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Abstract
Dr Gerald Rodnan was a man of many talents who developed a single-minded fascination with the disease systemic sclerosis. His passion and vision led to numerous important research contributions to our understanding of the natural history of this disease and his extensive travel and teaching stimulated many other investigators in the United States and throughout the world to devote their careers to this uncommon but serious disorder. He indeed was a "Giant" in rheumatology and those of us who had the opportunity to train under him have been inspired to carry it forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia D Steen
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, 3800 Reservoir Road, PHC 3004, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
| | - Thomas A Medsger
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Domsic RT, Medsger TA, Gao S, Laffoon M, Huang S, Wisniewski S, Spino C, Steen V, Lafyatis R, Khanna D. A data-driven approach finds RNA polymerase III antibody and tendon friction rubs as enrichment tools for early diffuse scleroderma trials. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2023; 62:1543-1551. [PMID: 36031807 PMCID: PMC10072884 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keac501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Clinical trials in early diffuse SSc have consistently shown a placebo group response with a declining modified Rodnan skin score (mRSS), with negative outcomes. Our objective was to identify strategies using clinical characteristics or laboratory values to improve trial design. METHODS We identified early diffuse SSc patients first seen at the University of Pittsburgh from 1980-2015. Eligible patients had ≥3 visits, with at least two mRSS scores within the first year of follow-up. We performed Kaplan-Meier analyses, group-based trajectory analysis of mRSS scores, followed by multivariable regression analysis and classification tree analysis. We applied the results to the abatacept in early diffuse systemic sclerosis (ASSET) trial outcome data. RESULTS We identified 403 patients with <18 months, and 514 with <36 months disease duration. The median number of mRSS follow-up scores was 14 (interquartile range 8, 25). All methodologic approaches identified skin thickness progression rate, RNA polymerase III (RNAP3) antibody positivity and presence of tendon friction rubs (TFR) as predictors of mRSS trajectory over 5 years of follow-up, and thereby as potential enrichment variables. When applied to the ASSET data, adjustment for both RNAP3 and TFR demonstrated reduction of the placebo mRSS response, particularly at 6 months. A significant difference in the ACR Composite Response Index in Systemic Sclerosis (CRISS) score was found with adjustment by RNAP3 at 6 months, and TFR or RNAP3 at 12 months. CONCLUSION Adjustment for both RNAP3 and TFR predicts mRSS trajectory and diminished the mRSS decline in ASSET placebo group, and identified significant differences in CRISS. RNAP3, particularly, is a stratification or enrichment approach to improve early diffuse SSc trial design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn T Domsic
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Thomas A Medsger
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shiyao Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Maureen Laffoon
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Suiyuan Huang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stephen Wisniewski
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Cathie Spino
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Virginia Steen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Robert Lafyatis
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dinesh Khanna
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Suresh S, Charlton D, Snell EK, Laffoon M, Medsger TA, Zhu L, Domsic RT. Development of Pulmonary Hypertension in Over One-Third of Patients With Th/To Antibody-Positive Scleroderma in Long-Term Follow-Up. Arthritis Rheumatol 2022; 74:1580-1587. [PMID: 35467794 PMCID: PMC9477491 DOI: 10.1002/art.42152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was undertaken to describe clinical manifestations in patients with Th/To antibody-positive systemic sclerosis (SSc) during long-term follow-up. METHODS We performed a case-control study involving anti-Th/To antibody-positive patients with SSc who were newly referred to the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and the Pittsburgh Scleroderma Center from 1980 to 2015. For every case, 2 anti-Th/To antibody-negative SSc patients (the first 2 consecutively seen after a case) were used as controls. Long-term disease manifestations and survival were then compared between cases and controls. RESULTS A total of 204 anti-Th/To antibody-positive SSc patients and 408 controls were identified. The cohort had a mean ± SD age of 52 ± 12.9 years, and 76% of individuals were women. Anti-Th/To antibody-positive patients more often presented without skin thickening (P < 0.0001) and had a higher rate of pulmonary hypertension (PH) (P < 0.0001) and interstitial lung disease (P = 0.05) compared to anti-Th/To antibody-negative SSc controls. Anti-Th/To antibody-positive SSc patients also had less frequent muscle and joint involvement than anti-Th/To antibody-negative SSc controls (P < 0.0001). After a median clinical follow-up period of 6.1 years (interquartile range 2.4-12.7), 38% of anti-Th/To-positive patients had developed PH compared to 15% of anti-Th/To antibody-negative SSc controls (P < 0.0001). The rate of PH classified as World Health Organization (WHO) Group 1 pulmonary arterial hypertension [PAH] was 23% in anti-Th/To-positive patients compared to 9% in anti-Th/To antibody-negative SSc controls (P < 0.0001). After adjusting for age and sex, anti-Th/To antibody positivity was associated with a hazard ratio (HR) of 3.3 (95% confidence interval 2.3-4.9) for increased risk of developing PH at 10 years of follow-up from the first scleroderma center visit. CONCLUSION This is the largest cohort of patients with anti-Th/To antibody-positive SSc with long-term follow-up data. The very high rate (38%) and associated independent risk of anti-Th/To antibody-positive patients developing PH in follow-up, particularly in WHO Group 1 PAH patients, is striking. Patients presenting with limited skin involvement should be tested for Th/To antibodies, and if present, careful monitoring for PH is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Devon Charlton
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | | | - Maureen Laffoon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Thomas A. Medsger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Robyn T. Domsic
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
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Malaab M, Renaud L, Takamura N, Zimmerman KD, da Silveira WA, Ramos PS, Haddad S, Peters-Golden M, Penke LR, Wolf BJ, Hardiman G, Langefeld CD, Medsger TA, Feghali-Bostwick CA. Antifibrotic factor KLF4 is repressed by the miR-10/TFAP2A/TBX5 axis in dermal fibroblasts: insights from twins discordant for systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis 2022; 81:268-277. [PMID: 34750102 PMCID: PMC8758541 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-221050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a complex disease of unknown aetiology in which inflammation and fibrosis lead to multiple organ damage. There is currently no effective therapy that can halt the progression of fibrosis or reverse it, thus studies that provide novel insights into disease pathogenesis and identify novel potential therapeutic targets are critically needed. METHODS We used global gene expression and genome-wide DNA methylation analyses of dermal fibroblasts (dFBs) from a unique cohort of twins discordant for SSc to identify molecular features of this pathology. We validated the findings using in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo models. RESULTS Our results revealed distinct differentially expressed and methylated genes, including several transcription factors involved in stem cell differentiation and developmental programmes (KLF4, TBX5, TFAP2A and homeobox genes) and the microRNAs miR-10a and miR-10b which target several of these deregulated genes. We show that KLF4 expression is reduced in SSc dFBs and its expression is repressed by TBX5 and TFAP2A. We also show that KLF4 is antifibrotic, and its conditional knockout in fibroblasts promotes a fibrotic phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Our data support a role for epigenetic dysregulation in mediating SSc susceptibility in dFBs, illustrating the intricate interplay between CpG methylation, miRNAs and transcription factors in SSc pathogenesis, and highlighting the potential for future use of epigenetic modifiers as therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Malaab
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Ludivine Renaud
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Naoko Takamura
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Kip D. Zimmerman
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA,Center for Public Health Genomics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Willian A. da Silveira
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Paula S. Ramos
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA,Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | | | - Marc Peters-Golden
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Loka R. Penke
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Bethany J. Wolf
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Gary Hardiman
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK,Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Carl D. Langefeld
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA,Center for Public Health Genomics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Thomas A. Medsger
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Carol A. Feghali-Bostwick
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA,Corresponding author: Dr. Carol A. Feghali-Bostwick, Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, MSC637, Charleston, SC 29425.
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Domsic RT, Gao S, Laffoon M, Wisniewski S, Zhang Y, Steen V, Lafyatis R, Medsger TA. Defining the optimal disease duration of early diffuse systemic sclerosis for clinical trial design. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 60:4662-4670. [PMID: 33506859 PMCID: PMC8677444 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keab075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Clinical trials in early diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis (SSc) using the modified Rodnan skin score (mRSS) as the primary outcome measure have most often been negative. We wanted to assess how the definition of disease onset (first SSc manifestation vs first non-Raynaud manifestation) and varying lengths of disease duration at trial entry as an inclusion criteria functioned. Our objective was to optimize trial inclusion criteria. METHODS We used the prospective, observational University of Pittsburgh Scleroderma Cohort to identify early diffuse SSc patients first evaluated between 1980 and 2015. All had <3 years from first SSc (n = 481) or first non-Raynaud manifestation (n = 514) and three or more mRSS scores. We used descriptive, survival and group-based trajectory analyses to compare the different definitions of disease onset and disease duration as inclusion criteria for clinical trials. RESULTS There was no appreciable difference between using first SSc manifestation compared with first non-Raynaud manifestation as the definition of disease onset. Compared with other disease durations, <18 months of disease had >70% of patients fitting into trajectories with worsening cutaneous disease over 6 months of follow-up. Longer disease durations demonstrated the majority of patients with trajectories showing an improvement in mRSS (regression to the mean) over 6 months. CONCLUSIONS Regardless of whether the first SSc or first non-Raynaud manifestation is used to define disease onset, duration of <18 months at enrolment is preferable. A longer disease duration criterion more frequently results in regression to the mean of the mRSS score, and likely contributes to negative trial outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn T Domsic
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Shiyao Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Maureen Laffoon
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Steven Wisniewski
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- Division of Epidemiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Virginia Steen
- Division of Rheumatology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Robert Lafyatis
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Thomas A Medsger
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
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McMahan ZH, Domsic RT, Zhu L, Medsger TA, Casciola-Rosen L, Shah AA. Anti-RNPC-3 (U11/U12) Antibodies in Systemic Sclerosis in Patients With Moderate-to-Severe Gastrointestinal Dysmotility. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2019; 71:1164-1170. [PMID: 30242973 PMCID: PMC6430701 DOI: 10.1002/acr.23763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association of anti-RNPC-3 antibodies in patients with systemic sclerosis (scleroderma or SSc) with selected gastrointestinal (GI) tract complications. METHODS Sera from patients with SSc with or without severe GI dysfunction (total parenteral nutrition dependence) from the Johns Hopkins Scleroderma Center were screened for anti-RNPC-3 antibodies. We then examined anti-RNPC-3-positive cases and negative SSc controls from the University of Pittsburgh and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) scleroderma cohort to confirm our findings and to examine whether specific GI features were associated with anti-RNPC-3 antibodies. RESULTS In the discovery cohort, patients with SSc with severe GI dysfunction (n = 37) and without GI dysfunction (n = 38) were screened for anti-RNPC-3 antibodies. The former were more likely to have anti-RNPC-3 antibodies (14% versus 3%; P = 0.11). In the Pittsburgh cohort, moderate-to-severe GI dysfunction (Medsger GI score ≥2) was present in 36% of anti-RNPC-3-positive patients versus 15% of anti-RNPC-3-negative patients (P ≤ 0.01). Anti-RNPC-3-positive patients were more likely to be male (31% versus 15%; P = 0.04), African American (18% versus 6%; P = 0.02), have esophageal dysmotility (93% versus 62%; P < 0.01), and interstitial lung disease (ILD) (77% versus 35%; P < 0.01). After adjusting for relevant covariates and potential confounders, moderate-to-severe GI disease was associated with anti-RNPC-3 antibodies (odds ratio [OR] 3.8 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.0-14.3]), and ILD trended toward significance (OR 2.8 [95% CI 1.0-8.2]). CONCLUSION Patients with SSc and anti-RNPC-3 antibodies are more likely to be male and African American and to have moderate-to-severe GI disease and ILD. Further studies on larger patient cohorts may be helpful in further defining subsets of patients with SSc at risk for severe GI involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robyn T Domsic
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lei Zhu
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Thomas A Medsger
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Ami A Shah
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Medsger TA, Benedek TG. History of skin thickness assessment and the Rodnan skin thickness scoring method in systemic sclerosis. J Scleroderma Relat Disord 2019; 4:83-88. [PMID: 35382394 PMCID: PMC8922644 DOI: 10.1177/2397198318823122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The pathology of skin involvement in systemic sclerosis (or scleroderma) was first described in detail in 1892. In this article, we trace the history of cutaneous scleroderma and the evolution of thinking of scholars who have addressed this topic. We focus on skin histopathologic abnormalities and both clinical and laboratory techniques proposed for quantifying skin thickening and mobility. We examine the development of the simple bedside physical examination method of Dr Gerald Rodnan, first published in the 1970s and subsequently modified by others in the early 1990s (modified Rodnan skin score). This method has been found to be the only completely validated technique for assessing skin thickness in systemic sclerosis. Now nearly 50 years later, the modified Rodnan skin thickness scoring system remains the gold standard for use in both systemic sclerosis clinical trials and observational studies.
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Ramos PS, Zimmerman KD, Haddad S, Langefeld CD, Medsger TA, Feghali-Bostwick CA. Integrative analysis of DNA methylation in discordant twins unveils distinct architectures of systemic sclerosis subsets. Clin Epigenetics 2019; 11:58. [PMID: 30947741 PMCID: PMC6449959 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-019-0652-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare autoimmune fibrosing disease with an incompletely understood genetic and non-genetic etiology. Defining its etiology is important to allow the development of effective predictive, preventative, and therapeutic strategies. We conducted this epigenomic study to investigate the contributions of DNA methylation to the etiology of SSc while minimizing confounding due to genetic heterogeneity. Methods Genomic methylation in whole blood from 27 twin pairs discordant for SSc was assayed over 450 K CpG sites. In silico integration with reported differentially methylated cytosines, differentially expressed genes, and regulatory annotation was conducted to validate and interpret the results. Results A total of 153 unique cytosines in limited cutaneous SSc (lcSSc) and 266 distinct sites in diffuse cutaneous SSc (dcSSc) showed suggestive differential methylation levels in affected twins. Integration with available data revealed 76 CpGs that were also differentially methylated in blood cells from lupus patients, suggesting their role as potential epigenetic blood biomarkers of autoimmunity. It also revealed 27 genes with concomitant differential expression in blood from SSc patients, including IFI44L and RSAD2. Regulatory annotation revealed that dcSSc-associated CpGs (but not lcSSc) are enriched at Encyclopedia of DNA Elements-, Roadmap-, and BLUEPRINT-derived regulatory regions, supporting their potential role in disease presentation. Notably, the predominant enrichment of regulatory regions in monocytes and macrophages is consistent with the role of these cells in fibrosis, suggesting that the observed cellular dysregulation might be, at least partly, due to altered epigenetic mechanisms of these cells in dcSSc. Conclusions These data implicate epigenetic changes in the pathogenesis of SSc and suggest functional mechanisms in SSc etiology. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13148-019-0652-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula S Ramos
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.,Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Kip D Zimmerman
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,Center for Public Health Genomics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | | | - Carl D Langefeld
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,Center for Public Health Genomics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Thomas A Medsger
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Carol A Feghali-Bostwick
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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Baker Frost D, Wolf B, Peoples C, Fike J, Silver K, Laffoon M, Medsger TA, Feghali-Bostwick C. Estradiol levels are elevated in older men with diffuse cutaneous SSc and are associated with decreased survival. Arthritis Res Ther 2019; 21:85. [PMID: 30940202 PMCID: PMC6444502 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-019-1870-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a female-predominant disease, characterized by excessive extracellular matrix deposition (ECM) with dermal and internal organ fibrosis. Considering the sex-based disparity in disease incidence, estradiol (E2), an estrogen form with pro-fibrotic effects, may play a role in SSc. We reported that post-menopausal women with diffuse cutaneous (dc)SSc have higher serum E2 levels compared to similar aged, healthy controls. Since males with SSc tend to have more severe disease, we examined serum E2 in dcSSc males in relation to disease characteristics and survival. METHODS We measured serum E2 in 83 dcSSc men > 50 years old from the University of Pittsburgh Scleroderma Center and similar aged healthy controls. Using statistical modeling, we examined the associations between serum E2, internal organ involvement, autoantibody profiles, and survival. RESULTS Male dcSSc patients had significantly higher serum E2 levels compared to healthy males and similar aged dcSSc post-menopausal women. Male dcSSc patients with high serum E2 had significantly more heart involvement, a trend for higher skin thickness progression rate, and worse survival. Using Cox regression modeling, increased serum E2 levels in anti-Scl-70 antibody-positive dcSSc males were associated with an increased risk of death. CONCLUSIONS dcSSc males > 50 years old have higher levels of serum E2 compared to healthy controls and dcSSc post-menopausal women. Elevated serum E2 levels in dcSSc males are associated with heart involvement, trend to progression of dermal fibrosis, and, if anti-Scl-70 antibody positive, worse survival. Our study expands on previous work implicating E2 in dermal fibrosis in SSc and associates E2 levels with internal organ involvement and survival. These data suggest a role for estrogen imbalance in dcSSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- DeAnna Baker Frost
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Bethany Wolf
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.,College of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Christine Peoples
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, 3500 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Jessica Fike
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, 3500 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Katherine Silver
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Maureen Laffoon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, 3500 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Thomas A Medsger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, 3500 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Carol Feghali-Bostwick
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
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10
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Gourh P, Remmers EF, Boyden SE, Alexander T, Morgan ND, Shah AA, Mayes MD, Doumatey A, Bentley AR, Shriner D, Domsic RT, Medsger TA, Steen VD, Ramos PS, Silver RM, Korman B, Varga J, Schiopu E, Khanna D, Hsu V, Gordon JK, Saketkoo LA, Gladue H, Kron B, Criswell LA, Derk CT, Bridges SL, Shanmugam VK, Kolstad KD, Chung L, Jan R, Bernstein EJ, Goldberg A, Trojanowski M, Kafaja S, Maksimowicz-McKinnon KM, Mullikin JC, Adeyemo A, Rotimi C, Boin F, Kastner DL, Wigley FM. Brief Report: Whole-Exome Sequencing to Identify Rare Variants and Gene Networks That Increase Susceptibility to Scleroderma in African Americans. Arthritis Rheumatol 2018; 70:1654-1660. [PMID: 29732714 DOI: 10.1002/art.40541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Whole-exome sequencing (WES) studies in systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients of European American (EA) ancestry have identified variants in the ATP8B4 gene and enrichment of variants in genes in the extracellular matrix (ECM)-related pathway that increase SSc susceptibility. This study was undertaken to evaluate the association of the ATP8B4 gene and the ECM-related pathway with SSc in a cohort of African American (AA) patients. METHODS SSc patients of AA ancestry were enrolled from 23 academic centers across the US under the Genome Research in African American Scleroderma Patients consortium. Unrelated AA individuals without serologic evidence of autoimmunity who were enrolled in the Howard University Family Study were used as unaffected controls. Functional variants in genes reported in the 2 WES studies in EA patients with SSc were selected for gene association testing using the optimized sequence kernel association test (SKAT-O) and pathway analysis by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis in 379 patients and 411 controls. RESULTS Principal components analysis demonstrated that the patients and controls had similar ancestral backgrounds, with roughly equal proportions of mean European admixture. Using SKAT-O, we examined the association of individual genes that were previously reported in EA patients and none remained significant, including ATP8B4 (P = 0.98). However, we confirmed the previously reported association of the ECM-related pathway with enrichment of variants within the COL13A1, COL18A1, COL22A1, COL4A3, COL4A4, COL5A2, PROK1, and SERPINE1 genes (corrected P = 1.95 × 10-4 ). CONCLUSION In the largest genetic study in AA patients with SSc to date, our findings corroborate the role of functional variants that aggregate in a fibrotic pathway and increase SSc susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravitt Gourh
- NIAMS and National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Elaine F Remmers
- National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Steven E Boyden
- National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Nadia D Morgan
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ami A Shah
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Ayo Doumatey
- National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Amy R Bentley
- National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Daniel Shriner
- National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Benjamin Korman
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - John Varga
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | | | - Vivien Hsu
- Robert Wood Johnson University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | | | | | - Heather Gladue
- Arthritis and Osteoporosis Consultants of the Carolinas, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lorinda Chung
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, and Palo Alto VA Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Reem Jan
- University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Elana J Bernstein
- New York Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Avram Goldberg
- New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Suzanne Kafaja
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | | | - James C Mullikin
- National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH Intramural Sequencing Center, Rockville, Maryland
| | | | - Charles Rotimi
- National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Daniel L Kastner
- National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
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Morgan ND, Shah AA, Mayes MD, Domsic RT, Medsger TA, Steen VD, Varga J, Carns M, Ramos PS, Silver RM, Schiopu E, Khanna D, Hsu V, Gordon JK, Gladue H, Saketkoo LA, Criswell LA, Derk CT, Trojanowski MA, Shanmugam VK, Chung L, Valenzuela A, Jan R, Goldberg A, Remmers EF, Kastner DL, Wigley FM, Gourh P, Boin F. Clinical and serological features of systemic sclerosis in a multicenter African American cohort: Analysis of the genome research in African American scleroderma patients clinical database. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e8980. [PMID: 29390428 PMCID: PMC5758130 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000008980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Racial differences exist in the severity of systemic sclerosis (SSc). To enhance our knowledge about SSc in African Americans, we established a comprehensive clinical database from the largest multicenter cohort of African American SSc patients assembled to date (the Genome Research in African American Scleroderma Patients (GRASP) cohort).African American SSc patients were enrolled retrospectively and prospectively over a 30-year period (1987-2016), from 18 academic centers throughout the United States. The cross-sectional prevalence of sociodemographic, clinical, and serological features was evaluated. Factors associated with clinically significant manifestations of SSc were assessed using multivariate logistic regression analyses.The study population included a total of 1009 African American SSc patients, comprised of 84% women. In total, 945 (94%) patients met the 2013 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism (ACR/EULAR) classification criteria for SSc, with the remaining 64 (6%) meeting the 1980 ACR or CREST (calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, telangiectasia) criteria. While 43% were actively employed, 33% required disability support. The majority (57%) had the more severe diffuse subtype and a young age at symptom onset (39.1 ± 13.7 years), in marked contrast to that reported in cohorts of predominantly European ancestry. Also, 1 in 10 patients had a severe Medsger cardiac score of 4. Pulmonary fibrosis evident on computed tomography (CT) chest was present in 43% of patients and was significantly associated with anti-topoisomerase I positivity. 38% of patients with CT evidence of pulmonary fibrosis had a severe restrictive ventilator defect, forced vital capacity (FVC) ≤50% predicted. A significant association was noted between longer disease duration and higher odds of pulmonary hypertension, telangiectasia, and calcinosis. The prevalence of potentially fatal scleroderma renal crisis was 7%, 3.5 times higher than the 2% prevalence reported in the European League Against Rheumatism Scleroderma Trials and Research (EUSTAR) cohort.Our study emphasizes the unique and severe disease burden of SSc in African Americans compared to those of European ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia D. Morgan
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ami A. Shah
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Maureen D. Mayes
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Texas-McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX
| | | | | | - Virginia D. Steen
- Division of Rheumatology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC
| | - John Varga
- Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Mary Carns
- Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Paula S. Ramos
- Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Richard M. Silver
- Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Elena Schiopu
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Dinesh Khanna
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Vivien Hsu
- Division of Rheumatology, Robert Wood Johnson University, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Jessica K. Gordon
- Division of Rheumatology, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY
| | - Heather Gladue
- Department of Rheumatology, Arthritis and Osteoporosis Consultants of the Carolinas, Charlotte, NC
| | - Lesley A. Saketkoo
- Division of Rheumatology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | | | - Chris T. Derk
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | - Lorinda Chung
- Division of Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Antonia Valenzuela
- Division of Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Reem Jan
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Avram Goldberg
- Division of Rheumatology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | | | | | - Fredrick M. Wigley
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Pravitt Gourh
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Francesco Boin
- Division of Rheumatology, University of California San Francisco, CA
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12
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Johnson SR, Soowamber ML, Fransen J, Khanna D, Van Den Hoogen F, Baron M, Matucci-Cerinic M, Denton CP, Medsger TA, Carreira PE, Riemekasten G, Distler J, Gabrielli A, Steen V, Chung L, Silver R, Varga J, Müller-Ladner U, Vonk MC, Walker UA, Wollheim FA, Herrick A, Furst DE, Czirjak L, Kowal-Bielecka O, Del Galdo F, Cutolo M, Hunzelmann N, Murray CD, Foeldvari I, Mouthon L, Damjanov N, Kahaleh B, Frech T, Assassi S, Saketkoo LA, Pope JE. There is a need for new systemic sclerosis subset criteria. A content analytic approach. Scand J Rheumatol 2017; 47:62-70. [DOI: 10.1080/03009742.2017.1299793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- SR Johnson
- Toronto Scleroderma Program, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital, Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - ML Soowamber
- Toronto Scleroderma Program, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J Fransen
- The Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - D Khanna
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan Scleroderma Program, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - F Van Den Hoogen
- The Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M Baron
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - M Matucci-Cerinic
- Department of Rheumatology AVC, Department of BioMedicine, Division of Rheumatology AOUC, Department of Medicine and Denothe Centre, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - CP Denton
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - TA Medsger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - PE Carreira
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - G Riemekasten
- Department of Rheumatology, University of Lübeck, Lung Research Center Borstel, a Leibniz institute, Lübeck, Germany
| | - J Distler
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 and Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - A Gabrielli
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Medicine, University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - V Steen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - L Chung
- Department of Medicine and Dermatology, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - R Silver
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - J Varga
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - U Müller-Ladner
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Kerckhoff Clinic, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - MC Vonk
- Department of Rheumatic Diseases, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - UA Walker
- Department of Rheumatology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - FA Wollheim
- Department of Rheumatology, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - A Herrick
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - DE Furst
- Division of Rheumatology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - L Czirjak
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Pécs, Clinical Center, Pécs, Hungary
| | - O Kowal-Bielecka
- Department of Rheumatology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - F Del Galdo
- Scleroderma Programme, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, LMBRU, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - M Cutolo
- Research Laboratory and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, University of Genova, IRCCS AOU S Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - N Hunzelmann
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - CD Murray
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - I Foeldvari
- Hamburg Center for Paediatric Rheumatology, Eilbek Clinic, Hamburg, Germany
| | - L Mouthon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Paris Descartes University, the Public Hospitals of Paris, Paris, France
| | - N Damjanov
- Institute of Rheumatology, University of Belgrade School of Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - B Kahaleh
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - T Frech
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - S Assassi
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - LA Saketkoo
- New Orleans Scleroderma and Sarcoidosis Patient Care and Research Center, Tulane University Lung Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - JE Pope
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, St Joseph Health Care, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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Fuschiotti P, Larregina AT, Domsic RT, Stolz DB, Medsger TA, Lafyatis RA. Skin-resident effector memory CD8+CD28− T cells exhibit a pro-fibrotic phenotype in patients with systemic sclerosis. The Journal of Immunology 2017. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.210.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Loss of CD28 expression by CD8+ T cells occurs with age and during chronic inflammatory conditions. CD8+CD28− T cells are a heterogeneous cell subpopulation whose function ranges from immunosuppressive to effector. Here we analyzed the role of CD8+CD28− T cells in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis (SSc), a connective tissue disorder characterized by autoimmunity, vasculopathy and extensive cutaneous and visceral fibrosis. We show that the frequency of CD8+CD28− T cells is increased in the blood and affected skin of SSc patients, independent of patient age, and correlates with the extent of skin fibrosis. We found that the majority of skin-tropic CD8+CD28− T cells are resident in the skin lesions of patients in the early stage of the disease, exhibit an effector memory phenotype and present a strong cytolytic activity ex vivo. Skin-resident and circulating SSc CD8+CD28− T cells produce high levels of the pro-fibrotic cytokine IL-13, which induces collagen production by normal and SSc dermal fibroblasts. Thus, our findings indicate that CD8+CD28− T cells represent a pathogenic T-cell subset in SSc and likely play a critical role in the early stage of SSc skin disease.
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14
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Li G, Larregina AT, Domsic RT, Stolz DB, Medsger TA, Lafyatis R, Fuschiotti P. Skin-Resident Effector Memory CD8 +CD28 - T Cells Exhibit a Profibrotic Phenotype in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 137:1042-1050. [PMID: 28012718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Loss of CD28 expression by CD8+ T cells occurs with age and during chronic inflammatory conditions. CD8+CD28- T cells are a heterogeneous cell subpopulation whose function ranges from immunosuppressive to effector. Here we analyzed the role of CD8+CD28- T cells in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis (SSc), a connective tissue disorder characterized by autoimmunity, vasculopathy, and extensive cutaneous and visceral fibrosis. We show that the frequency of CD8+CD28- T cells is increased in the blood and affected skin of SSc patients, independent of patient age, and correlates with the extent of skin fibrosis. We found that most skin-tropic CD8+CD28- T cells are resident in the skin lesions of patients in the early stage of the disease, exhibit an effector memory phenotype, and present a strong cytolytic activity ex vivo. Skin-resident and circulating SSc CD8+CD28- T cells produce high levels of the profibrotic cytokine IL-13, which induces collagen production by normal and SSc dermal fibroblasts. Thus, our findings indicate that CD8+CD28- T cells represent a pathogenic T-cell subset in SSc and likely play a critical role in the early stage of SSc skin disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Adriana T Larregina
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robyn T Domsic
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Donna B Stolz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Thomas A Medsger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert Lafyatis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Patrizia Fuschiotti
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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15
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Stevens AM, Kanaan SB, Torok KS, Medsger TA, Mayes MD, Reveille JD, Klein-Gitelman M, Reed AM, Lee T, Li SC, Henstorf G, Luu C, Aydelotte T, Nelson JL. Brief Report: HLA-DRB1, DQA1, and DQB1 in Juvenile-Onset Systemic Sclerosis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2016; 68:2772-2777. [PMID: 27214100 DOI: 10.1002/art.39765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare disease that is particularly uncommon in children. Specific HLA alleles have been associated with SSc in adults. This study was undertaken to investigate HLA class II alleles in juvenile-onset SSc. METHODS DRB1, DQA1, and DQB1 alleles were determined by DNA-based HLA typing. Analyses were conducted comparing Caucasian patients with juvenile-onset SSc (n = 76) to healthy Caucasian controls (n = 581). RESULTS Initial analyses focused on HLA class II associations previously reported in adult Caucasian patients with SSc. The frequency of DRB1*11 was not significantly increased in juvenile-onset SSc (22.4% of patients with juvenile-onset SSc versus 17.6% of controls; odds ratio [OR] 1.35, P = 0.34), nor were the specific DRB1*11:01 or *11:04 alleles. DQA1*05, a risk factor previously identified in adult men with SSc, was increased in patients with juvenile-onset SSc versus controls (57.9% versus 44.1%; OR 1.76, P = 0.027), as was DRB1*03 (34.2% versus 22.5%; OR 1.79, P = 0.031). Secondary analyses of all DRB1 allele groups revealed an association with DRB1*10 (10.5% of patients with juvenile-onset SSc versus 1.5% of controls; OR 7.48, P = 0.0002). As this is a new observation, correction was made for multiple comparisons of 13 different DRB1 allele groups; results nevertheless remained significant (P = 0.003). Also, a lower frequency of DRB1*01 was observed in patients with juvenile-onset SSc who were younger at disease onset (OR 0.06, P = 0.01) and in those with antibodies to topoisomerase (OR 0.14, P = 0.024). CONCLUSION Associations of HLA alleles with juvenile-onset SSc differed from associations with SSc in women, but were similar to associations with SSc in men. Additionally, a novel association with DRB1*10 was observed in children. The greatest proportion of genetic risk of SSc is contributed by the HLA complex, and the current study reveals the importance of the association of HLA class II genes in juvenile-onset SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Stevens
- Seattle Children's Research Institute and University of Washington, Seattle.
| | - Sami B Kanaan
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kathryn S Torok
- University of Pittsburgh and Children's Hospital of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | - Marisa Klein-Gitelman
- Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ann M Reed
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Tzielan Lee
- Stanford University, Stanford, California and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, California
| | - Suzanne C Li
- Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey
| | | | - Christine Luu
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - J Lee Nelson
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington, Seattle
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16
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Domsic RT, Lucas M, Nihtyanova SI, Denton CP, Wisniewski SR, Fine MJ, Kwoh CK, Medsger TA. Reply. Arthritis Rheumatol 2016; 69:242. [PMID: 27589673 DOI: 10.1002/art.39853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robyn T Domsic
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Mary Lucas
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | | | | | - Michael J Fine
- Veterans Affairs Center for Health Equity, Research and Promotion, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - C Kent Kwoh
- University of Arizona Arthritis Center, Tucson, AZ
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17
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Valenzuela A, Baron M, Herrick AL, Proudman S, Stevens W, Rodriguez-Reyna TS, Vacca A, Medsger TA, Hinchcliff M, Hsu V, Wu JY, Fiorentino D, Chung L. Calcinosis is associated with digital ulcers and osteoporosis in patients with systemic sclerosis: A Scleroderma Clinical Trials Consortium study. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2016; 46:344-349. [PMID: 27371996 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We sought to identify the clinical factors associated with calcinosis in an international multicenter collaborative effort with the Scleroderma Clinical Trials Consortium (SCTC). METHODS This is a retrospective cohort study of 5218 patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). Logistic regression was used to obtain odds ratios (OR) relating calcinosis to various clinical features in multivariate analyses. RESULTS A total of 1290 patients (24.7%) had calcinosis. In univariate analyses, patients with calcinosis were older than patients without calcinosis, more likely to be female, and had longer disease duration from the first non-Raynaud phenomenon symptom. Patients with calcinosis were more likely to have digital ulcers, telangiectasias, acro-osteolysis, cardiac disease, pulmonary hypertension, gastrointestinal involvement, arthritis, and osteoporosis, but less likely to have muscle disease. Anti-Scl-70, RNA-polymerase-III, and U1-RNP autoantibodies were significantly less common in patients with calcinosis, while anticentromere (ACA), anti-PM/Scl, and anticardiolipin antibodies were more frequent. In multivariate analysis, the strongest associations with calcinosis were digital ulcers (OR = 3.9; 95% CI: 2.7-5.5; p < 0.0001) and osteoporosis (OR = 4.2; 95% CI: 2.3-7.9; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION One quarter of patients with SSc have calcinosis at some time during their illness. Our data confirm a strong association of calcinosis with digital ulcers, and support a novel association with osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Valenzuela
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1000 Welch Road, Suite 203 MC 5755, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | - Murray Baron
- Department of Rheumatology, Jewish General Hospital McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Ariane L Herrick
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Susanna Proudman
- Rheumatology Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, North Terrace, Australia; Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Department of Rheumatology, St. Vincent׳s Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Wendy Stevens
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Department of Rheumatology, St. Vincent׳s Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia
| | | | - Tatiana S Rodriguez-Reyna
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, DF, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Alessandra Vacca
- Unit and Chair of Rheumatology, University Hospital of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Thomas A Medsger
- Department of Medicine/Rheumatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - Vivien Hsu
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Joy Y Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
| | - David Fiorentino
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Lorinda Chung
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1000 Welch Road, Suite 203 MC 5755, Palo Alto, CA 94304.
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Domsic RT, Nihtyanova SI, Wisniewski SR, Fine MJ, Lucas M, Kwoh CK, Denton CP, Medsger TA. Derivation and External Validation of a Prediction Rule for Five-Year Mortality in Patients With Early Diffuse Cutaneous Systemic Sclerosis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2016; 68:993-1003. [DOI: 10.1002/art.39490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michael J. Fine
- University of Pittsburgh and Veterans Affairs Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Mary Lucas
- University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
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Domsic RT, Dezfulian C, Shoushtari A, Ivanco D, Kenny E, Kwoh CK, Medsger TA, Champion HC. Endothelial dysfunction is present only in the microvasculature and microcirculation of early diffuse systemic sclerosis patients. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2014; 32:S-160. [PMID: 25372799 PMCID: PMC4317362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate endothelial function and vascular stiffness in large, medium, small and microcirculatory blood vessels in very early diffuse systemic sclerosis (SSc). METHODS We studied consecutive early diffuse SSc patients, defined as <2 years from first SSc symptom who did not have a prior cardiovascular event. Age, gender and race-matched controls were recruited. All underwent assessment of aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV), carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) brachial flow-mediated dilation (FMD), digital peripheral artery tonometer (EndoPAT) assessment and laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI). RESULTS Fifteen early diffuse SSc and controls were evaluated. The average age was 49 years, 63% were female and 93% were Caucasian. There were no differences in body mass index, hypertension, diabetes or hyperlipidaemia between controls and SSc patients. Mean SSc disease duration was 1.3 years. In the large central vessels, there was no difference in aortic PWV (p=0.71) or carotid IMT (p=0.92) between SSc patients and controls. Similarly, there was no difference in endothelial dysfunction with brachial artery FMD after ischaemia (p=0.55) and nitroglycerin administration (p=0.74). There were significantly lower values for digital EndoPAT measures (p=0.0001) in SSc patients. LSCI revealed a distinct pattern of microcirculatory abnormalities in response to ischaemia in SSc patients compared to controls. Imaging demonstrated a blunted microcirculatory hyperaemia of the hand with greater subsequent response to nitroglycerin. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the earliest endothelial changes occur in smaller arterioles and microvascular beds, but not in medium or macrovascular beds, in early diffuse SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Domsic
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Domsic RT, Nihtyanova SI, Wisniewski SR, Fine MJ, Lucas M, Kwoh CK, Denton CP, Medsger TA. Derivation and validation of a prediction rule for two-year mortality in early diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:1616-24. [PMID: 24470430 DOI: 10.1002/art.38381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is associated with a reduction in life expectancy, but there are no validated prognostic models for determining short-term mortality. The objective of this study was to derive and validate a prediction rule for 2-year mortality in patients with early diffuse cutaneous SSc (dcSSc). METHODS We studied a prospectively enrolled cohort of 387 US Caucasian patients with early dcSSc (<2 years from the appearance of the first symptom), randomly divided into a derivation cohort (n = 260) and a validation cohort (n = 127). Predefined baseline predictor variables were analyzed in a stepwise multivariable logistic regression model in order to identify factors independently associated with 2-year all-cause mortality using a cutoff of P < 0.05. We rounded the beta values to the nearest integer and summed the points assigned to each variable in order to stratify patients into low-risk, moderate-risk, and high-risk groups. We then applied this rule to an external validation cohort of 110 Caucasian patients with early dcSSc from a single UK center and compared stratum-specific mortality using chi-square statistics. RESULTS Four independent predictor variables (with assigned integer values) comprised the model: age at first visit (points allotted: -1, 0, or 1), skin thickness progression rate (points allotted: 0 or 1), gastrointestinal tract severity (points allotted: 0, 1, or 2), and anemia (points allotted: 0 or 2). The prediction model performed well, with no significant differences between the derivation cohort and the US or UK validation cohorts in the low-risk and moderate-risk groups. CONCLUSION We derived a 4-variable prediction rule that can be used to stratify patients with early dcSSc into groups by risk of 2-year mortality, and we validated that prediction rule in US and UK cohorts.
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Živković SA, Freiberg W, Lacomis D, Domsic RT, Medsger TA. Localized scleroderma and regional inflammatory myopathy. Neuromuscul Disord 2014; 24:425-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Kaji K, Fertig N, Medsger TA, Satoh T, Hoshino K, Hamaguchi Y, Hasegawa M, Lucas M, Schnure A, Ogawa F, Sato S, Takehara K, Fujimoto M, Kuwana M. Autoantibodies to RuvBL1 and RuvBL2: A Novel Systemic Sclerosis-Related Antibody Associated With Diffuse Cutaneous and Skeletal Muscle Involvement. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2014; 66:575-84. [DOI: 10.1002/acr.22163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenzou Kaji
- Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Komatsu Municipal Hospital; Ishikawa Japan
| | - Noreen Fertig
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Thomas A. Medsger
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | - Minoru Hasegawa
- Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Ishikawa Japan
| | - Mary Lucas
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew Schnure
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Fumihide Ogawa
- Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| | - Shinichi Sato
- Tokyo University Graduate School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Takehara
- Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Ishikawa Japan
| | - Manabu Fujimoto
- Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Ishikawa Japan
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Chung L, Domsic RT, Lingala B, Alkassab F, Bolster M, Csuka ME, Derk C, Fischer A, Frech T, Furst DE, Gomberg-Maitland M, Hinchcliff M, Hsu V, Hummers LK, Khanna D, Medsger TA, Molitor JA, Preston IR, Schiopu E, Shapiro L, Silver R, Simms R, Varga J, Gordon JK, Steen VD. Survival and Predictors of Mortality in Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Outcomes From the Pulmonary Hypertension Assessment and Recognition of Outcomes in Scleroderma Registry. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2014; 66:489-95. [DOI: 10.1002/acr.22121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorinda Chung
- Stanford University, Stanford, and VA Palo Alto Health Care System; Palo Alto California
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Chris Derk
- University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Vivien Hsu
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey; Rutgers
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Robert Simms
- Medical University of South Carolina; Charleston
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van den Hoogen F, Khanna D, Fransen J, Johnson SR, Baron M, Tyndall A, Matucci-Cerinic M, Naden RP, Medsger TA, Carreira PE, Riemekasten G, Clements PJ, Denton CP, Distler O, Allanore Y, Furst DE, Gabrielli A, Mayes MD, van Laar JM, Seibold JR, Czirjak L, Steen VD, Inanc M, Kowal-Bielecka O, Müller-Ladner U, Valentini G, Veale DJ, Vonk MC, Walker UA, Chung L, Collier DH, Ellen Csuka M, Fessler BJ, Guiducci S, Herrick A, Hsu VM, Jimenez S, Kahaleh B, Merkel PA, Sierakowski S, Silver RM, Simms RW, Varga J, Pope JE. 2013 classification criteria for systemic sclerosis: an American college of rheumatology/European league against rheumatism collaborative initiative. Ann Rheum Dis 2013; 72:1747-55. [PMID: 24092682 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1386] [Impact Index Per Article: 126.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The 1980 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) classification criteria for systemic sclerosis (SSc) lack sensitivity for early SSc and limited cutaneous SSc. The present work, by a joint committee of the ACR and the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR), was undertaken for the purpose of developing new classification criteria for SSc. METHODS Using consensus methods, 23 candidate items were arranged in a multicriteria additive point system with a threshold to classify cases as SSc. The classification system was reduced by clustering items and simplifying weights. The system was tested by (1) determining specificity and sensitivity in SSc cases and controls with scleroderma-like disorders, and (2) validating against the combined view of a group of experts on a set of cases with or without SSc. RESULTS It was determined that skin thickening of the fingers extending proximal to the metacarpophalangeal joints is sufficient for the patient to be classified as having SSc; if that is not present, seven additive items apply, with varying weights for each: skin thickening of the fingers, fingertip lesions, telangiectasia, abnormal nailfold capillaries, interstitial lung disease or pulmonary arterial hypertension, Raynaud's phenomenon, and SSc-related autoantibodies. Sensitivity and specificity in the validation sample were, respectively, 0.91 and 0.92 for the new classification criteria and 0.75 and 0.72 for the 1980 ACR classification criteria. All selected cases were classified in accordance with consensus-based expert opinion. All cases classified as SSc according to the 1980 ACR criteria were classified as SSc with the new criteria, and several additional cases were now considered to be SSc. CONCLUSIONS The ACR/EULAR classification criteria for SSc performed better than the 1980 ACR criteria for SSc and should allow for more patients to be classified correctly as having the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank van den Hoogen
- St. Maartenskliniek and Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Doré A, Lucas M, Ivanco D, Medsger TA, Domsic RT. Significance of palpable tendon friction rubs in early diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2013; 65:1385-9. [PMID: 23371412 DOI: 10.1002/acr.21964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Palpable tendon friction rubs (TFRs) in systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma) have been associated with diffuse skin thickening, increased disability, and poor survival. Our objective was to quantify the prognostic implications of palpable TFRs on the development of disease complications and longer-term mortality in an incident cohort of early diffuse cutaneous SSc (dcSSc) patients. METHODS We identified early dcSSc patients (disease duration <2 years from the first SSc symptom) first evaluated at the University of Pittsburgh Scleroderma Center between 1980 and 2006 and found to have palpable TFRs. These patients were matched 1:1 with the next consecutive early dcSSc patient without TFRs as a control. All had ≥2 clinic visits and 5 years of followup from the first visit. RESULTS A total of 287 early dcSSc patients with TFR were identified and matched to 287 controls. The median disease duration was 0.83 years in TFR patients and 1.04 years in controls. The median followup was 10.1 years in TFR patients and 7.9 years in controls. Over the course of their illness, patients with TFRs had a >2-fold risk of developing renal crisis and cardiac and gastrointestinal disease complications, even after adjustment for other known risk factors. Patients with TFRs had poorer 5- and 10-year survival rates. CONCLUSION Patients with early dcSSc having ≥1 TFRs are at an increased risk of developing renal, cardiac, and gastrointestinal involvement before and after their first Scleroderma Center visit and have reduced survival. Patients presenting with TFRs should be carefully monitored for serious internal organ involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Doré
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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van den Hoogen F, Khanna D, Fransen J, Johnson SR, Baron M, Tyndall A, Matucci-Cerinic M, Naden RP, Medsger TA, Carreira PE, Riemekasten G, Clements PJ, Denton CP, Distler O, Allanore Y, Furst DE, Gabrielli A, Mayes MD, van Laar JM, Seibold JR, Czirjak L, Steen VD, Inanc M, Kowal-Bielecka O, Müller-Ladner U, Valentini G, Veale DJ, Vonk MC, Walker UA, Chung L, Collier DH, Csuka ME, Fessler BJ, Guiducci S, Herrick A, Hsu VM, Jimenez S, Kahaleh B, Merkel PA, Sierakowski S, Silver RM, Simms RW, Varga J, Pope JE. 2013 classification criteria for systemic sclerosis: an American College of Rheumatology/European League against Rheumatism collaborative initiative. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:2737-47. [PMID: 24122180 DOI: 10.1002/art.38098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2001] [Impact Index Per Article: 181.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The 1980 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) classification criteria for systemic sclerosis (SSc) lack sensitivity for early SSc and limited cutaneous SSc. The present work, by a joint committee of the ACR and the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR), was undertaken for the purpose of developing new classification criteria for SSc. METHODS Using consensus methods, 23 candidate items were arranged in a multicriteria additive point system with a threshold to classify cases as SSc. The classification system was reduced by clustering items and simplifying weights. The system was tested by 1) determining specificity and sensitivity in SSc cases and controls with scleroderma-like disorders, and 2) validating against the combined view of a group of experts on a set of cases with or without SSc. RESULTS It was determined that skin thickening of the fingers extending proximal to the metacarpophalangeal joints is sufficient for the patient to be classified as having SSc; if that is not present, 7 additive items apply, with varying weights for each: skin thickening of the fingers, fingertip lesions, telangiectasia, abnormal nailfold capillaries, interstitial lung disease or pulmonary arterial hypertension, Raynaud's phenomenon, and SSc-related autoantibodies. Sensitivity and specificity in the validation sample were, respectively, 0.91 and 0.92 for the new classification criteria and 0.75 and 0.72 for the 1980 ACR classification criteria. All selected cases were classified in accordance with consensus-based expert opinion. All cases classified as SSc according to the 1980 ACR criteria were classified as SSc with the new criteria, and several additional cases were now considered to be SSc. CONCLUSION The ACR/EULAR classification criteria for SSc performed better than the 1980 ACR criteria for SSc and should allow for more patients to be classified correctly as having the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank van den Hoogen
- St. Maartenskliniek and Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Fuschiotti P, Larregina AT, Ho J, Feghali-Bostwick C, Medsger TA. Interleukin-13-producing CD8+ T cells mediate dermal fibrosis in patients with systemic sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:236-46. [PMID: 23001877 DOI: 10.1002/art.37706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fibrosis is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in systemic sclerosis (SSc). T cells are the predominant inflammatory infiltrate in affected tissue and are thought to produce cytokines that drive the synthesis of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins by fibroblasts, resulting in excessive fibrosis. We have previously shown that aberrant interleukin-13 (IL-13) production by peripheral blood effector CD8+ T cells from SSc patients correlates with the extent of skin fibrosis. The present study was undertaken to investigate the role of IL-13 production by CD8+ T cells in dermal fibrosis, an early and specific manifestation of SSc. METHODS ECM protein production by normal dermal fibroblasts cocultured with SSc CD8+ T cell supernatants was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Skin-homing receptor expression and IL-13 production by CD8+ T cells in the peripheral blood of SSc patients were measured by flow cytometry. IL-13+ and CD8+ cells in sclerotic skin were identified by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS IL-13-producing circulating CD8+ T cells from patients with SSc expressed skin-homing receptors and induced a profibrotic phenotype in normal dermal fibroblasts, which was inhibited by an anti-IL-13 antibody. High numbers of CD8+ T cells and IL-13+ cells were found in the skin lesions of SSc patients, particularly during the early inflammatory phase of the disease. CONCLUSION These findings show that IL-13-producing CD8+ T cells are directly involved in modulating dermal fibrosis in SSc. The demonstration that CD8+ T cells homing to the skin early in the course of SSc are associated with accumulation of IL-13 is an important mechanistic contribution to the understanding of the pathogenesis of dermal fibrosis in SSc and may represent a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Fuschiotti
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.
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Aida-Yasuoka K, Peoples C, Yasuoka H, Hershberger P, Thiel K, Cauley JA, Medsger TA, Feghali-Bostwick CA. Estradiol promotes the development of a fibrotic phenotype and is increased in the serum of patients with systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Res Ther 2013; 15:R10. [PMID: 23305385 PMCID: PMC3672719 DOI: 10.1186/ar4140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is more prevalent in women. Our goal is to determine the effects of 17β-estradiol (E2) on the development of fibrosis and to compare circulating levels of estrogens in SSc patients and healthy controls. METHODS Using primary human dermal fibroblasts, we evaluated the effect of E2 on fibronectin (FN) expression with and without the estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist ICI 182,780, inhibitors of signaling, propyl-pyrazole-triol, an ERα specific ligand, and genistein, an ERβ selective ligand, to identify the signaling pathways mediating E2's effect. We confirmed the fibrotic effect of E2 in human skin using an ex vivo organ culture model. Lastly, we measured levels of E2 and estrone in serum samples from SSc patients with diffuse cutaneous involvement and healthy controls using mass spectrometry. RESULTS E2 increased expression of FN in dermal fibroblasts. ICI 182,780, inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate inhibitor, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor blocked the effects of E2 on FN. Propyl-pyrazole-triol, but not genistein, significantly increased FN expression. Ex vivo, E2 induced fibrosis of human skin. The effects of E2 were abrogated by ICI 182,780. Circulating levels of E2 and estrone were significantly increased in sera of patients with diffuse cutaneous SSc. CONCLUSION Our findings implicate estrogens in the fibrotic process and may explain the preponderance of SSc in women. ICI 182,780 or other ER signaling antagonists may be effective agents for the treatment of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Aida-Yasuoka
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3459 Fifth Avenue, 628 NW MUH, Pittsburgh, PA 14213, USA
| | - Christine Peoples
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, BST South 7th floor, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Hidekata Yasuoka
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3459 Fifth Avenue, 628 NW MUH, Pittsburgh, PA 14213, USA
| | - Pamela Hershberger
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Katelynn Thiel
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3459 Fifth Avenue, 628 NW MUH, Pittsburgh, PA 14213, USA
| | - Jane A Cauley
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, A510 Crabtree Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Thomas A Medsger
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, BST South 7th floor, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Carol A Feghali-Bostwick
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3459 Fifth Avenue, 628 NW MUH, Pittsburgh, PA 14213, USA
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Steen V, Domsic RT, Lucas M, Fertig N, Medsger TA. A clinical and serologic comparison of African American and Caucasian patients with systemic sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:2986-94. [PMID: 22576620 DOI: 10.1002/art.34482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epidemiology studies suggest that systemic sclerosis (SSc) is more common, occurs at a younger age, and is more severe in African Americans than Caucasians. However, the scleroderma autoantibody profile is very different between these 2 ethnic groups. This study was undertaken to examine the demographic and disease features, frequency and severity of internal organ system involvement, and survival in African American patients compared to Caucasian patients with SSc, giving particular attention to their serum autoantibody profiles. METHODS Demographic features, clinical characteristics, autoantibody profile, organ involvement, and survival were studied in consecutive African American and Caucasian patients with SSc whose visits were recorded between 1972 and 2007 as part of the Pittsburgh Scleroderma Database. The Medsger Severity Score for SSc was used to determine the severity of disease. RESULTS African American patients were more likely to have anti-topoisomerase I (anti-topo I), anti-U1 RNP, and anti-U3 RNP autoantibodies. In comparing African American and Caucasian patients with these antibodies, pulmonary fibrosis was found to be more frequent and more severe, and the rate of survival was decreased, in African American patients with anti-topo I antibodies compared to Caucasian patients with anti-topo I. Pulmonary fibrosis was also more severe in the anti-U1 RNP-positive patients, but this was not associated with a difference in survival between African Americans and Caucasians. Anti-U3 RNP was associated with more severe gastrointestinal involvement in African Americans compared to Caucasians. CONCLUSION African Americans with SSc have more severe disease complications compared to Caucasians with SSc, and this is associated with both the type of autoantibody present and the severity of interstitial lung disease. Thus, it is hoped that early aggressive intervention in African Americans with interstitial lung disease will improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Steen
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
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Papas AS, Sherrer YS, Charney M, Golden HE, Medsger TA, Walsh BT, Trivedi M, Goldlust B, Gallagher SC. Successful Treatment of Dry Mouth and Dry Eye Symptoms in Sjögren's Syndrome Patients With Oral Pilocarpine: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Dose-Adjustment Study. J Clin Rheumatol 2012; 10:169-77. [PMID: 17043506 DOI: 10.1097/01.rhu.0000135553.08057.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND : Sjögren's syndrome is characterized by the presence of xerostomia and/or xerophthalmia. Pilocarpine, a muscarinic cholinergic agonist, has been proven to be efficacious in treating radiation-induced xerostomia (up to 30 mg/day) and symptoms of dry mouth in Sjögren's patients (up to 20 mg/day). OBJECTIVE : To compare the safety and efficacy of oral pilocarpine (dose-adjusted) versus placebo in the treatment of dry eye and dry mouth symptoms in Sjögren's syndrome at 6 and 12 weeks. METHODS : In this 11-center, 256-patient placebo-controlled study, the safety and efficacy of oral pilocarpine (20 mg to 30 mg daily) for relief of Sjögren's-related dry mouth and dry eye symptoms was assessed. Changes in symptoms and salivary flow were measured over 12 weeks. RESULTS : Compared with placebo, salivary flow was significantly increased in the pilocarpine group (P</= 0.0001) after the first dose and throughout the study. Significant improvement in patients' global assessment of dry mouth (P</= 0.0001) with relief in 5 of 7 separate oral symptoms (P</= 0.02) was reported by the treated patients throughout study. Minimal differences in 3 of 8 ocular symptoms were noted at 6 weeks (5-mg dose), but at 12 weeks (5- to 7.5-mg dose), the pilocarpine group demonstrated both significant improvement in global assessment of dry eyes (P</= 0.0001) and relief in 6 of 8 related symptoms (P</= 0.04). The drug was well tolerated at both doses. The most common pilocarpine-related side effects were sweating, urinary frequency, flushing, and chills. CONCLUSIONS : Significant relief in dry mouth symptoms was noted at 20 mg/day, and significant relief in ocular symptoms, including lower artificial tear requirement, was noted after the dose was increased to 30 mg/day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athena S Papas
- From the *Tufts University Dental School, Boston, MA; †Center for Rheumatology, Immunology, and Arthritis, Ft. Lauderdale, FL; ‡Denver Arthritis Clinic, Denver, CO; §Rush Medical College, Evanston, IL; ¶Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA; ∥South Arizona VA Healthcare Systems, Tucson, AZ; **Om Compu-Stat Consulting, Rochester, NY; ††Santarus, Inc., San Diego, CA; and ‡‡MGI PHARMA, Inc., Bloomington, MN
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Fransen J, Johnson SR, van den Hoogen F, Baron M, Allanore Y, Carreira PE, Czirják L, Denton CP, Distler O, Furst DE, Gabrielli A, Herrick A, Inanc M, Kahaleh B, Kowal-Bielecka O, Medsger TA, Mueller-Ladner U, Riemekasten G, Sierakowski S, Valentini G, Veale D, Vonk MC, Walker U, Chung L, Clements PJ, Collier DH, Csuka ME, Jimenez S, Merkel PA, Seibold JR, Silver R, Steen V, Tyndall A, Matucci-Cerinic M, Pope JE, Khanna D. Items for developing revised classification criteria in systemic sclerosis: Results of a consensus exercise. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2012; 64:351-7. [PMID: 22052558 DOI: 10.1002/acr.20679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Classification criteria for systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma) are being updated. Our objective was to select a set of items potentially useful for the classification of SSc using consensus procedures, including the Delphi and nominal group techniques (NGT). METHODS Items were identified through 2 independent consensus exercises performed by the Scleroderma Clinical Trials Consortium and the European League Against Rheumatism Scleroderma Trials and Research Group. The first-round items from both exercises were collated and redundancies were removed, leaving 168 items. A 3-round Delphi exercise was performed using a 1-9 scale (where 1 = completely inappropriate and 9 = completely appropriate) and a consensus meeting using NGT was conducted. During the last Delphi round, the items were ranked on a 1-10 scale. RESULTS In round 1, 106 experts rated the 168 items. Those with a median score of <4 were removed, resulting in a list of 102 items. In round 2, the items were again rated for appropriateness and subjected to a consensus meeting using NGT by European and North American SSc experts (n = 16), resulting in 23 items. In round 3, SSc experts (n = 26) then individually scored each of the 23 items in a last Delphi round using an appropriateness score (1-9) and ranking their 10 most appropriate items for the classification of SSc. Presence of skin thickening, SSc-specific autoantibodies, abnormal nailfold capillary pattern, and Raynaud's phenomenon ranked highest in the final list that also included items indicating internal organ involvement. CONCLUSION The Delphi exercise and NGT resulted in a set of 23 items for the classification of SSc that will be assessed for their discriminative properties in a prospective study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaap Fransen
- Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Johnson SR, Fransen J, Khanna D, Baron M, van den Hoogen F, Medsger TA, Peschken CA, Carreira PE, Riemekasten G, Tyndall A, Matucci-Cerinic M, Pope JE. Validation of potential classification criteria for systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2012; 64:358-67. [PMID: 22052658 PMCID: PMC3376721 DOI: 10.1002/acr.20684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Classification criteria for systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma) are being updated jointly by the American College of Rheumatology and European League Against Rheumatism. Potential items for classification were reduced to 23 using Delphi and nominal group techniques. We evaluated the face, discriminant, and construct validity of the items to be further studied as potential criteria. METHODS Face validity was evaluated using the frequency of items in patients sampled from the Canadian Scleroderma Research Group, 1000 Faces of Lupus, and the Pittsburgh, Toronto, Madrid, and Berlin connective tissue disease (CTD) databases. Patients with SSc (n = 783) were compared to 1,071 patients with diseases similar to SSc (mimickers): systemic lupus erythematosus (n = 499), myositis (n = 171), Sjögren's syndrome (n = 95), Raynaud's phenomenon (RP; n = 228), mixed CTD (n = 29), and idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH; n = 49). Discriminant validity was evaluated using odds ratios (ORs). For construct validity, empirical ranking was compared to expert ranking. RESULTS Compared to mimickers, patients with SSc were more likely to have skin thickening (OR 427); telangiectasias (OR 91); anti-RNA polymerase III antibody (OR 75); puffy fingers (OR 35); finger flexion contractures (OR 29); tendon/bursal friction rubs (OR 27); anti-topoisomerase I antibody (OR 25); RP (OR 24); fingertip ulcers/pitting scars (OR 19); anticentromere antibody (OR 14); abnormal nailfold capillaries (OR 10); gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms (OR 8); antinuclear antibody, calcinosis, dysphagia, and esophageal dilation (all OR 6); interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis (OR 5); and anti-PM-Scl antibody (OR 2). Reduced carbon monoxide diffusing capacity, PAH, and reduced forced vital capacity had ORs of <2. Renal crisis and digital pulp loss/acroosteolysis did not occur in SSc mimickers (OR not estimated). Empirical and expert ranking were correlated (Spearman's ρ = 0.53, P = 0.01). CONCLUSION The candidate items have good face, discriminant, and construct validity. Further item reduction will be evaluated in prospective SSc and mimicker cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhu R Johnson
- Toronto Western Hospital, Mount Sinai Hospital, and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Koschik RW, Fertig N, Lucas MR, Domsic RT, Medsger TA. Anti-PM-Scl antibody in patients with systemic sclerosis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2012; 30:S12-S16. [PMID: 22261302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients with and without anti-PM-Scl antibody. METHODS We reviewed the medical records of 76 anti-PM-Scl antibody positive SSc patients and 2349 anti-PMScl negative SSc patients first evaluated during 1980-2004. Patients were included if they had a clinical diagnosis of SSc either alone or in overlap with another connective tissue disease. Anti-PM-Scl antibody was screened for by indirect immunofluorescence and tested by Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion. RESULTS Anti-PM-Scl antibody positive patients had a significantly higher frequency of a positive ANA with nucleolar staining (87% vs. 32%, p<0.0001) and were younger at both symptom onset (p=0.004) and first physician diagnosis of SSc (p<0.001). They were classified more often as having overlap with another connective tissue disease, particularly polymyositis-dermatomyositis, and more frequently had limited cutaneous involvement (72% vs. 52%, p=0.001). Maximal skin thickening was less in anti-PM-Scl antibody patients (mean modified Rodnan total skin score 6.0±6.3 vs. 15.9±14.2, p<0.001). Anti-PM-Scl antibody positive patients less frequently had peripheral vascular (91% vs. 98%, p=0.0002) and gastrointestinal (52% vs. 79%, p=0.0001) disease. Lung involvement overall had a similar distribution between both groups. However, radiographic evidence of pulmonary fibrosis was more frequent in anti-PM-Scl antibody positive patients (50% vs. 37%, p=0.05) and pulmonary arterial hypertension was less often detected (5% vs. 15%, p<0.04). Skeletal muscle involvement (51% vs. 14%, p<0.0001) and subcutaneous calcinosis (p<0.003) were both significantly more often observed in anti-PM-Scl antibody positive patients. Joint, heart, and kidney involvement were similar in both groups. Overall survival was significantly better for anti-PM-Scl antibody positive patients (10 year cumulative survival rate 91% vs. 65%, p=0.0002). After adjustment for age, sex and limited vs. diffuse cutaneous involvement, patients with anti-PM-Scl antibody were significantly less likely to die (HR=0.32, 95% CI, [0.14, 0.72] p=0.006). CONCLUSIONS SSc patients with anti-PM-Scl antibody are younger and significantly more often have limited cutaneous involvement, skeletal muscle disease, pulmonary fibrosis and calcinosis compared to anti-PM-Scl antibody negative SSc patients. Ten-year cumulative survival is significantly better in anti-PM-Scl antibody positive SSc patients.
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Brissett M, Veraldi KL, Pilewski JM, Medsger TA, Feghali-Bostwick CA. Localized expression of tenascin in systemic sclerosis-associated pulmonary fibrosis and its regulation by insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:272-80. [PMID: 21898349 DOI: 10.1002/art.30647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the role of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) in mediating the effects of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) on tenascin-C (TN-C) production and to assess the levels of TN-C in vivo in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc)-associated pulmonary fibrosis. METHODS Human primary lung fibroblasts were stimulated with TGFβ or IGFBP-3 in the presence or absence of specific small interfering RNAs and chemical inhibitors of the signaling cascade. TN-C levels in lung tissue specimens obtained from patients with SSc-associated pulmonary fibrosis were assessed using immunohistochemical analysis and were compared with the levels in specimens obtained from normal donors. TN-C levels were quantified in sera from normal donors and patients with SSc with or without pulmonary fibrosis, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS IGFBP-3 mediated the induction of TN-C by TGFβ. Direct induction of TN-C by IGFBP-3 occurred in a p38 MAP kinase-dependent manner. TN-C levels were abundant in lung tissues from patients with SSc and were localized to subepithelial layers of the distal airways. No TN-C was detectable around the proximal airways. Patients with SSc-associated pulmonary fibrosis had significantly higher levels of circulating TN-C compared with SSc patients without pulmonary fibrosis. Longitudinal samples obtained from patients with SSc before and after the onset of pulmonary fibrosis showed increased levels of TN-C after the onset of pulmonary fibrosis. CONCLUSION IGFBP-3, which is overexpressed in fibrotic lungs, induces production of TN-C by subepithelial fibroblasts. The increased lung tissue levels of TN-C parallel the levels detected in the sera of SSc patients with pulmonary fibrosis, suggesting that TN-C may be a useful biomarker for SSc-related pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Brissett
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15231, USA
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Medsger TA, Ivanco DE, Kardava L, Morel PA, Lucas MR, Fuschiotti P. GATA-3 up-regulation in CD8+ T cells as a biomarker of immune dysfunction in systemic sclerosis, resulting in excessive interleukin-13 production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:1738-47. [PMID: 21638273 DOI: 10.1002/art.30489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite the importance of interleukin-13 (IL-13) in systemic sclerosis (SSc) and other fibrotic diseases, its mechanisms of action are not understood. We have reported that excessive amounts of IL-13 are produced by peripheral blood effector CD8+ T cells from patients with diffuse cutaneous SSc (dcSSc). The aim of the present study was to establish the molecular basis of IL-13 dysregulation in the pathogenesis of SSc. METHODS Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis and intracellular staining were used to study the transcription factors that control naive peripheral blood CD8+ T cell differentiation into type 1 and type 2 cytokine-secreting cells. Intracellular staining revealed that GATA-3 levels in freshly isolated naive CD8+ T cells correlated with specific clinical manifestations. We therefore assessed the effects of GATA-3 inhibition on IL-13 production in CD8+ T cells from the SSc patients. RESULTS Freshly isolated naive peripheral blood CD8+ T cells expressed high levels of GATA-3 and failed to down-regulate IL-13 production when cultured under type 1-skewing conditions, but maintained adequate levels of interferon-γ production. Cellular GATA-3 levels were significantly higher in patients with dcSSc and early inflammatory disease. Silencing of GATA-3 with small interfering RNA significantly reduced IL-13 production by CD8+ T cells, demonstrating a causal relationship between GATA-3 and IL-13. CONCLUSION These results provide important new insights into SSc pathogenesis and suggest that increased GATA-3 expression in CD8+ T cells could be a highly relevant biomarker of immune dysfunction in patients with dcSSc. GATA-3 could be a novel therapeutic target for this currently incurable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Medsger
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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Khanna D, Kowal-Bielecka O, Khanna PP, Lapinska A, Asch SM, Wenger N, Brown KK, Clements PJ, Getzug T, Mayes MD, Medsger TA, Oudiz R, Simms R, Steen V, Maranian P, Furst DE. Quality indicator set for systemic sclerosis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2011; 29:S33-S39. [PMID: 21586216 PMCID: PMC3887520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is associated with a marked economic burden, high treatment costs and decreased productivity. Although treatment strategies for SSc can have a substantial effect on patients' outcomes, it is not known whether patients with SSc consistently receive such care. Evaluation of process-of-care quality requires specification of quality indicators (QIs), clinically detailed statements of the eligible patients and the care they should receive to achieve a minimal level of quality of care. Our objective was to develop QIs for patients with SSc. METHODS We performed a comprehensive literature review of diagnosis and treatment of SSc and proposed QIs that were evaluated by a national Expert Panel (n=9) who were asked to review the supporting literature and individually rank the validity of each QI. These rankings formed the basis of discussion at a face-to-face meeting following the RAND/UCLA method to integrate expert opinion with literature review to identify a set of final QIs. We then presented these QIs to members of the Scleroderma Clinical Trials Consortium (SCTC). RESULTS Thirty-two QIs for SSc care were judged valid by the Expert Panel. The QI set includes 9 QIs for newly diagnosed with SSc, 12 follow-up QIs for management of SSc, and 11 treatment QIs. The SCTC experts agreed with the validity of each of the 32 QI and agreed that for all but one QI the specified tests, procedures and treatments recommended in the QI were generally available. CONCLUSIONS We have developed 32 QIs for SSc using a rigorous methodology that can be employed to evaluate and improve care for patients with SSc, as well as inform policy decisions supporting appropriate care for SSc patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Khanna
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, USA.
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Matucci-Cerinic M, Denton CP, Furst DE, Mayes MD, Hsu VM, Carpentier P, Wigley FM, Black CM, Fessler BJ, Merkel PA, Pope JE, Sweiss NJ, Doyle MK, Hellmich B, Medsger TA, Morganti A, Kramer F, Korn JH, Seibold JR. Bosentan treatment of digital ulcers related to systemic sclerosis: results from the RAPIDS-2 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2010; 70:32-8. [PMID: 20805294 PMCID: PMC3002766 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2010.130658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ischaemic digital ulcers (DUs) are common in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) and are a cause of disease-related morbidity. In an earlier trial, treatment with bosentan, an oral endothelin receptor antagonist, reduced the occurrence of new DUs by 48%. The present study (RAPIDS-2, for 'RAndomized, double-blind, Placebo-controlled study with bosentan on healing and prevention of Ischemic Digital ulcers in patients with systemic Sclerosis') was conducted to more fully evaluate the effects of bosentan treatment on DUs associated with SSc. METHODS This double-blind, placebo-controlled trial conducted at 41 centres in Europe and North America randomised 188 patients with SSc with at least 1 active DU ('cardinal ulcer') to bosentan 62.5 mg twice daily for 4 weeks and 125 mg twice daily thereafter for 20 weeks (n=98) or matching placebo (n=90; total 24 weeks). The two primary end points were the number of new DUs and the time to healing of the cardinal ulcer. Secondary end points included pain, disability and safety. RESULTS Over 24 weeks, bosentan treatment was associated with a 30% reduction in the number of new DUs compared with placebo (mean ± standard error: 1.9±0.2 vs 2.7±0.3 new ulcers; p=0.04). This effect was greater in patients who entered the trial with more DUs. There was no difference between treatments in healing rate of the cardinal ulcer or secondary end points of pain and disability. Peripheral oedema and elevated aminotransferases were associated with bosentan treatment. CONCLUSIONS Bosentan treatment reduced the occurrence of new DUs in patients with SSc but had no effect on DU healing. Bosentan was well tolerated and may be a useful adjunct in the management of patients with SSc with recurrent DUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Matucci-Cerinic
- Department of Biomedicine, Division of Rheumatology, DENOTHE Center, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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Domsic RT, Rodriguez-Reyna T, Lucas M, Fertig N, Medsger TA. Skin thickness progression rate: a predictor of mortality and early internal organ involvement in diffuse scleroderma. Ann Rheum Dis 2010; 70:104-9. [PMID: 20679474 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2009.127621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association of skin thickness progression rate (STPR) with mortality, and as a predictor of future internal organ involvement in an inception cohort of diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients. METHODS Diffuse cutaneous SSc patients older than 16 years of age evaluated at the University of Pittsburgh within 2 years of the first evidence of skin thickening between 1980 and 2005 were eligible. The authors calculated the STPR on these patients, and examined the relationship of this variable to the development of early internal organ involvement and short-term mortality using logistic regression. RESULTS 826 patients were included in the analysis. Patients with a rapid STPR experienced significantly reduced short-term survival at 1 and 2 years from the time of first Pittsburgh evaluation (p=0.002). Patients with a rapid STPR were more likely to develop renal crisis within 1-2 years of follow-up. Rapid STPR was found to be an independent predictor of both mortality (OR 1.72; 95% CI 1.13 to 2.62; p=0.01) and 'renal crisis' (OR 2.05, 95% CI 1.10 to 3.85; p=0.02) within 2 years from first evaluation. CONCLUSION The STPR is an easy measure to perform at the time of initial evaluation for identifying those diffuse cutaneous SSc patients who are at increased risk of mortality and the development of renal crisis during the following 2 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn T Domsic
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Torok KS, Baker NA, Lucas M, Domsic RT, Boudreau R, Medsger TA. Reliability and validity of the delta finger-to-palm (FTP), a new measure of finger range of motion in systemic sclerosis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2010; 28:S28-S36. [PMID: 20576211 PMCID: PMC2935276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the reliability and validity of a new measure of finger motion in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc), the 'delta finger-topalm' (delta FTP) and compare its psychometric properties to the traditional measure of finger motion, the finger-topalm (FTP). METHODS Phase 1: The reliability of the delta FTP and FTP were examined in 39 patients with SSc. Phase 2: Criterion and convergent construct validity of both measures were examined in 17 patients with SSc by comparing them to other clinical measures: Total Active Range of Motion (TAROM), Hand Mobility in Scleroderma (HAMIS), the Duruoz Hand Index (DHI), Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), and modified Rodnan skin score (mRSS). Phase 3: Sensitivity to change of the delta FTP was investigated in 24 patients with early diffuse cutaneous SSc. RESULTS Both measures had excellent intra-rater and inter-rater reliability (ICC 0.92 to 0.99). Fair to strong correlations (rs=0.49-0.94) were observed between the delta FTP and TAROM, HAMIS, and DHI. Fair to moderate correlations were observed between delta FTP and HAQ components related to hand function and upper extremity mRSS. Correlations of the traditional FTP with these measures were fair to strong, but most often the delta FTP outperformed the FTP. The effect size and standardised response mean for the mean delta FTP were 0.50 and 1.10 respectively, over a 2-8 month period. CONCLUSIONS The delta FTP is a valid and reliable measure of finger motion in patients with SSc which outperforms the FTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn S. Torok
- Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nancy A. Baker
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mary Lucas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robyn T. Domsic
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert Boudreau
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Aging and Population Health; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Thomas A. Medsger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Arkachaisri T, Vilaiyuk S, Torok KS, Medsger TA. Development and initial validation of the localized scleroderma skin damage index and physician global assessment of disease damage: a proof-of-concept study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009; 49:373-81. [PMID: 20008472 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kep361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop and assess the psychometric properties of the Localized Scleroderma (LS) Skin Damage Index (LoSDI) and Physician Global Assessment of disease Damage (PGA-D). METHODS Damage was defined as irreversible/persistent changes (>6 months) due to previous active disease/complications of therapy. Eight rheumatologists assessed the importance of 17 variables in formulating the PGA-D/LoSDI. LS patients were evaluated by two rheumatologists using both tools to assess their psychometric properties. LoSDI was calculated by summing three scores for cutaneous features of damage [dermal atrophy (DAT), subcutaneous atrophy (SAT) and dyspigmentation (DP)] measured at 18 anatomic sites. Patient GA of disease severity (PtGA-S), Children's Dermatology Life Quality Index (CDLQI) and PGA-D were recorded at the time of each examination. RESULTS Thirty LS patients (112 lesions) and nine patient-visit pairs (18 lesions) were included for inter- and intra-rater reliability study. LoSDI and its domains DAT, SAT, DP and PGA-D demonstrated excellent inter- and intra-rater reliability (reliability coefficients 0.86-0.99 and 0.74-0.96, respectively). LoSDI correlated moderately with PGA-D and poorly with PtGA-S and CDLQI. PGA-D correlated moderately with PtGA-S, but poorly with CDLQI. CONCLUSIONS To complete the LS Cutaneous Assessment Tool (LoSCAT), we developed and evaluated the psychometric properties of the LoSDI and PGA-D in addition to the LS Skin Severity Index (LoSSI). These instruments will facilitate evaluation of LS patients for individual patient management and clinical trials. LoSDI and PGA-D demonstrated excellent reliability and high validity. LoSCAT provides an improved understanding of LS natural history. Further study in a larger group of patients is needed to confirm these preliminary findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaschawee Arkachaisri
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Arkachaisri T, Vilaiyuk S, Li S, O'Neil KM, Pope E, Higgins GC, Punaro M, Rabinovich EC, Rosenkranz M, Kietz DA, Rosen P, Spalding SJ, Hennon TR, Torok KS, Cassidy E, Medsger TA. The localized scleroderma skin severity index and physician global assessment of disease activity: a work in progress toward development of localized scleroderma outcome measures. J Rheumatol 2009; 36:2819-29. [PMID: 19833758 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.081284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop and evaluate a Localized Scleroderma (LS) Skin Severity Index (LoSSI) and global assessments' clinimetric property and effect on quality of life (QOL). METHODS A 3-phase study was conducted. The first phase involved 15 patients with LS and 14 examiners who assessed LoSSI [surface area (SA), erythema (ER), skin thickness (ST), and new lesion/extension (N/E)] twice for inter/intrarater reliability. Patient global assessment of disease severity (PtGA-S) and Children's Dermatology Life Quality Index (CDLQI) were collected for intrarater reliability evaluation. The second phase was aimed to develop clinical determinants for physician global assessment of disease activity (PhysGA-A) and to assess its content validity. The third phase involved 2 examiners assessing LoSSI and PhysGA-A on 27 patients. Effect of training on improving reliability/validity and sensitivity to change of the LoSSI and PhysGA-A was determined. RESULTS Interrater reliability was excellent for ER [intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) 0.71], ST (ICC 0.70), LoSSI (ICC 0.80), and PhysGA-A (ICC 0.90) but poor for SA (ICC 0.35); thus, LoSSI was modified to mLoSSI. Examiners' experience did not affect the scores, but training/practice improved reliability. Intrarater reliability was excellent for ER, ST, and LoSSI (Spearman's rho = 0.71-0.89) and moderate for SA. PtGA-S and CDLQI showed good intrarater agreement (ICC 0.63 and 0.80). mLoSSI correlated moderately with PhysGA-A and PtGA-S. Both mLoSSI and PhysGA-A were sensitive to change following therapy. CONCLUSION mLoSSI and PhysGA-A are reliable and valid tools for assessing LS disease severity and show high sensitivity to detect change over time. These tools are feasible for use in routine clinical practice. They should be considered for inclusion in a core set of LS outcome measures for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaschawee Arkachaisri
- Division of Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Love LA, Weinberg CR, McConnaughey DR, Oddis CV, Medsger TA, Reveille JD, Arnett FC, Targoff IN, Miller FW. Ultraviolet radiation intensity predicts the relative distribution of dermatomyositis and anti-Mi-2 autoantibodies in women. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 60:2499-504. [PMID: 19644877 DOI: 10.1002/art.24702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Because studies suggest that ultraviolet (UV) radiation modulates the myositis phenotype and Mi-2 autoantigen expression, we conducted a retrospective investigation to determine whether UV radiation may influence the relative prevalence of dermatomyositis and anti-Mi-2 autoantibodies in the US. METHODS We assessed the relationship between surface UV radiation intensity in the state of residence at the time of onset with the relative prevalence of dermatomyositis and myositis autoantibodies in 380 patients with myositis from referral centers in the US. Myositis autoantibodies were detected by validated immunoprecipitation assays. Surface UV radiation intensity was estimated from UV Index data collected by the US National Weather Service. RESULTS UV radiation intensity was associated with the relative proportion of patients with dermatomyositis (odds ratio [OR] 2.3, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.9-5.8) and with the proportion of patients expressing anti-Mi-2 autoantibodies (OR 6.0, 95% CI 1.1-34.1). Modeling of these data showed that these associations were confined to women (OR 3.8, 95% CI 1.3-11.0 and OR 17.3, 95% CI 1.8-162.4, respectively) and suggests that sex influences the effects of UV radiation on autoimmune disorders. Significant associations were not observed in men, nor were UV radiation levels related to the presence of antisynthetase or anti-signal recognition particle autoantibodies. CONCLUSION This first study of the distribution of myositis phenotypes and UV radiation exposure in the US showed that UV radiation may modulate the clinical and immunologic expression of autoimmune disease in women. Further investigation of the mechanisms by which these effects are produced may provide insights into pathogenesis and suggest therapeutic or preventative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori A Love
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Fertig N, Domsic RT, Rodriguez-Reyna T, Kuwana M, Lucas M, Medsger TA, Feghali-Bostwick CA. Anti-U11/U12 RNP antibodies in systemic sclerosis: a new serologic marker associated with pulmonary fibrosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 61:958-65. [PMID: 19565553 DOI: 10.1002/art.24586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize a new serum autoantibody in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) directed against U11/U12 RNP and to identify the clinical features associated with this autoantibody. METHODS We identified autoantibodies directed against the U11/U12 RNP complex in sera of patients with SSc and confirmed antibody specificity by immunoprecipitation, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, and Southern blotting. We determined the prevalence of these antibodies in SSc and their specificity for SSc. We compared anti-U11/U12 RNP autoantibody-positive and negative SSc patients on demographic, disease classification, clinical variables, and survival. RESULTS We identified 33 patients with anti-U11/U12 RNP antibodies. In 2 consecutive series of SSc patients first seen at 10-year intervals (1994-1995 and 2004-2005), the prevalence of anti-U11/U12 RNP antibody-positive patients was 15 of 462 (3.2%). Seventeen (52%) of these 33 patients had limited cutaneous involvement. All patients had Raynaud's phenomenon and 82% had gastrointestinal (GI) involvement. None had "intrinsic" pulmonary arterial hypertension. The most significant clinical difference between anti-U11/U12 antibody-positive and negative cohorts was the prevalence of lung fibrosis, which occurred in 79% of the anti-U11/U12 RNP antibody-positive patients versus 37% of the anti-U11/U12 RNP antibody-negative patients (P < 0.0001). GI involvement was also significantly increased in the anti-U11/U12 RNP antibody-positive group. Patients with anti-U11/U12 RNP antibodies and pulmonary fibrosis had a 2.25-fold greater risk of death than anti-U11/U12 RNP negative patients with pulmonary fibrosis. CONCLUSION Anti-U11/U12 RNP antibodies are present in the sera of approximately 3% of patients with SSc and are a marker for lung fibrosis, which is often severe.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the classification, demographic and clinical features, and survival in anti-U3 RNP autoantibody-positive patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). METHODS Medical records of 108 anti-U3 RNP-positive and 2,471 anti-U3 RNP-negative SSc patients first evaluated during 1985-2003 were reviewed. Anti-U3 RNP antibody was detected by protein and RNA immunoprecipitation. Disease classification, demographic and clinical features, organ system involvement, and survival were compared between the 2 patient groups, by Student's t-test, chi-square analysis, and Mantel-Haenszel test. RESULTS The anti-U3 RNP-positive group had a higher proportion of African American patients (27% versus 5%; P < 0.001) and male patients (29% versus 19%; P = 0.021), and was younger at the time of first physician diagnosis (mean age 42.8 years versus 47.4 years; P = 0.001). The 2 groups had similar proportions of patients with diffuse cutaneous involvement (47% and 45% in those with and those without anti-U3 RNP, respectively). However, among patients with diffuse cutaneous involvement, the mean maximum modified Rodnan skin score was significantly lower in the anti-U3 RNP group (22.3 versus 27.9; P < 0.001). Skeletal muscle involvement was more frequent in anti-U3 RNP-positive patients (25% versus 14%; P = 0.002), as was "intrinsic" pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) (31% versus 13%; P < 0.001). The frequency of gastrointestinal involvement, cardiac involvement, pulmonary fibrosis, and "renal crisis" did not differ significantly between the 2 groups. Survival was worse in the anti-U3 RNP-positive group (hazard ratio 1.38 [95% confidence interval 1.05-1.82]). PAH was the most common known cause of death in patients with anti-U3 RNP (30%, versus 10% in the anti-U3 RNP-negative group; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION The present findings demonstrate that the frequencies of African American race and male sex are greater among SSc patients with anti-U3 RNP antibody than those without, and the former group is younger at SSc diagnosis. Anti-U3 RNP-positive patients have more frequent skeletal muscle involvement and PAH, the latter being the most common cause of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Aggarwal
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Khanna D, Clements PJ, Furst DE, Korn JH, Ellman M, Rothfield N, Wigley FM, Moreland LW, Silver R, Kim YH, Steen VD, Firestein GS, Kavanaugh AF, Weisman M, Mayes MD, Collier D, Csuka ME, Simms R, Merkel PA, Medsger TA, Sanders ME, Maranian P, Seibold JR. Recombinant human relaxin in the treatment of systemic sclerosis with diffuse cutaneous involvement: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 60:1102-11. [PMID: 19333948 DOI: 10.1002/art.24380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A phase II randomized controlled trial of recombinant human relaxin suggested that a dosage of 25 microg/kg/day was safe and clinically effective in improving skin disease and reducing functional disability in scleroderma (systemic sclerosis; SSc). We undertook a large randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial to compare placebo with 10 microg/kg/day and 25 microg/kg/day recombinant human relaxin, given for 24 weeks in patients with stable, diffuse, moderate-to-severe SSc. METHODS Men and women ages 18-70 years with diffuse cutaneous SSc (dcSSc) were administered recombinant human relaxin (10 microg/kg/day or 25 microg/kg/day) or placebo for 24 weeks as a continuous subcutaneous infusion. There was a followup safety visit at week 28. RESULTS The primary outcome measure, the modified Rodnan skin thickness score, was similar among the 3 groups at baseline and at weeks 4, 12, and 24. Secondary outcomes such as functional disability were similar in all 3 groups, while the forced vital capacity decreased significantly in the relaxin groups. The discontinuation of both doses of relaxin at week 24 led to statistically significant declines in creatinine clearance and serious renal adverse events (defined as doubling of serum creatinine, renal crisis, or grade 3 or 4 essential hypertension) in 7 patients who had received relaxin therapy but in none who had received placebo. CONCLUSION Recombinant relaxin was not significantly better than placebo in improving the total skin score or pulmonary function or in reducing functional disability in patients with dcSSc. In addition, relaxin was associated with serious renal adverse events, the majority of which occurred after stopping the infusion. If relaxin is used therapeutically for any conditions other than scleroderma, close monitoring of blood pressure and renal function must be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Khanna
- David Geffen School of Medicine, and School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
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Fuschiotti P, Medsger TA, Morel PA. Effector CD8+ T cells in systemic sclerosis patients produce abnormally high levels of interleukin-13 associated with increased skin fibrosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 60:1119-28. [PMID: 19333920 DOI: 10.1002/art.24432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE T lymphocytes play an important role in systemic sclerosis (SSc), a connective tissue disease characterized by inflammation, fibrosis, and vascular damage. While their precise role and antigen specificity are unclear, T cell-derived cytokines likely contribute to the induction of fibrosis. The aim of this study was to establish the role of cytokine dysregulation by T cells in the pathogenesis of SSc. METHODS To identify relationships between a specific cytokine, T cell subset, and the disease course, we studied a large cohort of patients with diffuse cutaneous SSc (dcSSc) or limited cutaneous SSc (lcSSc). Using Luminex analysis and intracellular cytokine staining, we analyzed the intrinsic ability of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets to produce cytokines following in vitro activation. RESULTS High levels of the profibrotic type 2 cytokine interleukin-13 (IL-13) were produced following activation of peripheral blood effector CD8+ T cells from SSc patients as compared with normal controls or with patients with rheumatoid arthritis. In contrast, CD4+ T cells showed a lower and more variable level of IL-13 production. This abnormality correlated with the extent of fibrosis and was more pronounced in dcSSc patients than in lcSSc patients. CONCLUSION Dysregulated IL-13 production by effector CD8+ T cells is important in the pathogenesis of SSc and is critical in the predisposition to more severe forms of cutaneous disease. Our study is the first to identify a specific T cell phenotype that correlates with disease severity in SSc and can be used as a marker of immune dysfunction in SSc and as a novel therapeutic target.
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Steen VD, Lucas M, Fertig N, Medsger TA. Pulmonary arterial hypertension and severe pulmonary fibrosis in systemic sclerosis patients with a nucleolar antibody. J Rheumatol 2007; 34:2230-2235. [PMID: 17937469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and severe pulmonary fibrosis (SPF) are the most common causes of death in scleroderma. Our study focuses on lung disease in patients with a nucleolar antibody in comparison to other scleroderma-specific autoantibodies. METHODS Patients initially seen between 1972 and 1995 (and followed through 2004) with [systolic pulmonary artery pressure (sPAH) (PASP > 50 mm Hg] or SPF [forced vital capacity (FVC%) < 55% predicted) were grouped by the presence of anticentromere antibody (ACA), an isolated antinucleolar antibody (ANoA), or an antitopoisomerase antibody-I (TOPO). RESULTS Twenty percent of ACA, 23% of TOPO, and 32% of ANoA patients had severe lung disease (p < 0.005). In ANoA patients with PAH without severe fibrosis, the FVC was lower (71% predicted) than in ACA patients, suggesting they had some interstitial fibrosis. However, they had a higher FVC%/diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO)% ratio than the ACA patients (2.4 vs 1.8). pulmonary hypertension in TOPO patients was associated with a lower FVC%/DLCO% ratio and lower levels of PAP than either the PAH in ACA or ANoA patients. CONCLUSION Scleroderma-specific autoantibodies are associated with characteristic subgroups of lung disease. The ANoA patients have a unique mixture of PAH and SPF subgroups of lung disease. Scleroderma-specific autoantibodies and the FVC%/DLCO% ratio are helpful in determining whether a patient has PAH alone, PAH along with pulmonary fibrosis, or secondary PAH from chronic hypoxia with SPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia D Steen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Georgetown University, 3800 Reservoir Road, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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Perera A, Fertig N, Lucas M, Rodriguez-Reyna TS, Hu P, Steen VD, Medsger TA. Clinical subsets, skin thickness progression rate, and serum antibody levels in systemic sclerosis patients with anti-topoisomerase I antibody. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 56:2740-6. [PMID: 17665460 DOI: 10.1002/art.22747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical and laboratory features and natural history of the disease in systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma) patients with anti-topoisomerase I (anti-topo I) antibody who have different skin thickness progression rates (STPRs). METHODS SSc patients (n = 212) who were anti-topo I antibody positive were divided into 5 subgroups based on STPRs. Skin thickness was measured using the modified Rodnan skin thickness score (MRSS). Anti-topo I IgG antibody levels were determined. RESULTS Sixty patients who were anti-topo I antibody positive had diffuse cutaneous SSc (dcSSc) with rapid progression, 82 had dcSSC with intermediate progression, and 29 had dcSSc with slow progression, 14 had limited cutaneous SSc (lcSSc) that became dcSSc, and 27 had lcSSc that did not change throughout. Patients beginning with lcSSc were younger at disease onset and had longer disease duration when diagnosed as having SSc. Interstitial lung disease was common and was equally distributed across the subgroups. Renal crisis occurred most often in patients with rapid progression (22%) and was absent in lcSSc patients. Cardiac involvement was most frequent in the dcSSc subgroups. Both kidney and heart disease occurred most often within 3 years after the onset of skin thickening. The 10-year cumulative survival rate was <40% for patients with rapid and intermediate progression. Renal and cardiac causes of death were disproportionately frequent in these 2 subgroups. Anti-topo I antibody levels correlated with the STPR and the MRSS. CONCLUSION Anti-topo I antibody-positive patients with SSc with a rapid STPR have reduced survival rates, primarily due to early and often fatal renal and cardiac involvement. Anti-topo I antibody levels parallel the MRSS at the first visit and the STPR. This information is important for managing physicians and researchers planning clinical trials involving patients with early dcSSc.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type I/immunology
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type I/metabolism
- Disease Progression
- Female
- Heart Diseases/complications
- Heart Diseases/pathology
- Humans
- Lung Diseases, Interstitial/complications
- Lung Diseases, Interstitial/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Prospective Studies
- Renal Insufficiency/complications
- Renal Insufficiency/pathology
- Scleroderma, Diffuse/complications
- Scleroderma, Diffuse/immunology
- Scleroderma, Diffuse/mortality
- Scleroderma, Diffuse/pathology
- Scleroderma, Limited/complications
- Scleroderma, Limited/immunology
- Scleroderma, Limited/mortality
- Scleroderma, Limited/pathology
- Severity of Illness Index
- Skin/pathology
- Survival Rate
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Affiliation(s)
- Achini Perera
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3500 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Zulian F, Woo P, Athreya BH, Laxer RM, Medsger TA, Lehman TJA, Cerinic MM, Martini G, Ravelli A, Russo R, Cuttica R, de Oliveira SKF, Denton CP, Cozzi F, Foeldvari I, Ruperto N. The Pediatric Rheumatology European Society/American College of Rheumatology/European League against Rheumatism provisional classification criteria for juvenile systemic sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 57:203-12. [PMID: 17330294 DOI: 10.1002/art.22551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop criteria for the classification of systemic sclerosis (SSc) in children (juvenile SSc). METHODS The study consisted of 3 phases: 1) collection of data on the signs and symptoms of actual patients with juvenile SSc that are useful for defining involvement of a particular organ; 2) selection of the parameters essential for the classification of juvenile SSc and preparation of a set of provisional classification criteria (PCC) using 2 Delphi surveys; 3) consensus conference consisting of 2 steps: discussion and rating of clinical profiles of 160 patients with definite juvenile SSc, possible juvenile SSc, or other fibrosing diseases as "having or not having juvenile SSc," using nominal group technique, and defining those PCC with the best statistical performance and highest face validity by using the clinical profiles of patients with definite juvenile SSc as the gold standard. RESULTS In phase 1, 55 centers submitted clinical data on 153 patients with juvenile SSc. A total of 48 signs and symptoms were derived from these patient data and were used to define 9 organ system categories (cutaneous, vascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory, renal, cardiac, neurologic, musculoskeletal, and serologic). During phase 2, these were reduced to 21 criteria (3 major criteria [Raynaud's phenomenon, proximal skin sclerosis/induration of the skin, and sclerodactyly] and 18 minor criteria) and combined to generate 86 different PCC. At the consensus conference, these 86 definitions were tested on the case profiles of 127 patients with juvenile SSc. The PCC with the highest ranking were proximal sclerosis/induration and at least 2 minor criteria. CONCLUSION These provisional classification criteria for juvenile SSc will help standardize the conduct of clinical research, epidemiologic and outcome studies, and therapeutic trials.
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