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Nazeer A, Maskey S, Skaugen T, McClain ME. Changes in the hydro-climatic regime of the Hunza Basin in the Upper Indus under CMIP6 climate change projections. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21442. [PMID: 36509796 PMCID: PMC9744897 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25673-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Upper Indus Basin (UIB) heavily depends on its frozen water resources, and an accelerated melt due to the projected climate change may significantly alter future water availability. The future hydro-climatic regime and water availability of the Hunza basin (a sub-basin of UIB) were analysed using the newly released Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) climate projections. A data and parameter parsimonious precipitation-runoff model, the Distance Distribution Dynamics (DDD) model, was used with energy balance-based subroutines for snowmelt, glacier melt and evapotranspiration. The DDD model was set up for baseline (1991-2010), mid-century (2041-2060) and end-century (2081-2100) climates projections from two global circulation models (GCM), namely EC-Earth3 and MPI-ESM. The projections indicate a substantial increase in temperature (1.1-8.6 °C) and precipitation (12-32%) throughout the twenty-first century. The simulations show the future flow increase between 23-126% and the future glacier melt increase between 30-265%, depending on the scenarios and GCMs used. Moreover, the simulations suggest an increasing glacier melt contribution from all elevations with a significant increase from the higher elevations. The findings provide a basis for planning and modifying reservoir operation strategies with respect to hydropower generation, irrigation withdrawals, flood control, and drought management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aftab Nazeer
- grid.420326.10000 0004 0624 5658Department of Water Resources and Ecosystems, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, The Netherlands ,grid.5292.c0000 0001 2097 4740Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands ,grid.411501.00000 0001 0228 333XDepartment of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University (BZU), P.O. Box 60800, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Shreedhar Maskey
- grid.420326.10000 0004 0624 5658Department of Water Resources and Ecosystems, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Skaugen
- grid.436622.70000 0001 2236 7549Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate, P.O. Box 5091, Maj. 0301 Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael E. McClain
- grid.420326.10000 0004 0624 5658Department of Water Resources and Ecosystems, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, The Netherlands ,grid.5292.c0000 0001 2097 4740Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
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Nazeer A, Maskey S, Skaugen T, McClain ME. Simulating the hydrological regime of the snow fed and glaciarised Gilgit Basin in the Upper Indus using global precipitation products and a data parsimonious precipitation-runoff model. Sci Total Environ 2022; 802:149872. [PMID: 34461480 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In many high altitude river basins, the hydro-climatic regimes and the spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation are little known, complicating efforts to quantify current and future water availability. Scarce, or non-existent, gauged observations at high altitudes coupled with complex weather systems and orographic effects further prevent a realistic and comprehensive assessment of precipitation. Quantifying the contribution from seasonal snow and glacier melt to the river runoff for a high altitude, melt dependent region is especially difficult. Global scale precipitation products, in combination with precipitation-runoff modelling may provide insights to the hydro-climatic regimes for such data scarce regions. In this study two global precipitation products; the high resolution (0.1° × 0.1°), newly developed ERA5-Land, and a coarser resolution (0.55° × 0.55°) JRA-55, are used to simulate snow/glacier melts and runoff for the Gilgit Basin, a sub-basin of the Indus. A hydrological precipitation-runoff model, the Distance Distribution Dynamics (DDD), requires minimum input data and was developed for snow dominated catchments. The mean of total annual precipitation from 1995 to 2010 data was estimated at 888 mm and 951 mm by ERA5-Land and JRA-55, respectively. The daily runoff simulation obtained a Kling Gupta efficiency (KGE) of 0.78 and 0.72 with ERA5-Land and JRA-55 based simulations, respectively. The simulated snow cover area (SCA) was validated using MODIS SCA and the results are quite promising on daily, monthly and annual scales. Our result showed an overall contribution to the river flow as about 26% from rainfall, 37-38% from snow melt, 31% from glacier melt and 5% from soil moisture. These melt simulations are in good agreement with the overall hydro-climatic regimes and seasonality of the area. The proxy energy balance approach in the DDD model, used to estimate snow melt and evapotranspiration, showed robust behaviour and potential for being employed in data poor basins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aftab Nazeer
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University (BZU), P.O.Box 60800, Multan, Pakistan; IHE Delft, Department of Water Resources and Ecosystems, P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, the Netherlands.
| | - Shreedhar Maskey
- IHE Delft, Department of Water Resources and Ecosystems, P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Skaugen
- Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate, P.O. Box 5091, Maj. 0301 Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael E McClain
- IHE Delft, Department of Water Resources and Ecosystems, P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, the Netherlands
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Nilsson ALK, Skaugen T, Reitan T, L'Abée-Lund JH, Gamelon M, Jerstad K, Røstad OW, Slagsvold T, Stenseth NC, Vøllestad LA, Walseng B. Hydrology influences breeding time in the white-throated dipper. BMC Ecol 2020; 20:70. [PMID: 33334346 PMCID: PMC7745505 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-020-00338-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Earlier breeding is one of the strongest responses to global change in birds and is a key factor determining reproductive success. In most studies of climate effects, the focus has been on large-scale environmental indices or temperature averaged over large geographical areas, neglecting that animals are affected by the local conditions in their home ranges. In riverine ecosystems, climate change is altering the flow regime, in addition to changes resulting from the increasing demand for renewable and clean hydropower. Together with increasing temperatures, this can lead to shifts in the time window available for successful breeding of birds associated with the riverine habitat. Here, we investigated specifically how the environmental conditions at the territory level influence timing of breeding in a passerine bird with an aquatic lifestyle, the white-throated dipper Cinclus cinclus. We relate daily river discharge and other important hydrological parameters, to a long-term dataset of breeding phenology (1978-2015) in a natural river system. RESULTS Dippers bred earlier when winter river discharge and groundwater levels in the weeks prior to breeding were high, and when there was little snow in the catchment area. Breeding was also earlier at lower altitudes, although the effect dramatically declined over the period. This suggests that territories at higher altitudes had more open water in winter later in the study period, which permitted early breeding also here. Unexpectedly, the largest effect inducing earlier breeding time was territory river discharge during the winter months and not immediately prior to breeding. The territory river discharge also increased during the study period. CONCLUSIONS The observed earlier breeding can thus be interpreted as a response to climate change. Measuring environmental variation at the scale of the territory thus provides detailed information about the interactions between organisms and the abiotic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L K Nilsson
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1066, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway.
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Thormøhlens Gate 55, 5006, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Thomas Skaugen
- Norwegian Water Resource and Energy Directorate, P. O. Box 5091, Majorstua, 0301, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trond Reitan
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1066, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Water Resource and Energy Directorate, P. O. Box 5091, Majorstua, 0301, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Henning L'Abée-Lund
- Norwegian Water Resource and Energy Directorate, P. O. Box 5091, Majorstua, 0301, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marlène Gamelon
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kurt Jerstad
- Jerstad Viltforvaltning, Aurebekksveien 61, 4516, Mandal, Norway
| | - Ole Wiggo Røstad
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NMBU, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Tore Slagsvold
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1066, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nils C Stenseth
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1066, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - L Asbjørn Vøllestad
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1066, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn Walseng
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Gaustadallén 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway
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Nilsson ALK, Reitan T, Skaugen T, L’Abée-Lund JH, Gamelon M, Jerstad K, Røstad OW, Slagsvold T, Stenseth NC, Vøllestad LA, Walseng B. Location Is Everything, but Climate Gets a Share: Analyzing Small-Scale Environmental Influences on Breeding Success in the White-Throated Dipper. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.542846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Nilsson ALK, L'Abée-Lund JH, Vøllestad LA, Jerstad K, Larsen BM, Røstad OW, Saltveit SJ, Skaugen T, Stenseth NC, Walseng B. The potential influence of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and brown trout Salmo trutta on density and breeding of the white-throated dipper Cinclus cinclus. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:4065-4073. [PMID: 29721280 PMCID: PMC5916291 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between birds and fish are often overlooked in aquatic ecosystems. We studied the influence of Atlantic salmon and brown trout on the breeding population size and reproductive output of the white‐throated dipper in a Norwegian river. Acidic precipitation led to the extinction of salmon, but salmon recolonized after liming was initiated in 1991. We compared the dipper population size and reproductive output before (1978–1992) and after (1993–2014) salmon recolonization. Despite a rapid and substantial increase in juvenile salmon, the breeding dipper population size and reproductive output were not influenced by juvenile salmon, trout, or total salmonid density. This might be due to different feeding strategies in salmonids and dippers, where salmonids are mainly feeding on drift, while the dipper is a benthic feeder. The correlation between the size of the dipper population upstream and downstream of a salmonid migratory barrier was similar before and after recolonization, indicating that the downstream territories were not less attractive after the recolonization of salmon. Upstream dipper breeding success rates declined before the recolonization event and increased after, indicating improved water quality due to liming, and increasing invertebrate prey abundances and biodiversity. Surprisingly, upstream the migratory barrier, juvenile trout had a weak positive effect on the dipper population size, indicating that dippers may prey upon small trout. It is possible that wider downstream reaches might have higher abundances of alternative food, rending juvenile trout unimportant as prey. Abiotic factors such as winter temperatures and acidic precipitation with subsequent liming, potentially mediated by prey abundance, seem to play the most important role in the life history of the dipper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L K Nilsson
- Department of Biosciences Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES) University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | | | - L Asbjørn Vøllestad
- Department of Biosciences Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES) University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | | | | | - Ole Wiggo Røstad
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences Ås Norway
| | - Svein Jakob Saltveit
- Freshwater and Inland Fisheries Laboratory Natural History Museum University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Thomas Skaugen
- Norwegian Water Resource and Energy Directorate Oslo Norway
| | - Nils C Stenseth
- Department of Biosciences Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES) University of Oslo Oslo Norway
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