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Loo YM, Herbert AS, Kuehne AI, McTamney PM, Roque R, Moreau AM, Bakken R, Stefan CP, Koehler JW, Delp KL, Coyne SR, Kane CD, Dye JM, Cai Y, Esser MT. 1143. Prophylactic and Therapeutic Activity of AZD7442 (Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab) in SARS-CoV-2 Hamster Challenge Models. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022. [PMCID: PMC9752730 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac492.981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background AZD7442—a combination of 2 human, extended–half-life, SARS-CoV-2–neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) (tixagevimab/cilgavimab)—has received US Food and Drug Administration emergency use authorization for COVID-19 prevention in immunocompromised individuals. We evaluated the effect of AZD7442 in prevention and treatment settings in Syrian hamsters challenged with SARS-CoV-2. Methods Hamsters received intraperitoneal isotype control mAb (2 mg) or AZD7442 (0.002–2 mg) 1 day before intranasal (IN) SARS-CoV-2 challenge (USA-WA1/2020; 1x105 plaque-forming units) in prevention; OR control mAb (5 mg) or AZD7442 (0.5–5 mg) 1 day after IN SARS-CoV-2 challenge in treatment. The impact of AZD7442 on lung viral RNA and pathology and AZD7442 serum levels was assessed on Days 3 and 7 post infection. Body weight was recorded daily through Day 7. Results With AZD7442 prevention, lower lung viral loads were observed compared to controls; at Day 3 post infection, lowest infectious virus titer and viral subgenomic mRNA (sgmRNA) levels were seen with doses ≥0.2 mg AZD7442. Concomitantly, increased serum levels of AZD7442 were observed. By Day 7, infectious virus titer and sgmRNA fell below the level of detection (LOD) at all doses tested. Moreover, AZD7442 at doses ≥0.2 mg protected hamsters from weight loss versus controls. Lung pathology scores (scale: 0 [normal] to 25 [most severe]) were generally dose dependent, with mean scores of < 2 for AZD7442 versus 10 for controls, indicating less SARS-CoV-2–induced inflammation and alveolar damage in hamsters given AZD7442. Lower AZD7442 doses were associated with mean pathology scores similar to controls. With AZD7442 treatment, infectious virus titers were below the LOD at Day 3 post infection and at Day 7 for sgmRNA, for all doses tested. Mean lung pathology score was <2 for AZD7442 versus 12 for controls. AZD7442 doses ≥0.5 mg protected against weight loss relative to controls.
![]() Conclusion In a SARS-CoV-2 challenge model, AZD7442 administered as prevention or treatment led to significantly lower lung viral loads and improved lung pathology, without weight loss. There was also no evidence that AZD7442 mediated antibody-dependent enhancement of disease or infection. Disclosures Yueh-Ming Loo, PhD, AstraZeneca: Employee|AstraZeneca: Stocks/Bonds Patrick M. McTamney, PhD, AstraZeneca: Employee Richard Roque, B.S., AstraZeneca: Employee|AstraZeneca: Stocks/Bonds Yingyun Cai, PhD, AstraZeneca: Employee|AstraZeneca: Stocks/Bonds Mark T. Esser, PhD, AstraZeneca: Employee|AstraZeneca: Stocks/Bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew S Herbert
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Ana I Kuehne
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | | | | | - Alicia M Moreau
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Russell Bakken
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Christopher P Stefan
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Jeffrey W Koehler
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Korey L Delp
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Susan R Coyne
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Christopher D Kane
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - John M Dye
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
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2
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Bixler SL, Stefan CP, Jay AN, Rossi FD, Ricks KM, Shoemaker CJ, Moreau AM, Zeng X, Hooper JW, Dyer DN, Frick OM, Koehler JW, Kearney BJ, DiPinto N, Liu J, Tostenson SD, Clements TL, Smith JM, Johnson JA, Berrier KL, Esham HL, Delp KL, Coyne SR, Bloomfield HA, Kuehnert PA, Akers K, Gibson KM, Minogue TD, Nalca A, Pitt MLM. Exposure Route Influences Disease Severity in the COVID-19 Cynomolgus Macaque Model. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051013. [PMID: 35632755 PMCID: PMC9145782 DOI: 10.3390/v14051013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and the subsequent pandemic has highlighted the need for animal models that faithfully replicate the salient features of COVID-19 disease in humans. These models are necessary for the rapid selection, testing, and evaluation of potential medical countermeasures. Here, we performed a direct comparison of two distinct routes of SARS-CoV-2 exposure—combined intratracheal/intranasal and small particle aerosol—in two nonhuman primate species, rhesus and cynomolgus macaques. While all four experimental groups displayed very few outward clinical signs, evidence of mild to moderate respiratory disease was present on radiographs and at necropsy. Cynomolgus macaques exposed via the aerosol route also developed the most consistent fever responses and had the most severe respiratory disease and pathology. This study demonstrates that while all four models produced suitable representations of mild COVID-like illness, aerosol exposure of cynomolgus macaques to SARS-CoV-2 produced the most severe disease, which may provide additional clinical endpoints for evaluating therapeutics and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L. Bixler
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.W.H.); (J.M.S.)
- Correspondence: (S.L.B.); (M.L.M.P.); Tel.: +1-301-619-3014 (S.L.B.); +1-301-619-4230 (M.L.M.P.)
| | - Christopher P. Stefan
- Diagnostic Systems Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.P.S.); (K.M.R.); (C.J.S.); (J.W.K.); (T.L.C.); (K.L.D.); (S.R.C.); (P.A.K.); (T.D.M.)
| | - Alexandra N. Jay
- Veterinary Medicine Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (A.N.J.); (F.D.R.); (D.N.D.); (O.M.F.); (K.L.B.); (H.L.E.)
| | - Franco D. Rossi
- Veterinary Medicine Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (A.N.J.); (F.D.R.); (D.N.D.); (O.M.F.); (K.L.B.); (H.L.E.)
| | - Keersten M. Ricks
- Diagnostic Systems Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.P.S.); (K.M.R.); (C.J.S.); (J.W.K.); (T.L.C.); (K.L.D.); (S.R.C.); (P.A.K.); (T.D.M.)
| | - Charles J. Shoemaker
- Diagnostic Systems Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.P.S.); (K.M.R.); (C.J.S.); (J.W.K.); (T.L.C.); (K.L.D.); (S.R.C.); (P.A.K.); (T.D.M.)
| | - Alicia M. Moreau
- Pathology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (A.M.M.); (X.Z.); (N.D.); (J.L.)
| | - Xiankun Zeng
- Pathology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (A.M.M.); (X.Z.); (N.D.); (J.L.)
| | - Jay W. Hooper
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.W.H.); (J.M.S.)
| | - David N. Dyer
- Veterinary Medicine Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (A.N.J.); (F.D.R.); (D.N.D.); (O.M.F.); (K.L.B.); (H.L.E.)
| | - Ondraya M. Frick
- Veterinary Medicine Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (A.N.J.); (F.D.R.); (D.N.D.); (O.M.F.); (K.L.B.); (H.L.E.)
| | - Jeffrey W. Koehler
- Diagnostic Systems Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.P.S.); (K.M.R.); (C.J.S.); (J.W.K.); (T.L.C.); (K.L.D.); (S.R.C.); (P.A.K.); (T.D.M.)
| | - Brian J. Kearney
- Core Laboratory Services, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (B.J.K.); (S.D.T.); (J.A.J.); (H.A.B.); (K.A.); (K.M.G.)
| | - Nina DiPinto
- Pathology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (A.M.M.); (X.Z.); (N.D.); (J.L.)
| | - Jun Liu
- Pathology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (A.M.M.); (X.Z.); (N.D.); (J.L.)
| | - Samantha D. Tostenson
- Core Laboratory Services, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (B.J.K.); (S.D.T.); (J.A.J.); (H.A.B.); (K.A.); (K.M.G.)
| | - Tamara L. Clements
- Diagnostic Systems Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.P.S.); (K.M.R.); (C.J.S.); (J.W.K.); (T.L.C.); (K.L.D.); (S.R.C.); (P.A.K.); (T.D.M.)
| | - Jeffrey M. Smith
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.W.H.); (J.M.S.)
| | - Joshua A. Johnson
- Core Laboratory Services, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (B.J.K.); (S.D.T.); (J.A.J.); (H.A.B.); (K.A.); (K.M.G.)
| | - Kerry L. Berrier
- Veterinary Medicine Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (A.N.J.); (F.D.R.); (D.N.D.); (O.M.F.); (K.L.B.); (H.L.E.)
| | - Heather L. Esham
- Veterinary Medicine Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (A.N.J.); (F.D.R.); (D.N.D.); (O.M.F.); (K.L.B.); (H.L.E.)
| | - Korey L. Delp
- Diagnostic Systems Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.P.S.); (K.M.R.); (C.J.S.); (J.W.K.); (T.L.C.); (K.L.D.); (S.R.C.); (P.A.K.); (T.D.M.)
| | - Susan R. Coyne
- Diagnostic Systems Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.P.S.); (K.M.R.); (C.J.S.); (J.W.K.); (T.L.C.); (K.L.D.); (S.R.C.); (P.A.K.); (T.D.M.)
| | - Holly A. Bloomfield
- Core Laboratory Services, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (B.J.K.); (S.D.T.); (J.A.J.); (H.A.B.); (K.A.); (K.M.G.)
| | - Paul A. Kuehnert
- Diagnostic Systems Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.P.S.); (K.M.R.); (C.J.S.); (J.W.K.); (T.L.C.); (K.L.D.); (S.R.C.); (P.A.K.); (T.D.M.)
| | - Kristen Akers
- Core Laboratory Services, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (B.J.K.); (S.D.T.); (J.A.J.); (H.A.B.); (K.A.); (K.M.G.)
| | - Kathleen M. Gibson
- Core Laboratory Services, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (B.J.K.); (S.D.T.); (J.A.J.); (H.A.B.); (K.A.); (K.M.G.)
| | - Timothy D. Minogue
- Diagnostic Systems Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.P.S.); (K.M.R.); (C.J.S.); (J.W.K.); (T.L.C.); (K.L.D.); (S.R.C.); (P.A.K.); (T.D.M.)
| | - Aysegul Nalca
- Core Support Directorate, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA;
| | - Margaret L. M. Pitt
- Office of the Science Advisor, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Correspondence: (S.L.B.); (M.L.M.P.); Tel.: +1-301-619-3014 (S.L.B.); +1-301-619-4230 (M.L.M.P.)
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3
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Johnston SC, Ricks KM, Jay A, Raymond JL, Rossi F, Zeng X, Scruggs J, Dyer D, Frick O, Koehler JW, Kuehnert PA, Clements TL, Shoemaker CJ, Coyne SR, Delp KL, Moore J, Berrier K, Esham H, Shamblin J, Sifford W, Fiallos J, Klosterman L, Stevens S, White L, Bowling P, Garcia T, Jensen C, Ghering J, Nyakiti D, Bellanca S, Kearney B, Giles W, Alli N, Paz F, Akers K, Danner D, Barth J, Johnson JA, Durant M, Kim R, Hooper JW, Smith JM, Kugelman JR, Beitzel BF, Gibson KM, Pitt MLM, Minogue TD, Nalca A. Development of a coronavirus disease 2019 nonhuman primate model using airborne exposure. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246366. [PMID: 33529233 PMCID: PMC7853502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Airborne transmission is predicted to be a prevalent route of human exposure with SARS-CoV-2. Aside from African green monkeys, nonhuman primate models that replicate airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 have not been investigated. A comparative evaluation of COVID-19 in African green monkeys, rhesus macaques, and cynomolgus macaques following airborne exposure to SARS-CoV-2 was performed to determine critical disease parameters associated with disease progression, and establish correlations between primate and human COVID-19. Respiratory abnormalities and viral shedding were noted for all animals, indicating successful infection. Cynomolgus macaques developed fever, and thrombocytopenia was measured for African green monkeys and rhesus macaques. Type II pneumocyte hyperplasia and alveolar fibrosis were more frequently observed in lung tissue from cynomolgus macaques and African green monkeys. The data indicate that, in addition to African green monkeys, macaques can be successfully infected by airborne SARS-CoV-2, providing viable macaque natural transmission models for medical countermeasure evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara C. Johnston
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Keersten M. Ricks
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alexandra Jay
- Veterinary Medicine Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jo Lynne Raymond
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Franco Rossi
- Veterinary Medicine Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xiankun Zeng
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Scruggs
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David Dyer
- Veterinary Medicine Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ondraya Frick
- Veterinary Medicine Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey W. Koehler
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Paul A. Kuehnert
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tamara L. Clements
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Charles J. Shoemaker
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Susan R. Coyne
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Korey L. Delp
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joshua Moore
- Veterinary Medicine Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kerry Berrier
- Veterinary Medicine Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Heather Esham
- Veterinary Medicine Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joshua Shamblin
- Veterinary Medicine Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Willie Sifford
- Veterinary Medicine Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jimmy Fiallos
- Veterinary Medicine Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Leslie Klosterman
- Veterinary Medicine Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stephen Stevens
- Veterinary Medicine Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lauren White
- Veterinary Medicine Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Philip Bowling
- Veterinary Medicine Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Terrence Garcia
- Veterinary Medicine Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christopher Jensen
- Veterinary Medicine Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeanean Ghering
- Veterinary Medicine Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David Nyakiti
- Veterinary Medicine Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Bellanca
- Veterinary Medicine Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Brian Kearney
- Core Laboratory Services Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Wendy Giles
- Veterinary Medicine Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nazira Alli
- Veterinary Medicine Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Fabian Paz
- Veterinary Medicine Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kristen Akers
- Core Laboratory Services Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Denise Danner
- Core Laboratory Services Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - James Barth
- Core Laboratory Services Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joshua A. Johnson
- Core Laboratory Services Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Matthew Durant
- Core Laboratory Services Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ruth Kim
- Core Laboratory Services Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jay W. Hooper
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey M. Smith
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey R. Kugelman
- Molecular Biology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Brett F. Beitzel
- Molecular Biology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kathleen M. Gibson
- Core Laboratory Services Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Margaret L. M. Pitt
- Office of the Science Advisor, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Timothy D. Minogue
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Aysegul Nalca
- Core Support Directorate, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
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4
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Smith DR, Sprague TR, Hollidge BS, Valdez SM, Padilla SL, Bellanca SA, Golden JW, Coyne SR, Kulesh DA, Miller LJ, Haddow AD, Koehler JW, Gromowski GD, Jarman RG, Alera MTP, Yoon IK, Buathong R, Lowen RG, Kane CD, Minogue TD, Bavari S, Tesh RB, Weaver SC, Linthicum KJ, Pitt ML, Nasar F. African and Asian Zika Virus Isolates Display Phenotypic Differences Both In Vitro and In Vivo. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 98:432-444. [PMID: 29280428 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne member of the genus Flavivirus that has emerged since 2007 to cause outbreaks in Africa, Asia, Oceania, and most recently, in the Americas. Here, we used an isolate history as well as genetic and phylogenetic analyses to characterize three low-passage isolates representing African (ArD 41525) and Asian (CPC-0740, SV0127-14) lineages to investigate the potential phenotypic differences in vitro and in vivo. The African isolate displayed a large plaque phenotype (∼3-4 mm) on Vero and HEK-293 cells, whereas the Asian isolates either exhibited a small plaque phenotype (∼1-2 mm) or did not produce any plaques. In multistep replication kinetics in nine different vertebrate and insect cell lines, the African isolate consistently displayed faster replication kinetics and yielded ∼10- to 10,000-fold higher peak virus titers (infectious or RNA copies) compared with the Asian isolates. Oral exposure of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes with the African isolate yielded higher infection and dissemination rates compared with the Asian isolates. Infection of Ifnar1-/- mice with the African isolate produced a uniformly fatal disease, whereas infection with the Asian isolates produced either a delay in time-to-death or a significantly lower mortality rate. Last, the African isolate was > 10,000-fold more virulent than the Asian isolates in an interferon type I antibody blockade mouse model. These data demonstrate substantial phenotypic differences between low-passage African and Asian isolates both in vitro and in vivo and warrant further investigation. They also highlight the need for basic characterization of ZIKV isolates, as the utilization of the uncharacterized isolates could have consequences for animal model and therapeutic/vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darci R Smith
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Thomas R Sprague
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Bradley S Hollidge
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Stephanie M Valdez
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Susana L Padilla
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Stephanie A Bellanca
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Joseph W Golden
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Susan R Coyne
- Diagnostics Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland
| | - David A Kulesh
- Diagnostics Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Lynn Jean Miller
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Andrew D Haddow
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Jeff W Koehler
- Diagnostics Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland
| | | | | | - Maria Theresa P Alera
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - In-Kyu Yoon
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Rome Buathong
- Department of Disease Control, Bureau of Epidemiology, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Robert G Lowen
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Christopher D Kane
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Timothy D Minogue
- Diagnostics Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Sina Bavari
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Robert B Tesh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.,Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.,Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Kenneth J Linthicum
- Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Margaret L Pitt
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Farooq Nasar
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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Altamura LA, Cazares LH, Coyne SR, Jaissle JG, Jespersen AM, Ahmed S, Wasieloski LP, Garrison J, Kulesh DA, Brueggemann EE, Kenny T, Ward MD, Harbourt DE, Minogue TD. Inactivation of West Nile virus in serum with heat, ionic detergent, and reducing agent for proteomic applications. J Virol Methods 2017; 248:1-6. [PMID: 28532602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Research involving biosafety level 3 pathogens such as West Nile virus (WNV) is often limited by the limited space and technical constraints of these environments. To conduct complex analytical studies outside of high containment, robust and reliable inactivation methods are needed that maintain compatibility with downstream assays. Here we report the inactivation of WNV in spiked serum samples using a commercially available SDS-PAGE sample buffer for proteomic studies. Using this method, we demonstrate its utility by identification proteins differentially expressed in the serum of mice experimentally infected with WNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis A Altamura
- Diagnostic Systems Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, United States.
| | - Lisa H Cazares
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, United States; DOD Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Susan R Coyne
- Diagnostic Systems Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, United States
| | - James G Jaissle
- Diagnostic Systems Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Alyssa M Jespersen
- Diagnostic Systems Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Sundus Ahmed
- Diagnostic Systems Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Leonard P Wasieloski
- Diagnostic Systems Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Jeff Garrison
- Diagnostic Systems Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, United States
| | - David A Kulesh
- Diagnostic Systems Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Ernst E Brueggemann
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Tara Kenny
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Michael D Ward
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, United States
| | - David E Harbourt
- Biosafety Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Timothy D Minogue
- Diagnostic Systems Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, United States
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Hartman LJ, Selby EB, Whitehouse CA, Coyne SR, Jaissle JG, Twenhafel NA, Burke RL, Kulesh DA. Rapid real-time PCR assays for detection of Klebsiella pneumoniae with the rmpA or magA genes associated with the hypermucoviscosity phenotype: screening of nonhuman primates. J Mol Diagn 2009; 11:464-71. [PMID: 19644019 DOI: 10.2353/jmoldx.2009.080136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship of mucoviscosity-associated (magA) and/or regulator of mucoid phenotype (rmpA) genes to the Klebsiella pneumoniae hypermucoviscosity (HMV) phenotype has been reported. We previously demonstrated that rmpA+ K. pneumoniae can cause serious disease in African green monkeys and isolated rmpA+ and magA+ HMV K. pneumoniae from other species of non-human primates. To rapidly screen African green monkeys/non-human primates for these infections, we developed three real-time PCR assays. The first was K. pneumoniae-specific, targeting the khe gene, while the others targeted rmpA and magA. Primer Express 2 was used with the three K. pneumoniae genes to generate sequence-specific TaqMan/TaqMan-Minor Groove Binder assays. Oral/rectal swabs and necropsy samples were collected; swabs were used for routine culture and DNA extraction. K. pneumoniae colonies were identified on the Vitek 2 with DNA tested using the K. pneumoniae-specific assays. Testing of 45 African green monkeys resulted in 19 khe+ samples from 14 animals with none positive for either rmpA or magA. Of these 19 khe+ samples, five were culture-positive, but none were HMV "string test"-positive. Subsequent testing of 307 non-human primates resulted in 64 HMV K. pneumoniae isolates of which 42 were rmpA+ and 15 were magA+. Non-human primate testing at the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases demonstrated the ability to screen both live and necropsied animals for K. pneumoniae by culture and real-time PCR to determine HMV genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie J Hartman
- Diagnostic Systems Division, Veterinary Pathology, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute, of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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Ulrich MP, Christensen DR, Coyne SR, Craw PD, Henchal EA, Sakai SH, Swenson D, Tholath J, Tsai J, Weir AF, Norwood DA. Evaluation of the Cepheid GeneXpert system for detecting Bacillus anthracis. J Appl Microbiol 2006; 100:1011-6. [PMID: 16630001 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.02810.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The Cepheid GeneXpert is a four-site, automated sample preparation and real-time PCR detection system. In this study, the capability of the GeneXpert to isolate and detect nucleic acid from Bacillus anthracis Ames spores was assessed. METHODS AND RESULTS A four-plex, dried-down bead cartridge containing PCR reagents specific for the pXO1 and pXO2 plasmids as well as sample processing and inhibition controls was evaluated. For B. anthracis Ames spores harbouring pXO1 and pXO2, samples containing 68 CFU per ml (148 spores per ml) were positive in all four replicates. A limited cross-reactivity panel, which included closely related Bacillus species, was also tested to determine the specificity of the pXO1 and pXO2 assays. No cross-reactivity occurred. Further, B. anthracis Sterne spore samples were analysed to compare results when processed using the GeneXpert to those run directly on the Cepheid SmartCycler without sample processing. The GeneXpert detection capability was three logs lower than the SmartCycler indicating the benefit of incorporating a nucleic acid extraction procedure. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that the GeneXpert is a rapid and reliable system for simultaneously detecting the B. anthracis virulence plasmids pXO1 and pXO2. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The GeneXpert is the only platform currently available that is capable of both nucleic acid purification and real-time PCR detection enclosed within a single system. Further, all sample manipulations are automated, thus reducing errors associated with manual processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Ulrich
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702-5011, USA
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Hepburn MJ, Purcell BK, Lawler JV, Coyne SR, Petitt PL, Sellers KD, Norwood DA, Ulrich MP. Live vaccine strain Francisella tularensis is detectable at the inoculation site but not in blood after vaccination against tularemia. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 43:711-6. [PMID: 16912944 DOI: 10.1086/506348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2005] [Accepted: 05/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Live vaccine strain (LVS) Francisella tularensis is a live, attenuated investigational tularemia vaccine that has been used by the US Army for decades to protect laboratory workers. Postvaccination bacterial kinetic characteristics of LVS at the inoculation site and in the blood are unknown and, therefore, were assessed in a prospective study. LVS vaccination of laboratory workers provided the opportunity to compare culture with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of F. tularensis in human clinical samples. METHODS Blood and skin swab samples were prospectively collected from volunteers who received the LVS tularemia vaccine at baseline (negative controls) and at 5 specified time points (days 1, 2, 7 or 8, 14 or 15, and 35 after vaccination). Bacterial culture and PCR of whole blood samples (17 volunteers) and inoculation site swabs (41 volunteers) were performed. RESULTS The culture and PCR results of all blood samples were negative. Results of real-time PCR from the inoculation site samples were positive for 41 (100%) of 41 volunteers on day 1, for 40 (97.6%) of 41 volunteers on day 2, for 24 (58.5%) of 41 on day 7 or 8, for 6 (16.7%) of 36 on day 14 or 15, and for 0 (0%) of 9 on day 35. Positive results of bacterial cultures of the inoculation site samples occurred significantly less frequently, compared with PCR testing, with 4 (9.8%) of 41 volunteers having positive results on day 1 (P<.001) and 4 (9.8%) of 41 on day 2 (P<.001); all results from subsequent days were negative. CONCLUSIONS F. tularensis LVS genomic DNA was detected in the majority of samples from the inoculation site up to 1 week after LVS vaccination, with real-time PCR being more sensitive than culture. Our data suggest that bacteremia does not occur after LVS vaccination in normal, healthy human volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Hepburn
- Division of Medicine, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA.
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Hartman LJ, Coyne SR, Norwood DA. “Development of a novel internal positive control for TaqmanR based assays” [YMCPR 19(1):51–9]. Mol Cell Probes 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2005.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Hartman LJ, Coyne SR, Norwood DA. Development of a novel internal positive control for Taqman® based assays. Mol Cell Probes 2005; 19:51-9. [PMID: 15652220 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2004.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2004] [Revised: 07/30/2004] [Accepted: 07/30/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Development of rapid amplification assays for the detection and identification of biological threat agents has become a focus of diagnostic efforts in recent years. The use of real-time PCR assays as diagnostic tools depends upon two critical processes. First, nucleic acid purification must provide template that is both amplifiable and free of PCR inhibitors. Second, the assays themselves must be sensitive and specific for their nucleic acid targets. A differentiation must be made between results achieved due to the lack of target nucleic acid (true negatives) and those produced due to the inability to amplify target DNA (false negatives) so confidence in negative reactions is possible. False negatives can occur when inhibitors are present in the sample being tested, especially if clinical samples such as blood are analyzed. To address the problem of detecting inhibition in purified nucleic acids, an exogenous internal positive control (IPC) based on Taqman chemistry was developed. A previously optimized assay was cloned and the primer and probe sites were mutated to produce novel sequences with no known homology to published sequence data. The IPC was sensitive to a variety of inhibitors, including hemoglobin, heparin, EDTA, humic acids, and fulvic acid. It was also equally sensitive to inhibition when labeled with either 6FAM or ROX dyes. In addition, the IPC was successfully multiplexed with agent specific assays without any loss in their sensitivity. The designed IPC assay has proven to be an effective tool for monitoring inhibitors of PCR and builds confidence in negative results obtained with agent specific assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie J Hartman
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Diagnostic Systems Division, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
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Coyne SR, Craw PD, Norwood DA, Ulrich MP. Comparative analysis of the Schleicher and Schuell IsoCode Stix DNA isolation device and the Qiagen QIAamp DNA Mini Kit. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:4859-62. [PMID: 15472363 PMCID: PMC522347 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.10.4859-4862.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient, rapid, and reproducible procedures for isolating high-quality DNA before PCR gene amplification are essential for the diagnostic and molecular identification of pathogenic bacteria. This study evaluated the Qiagen QIAamp DNA Mini Kit and the Schleicher and Schuell IsoCode Stix DNA isolation device for isolating nucleic acid. Buffer, serum, and whole-blood samples were spiked with Bacillus anthracis Sterne vegetative cells and Yersinia pestis, while water was spiked with B. anthracis Sterne spores. Although minimal variations in limit of detection occurred among matrices, both the IsoCode Stix extraction method and the Qiagen procedure have comparable detection limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan R Coyne
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland 21702-5011, USA
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