1
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Nascimento MA, Amorim HA, Scassola CMC, Cunha TS, Casali KR. Effect Of Controlled Ventilatory Maneuver On Military Performance In The Basic Military Shooting Test. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000763388.64713.5c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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2
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Barssotti L, Abreu ICME, Brandão ABP, Albuquerque RCMF, Ferreira FG, Salgado MAC, Dias DDS, De Angelis K, Yokota R, Casarini DE, Souza LB, Taddei CR, Cunha TS. Saccharomyces boulardii modulates oxidative stress and renin angiotensin system attenuating diabetes-induced liver injury in mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9189. [PMID: 33911129 PMCID: PMC8080591 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88497-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is a chronic disease characterized by hyperglycemia due to a deficiency in endogenous insulin production, resulting from pancreatic beta cell death. Persistent hyperglycemia leads to enhanced oxidative stress and liver injury. Several studies have evaluated the anti-diabetic and protective effects of probiotic strains in animal models. In the present study, we investigated, through histopathological and biochemical analyses, the effects of eight weeks of administration of Saccharomyces boulardii (S. boulardii) yeast on the liver of streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic C57BL/6 mice. Our results demonstrated that S. boulardii attenuates hepatocytes hydropic degeneration and hepatic vessels congestion in STZ-induced diabetic mice. The treatment attenuated the oxidative stress in diabetic mice leading to a reduction of carbonylated protein concentration and increased activity of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, compared to untreated diabetic animals. The results also show the beneficial influence of S. boulardii in regulating the hepatic concentration of renin angiotensin system (RAS) peptides. Therefore, our results demonstrated that S. boulardii administration to STZ-induced diabetic mice reduces oxidative stress and normalizes the concentration of RAS peptides, supporting the hypothesis that this yeast may have a role as a potential adjunctive therapy to attenuate diabetes-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Barssotti
- Department of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Isabel C M E Abreu
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Beatriz P Brandão
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Fabiana G Ferreira
- Department of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Miguel A C Salgado
- Department of Bioscience and Oral Diagnosis, State University Julio de Mesquita Filho (Unesp), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Danielle D S Dias
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kátia De Angelis
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Yokota
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dulce E Casarini
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lívia B Souza
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla R Taddei
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, University of São Paulo (Usp), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiana S Cunha
- Department of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), São José dos Campos, Brazil.
- Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp) - Institute of Science and Technology, Talim, 330 - Vila Nair, São José dos Campos, SP, 12231-280, Brazil.
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3
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Albuquerque RCMF, Brandão ABP, De Abreu ICME, Ferreira FG, Santos LB, Moreira LN, Taddei CR, Aimbire F, Cunha TS. Saccharomyces boulardii Tht 500101 changes gut microbiota and ameliorates hyperglycaemia, dyslipidaemia, and liver inflammation in streptozotocin-diabetic mice. Benef Microbes 2019; 10:901-912. [PMID: 31965836 DOI: 10.3920/bm2019.0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a disorder resulting from chronic autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells, lack of insulin production and hyperglycaemia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the hypothesis that streptozotocin-diabetic mice treated with Saccharomyces boulardii THT 500101 strain present improvement of glucose and triglycerides metabolism, reduction of liver inflammation concomitant with a beneficial impact in the gut microbiota profile. C57BL/6 male mice were randomly assigned into three groups: Control, Diabetes, Diabetes+Probiotic, and were euthanised 8 weeks after probiotic chronic administration. Mice submitted to treatment presented reduced glycemia in comparison with the diabetic group, which was correlated with an increase in C-peptide level and in hepatic glycogen content. Fat metabolism was significantly altered in streptozotocin-induced diabetic group, and S. boulardii treatment regulated it, leading to a decrease in serum triglycerides secretion, increase in hepatic triglycerides storage and modulation of inflammatory profile. The phenotypic changes seen from chronic S. boulardii treatment were found to be broadly associated with the changes in microbioma of diabetic animals, with increased proportion in Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Deferribacteres, and a decreased proportion of Proteobacteria and Verrucomicrobia phylum. Thus, the data presented here show up a novel potential therapeutic role of S. boulardii for the treatment and attenuation of diabetes-induced complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C M F Albuquerque
- Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), Department of Medicine - São Paulo, Sp. Rua Pedro De Toledo 720 - 2° Andar, Vila Clementino, 04039-002 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - A B P Brandão
- Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), Department of Medicine - São Paulo, Sp. Rua Pedro De Toledo 720 - 2° Andar, Vila Clementino, 04039-002 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - I C M E De Abreu
- Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), Department of Medicine - São Paulo, Sp. Rua Pedro De Toledo 720 - 2° Andar, Vila Clementino, 04039-002 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - F G Ferreira
- Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Science and Technology - São José Dos Campos, Rua Talim 330. Vila Nair, 12231-280 São José Dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - L B Santos
- Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Science and Technology - São José Dos Campos, Rua Talim 330. Vila Nair, 12231-280 São José Dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - L N Moreira
- University of São Paulo (Usp), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses - São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 580. Cidade Universitária, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - C R Taddei
- University of São Paulo (Usp), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses - São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 580. Cidade Universitária, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - F Aimbire
- Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Science and Technology - São José Dos Campos, Rua Talim 330. Vila Nair, 12231-280 São José Dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - T S Cunha
- Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Science and Technology - São José Dos Campos, Rua Talim 330. Vila Nair, 12231-280 São José Dos Campos, SP, Brazil
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4
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Guzzoni V, Briet L, Costa R, Souza RWA, Carani FR, Dal-Pai-Silva M, Silva KAS, Cunha TS, Marcondes FK. Intense resistance training induces pronounced metabolic stress and impairs hypertrophic response in hind-limb muscles of rats. Stress 2019; 22:377-386. [PMID: 30857457 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2019.1573364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle hypertrophy is an exercise-induced adaptation, particularly in resistance training (RT) programs that use large volumes and low loads. However, evidence regarding the role of rest intervals on metabolic stress and muscular adaptations is inconclusive. Thus, we aimed to investigate the effects of a strenuous RT model (jump-training) on skeletal muscle adaptations and metabolic stress, considering the scarce information about RT models for rats. We hypothesized that jump-training induces metabolic stress and influences negatively the growth of soleus (SOL) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles of rats. Male Wistar rats (aged 60 days) were randomly assigned to non-trained or trained groups (n = 8/group). Trained rats performed jump-training during 5 days a week for 1, 3, or 5 weeks with 30 s of inter-set rest intervals. Forty-eight hours after the experimental period, rats were euthanized and blood samples immediately drawn to measure creatine kinase activity, lactate and corticosterone concentrations. Muscle weight-to-body weight ratio (MW/BW), cross-sectional area (CSA) and myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform expression were determined. Higher lactate levels occurred after 20 min of training in weeks 1 and 3. Corticosterone levels were higher after 5 weeks of training. Jump-training had negative effects on hypertrophy of types-I and II muscle fibers after 5 weeks of training, as evidenced by decreased CSA and reduced muscle weight. Our results demonstrated that pronounced metabolic stress and impairment of muscle growth might take place when variables of exercise training are not appropriately manipulated. Lay summary Resistance training (RT) has been used to increase muscle mass. In this regard, training variables (intensity, volume, and frequency) must be strictly controlled in order to evoke substantial muscular fitness. This study shows that rats submitted to 5 weeks of intensive resistance jump-training - high intensity, large volume, and short rest intervals - present high levels of blood corticosterone associated with negative effects on hypertrophy of types-I and II muscle fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Guzzoni
- a Department of Physiological Sciences , Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas , Piracicaba , Brazil
- b Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology , Federal University of Paraíba , João Pessoa , Brazil
| | - Larissa Briet
- c Institute of Biology , University of Campinas , Campinas , Brazil
| | - Rafaela Costa
- a Department of Physiological Sciences , Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas , Piracicaba , Brazil
| | - Rodrigo W A Souza
- d Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences , São Paulo State University , Botucatu , Brazil
| | - Fernanda R Carani
- d Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences , São Paulo State University , Botucatu , Brazil
| | - Maeli Dal-Pai-Silva
- d Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences , São Paulo State University , Botucatu , Brazil
| | - Kleiton A S Silva
- e Department of Medicine , University of Missouri School of Medicine , Columbia , MO, USA
| | - Tatiana S Cunha
- f Science and Technology Institute , Federal University of São Paulo , São José dos Campos , Brazil
| | - Fernanda K Marcondes
- a Department of Physiological Sciences , Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas , Piracicaba , Brazil
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5
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Leite CA, Bertoncello NS, Watanabe IK, Fernandes FB, Andrade MCC, Ronchi FA, Arita DY, Marcondes FK, Cunha TS, Casarini DE. 90-kDa N-domain angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE): possible marker for hypertension in a renal transplant model. J Bras Nefrol 2017; 39:11-14. [PMID: 28355397 DOI: 10.5935/0101-2800.20170002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypertension is nearly universal in kidney transplant and several factors are associated with post transplant hypertension, including immunosuppressive medications and genetic predisposition. OBJECTIVE The aims were to evaluate the effects of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) kidney transplantation in Wistar rats and the possible transference of 80/90-kDa N-domain ACE. METHODS To do so, the data from Wistar recipients of kidney from SHR were compared to data from transplanted Wistar submitted to CsA treatment and, to Wistar Sham. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Despite the unaltered blood pressure observed at early stages, 80/90-kDa ACE was found expressed in the urine of rats 7 and 15 days after transplantation, which was intense when rats became hypertensive 30 days post-surgery. CONCLUSION Our data show that this enzyme is associated with the development of hypertension, and this marker appears in the urine before any substantial blood pressure alteration.
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6
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Santos RA, Silva KA, Perez JD, Schor N, Casarini DE, Cunha TS. Abstract P633: Resistance Training Counteracts The Systemic Catecholaminergic Hyperactivation Associated With Experimental Diabetes, But Not Normalize Cardiac Sympathetic Outflow. Hypertension 2016. [DOI: 10.1161/hyp.68.suppl_1.p633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies from our laboratory have demonstrated that chronic diabetes in rats results in cardiomyopathy, associated with sympathetic nervous system (SNS) hyperactivity. On the other hand, it is well known that the beneficial cardiovascular effects of exercise training in diabetes are due in part to normalization of the sympathetic outflow and improvement in the responsiveness of the myocardium to autonomic stimulation. Recently, resistance training (RT) has been recognized as a useful therapeutic tool for the treatment of chronic diseases and similar to aerobic exercise, has been reported to improve metabolic profile and body composition. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of moderate-intensity RT on circulating and cardiac catecholamines concentration, to understand whether this type of exercise is also associated with cardiovascular protection. Wistar rats (3 months old) were randomized into: control (C), diabetic (D), diabetic + RPT (DR) and diabetic + APT (DA). Animals were made diabetic with a single tail injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 50 mg/Kg). Resistance exercise training was performed on a vertical ladder (5 days/week, 8 weeks) at 40-60% maximal load, and moderate aerobic training was performed on a treadmill (5 days/week, 8 weeks). Diabetes significantly increased plasma concentration of adrenaline (D: 5.3 ± 1.0
vs.
C: 4.1 ± 0.6 ng/mL) and noradrenaline (D: 14.5 ± 0.2
vs.
C: 3.1± 0.8 ng/mL), and both exercise modalities induced a significant reduction of them: adrenaline (DR: 1.1 ± 0.3; DA: 0.7 ± 0.16
vs.
D: 5.3 ± 1.0 ng/mL) and noradrenaline (DR: 1.0 ± 0.2; DA: 0.7 ± 0.1
vs.
D: 14.5 ± 0.2 ng/mL). Cardiac concentration of noradrenaline was also increased in diabetic group (D: 62 ± 7
vs.
CS: 34 ± 6 pg/g) and only aerobic exercise was capable to reduce its concentration in heart tissue (DA: 30 ± 6
vs.
D: 62 ± 7; DR: 55 ± 7 pg/g). The results from the present study show for the first time additional beneficial effects of RT on modulating SNS activity in diabetes. Moreover, considering that RT does not modulate cardiac catecholaminergic secretion, it also highlights the importance of aerobic training in diabetes treatment. Financial Support: FAPESP, CAPES, CNPq
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nestor Schor
- UNIFESP - Federal Univ of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Tatiana S Cunha
- UNIFESP - Federal Univ of Sao Paulo, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil
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7
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Sanches A, Perez JD, Barankevicz GB, Vanzella EC, Casarini DE, Marcondes FK, Cunha TS. Abstract P634: Aerobic Training Prevents The Development Of Metabolic Abnormalities Induced By Chronic Stress, But Not Abnormal Circulating Levels Of Noradrenaline And Serotonin. Hypertension 2016. [DOI: 10.1161/hyp.68.suppl_1.p634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The chronic mild and unpredictable stress (CMS) protocol induces insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in rats. Regular physical exercise is an effective non-pharmacological tool for the treatment of disorders induced by stress. The aim was to evaluate the role of physical training on hormonal and metabolic changes triggered by CMS. Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into: Control, Stress, Exercise, Exercise + Stress, submitted to CMS protocol or to 8-week treadmill training (50-70% of the maximal exercise test). In the 4
th
, 5
th
and 6
th
wk, the animals were submitted to CMS protocol over seven days, repeating the procedures for 3 consecutive weeks. Two weeks after last stressor stimulus, blood and left ventricle were collected. Physical performance of animals submitted to the CMS was lower when compared to control animals, and physical training has not been able to alleviate this loss (p<0.05). The exercise prevented the development of metabolic changes induced by CMS, reducing hyperinsulinemia (Stress: 1.7±0.1
vs.
Exercise: 1.4±0.1; Exercise + Stress: 1.3±0.1; Control: 1.4±0.0 ng/mL), insulin resistance index (Stress: 9.2±0.3
vs.
Exercise: 7.1±0.2; Exercise + Stress: 5.8±0.2; Control: 8.1±0.2) and serum free fatty acids (Stress: 311.9±10.0
vs.
Exercise: 193.0±16.7; Exercise + Stress: 251.6±14.16; Control: 190.1±17.3 mg/dL, p<0.05). In addition, it was also capable of reducing the cardiac concentration of serotonin (Stress: 3.1±0.1
vs.
Exercise: 0.6±0.1; Exercise + Stress: 0.5±0.0; Control: 1.3±0.1 pg/g, p<0.05) of stressed animals (CMS). Physical training did not reduce the circulating concentration of noradrenaline (Stress: 603.7±52.2; Exercise: 83.8±10.8; Exercise + Stress: 748.9±46.1
vs.
Control: 165.1±27.1 pg/mL) and serotonin (Stress: 1296.0±47.0; Exercise: 1196.0±68.1; Exercise + Stress: 1736.0±60.12
vs.
Control: 619.8±79.6), which remained high in the groups submitted to the CMS (p>0.05). The results show that exercise improves metabolic losses triggered by CMS, but not the but not abnormal circulating levels of noradrenaline and serotonin, and suggest that physical training must be prescribed with caution to stressed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tatiana S Cunha
- UNIFESP - Federal Univ of Sao Paulo, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil
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8
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Santos RA, Silva KA, Aragao DS, Arita DY, Rosa RM, Arlotti MR, Firoozmand LT, Peres GB, Moraes MR, Schor N, Casarini DE, Cunha TS. Abstract 233: Resistance Training Attenuates Renal Dysfunction in Animal Diabetic Nephropathy but Does Not Restore Kidney ACE/ACE2 Balance. Hypertension 2013. [DOI: 10.1161/hyp.62.suppl_1.a233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Overactivity of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Our group has already demonstrated that aerobic exercise reduces kidney angiotensin II levels and attenuates renal dysfunction under concurrence of diabetes and hypertension. Resistance training (RT) has recently been recognized as a useful therapeutic tool for the treatment chronic diseases and similar to aerobic exercise, has been reported to improve glycemic control. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of RT on renal function and RAS in diabetic animals, to understand whether this type of exercise is also associated with renoprotection. Wistar rats (3 months old) were randomized into: sedentary control (SC); trained control (TC); sedentary diabetic (SD) and trained diabetic (TD). Animals were made diabetic with a single tail injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 50 mg/Kg). RT was performed on an 110-cm ladder (8 ladder climbs, once/day, 5 days/week, 8 weeks), carrying a load of 50-80% body weight (BW) appended to the tail. At week 8, 24 hr urine volume and albuminuria were evaluated. Kidney was excised and ACE and ACE2 activities were determined (ZPhe-HL and 7-Mca-APK(Dnp), respectively) (Two way ANOVA + Tukey test; P<0.05). RT significantly reduced blood glucose (TD = 449 ± 17 vs. SD = 572 ± 18 mg/dL) and attenuated BW loss of diabetic animals. DM reduced renal ACE activity in sedentary and trained groups (SD = 3.72 ± 0.48, TD = 3.85 ± 0.40 vs. SC = 9.2 ± 0.59 nmol/min/mg), while RT reduced enzyme activity only in control group (TC = 5.14 ± 0.26 vs. SC = 9.2 ± 0.59 nmol/min/mg). RT reduced renal ACE2 in the control group compared to the others (TC = 0.05 ± 0.0001 vs. SC = 0.09 ± 0.004, SD = 0.09 ± 0.003, TD = 0.10 ± 0.002 μM/min/mg), with no effect of diabetes on enzyme activity. RT improved renal function, decreasing urinary volume and albuminuria (DT = 4.13 ± 0.84 vs. SD = 11 ± 2.11 mg/24h) in DT group. The results from the present study show that RT is strongly associated with renoprotection in an experimental model of diabetic nephropathy. Moreover, results show that this improvement on renal function is modulated by other pathways apart from ACE and ACE2 converting enzymes. Financial Support: FAPESP, CAPES, CNPq.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tatiana S Cunha
- Science and Technology Institute - UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
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9
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Bertoncello NS, Moreira RP, Yokota R, Rosa RM, Arita DY, Aragão DS, Cunha TS, Casarini DE. Abstract 229: Increased Ace Gene Dosage Reduces Ace2 Activity in Diabetic Mice Kidney: Involvement of Ace/ace2 Balance on the Development of Diabetic Nephropathy. Hypertension 2013. [DOI: 10.1161/hyp.62.suppl_1.a229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the link between high constitutive levels of ACE and diabetic nephropathy has not been completely understood, but an imbalance between angiotensin I (ACE) and II (ACE2) converting enzymes homeostasis has been described in diabetic kidney disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate ACE/ACE2 homeostasis in kidney from diabetic mice presenting increased dosage of ACE gene. Male mice (3 months old) genetically engineered to harbor one or three copies of the
ACE
gene were made diabetic (streptozotocin - STZ, 50 mg/Kg) and randomly assigned into: 1-copy control (1CC), 1-copy diabetic (1CD), 3-copy control (3CC) and 3-copy diabetic. At the end of experimental period body weight was evaluated and kidney was excised. Kidney-to-body weight ratio and ACE and ACE 2 activities were determined using specific substrates (ZPhe-HL and 7-Mca-APK(Dnp), respectively) (Two way ANOVA + Tukey test; P<0.05). Diabetes increased blood glucose (1CD : 436 ± 25
vs.
1CC: 90 ± 2; 3CD: 556 ± 6
vs.
3CC: 112 ± 4 mg/dL) and kidney-to-body weight ratio (1CD: 7.5 ± 0.2
vs.
1CC: 5.8 ± 0.2; 3CD: 7.8 ± 0.1
vs.
3CC: 5.8 ± 0.1 mg/g) with no influence of
ACE
genotype. As expected, renal ACE activity was directly related to
ACE
gene copy number in control group (3CC: 9.4 ± 2.11
vs.
1CC:5.6 ± 0.9 mU/mg protein). Renal ACE activity was decreased in diabetic groups (1CD: 3.6 ± 0.2
vs.
1CC: 5.6 ± 0.9; 3CD: 2.3 ± 0.4
vs.
3CC: 9.4 ± 2.1 mU/mg protein) with no influence of
ACE
genotype. Under physiological condition, renal ACE2 activity remained unchanged regardless of the
ACE
genotype (1CC: 1.9 ± 0.2 = 3CC: 1.4 ± 0.1 μM/min/mg). However upon a pathological stimulus, renal ACE2 activity was efficiently increased only in 1CD group, but not in 3CD, as compared with the others (1CD: 5.1 ± 0.9 vs. 1CC: 1.9 ± 0.2 = 3CC: 1.4 ± 0.1 = 3CD: 2.2 ± 0.2 μM/min/mg). Taken together, our results show for the first time, that susceptibility for the development of diabetic nephropathy associated with increased ACE gene dosage may be, at least in part, caused by a decrease on renal ACE2 activity. This may result in increased local levels of angiotensin II and decreased angiotensin (1-7), leading to altered glomerular permeability and albuminuria, functional alterations presented by 3CD animals. Financial Support: FAPESP, CAPES, CNPq.
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10
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Silva KA, Santos RA, Arlotti MR, Jorge L, Cunha TS, Arita DY, Schor N. Abstract 508: Resistance Exercise Training Performed Prior Diabetes Mellitus Suppresses Renal and Skeletal Muscle Abnormalities. Hypertension 2013. [DOI: 10.1161/hyp.62.suppl_1.a508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prior study of our group shown that previous aerobic exercise training improved the damage caused by diabetes mellitus on renal and cardiovascular system. Resistance exercise training, also known as strength training, is traditionally performed to gain muscle mass; however, it is not clear whether this type of exercise modulates renal system. Additionally, it is also unknown whether previous resistance exercise training can potentially influence the kidney and skeletal muscle. Wistar rats were submitted to resistance exercise training in an apparatus developed especially to this type of exercise (8 - 12 climbs/day, 5 days/week, 12 weeks). Previous resistance exercise trained group (PTD) performed for 4 weeks before the establishment of the disease and after this period they were followed by 8 weeks of resistance exercise training. Additional trained groups such as trained diabetic (TD) and trained control (TC) groups were followed by 8 weeks of resistance exercise training. Control groups were also followed (control - C, diabetes - D). We have found that PTD suppressed abnormalities linked to renal system such as, water consumption and amount of urine PTD=71mL vs. DT=127mL vs. D=138mL (measured during metabolic cage period), as well as attenuated proteinuria and kidney weight. Regarding to skeletal muscle, PTD group had increased muscle weight (extensor digitorium longus - EDL; C=192mg, D=116mg, TD=106mg and PTD=126mg; Tibialis anterior, C=780mg, D=496mg, DT=450mg and PTD=535mg); we also found a great muscle force level in the PTD group (C=573g, CT=1037, D=414g, TD=737g and PTD=825g), suggesting a protective effect of previous exercise in this group. PTEN was suppressed in PTD group and Akt and 4EBP1 (upstream and downstream of mTOR) were activated in PTD group, measured by western blot. These data suggest that, resistance exercise performed prior the establishment of the diabetes mellitus can protect kidney from diabetic nephropathy and skeletal muscle from atrophy. The mechanisms by which kidney and skeletal muscle have been improved are linked to mTOR signaling pathway. Further studies will be performed to confirm the potential involvement of this signaling pathway.
Support:
FAPESP, CAPES, CNPq.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kleiton A Silva
- Nephrology Div - Federal Univ of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luciana Jorge
- Nephrology Div - Federal Univ of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiana S Cunha
- Science And Technology Institute - Federal Univ of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danielle Y Arita
- Translational Medicine - Federal Univ of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nestor Schor
- Nephrology Div - Federal Univ of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Aragão DS, Cunha TS, Arita DY, Andrade MCC, Fernandes AB, Watanabe IKM, Mortara RA, Casarini DE. Purification and characterization of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) from murine model of mesangial cell in culture. Int J Biol Macromol 2011; 49:79-84. [PMID: 21470562 PMCID: PMC7112419 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a component of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) which converts Ang II, a potent vasoconstrictor peptide into Ang 1–7, a vasodilator peptide which may act as a negative feedback hormone to the actions of Ang II. The discovery of this enzyme added a new level of complexity to this system. The mesangial cells (MC) have multiple functions in glomerular physiology and pathophysiology and are able to express all components of the RAS. Despite of being localized in these cells, ACE2 has not yet been purified or characterized. In this study ACE2 from mice immortalized MC (IMC) was purified by ion-exchange chromatography. The purified enzyme was identified as a single band around 60–70 kDa on SDS-polyacrylamide gel and by Western blotting using a specific antibody. The optima pH and chloride concentrations were 7.5 and 200 mM, respectively. The N-terminal sequence was homologous with many species ACE2 N-terminal sequences as described in the literature. ACE2 purified from IMC was able to hydrolyze Ang II into Ang 1–7 and the Km value for Ang II was determined to be 2.87 ± 0.76 μM. In conclusion, we purified and localized, for the first time, ACE2 in MC, which was able to generate Ang 1–7 from Ang II. Ang 1–7 production associated to Ang II degradation by ACE2 may exert a protective effect in the renal hemodynamic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle S Aragão
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil
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Cunha TS, Martinez ECT, Miranda VCR. Moderate Exercise training improves cardiovascular, metabolic and emotional parameters of diabetic‐hypertensive patients. FASEB J 2009. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.23.1_supplement.955.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana S Cunha
- Department of MedicineNephrology DivisionFederal University of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
- Health SciencesUiversidade do Vale do ParaíbaSão José dos CamposBrazil
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Cunha TS, Arita DY, Nogueira MD, Perez JD, Andrade MCC, Casarini DE. Diabetes alters the production and release of catecholamines in Primary Mesangial Cell Culture. FASEB J 2009. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.23.1_supplement.971.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana S Cunha
- Department of MedicineNephrology DivisionFederal University of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Danielle Yuri Arita
- Department of MedicineNephrology DivisionFederal University of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Marie Doki Nogueira
- Department of MedicineNephrology DivisionFederal University of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Juliana Dinéia Perez
- Department of MedicineNephrology DivisionFederal University of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | | | - Dulce Elena Casarini
- Department of MedicineNephrology DivisionFederal University of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
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Cunha TS, Tanno AP, Marcondes FK, Perez SEA, Selistre-Araújo HS. [Nandrolone administration does not promote hypertrophy of soleus muscle in rats]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 50:532-40. [PMID: 16936995 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302006000300017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2003] [Accepted: 03/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are compounds formed from testosterone or one of its derivatives, which are largely used by amateur e professional athletes to improve the athletic performance. However, the scientific information about the relation between the use of AAS and muscle hypertrophy is controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of testosterone and physical training on muscle hypertrophy. Male Wistar rats received i.m. injections of Deca-Durabolin or vehicle during 6 weeks. Trained rats were submitted to a resistance physical training, by jumping up and down in water carrying an overload. Sedentary and trained animals were anesthetized and sacrificed. Soleus muscle was removed for the quantification of total protein and DNA concentration. In the end of the treatment, body weight of trained animals treated with vehicle or AAS was lower than the body weight of respective sedentary. Total protein concentration and the ratio muscle weight/body weight of all experimental groups were not altered. Trained group treated with AAS presented lower DNA concentration than trained group treated with vehicle. The administration of nandrolone decanoate did not promote hypertrophy on soleus muscle, not even when the use of AAS was associated to resistance physical training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana S Cunha
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Av. Limeira 901, 13414-903 Piracicaba, SP
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Cunha TS, Farah V, Paulini J, Pazzine M, Elased KM, Marcondes FK, Cláudia Irigoyen M, De Angelis K, Mirkin LD, Morris M. Relationship between renal and cardiovascular changes in a murine model of glucose intolerance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 139:1-4. [PMID: 17207869 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2006.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2006] [Revised: 10/28/2006] [Accepted: 11/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Nutrition is an important variable which may affect the risk for renal disease. We previously showed that a high fructose diet in mice produced hypertension and sympathetic activation [8]. The purpose of this study was to determine if a fructose diet altered renal function. A high fructose diet for 12 weeks impaired glucose tolerance, but caused no change in body weight, blood glucose or plasma insulin. Impairment in renal function was documented by the almost two fold increase in urinary protein excretion ( CONTROL 6.6+/-0.6 vs. Fructose: 15.0+/-0.7 mmol protein/mmol creatinine; p<0.05) which was also accompanied by increases in urinary volume. The diet produced little change in renal histology, kidney weight or kidney weight/body weight ratio. Urinary excretion of angiotensin II/creatinine ( CONTROL 78.9+/-16.6 vs. Fructose: 80.5+/-14.2 pg/mmol) and renal angiotensin converting enzyme activity ( CONTROL 9.2+/-1.6 vs. Fructose: 7.6+/-1.0 ACE units) were not different between groups. There was a positive correlation between mean arterial pressure (r=0.7, p=0.01), blood pressure variability (BPV) (r=0.7, p=0.02), low frequency BPV component (r=0.677, p=0.03) and urinary protein excretion. Results show that consumption of a high fructose diet in mice had deleterious effects on renal function, which were correlated with cardiovascular changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana S Cunha
- Wright State University, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, OH, USA
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Zhang W, Cunha TS, Chen Y, Morris M, Elased KM. Brain angiotensin converting enzymes: Evaluation using mass spectrometry and Western blot. FASEB J 2007. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.21.6.a798-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Zhang
- Pharmacology & ToxicologyWright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine3640 Colonel Glenn HwyDaytonOH45435
| | - Tatiana S Cunha
- Pharmacology & ToxicologyWright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine3640 Colonel Glenn HwyDaytonOH45435
| | - Yanfang Chen
- Pharmacology & ToxicologyWright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine3640 Colonel Glenn HwyDaytonOH45435
| | - Mariana Morris
- Pharmacology & ToxicologyWright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine3640 Colonel Glenn HwyDaytonOH45435
| | - Khalid M Elased
- Pharmacology & ToxicologyWright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine3640 Colonel Glenn HwyDaytonOH45435
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Farah V, Elased KM, Chen Y, Key MP, Cunha TS, Irigoyen MC, Morris M. Nocturnal hypertension in mice consuming a high fructose diet. Auton Neurosci 2006; 130:41-50. [PMID: 16843071 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2006.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2006] [Revised: 05/19/2006] [Accepted: 05/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of fructose consumption on the light/dark pattern of blood pressure, heart rate and autonomic neural function in mice. BACKGROUND Insulin resistant diabetes is associated with hypertension and autonomic dysfunction. There is evidence that the increasing incidence of diabetes may be related to dietary changes, including consumption of high levels of fructose. DESIGN/METHODS C57/BL mice, instrumented with radiotelemetric arterial catheters, were fed a control or high fructose diet (60%). Cardiovascular parameters measured were light/dark pattern of mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR) and variability (time and frequency domain). We also measured plasma insulin, glucose, lipids and angiotensin II (Ang II) as well as glucose tolerance. In situ hybridization was used to measure brainstem expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and Ang AT1a mRNA. RESULTS Fructose diet (8 weeks) produced an increase in MAP, variance and low frequency domain (14+/-3 vs. 33+/-4 mm Hg(2), variance and 10+/-2 vs. 26+/-4 mm Hg(2), LF, control vs. fructose, P<0.01). The changes occurred only at night, a period of activity for mice. Glucose tolerance was attenuated in the fructose group. Fructose also increased plasma cholesterol (80+/-1 vs. 126+/-2 mg/dl, control vs. fructose, P<0.05) and plasma Ang II (18+/-5 vs.65+/-12 pg/ml, control vs. fructose, P<0.05). Depressor responses to alpha(1)-adrenergic blockade with prasozin were augmented in fructose-fed mice. Using quantitative in situ hybridization, we found that Ang AT1a receptor and TH mRNA expression were significantly increased in the brainstem locus coeruleus. CONCLUSION A high fructose diet in mice produced nocturnal hypertension and autonomic imbalance which may be related to activation of sympathetic and angiotensin systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Farah
- Boonshoft School of Medicine of Wright State University, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dayton, OH 45401, USA
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Abstract
A novel assay was developed for evaluation of mouse angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2 and recombinant human ACE2 (rACE2) activity. Using surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MS) with ProteinChip Array technology, ACE1 and ACE2 activity could be measured using natural peptide substrates. Plasma from C57BL/6 mice, kidney from wild-type and ACE2 knockout mice, and rACE2 were used for assay validation. Plasma or tissue extracts were incubated with angiotensin I (Ang I; 1296 m/z) or angiotensin II (Ang II; 1045 m/z). Reaction mixtures were spotted onto the ProteinChips WCX2 and peptides detected using surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time of flight MS. MS peaks for the substrates, Ang I and Ang II, and the generated peptides, Ang (1-7) and Ang (1-9), were monitored. The ACE2 inhibitor MLN 4760 (0.01 to 100 micromol/L) significantly inhibited rACE2 activity (IC50=3 nmol/L). Ang II was preferably cleaved by rACE2 (km=5 mumol/L), whereas Ang I was not a good substrate for rACE2. There was no detectable ACE2 activity in plasma. Assay specificity was validated in a model of ACE2 gene deletion. In kidney extract from ACE2-deficient mice, there was no generation of Ang (1-7) from Ang II. However, Ang (1-7) was produced when Ang I was used as a substrate. In conclusion, we developed a specific and sensitive assay for ACE2 activity, which used the natural endogenous peptide substrate Ang II. This approach allows for the rapid screening for ACE2, which has applications in drug testing, high-throughput enzymatic assays, and identification of novel substrates/inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid M Elased
- Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA.
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Cunha TS, Elased K, Morris M. Angiotensin‐converting enzymes, ACE 1 and ACE 2 activity in mouse brain. FASEB J 2006. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.20.5.a1110-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana S Cunha
- Wright State University Booshoft School of Medicine3640 Colonel Glenn HwyDaytonOH45435
- Physiological Sciences FOP UNICAMPAv Limeira, 901Piracicaba13414Brazil
| | - Khalid Elased
- Wright State University Booshoft School of Medicine3640 Colonel Glenn HwyDaytonOH45435
| | - Mariana Morris
- Wright State University Booshoft School of Medicine3640 Colonel Glenn HwyDaytonOH45435
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Farah V, Elased KM, Chen Y, Key M, Cunha TS, Aguiar JP, Pazzine M, Irigoyen MC, Morris M. High Fructose Diet in Mice Activates Brainstem Angiotensin AT1a and Catecholaminergic Systems. FASEB J 2006. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.20.4.a300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Farah
- Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine3640 Colonel Glenn HwyDaytonOH45435
| | - Khalid M. Elased
- Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine3640 Colonel Glenn HwyDaytonOH45435
| | - Yanfang Chen
- Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine3640 Colonel Glenn HwyDaytonOH45435
| | - Mary Key
- Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine3640 Colonel Glenn HwyDaytonOH45435
| | - Tatiana S. Cunha
- Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine3640 Colonel Glenn HwyDaytonOH45435
- Physiological Sciences ‐ FOP ‐ UNICAMPAv. Limeira 901Piracicaba13414Brazil
| | - Janaina P. Aguiar
- Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine3640 Colonel Glenn HwyDaytonOH45435
- Hypertension UnitHeart Institute and Medical School of University of São Paulo – HCFMUSPRua Eneas Aguiar 44Sao Paulo05403Brazil
| | - Mariana Pazzine
- Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine3640 Colonel Glenn HwyDaytonOH45435
- Hypertension UnitHeart Institute and Medical School of University of São Paulo – HCFMUSPRua Eneas Aguiar 44Sao Paulo05403Brazil
| | - Maria Claudia Irigoyen
- Hypertension UnitHeart Institute and Medical School of University of São Paulo – HCFMUSPRua Eneas Aguiar 44Sao Paulo05403Brazil
| | - Mariana Morris
- Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine3640 Colonel Glenn HwyDaytonOH45435
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Cunha TS, Tanno AP, Moura MJC, Marcondes FK. Relação entre a administração de esteróide anabólico androgênico, treinamento físico aeróbio e supercompensação do glicogênio. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2005. [DOI: 10.1590/s1517-86922005000300007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A supercompensação do glicogênio é uma das adaptações induzidas pelo treinamento físico. Visando potencializar este fenômeno, muitos atletas utilizam doses suprafisiológicas de esteróides anabólicos androgênicos (EAA). O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar em ratos os efeitos da nandrolona e do exercício aeróbio sobre o peso corporal, triglicerídeos, glicose e reservas de glicogênio. Ratos Wistar machos foram aleatoriamente divididos em quatro grupos: sedentário + veículo (SV), treinado + veículo (TV), sedentário + EAA (SEAA) e treinado + EAA (TEAA, n = 7-14/grupo). Receberam injeção i.m. de nandrolona ou veículo durante nove semanas e durante o mesmo período os animais treinados foram submetidos a exercício aeróbio. Os dados foram analisados por ANOVA bifatorial e Tukey (p < 0,05). Os grupos SEAA, TV e TEAA apresentaram menor peso corporal do que o grupo SV (SEAA: 339 ± 10 = TV: 342 ± 14 = TEAA: 332 ± 6 < SV: 398 ± 9g). O treinamento físico reduziu significativamente a concentração plasmática de triglicerídeos [(TV: 46 ± 4 = TEAA: 44 ± 3) < (SV: 104 ± 1 = SEAA: 101 ± 6mg/dL)] e de glicogênio hepático [(TV: 3,38 ± 0,57 = TEAA: 2,62 ± 0,34) < (SV: 4,95 ± 0,11 = SEAA: 4,43 ± 0,23mg/100mg)] e aumentou a concentração cardíaca de glicogênio [(TV: 0,38 ± 0,04 = TEAA: 0,42 ± 0,03) > (SV: 0,2 ± 0,02 = SEAA: 0,21 ± 0,02mg/100mg)]. A glicemia e as reservas de glicogênio do sóleo permaneceram inalteradas. O uso de doses suprafisiológicas de nandrolona não potencializou nenhum dos efeitos obtidos em resposta ao treinamento aeróbio.
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