out with 24 adolescent girls aged 15 to 19 years old living with HIV in Lusaka, Zambia. Key themes explored included experiences living with HIV, finding out about HIV status, disclosure, experiences with antiretroviral treatment, and support needs. Data were organized, coded and analysed using a grounded theory approach to thematic analysis. This analysis uses data on participants’ experiences of living with HIV and their interactions with their parents, guardians and healthcare providers.

Results

Family and healthcare providers, partly in a quest to protect both the health of adolescent girls living with HIV and also to protect them from blaming discourse, imposed restrictions on their behaviour around three main topics: don't disclose your HIV status, don't have sex, and don't miss your medicines. These restrictions were often delivered using tactics of fear, and usually disconnected from other options. Participants responded to these messages in several ways, including internalizing the messages, changing their behaviour either to comply with or resist the restrictions, by remaining silent and anxious when restrictions were broken, and developing concerns around their own health and sexual and reproductive aspirations. Participants also sometimes experiencing stigma when restrictions could not be maintained.

Conclusions

Restrictive messages were delivered to adolescent girls living with HIV through the broader social discourses of stigma, religion, and global and local narratives about HIV. Programmes aiming to support adolescent girls living with HIV need to work together with parents and healthcare providers to reflect on the impact of sanctioning messages, and to encourage more enabling and empowering messaging for adolescent girls living with HIV.

Laboratory diagnosis of mumps in a partially immunized population: The Nova Scotia experience

BACKGROUND

In 2007, Atlantic Canada experienced a large outbreak of mumps predominately in university students who had received a single dose of measles, mumps and rubella vaccine. The present study describes the performance characteristics of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on buccal and urine specimens and immunoglobulin M (IgM) serology in this partially immune population.

METHODS

Patients presenting with symptoms suspicious for mumps had a serum, urine and a buccal swab collected for diagnostic testing. Persons were classified as a 'confirmed' case according to the Public Health Agency of Canada's definition. Sera were tested using an enzyme-linked immunoassay. Detection of mumps virus in buccal swabs and urine samples was performed by RT-PCR.

RESULTS

A subset of 155 cases and 376 non-cases that had all three specimens submitted was used for calculating the performance characteristics. The sensitivity of RT-PCR on buccal swabs, urine specimens and IgM serology were 79%, 43% and 25%, respectively. The specificity of RT-PCR on buccal swabs, urine specimens and IgM serology was 99.5%, 100% and 99.7%, respectively. Only 12 of 134 (9%) patients had positive urine specimens in the presence of negative oral swabs.

CONCLUSION

RT-PCR on buccal swabs is the ideal specimen for diagnosis. Testing an additional urine sample in an outbreak setting did not increase the diagnostic yield significantly, but doubled testing volume and cost. In addition, the data suggest that, in this partially immune group, IgM serology has little value in the diagnosis of acute infection.

Peripheral motor nerve conduction velocities in children undergoing chronic hemodialysis

Peroneal motor nerve conduction velocities (MNCVs) were performed on 58 children aged 20 months to 12 years undergoing chronic hemodialysis. No patient had any clinical manifestations of uremic polyneuropathy. The mean MNCV in 21 children at the onset of dialysis was 42.0 m/sec; significantly slower than the control group of 51.4 +/- 5.3 m/sec (p less than 0.001). 16 studied performed between the 1st and 6th month had a mean MNCV of 43.2 +/- 5.7 m/sec, also slower than the normal controls (p less than 0.001). We conclude that peroneal MNCVs are reduced in most children at the initiation of chronic hemodialysis and do not change significantly during the next 6--12 months and that the routine practice of obtaining such studied is of no value in the clinical management of children undergoing chronic hemodialysis.

A procedure for dissociating Ayre scrape samples

The dissociation of cervical cell suspensions after various chemical and enzymatic treatments was monitored by using the Centrifugal Cytology rotor to produce glutaraldehyde-fixed dispersions on conventional microscope slides and subsequent Pap staining. A special program was written in RPG II to record and analyze the results of the dissociation experiments in terms of white blood cells and the true cervical cells ("other cells"), and the degree of dissociation and recovery of both classes of cells. Since accurate differential counts on the untreated Ayre scrapes were difficult, the samples were syringed gently to break up the large or adventitious clumps. Cumulated results from control preparations indicate that the white blood cells and "other cells" are composed respectively of 92 and 63% single cells. The cells were further dissociated by: dissolving the cervical mucin sequentially with dithiothreitol and iodoacetic acid; depolymerizing the nucleohistone gel with ribonuclease; solubilizing the desmosomes with EDTA; removing the remaining cellular agglutinins with Varidase; and finally mechanical dispersion by hypertonic shock. The optimum procedure for dissociation involves the use of ribonuclease, dithiothreitol, iodoacetic acid EDTA, Varidase and sucrose shock. The white blood cells are now monodisperse and 81% of the "other cells" are found as single cells. If nuclear separation by two diameters is considered sufficient 98% of the "other cells" are single. The slide preparations are now sufficiently good that a scanning system is feasible.