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Oh J, Kwon TW, Choi JH, Kim Y, Moon SK, Nah SY, Cho IH. Ginsenoside-Re inhibits experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis as a mouse model of multiple sclerosis by downregulating TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathways. Phytomedicine 2024; 122:155065. [PMID: 37856989 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ginsenosides are main active compounds of Panax ginseng with pharmacological effects on immunological/neurological diseases. Recently, ginsenoside-Re (G-Re) has been shown to exert neuroprotective effects on neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. However, whether G-Re has an effect on multiple sclerosis (MS), a representative autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS), has not been revealed yet. PURPOSE AND METHODS The purpose of this study was to investigate pharmacological effects of G-Re and related molecular mechanisms using a myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide-immunized experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) animal model of MS and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated bEND.3 cells as an in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). RESULTS G-Re attenuated motor impairment of EAE, demyelination, and inflammation in spinal cords of EAE mice. G-Re reduced infiltration/activation of microglia/macrophages and decreased mRNA expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6), chemokines (MIP-1α, MCP-1, and RANTES), and enzymes (iNOS) in spinal cords of EAE mice. G-Re inhibited alterations of BBB constituents (such as astrocytes, cell adhesion molecule (platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1), and tight junctional molecules (occludin and zonula occludens-1)) and toll like receptor 4 (TLR4)/MyD88/nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathways in spinal cords of EAE mice and LPS-stimulated bEND.3 cells. Interestingly, combination treatment with G-Re and TLR4 inhibitor (TAK242) significantly inhibited the upregulation of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway in LPS-stimulated bEND.3 cells. TLR4 inhibitor- and activator-treated EAE mice showed conflicting behavior patterns. CONCLUSION G-Re might alleviate motor impairment of EAE and its pathological/inflammatory events in the spinal cord by preventing BBB disruption via downregulation of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathways. These findings for the first time suggest that G-Re might be a potential therapeutic for MS through maintenance of BBB integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhee Oh
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tae Woo Kwon
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong Hee Choi
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yunna Kim
- Department of Neuropsychiatry in Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Kwan Moon
- Department of Cardiology and Neurology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ik-Hyun Cho
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Institute of Convergence Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
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Cho HS, Kwon TW, Kim JH, Lee R, Bae CS, Kim HC, Kim JH, Choi SH, Cho IH, Nah SY. Gintonin Alleviates HCl/Ethanol- and Indomethacin-Induced Gastric Ulcers in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16721. [PMID: 38069044 PMCID: PMC10705886 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Gintonin, newly extracted from ginseng, is a glycoprotein that acts as an exogenous lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor ligand. This study aimed to demonstrate the in vivo preventive effects of gintonin on gastric damage. ICR mice were randomly assigned to five groups: a normal group (received saline, 0.1 mL/10 g, p.o.); a control group (administered 0.3 M HCl/ethanol, 0.1 mL/10 g, p.o.) or indomethacin (30 mg/kg, p.o.); gintonin at two different doses (50 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg, p.o.) with either 0.3 M HCl/ethanol or indomethacin; and a positive control (Ranitidine, 40 mg/kg, p.o.). After gastric ulcer induction, the gastric tissue was examined to calculate the ulcer index. The expression of gastric damage markers, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), and LPA2 and LPA5 receptors, were measured by Western blotting. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM-1), Evans blue, and occludin levels in gastric tissues were measured using immunofluorescence analysis. Both HCl/ethanol- and indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers showed increased TNF-α, IL-6, Evans blue permeation, and PECAM-1, and decreased COX-2, PGE2, occludin, and LPA5 receptor expression levels. However, oral administration of gintonin alleviated the gastric ulcer index induced by HCl/ethanol and indomethacin in a dose-dependent manner. Gintonin suppressed TNF-α and IL-6 expression, but increased COX-2 expression and PGE2 levels in mouse gastric tissues. Gintonin intake also increased LPA5 receptor expression in mouse gastric tissues. These results indicate that gintonin can play a role in gastric protection against gastric damage induced by HCl/ethanol or indomethacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Sung Cho
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (H.-S.C.); (J.-H.K.)
| | - Tae Woo Kwon
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea;
| | - Ji-Hun Kim
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (H.-S.C.); (J.-H.K.)
| | - Rami Lee
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (H.-S.C.); (J.-H.K.)
| | - Chun-Sik Bae
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan-City 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hye Choi
- Department of Animal Health, College of Health and Medical Services, Osan University, Osan-si 18119, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik-Hyun Cho
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea;
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (H.-S.C.); (J.-H.K.)
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Lee MJ, Choi JH, Kwon TW, Jo HS, Ha Y, Nah SY, Cho IH. Korean Red Ginseng extract ameliorates demyelination by inhibiting infiltration and activation of immune cells in cuprizone-administrated mice. J Ginseng Res 2023; 47:672-680. [PMID: 37720568 PMCID: PMC10499591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Korean Red Ginseng (KRG), the steamed root of Panax ginseng, has pharmacological activities for immunological and neurodegenerative disorders. But, the role of KRGE in multiple sclerosis (MS) remains unclear. Purpose To determine whether KRG extract (KRGE) could inhibit demyelination in corpus callosum (CC) of cuprizone (CPZ)-induced murine model of MS. Methods Male adult mice were fed with a standard chow diet or a chow diet supplemented with 0.2% (w/w) CPZ ad libitum for six weeks to induce demyelination while were simultaneously administered with distilled water (DW) alone or KRGE-DW (0.004%, 0.02 and 0.1% of KRGE) by drinking. Results Administration with KRGE-DW alleviated demyelination and oligodendrocyte degeneration associated with inhibition of infiltration and activation of resident microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages as well as downregulation of proinflammatory mediators in the CC of CPZ-fed mice. KRGE-DW also attenuated the level of infiltration of Th1 and Th17) cells, in line with inhibited mRNA expression of IFN-γ and IL-17, respectively, in the CC. These positive effects of KRGE-DW mitigated behavioral dysfunction based on elevated plus maze and the rotarod tests. Conclusion The results strongly suggest that KRGE-DW may inhibit CPZ-induced demyelination due to its oligodendroglial protective and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting infiltration/activation of immune cells. Thus, KRGE might have potential in therapeutic intervention for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jung Lee
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, USA
| | - Jong Hee Choi
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Woo Kwon
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Sung Jo
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujeong Ha
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik-Hyun Cho
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Choi JH, Kwon TW, Jo HS, Ha Y, Cho IH. Gintonin, a Panax ginseng-derived LPA receptor ligand, attenuates kainic acid-induced seizures and neuronal cell death in the hippocampus via anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities. J Ginseng Res 2022; 47:390-399. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Choi JH, Lee YH, Kwon TW, Ko SG, Nah SY, Cho IH. Can Panax ginseng help control cytokine storm in COVID-19? J Ginseng Res 2022; 46:337-347. [PMID: 35233163 PMCID: PMC8876050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is currently a pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 are directly associated with hyper-activation of innate immune response that excessively produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and induce cytokine storm, leading to multi-organ-failure and significant morbidity/mortality. Currently, several antiviral drugs such as Paxlovid (nirmatrelvir and ritonavir) and molnupiravir are authorized to treat mild to moderate COVID-19, however, there are still no drugs that can specifically fight against challenges of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Panax ginseng, a medicinal plant widely used for treating various conditions, might be appropriate for this need due to its anti-inflammatory/cytokine/viral activities, fewer side effects, and cost efficiency. To review Panax ginseng and its pharmacologically active-ingredients as potential phytopharmaceuticals for treating cytokine storm of COVID-19, articles that reporting its positive effects on the cytokine production were searched from academic databases. Experimental/clinical evidences for the effectiveness of Panax ginseng and its active-ingredients in preventing or mitigating cytokine storm, especially for the cascade of cytokine storm, suggest that they might be beneficial as an adjunct treatment for cytokine storm of COVID-19. This review may provide a new approach to discover specific medications using Panax ginseng to control cytokine storm of COVID-19.
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Abstract
Theoretical and numerical studies were conducted to investigate the transitional interpillar spacing for dual-scale structures, where wetting transition between the Wenzel and Cassie-Baxter states occurs in the primary and secondary pillars. A theoretical formula was derived for the transitional interpillar spacing based on the continuum picture of water. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were carried out by varying the interpillar spacing for the primary pillars for single- and dual-scale structures with various pillar heights. The results obtained from the theoretical formula agreed reasonably well with the results obtained from MD simulations, especially when the primary pillar height was relatively high. The transitional interpillar spacing increases as the pillar height and the number of secondary pillars increase. The effect of the secondary pillars on the transitional interpillar spacing was also evaluated using the difference in the grand potentials between the Wenzel and Cassie-Baxter states. These results show that the dual-scale structures increase the transitional interpillar spacing with an increase in the surface hydrophobicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Woo Kwon
- Rolls-Royce and Pusan National University Technology Centre in Thermal Management, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Joonkyung Jang
- Department of Nanoenergy Engineering, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Gyu Hyoung Sim
- EcoEnergy Research Institute, Cheyukgongwon-ro 6beon-gil, Gangseo-gu, Busan 46703, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Hyun Park
- Rolls-Royce and Pusan National University Technology Centre in Thermal Management, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Man Yeong Ha
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea
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Abstract
The present study investigated the dynamic behavior of a nanosized water droplet on a flat and stepped surface using molecular dynamics simulations. The effects of a wetting gradient associated with the surface and the step height of a stepped surface on the dynamic behavior of the water droplet were considered in this study. The dynamic behaviors of the water droplet were described quantitatively upon analyzing the transient variation of the adhesion energy and the position of the water droplet along with the time required to climb the step. The water droplet moved smoothly along the surface with an increasing wetting gradient. On the other hand, the step obstructed the water droplet from climbing the step as the step height increases. The dynamic behavior of the water droplet depending on the variation of the normalized step height and the differences in adhesion energies between the different surfaces was classified into three types, namely, (1) fully climbing the step, (2) partially climbing the step, and (3) being blocked by the step. In the case in which the water droplet fully climbs the step, the time taken for the water droplet to fully climb the step showed a non-monotonic pattern as the step height increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Woo Kwon
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Yong Gap Park
- College of Mechatronics Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Changwon National University, 20 changwondaehak-ro, Uichang-gu, Changwon, Gyengsangnam-do 51140, Korea
| | - Seong Hyun Park
- Rolls-Royce and Pusan National University Technology Centre in Thermal Management, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Man Yeong Ha
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea
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Kwon TW, Jang J, Ambrosia MS, Ha MY. Molecular dynamics study on the hydrophobicity of a surface patterned with hierarchical nanotextures. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Woo Kwon
- Department of Chemistry; Kyungsung University; Busan 608-736 Korea
| | - Song Hi Lee
- Department of Chemistry; Kyungsung University; Busan 608-736 Korea
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Cho YP, Ko GY, Kim HK, Moon KM, Kwon TW. Conservative management of symptomatic spontaneous isolated dissection of the superior mesenteric artery. Br J Surg 2009; 96:720-3. [PMID: 19526615 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.6631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spontaneous isolated dissection of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) is uncommon. Because of its rarity, the risk factors, aetiology and natural history are unclear, and there is no consensus on the optimal treatment strategy. METHODS Seven consecutive patients with symptomatic spontaneous isolated SMA dissection who received conservative treatment between March 2003 and February 2008 were included in this study. Their clinical characteristics, treatment methods and outcomes were analysed retrospectively. RESULTS Acute abdominal pain was the most common clinical manifestation. Initial contrast-enhanced dynamic computed tomography (CT) showed isolated SMA dissection with partial thrombosis in all seven patients. Full anticoagulation was carried out immediately after the diagnosis. Clinical symptoms disappeared within 14 days and follow-up CT showed complete resolution of the dissection in four patients. After a mean follow-up of 23 months, there was no mortality or morbidity related to the dissection. CONCLUSION In patients with symptomatic spontaneous isolated dissection of the SMA, conservative management is feasible if there is no evidence of bowel infarction or bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y P Cho
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Centre, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 388-1 Pungnap-2dong, Songpa-gu, 138-736, Seoul, Korea.
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Kwon TW, Smith MB. Preparation and Reactions of 1,1-Di(Phenylthio)Cyclobutane Derivatives from 1-(Phenylthio)-1-Cyclopropane Carbinols. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00397919208019081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- André Loupy
- a Laboratoire des Réactions Sélectives sur Supports, associé au CNRS, UMR 8615‐ICMMO , Université Paris‐Sud , Batiment, Orsay Cédex, France
| | - Suk Jin Song
- b College of Science , Kyungsung University , Daeyoen‐dong, Busan, 608‐736, Korea
| | - Seong Jin Cho
- b College of Science , Kyungsung University , Daeyoen‐dong, Busan, 608‐736, Korea
| | - Dong Kyu Park
- b College of Science , Kyungsung University , Daeyoen‐dong, Busan, 608‐736, Korea
| | - Tae Woo Kwon
- b College of Science , Kyungsung University , Daeyoen‐dong, Busan, 608‐736, Korea
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Kulkarni AP, Wu PT, Kwon TW, Jenekhe SA. Phenothiazine-Phenylquinoline Donor−Acceptor Molecules: Effects of Structural Isomerism on Charge Transfer Photophysics and Electroluminescence. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:19584-94. [PMID: 16853533 DOI: 10.1021/jp0529772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Large differences in the intramolecular charge-transfer fluorescence quantum yields and electroluminescence efficiencies were observed among the isomeric donor-acceptor molecules 2-(4-phenyl-2-quinolyl)-10-methylphenothiazine (2PQMPT) and 3-(4-phenyl-2-quinolyl)-10-methylphenothiazine (3PQMPT). In solution, the 2PQMPT isomer had a larger positive solvatochromism and thus a greater degree of charge transfer, whereas 3PQMPT had a larger fluorescence quantum yield (71%) compared to 2PQMPT (46%). High brightness (23750 cd/m(2)) and high efficiency (8.18 cd/A, 4.45 lm/W, 2.42% external quantum efficiency at 1015 cd/m(2)) green electroluminescence was achieved from 3PQMPT diodes. In contrast, green light-emitting diodes with lower brightness (8900 cd/m(2)) and efficiencies (4.79 cd/A, 2.36 lm/W, 1.41% external quantum efficiency at 690 cd/m(2)) were obtained from 2PQMPT. The two isomeric donor-acceptor molecules had identical HOMO (5.1 eV) and LUMO (2.4 eV) energy levels derived from electrochemistry. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations provided insights into the molecular geometry, electronic structures, and properties of the donor-acceptor isomers. These results demonstrate the pronounced influence of the donor/acceptor connection on the charge-transfer emission efficiency of donor-acceptor molecules and the performance of solid-state light-emitting devices based on them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek P Kulkarni
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1750, USA
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Abstract
The food technology has brought countless benefits to today's food supply. Despite its many positive contributions, it has also brought unintended negative consequences. It is the time to mobilize the food technology to help the food supply more secure, safer and healthier, and here three possible approaches are foreseeable: First, we should continue to improve the conventional technologies. Many wholesome foods have been prepared and preserved using natural materials simply by fermentation. Second, we have to enhance the minimal processing as much as applicable. Third, new ingredients, intelligent packaging and functional foods should be explored to improve food supply and health. Today, consumer interest in the functional foods has been increased tremendously, and the future of food lies in the functional foods. However, the situations in the developing world are different from this. As food resource is limited in this region, food technology has to be emphasized to increase food supply. To help solve such complex problems, not only new technologies, but also conventional technologies have to be mobilized. Simultaneously, even higher technical capabilities have to be built up by applying new findings from the related disciplines to allow the food technology to play its vital role.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Kwon
- Food Science Institute and School of Food & Life Science, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea 621-749.
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Kim JW, Seo MY, Shelat A, Kim CS, Kwon TW, Lu HH, Moustakas DT, Sun J, Han JH. Structurally conserved amino Acid w501 is required for RNA helicase activity but is not essential for DNA helicase activity of hepatitis C virus NS3 protein. J Virol 2003; 77:571-82. [PMID: 12477861 PMCID: PMC140573 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.1.571-582.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a positive-strand RNA virus that encodes a helicase required for viral replication. Although HCV does not replicate through a DNA intermediate, HCV helicase unwinds both RNA and DNA duplexes. An X-ray crystal structure of the HCV helicase complexed with (dU)(8) has been solved, and the substrate-amino acids interactions within the catalytic pocket were shown. Among these, residues W501 and V432 were reported to have base stacking interactions and to be important for the unwinding function of HCV helicase. It has been hypothesized that specific interactions between the enzyme and substrate in the catalytic pocket are responsible for the substrate specificity phenotype. We therefore mutagenized W501 and V432 to investigate their role in substrate specificity in HCV helicase. Replacement of W501, but not V432, with nonaromatic residues resulted in complete loss of RNA unwinding activity, whereas DNA unwinding activity was largely unaffected. The loss of unwinding activity was fully restored in the W501F mutant, indicating that the aromatic ring is crucial for RNA helicase function. Analysis of ATPase and nucleic acid binding activities in the W501 mutant enzymes revealed that these activities are not directly responsible for the substrate specificity phenotype. Molecular modeling of the enzyme-substrate interaction at W501 revealed a putative pi-facial hydrogen bond between the 2'-OH of ribose and the aromatic tryptophan ring. This evidence correlates with biochemical results suggesting that the pi-facial bond may play an important role in the RNA unwinding activity of the HCV NS3 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Won Kim
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Korea, Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, California 94608, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Chemistry and Chemical Biology Program, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Mi Young Seo
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Korea, Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, California 94608, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Chemistry and Chemical Biology Program, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Anang Shelat
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Korea, Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, California 94608, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Chemistry and Chemical Biology Program, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Chon Saeng Kim
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Korea, Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, California 94608, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Chemistry and Chemical Biology Program, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Tae Woo Kwon
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Korea, Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, California 94608, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Chemistry and Chemical Biology Program, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Hui-hua Lu
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Korea, Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, California 94608, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Chemistry and Chemical Biology Program, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Demetri Theodore Moustakas
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Korea, Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, California 94608, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Chemistry and Chemical Biology Program, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Jeonghoon Sun
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Korea, Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, California 94608, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Chemistry and Chemical Biology Program, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Jang H. Han
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Korea, Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, California 94608, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Chemistry and Chemical Biology Program, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
- Corresponding author. Present address: Chiron Corp., 4560 Horton St., Emeryville, CA 94608. Phone: (510) 923-2937. Fax: (510) 923-2586. E-mail:
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Kwon TW, Smith MB. Synthesis of substituted vinyl sulfides by reaction of [1-(phenylthio)cyclopropyl]carbinyl halides and organocuprates. J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jo00278a056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kwon TW, Keusenkothen PF, Smith MB. Asymmetric synthesis of (S)-4-aminohex-5-enoic acid: a potent inhibitor of 4-aminobutyrate-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase. J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jo00049a023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Carotid endarterectomy with patch angioplasty is a durable procedure for prevention of recurrent neurological symptoms and stroke. However, no definitive study has demonstrated a clear benefit of one class of the patch material over another. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcome of carotid endarterectomy with bovine pericardium patch in comparison with autologous vein patch. One hundred and twenty-two carotid endarterectomies were performed using patch closure of the arteriotomy with bovine pericardium (61 cases) and autologous vein (61 cases) between September 1995 and June 1999. Though this is not a double-blind type randomized comparative study, effort was made to achieve a 1:1 ratio in sequence with a few exceptions such as non-available veins at time of surgery or for future use. In bovine pericardium patch closure group, the mean total operating time was significantly shorter than autologous vein closure group (P<0.01), but the mean carotid clamping time was similar in both groups, regardless of the use of shunt. The incidence of postoperative local complications including groin wound was less in bovine pericardium patch closure group. The patients were followed with duplex scans in one month post-CEA and 6 months interval thereafter. During the follow-up period, three patients developed non-critical stenosis (two in bovine and one in vein patch), and one aneurysmal dilation occurred in vein patch group. The incidence of restenosis was similar in both groups. Although this is a preliminary report, it is concluded that the results of carotid angioplasty using bovine pericardium compare favorably with autologous vein.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Kim
- Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Ulsan Medical College, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.
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Kwon TW, Kim YM, Song SJ, Kwon YU, Chung SK. Synthesis of thiophenyl substituted cyclohexa-2,4-dien-1-one and its photocleavage coupling reaction with amines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:1551-3. [PMID: 10915048 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00291-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Thiophenyl substituted cyclohexa-2,4-dien-1-ones were synthesized and photolyzed in the presence of various amines to afford the amides containing diene moeties via the ketene intermediate under visible light irradiation at 38 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungsung University, Pusan, South Korea.
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Kim YM, Kwon TW, Chung SK, Barton DH. Photocleavage coupling reactions between cyclohexa-2,4-dienone sulfone derivatives and amines by visible light irradiation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:1175-8. [PMID: 10328308 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00153-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A stable sulfone derivative of 2,4,6-trimethylcyclohexa-2,4-diene-1-one (7) undergoes facile ring cleavage under visible light to produce a ketene intermediate, which could be efficiently captured by amines to give amides even in the presence of competing nucleophiles such as water and ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungsung University, Pusan, Korea
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Abstract
Inflammatory pseudotumor is an uncommon round and spindle cell proliferative lesion of unknown etiology that occurs most commonly in the lung. But it also occurs in diverse extrapulmonary locations such as the abdomen, retroperitoneum, pelvis, heart, head and neck, upper respiratory tract, trunk, bladder and extremities. The extrapulmonary inflammatory pseudotumor is often larger, less well circumscribed and multinodular. Proximity of the tumor to vital structures or involvement of vital organs compromises the opportunity for complete resection, thus higher recurrence rates are often reported even after surgical treatment. The authors report a case of inflammatory pseudotumor originating from the common carotid artery in a 42-year-old female patient with a rapidly growing neck mass, treated by en-bloc resection of inflammatory pseudotumor and a long segment of common carotid artery followed by PTFE graft interposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Kim
- Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Ulsan Medical College and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.
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Song IS, Yang WS, Kim SB, Lee JH, Kwon TW, Park JS. Association of plasma fibrinogen concentration with vascular access failure in hemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1999; 14:137-41. [PMID: 10052493 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/14.1.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated plasma fibrinogen is an important risk factor for coronary artery disease in the general population and patients with chronic renal failure. High plasma fibrinogen may trigger thrombus formation in arteriovenous fistulas. We performed a prospective, cohort study to evaluate the association of plasma fibrinogen concentration with vascular access failure in patients undergoing long-term haemodialysis. METHODS Between September 1989 and October 1995, 144 patients underwent a vascular access operation. In March 1997, 102 patients (56 M, 46 F) who had been followed up for more than 18 months (median; 37 months, range; 18-102 months) were included in the study. The median age of the patients was 52 years (range; 19-78 years). In 35 patients, renal disease was secondary to diabetes mellitus. The type of vascular access was a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) graft in 17 patients. Seventy-seven patients received recombinant human erythropoietin (r-HuEPO) therapy during the follow-up period. Plasma fibrinogen, albumin, total cholesterol, hematocrit, platelets and creatinine were measured at the time of operation. Vascular access failure was defined as the occurrence of complications requiring transluminal angioplasty, thrombolytic therapy or surgical repair. RESULTS Thirty-eight patients had at least one vascular access failure and the incidence was 0.3 (range; 0-2.4) episodes per patient-year. The survival rate of vascular access was 78% (native fistula; 80%, PTFE graft; 71%) after 12 months and 70% (native fistula; 73%, PTFE graft; 51%) after 24 months. Older age, a PTFE graft, r-HuEPO therapy, higher hematocrit, lower albumin and higher fibrinogen levels were significantly associated with vascular access failure, whereas gender, diabetes mellitus, total cholesterol and platelet count were not. Plasma fibrinogen was inversely correlated with albumin (r=-0.38, P=0.001). The cumulative vascular access survival was significantly lower in patients with high plasma fibrinogen levels (> or = 460 mg/dl) compared with patients with low levels (< 460 mg/dl) (P=0.007). Independent risk factors for vascular access failure analysed by Cox's proportional hazards model were older age (RR; 1.36 by 10-year increment), higher fibrinogen level (RR; 1.20 by 100 mg/dl increment), PTFE graft (RR; 2.28) and r-HuEPO therapy (RR; 3.79). CONCLUSION High plasma fibrinogen level is an independent risk factor for vascular access failure in haemodialysis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Song
- Department of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Korea
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Barton DH, Chung SK, Kim YM, Kwon TW. Photochemically induced symmetrical coupling reactions between cyclohexa-2,4-dienones and α,ω-diamines. A new approach to the selective labelling of peptides and proteins. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(97)00096-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Lee SG, Lee YJ, Park KM, Kwon TW, Choi KM, Ha HS, Kim KM, Kim SC, Kim IK, Kim SK, Han SH, Koh KS, Min PC. Living related donor liver transplantation: the Seoul experience. Transplant Proc 1996; 28:2383-4. [PMID: 8769260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S G Lee
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, Ulsan University, Seoul, Korea
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Lee SG, Lee YJ, Kwon TW, Park KM, Choi KM, Min PC, Chung YH, Lee YS. Unlimited-term passive immunoprophylaxis after liver transplantation in HBsAg-positive patients. Transplant Proc 1996; 28:1176-7. [PMID: 8658617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S G Lee
- Department of Surgery and Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Ulsan University Medical School, Seoul, Korea
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Lee YJ, Lee SG, Kwon TW, Park KM, Kim SC, Min PC. Donor characteristics for liver transplantation and risk factors for early poor graft function and survival. Transplant Proc 1996; 28:1663-4. [PMID: 8658828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Y J Lee
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, Ulsan University, Seoul, Korea
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Park KM, Lee SG, Lee YJ, Han DJ, Kwon TW, Kim SC, Choi BW, Song MG, Sohn KH, Min PC. Proper donor management and multiorgan procurement: practical ways to cope with the organ shortage. Transplant Proc 1996; 28:1869-70. [PMID: 8658923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K M Park
- Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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Kim SC, Lee SG, Han DJ, Lee YJ, Kwon TW, Park KM, Choi BW, Min PC. Combined procurement of liver and pancreas does not influence early graft function and survival. Transplant Proc 1996; 28:1882-4. [PMID: 8658929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S C Kim
- Department of Surgery, Ulsan University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Lee YJ, Lee SG, Kwon TW, Park KM, Kim SC, Min PC. Risk factors for initial poor graft function and graft survival after initial poor graft function. Transplant Proc 1996; 28:1657-8. [PMID: 8658825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Y J Lee
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, Ulsan University, Seoul, Korea
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Lee YJ, Lee SG, Kwon TW, Park KM, Kim SC, Min PC. Neurologic complications after orthotopic liver transplantation including central pontine myelinolysis. Transplant Proc 1996; 28:1674-5. [PMID: 8658834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Y J Lee
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, Ulsan University, Seoul, Korea
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Smith MB, Wang CJ, Keusenkothen PF, Dembofsky BT, Fay JG, Zezza CA, Kwon TW, Sheu J, Son YC, Menezes RF. A New Lactam Protecting Group. CHEM LETT 1992. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.1992.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Kwon TW, Ayres JC. The purity of aflatoxin G1 and use of antioxidant and chelating agent on the purification of the toxin by thin-layer chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1967; 31:420-6. [PMID: 4967407 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)86091-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Kwon TW. The pH-dependent elution of malonaldehyde during gel filtration on Sephadex G-10. J Chromatogr 1966; 24:193-5. [PMID: 5962313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Kwon TW, Brown WD. Augmentation of aldolase activity by high concentration of fructose 1,6-diphosphate. J Biol Chem 1966; 241:1509-11. [PMID: 5946612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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