1
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Link K, Muhandes L, Polikarpova A, Lämmermann T, Sixt M, Fässler R, Roers A. β1 integrin-mediated mast cell immune-surveillance of blood vessel content. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024:S0091-6749(24)00362-2. [PMID: 38636606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2024.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunoglobulin E, IgE)-mediated degranulation of mast cells, MCs) provides rapid protection against environmental hazards, including animal venoms. A fraction of tissue-resident MCs intimately associates with blood vessels. These perivascular MCs were reported to extend projections into the vessel lumen and to be the first MCs to acquire intravenously injected IgE, suggesting that IgE loading of MCs depends on their vascular association. OBJECTIVE We sought to elucidate the molecular basis of the MC-blood vessel interaction and to determine its relevance for IgE-mediated immune responses. METHODS We selectively inactivated the Itgb1 gene, encoding the β1 chain of integrin adhesion molecules, ITGB1; in MCs by conditional gene targeting in mice. We analyzed skin MCs for blood vessel association, surface IgE density, capability to bind circulating antibody specific for MC surface molecules, as well as in vivo responses to antigen administered via different routes. RESULTS Lack of ITGB1 expression severely compromised MC blood vessel association. ITGB1-deficient MCs showed normal densities of surface IgE but reduced binding of intravenously injected antibodies. While their capacity to degranulate in response to IgE ligation in vivo was unimpaired, anaphylactic responses to antigen circulating in the vasculature were largely abolished. CONCLUSION ITGB1-mediated association of MCs with blood vessels is key for MC immune-surveillance of blood vessel content, but is dispensable for slow steady-state loading of endogenous IgE onto tissue-resident MCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Link
- Institute for Immunology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lina Muhandes
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Tim Lämmermann
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Sixt
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, ISTA; Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | - Axel Roers
- Institute for Immunology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
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2
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Glaser KM, Egg M, Hobitz S, Mitterer M, Schain-Zota D, Schönberger K, Schuldes K, Cabezas-Wallscheid N, Lämmermann T, Rambold A, Buescher JM. Targeted Metabolomics on Rare Primary Cells. J Vis Exp 2024. [PMID: 38465941 DOI: 10.3791/65690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cellular function critically depends on metabolism, and the function of the underlying metabolic networks can be studied by measuring small molecule intermediates. However, obtaining accurate and reliable measurements of cellular metabolism, particularly in rare cell types like hematopoietic stem cells, has traditionally required pooling cells from multiple animals. A protocol now enables researchers to measure metabolites in rare cell types using only one mouse per sample while generating multiple replicates for more abundant cell types. This reduces the number of animals that are required for a given project. The protocol presented here involves several key differences over traditional metabolomics protocols, such as using 5 g/L NaCl as a sheath fluid, sorting directly into acetonitrile, and utilizing targeted quantification with rigorous use of internal standards, allowing for more accurate and comprehensive measurements of cellular metabolism. Despite the time required for the isolation of single cells, fluorescent staining, and sorting, the protocol can preserve differences among cell types and drug treatments to a large extent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mirijam Egg
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics
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3
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Glaser KM, Doon-Ralls J, Walters N, Rima XY, Rambold AS, Réategui E, Lämmermann T. Arp2/3 complex and the pentose phosphate pathway regulate late phases of neutrophil swarming. iScience 2024; 27:108656. [PMID: 38205244 PMCID: PMC10777075 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil swarming is an essential process of the neutrophil response to many pathological conditions. Resultant neutrophil accumulations are hallmarks of acute tissue inflammation and infection, but little is known about their dynamic regulation. Technical limitations to spatiotemporally resolve individual cells in dense neutrophil clusters and manipulate these clusters in situ have hampered recent progress. We here adapted an in vitro swarming-on-a-chip platform for the use with confocal laser-scanning microscopy to unravel the complexity of single-cell responses during neutrophil crowding. Confocal sectioning allowed the live visualization of subcellular components, including mitochondria, cell membranes, cortical actin, and phagocytic cups, inside neutrophil clusters. Based on this experimental setup, we identify that chemical inhibition of the Arp2/3 complex causes cell death in crowding neutrophils. By visualizing spatiotemporal patterns of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in developing neutrophil swarms, we further demonstrate a regulatory role of the metabolic pentose phosphate pathway for ROS production and neutrophil cluster growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina M. Glaser
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Immunobiology, Epigenetics and Metabolism (IMPRS-IEM), 79108 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jacob Doon-Ralls
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Nicole Walters
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Xilal Y. Rima
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Angelika S. Rambold
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eduardo Réategui
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Tim Lämmermann
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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4
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Kaltenbach L, Martzloff P, Bambach SK, Aizarani N, Mihlan M, Gavrilov A, Glaser KM, Stecher M, Thünauer R, Thiriot A, Heger K, Kierdorf K, Wienert S, von Andrian UH, Schmidt-Supprian M, Nerlov C, Klauschen F, Roers A, Bajénoff M, Grün D, Lämmermann T. Slow integrin-dependent migration organizes networks of tissue-resident mast cells. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:915-924. [PMID: 37081147 PMCID: PMC10232366 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01493-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Immune cell locomotion is associated with amoeboid migration, a flexible mode of movement, which depends on rapid cycles of actin polymerization and actomyosin contraction1. Many immune cells do not necessarily require integrins, the major family of adhesion receptors in mammals, to move productively through three-dimensional tissue spaces2,3. Instead, they can use alternative strategies to transmit their actin-driven forces to the substrate, explaining their migratory adaptation to changing external environments4-6. However, whether these generalized concepts apply to all immune cells is unclear. Here, we show that the movement of mast cells (immune cells with important roles during allergy and anaphylaxis) differs fundamentally from the widely applied paradigm of interstitial immune cell migration. We identify a crucial role for integrin-dependent adhesion in controlling mast cell movement and localization to anatomical niches rich in KIT ligand, the major mast cell growth and survival factor. Our findings show that substrate-dependent haptokinesis is an important mechanism for the tissue organization of resident immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Kaltenbach
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Immunobiology, Epigenetics and Metabolism (IMPRS-IEM), Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Paloma Martzloff
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Immunobiology, Epigenetics and Metabolism (IMPRS-IEM), Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sarah K Bambach
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Immunobiology, Epigenetics and Metabolism (IMPRS-IEM), Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nadim Aizarani
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research (FMI), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Mihlan
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alina Gavrilov
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katharina M Glaser
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Immunobiology, Epigenetics and Metabolism (IMPRS-IEM), Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Manuel Stecher
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Immunobiology, Epigenetics and Metabolism (IMPRS-IEM), Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roland Thünauer
- Advanced Light and Fluorescence Microscopy Facility, Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB) and University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Aude Thiriot
- Department of Immunology and HMS Center for Immune Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Klaus Heger
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Katrin Kierdorf
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS-Center for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Wienert
- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Pathology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich H von Andrian
- Department of Immunology and HMS Center for Immune Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Marc Schmidt-Supprian
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Claus Nerlov
- MRC Molecular Hematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Frederick Klauschen
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- Berlin Institute for the Foundation of Learning and Data (BIFOLD) and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Axel Roers
- Institute for Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc Bajénoff
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Dominic Grün
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-Based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz Centre for infection Research (HZI), Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tim Lämmermann
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.
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5
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Zink A, Zenke S, Wiese T, Beyersdorf N, Lämmermann T, Rohr JC. Analyzing trogocytosis of T lymphocytes by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:102013. [PMID: 36638014 PMCID: PMC9852653 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.102013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we present a protocol to examine the mechanisms underlying the intercellular transfer of transmembrane molecules, termed trogocytosis, and the fate of transferred molecules. We describe the steps needed from T lymphocyte isolation, via co-culture with cells expressing the ligand of interest, to cell harvest and subsequent staining for flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Furthermore, we showcase critical parameters and pitfalls, which allow easy adaptation of the protocol to investigate trogocytosis of various cell surface receptors in different cell types. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Zink and Rohr.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Zink
- Institute of Immunodeficiency, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Simon Zenke
- Institute of Immunodeficiency, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Teresa Wiese
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Niklas Beyersdorf
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tim Lämmermann
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan C Rohr
- Institute of Immunodeficiency, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany.
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6
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Schönberger K, Mitterer M, Glaser K, Stecher M, Hobitz S, Schain-Zota D, Schuldes K, Lämmermann T, Rambold AS, Cabezas-Wallscheid N, Buescher JM. LC-MS-Based Targeted Metabolomics for FACS-Purified Rare Cells. Anal Chem 2023; 95:4325-4334. [PMID: 36812587 PMCID: PMC9996616 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Metabolism plays a fundamental role in regulating cellular functions and fate decisions. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based targeted metabolomic approaches provide high-resolution insights into the metabolic state of a cell. However, the typical sample size is in the order of 105-107 cells and thus not compatible with rare cell populations, especially in the case of a prior flow cytometry-based purification step. Here, we present a comprehensively optimized protocol for targeted metabolomics on rare cell types, such as hematopoietic stem cells and mast cells. Only 5000 cells per sample are required to detect up to 80 metabolites above background. The use of regular-flow liquid chromatography allows for robust data acquisition, and the omission of drying or chemical derivatization avoids potential sources of error. Cell-type-specific differences are preserved while the addition of internal standards, generation of relevant background control samples, and targeted metabolite with quantifiers and qualifiers ensure high data quality. This protocol could help numerous studies to gain thorough insights into cellular metabolic profiles and simultaneously reduce the number of laboratory animals and the time-consuming and costly experiments associated with rare cell-type purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Schönberger
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Immunobiology, Epigenetics and Metabolism (IMPRS-IEM), 79108 Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Mitterer
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Glaser
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Immunobiology, Epigenetics and Metabolism (IMPRS-IEM), 79108 Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Manuel Stecher
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Immunobiology, Epigenetics and Metabolism (IMPRS-MCB), 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hobitz
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Schain-Zota
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Konrad Schuldes
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tim Lämmermann
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Angelika S Rambold
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Joerg M Buescher
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
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7
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Glaser KM, Tarrant TK, Lämmermann T. Combinatorial depletions of G-protein coupled receptor kinases in immune cells identify pleiotropic and cell type-specific functions. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1039803. [DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1039803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) participate in the regulation of chemokine receptors by mediating receptor desensitization. They can be recruited to agonist-activated G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and phosphorylate their intracellular parts, which eventually blocks signal propagation and often induces receptor internalization. However, there is growing evidence that GRKs can also control cellular functions beyond GPCR regulation. Immune cells commonly express two to four members of the GRK family (GRK2, GRK3, GRK5, GRK6) simultaneously, but we have very limited knowledge about their interplay in primary immune cells. In particular, we are missing comprehensive studies comparing the role of this GRK interplay for (a) multiple GPCRs within one leukocyte type, and (b) one specific GPCR between several immune cell subsets. To address this issue, we generated mouse models of single, combinatorial and complete GRK knockouts in four primary immune cell types (neutrophils, T cells, B cells and dendritic cells) and systematically addressed the functional consequences on GPCR-controlled cell migration and tissue localization. Our study shows that combinatorial depletions of GRKs have pleiotropic and cell-type specific effects in leukocytes, many of which could not be predicted. Neutrophils lacking all four GRK family members show increased chemotactic migration responses to a wide range of GPCR ligands, whereas combinatorial GRK depletions in other immune cell types lead to pro- and anti-migratory responses. Combined depletion of GRK2 and GRK6 in T cells and B cells shows distinct functional outcomes for (a) one GPCR type in different cell types, and (b) different GPCRs in one cell type. These GPCR-type and cell-type specific effects reflect in altered lymphocyte chemotaxis in vitro and localization in vivo. Lastly, we provide evidence that complete GRK deficiency impairs dendritic cell homeostasis, which unexpectedly results from defective dendritic cell differentiation and maturation in vitro and in vivo. Together, our findings demonstrate the complexity of GRK functions in immune cells, which go beyond GPCR desensitization in specific leukocyte types. Furthermore, they highlight the need for studying GRK functions in primary immune cells to address their specific roles in each leukocyte subset.
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8
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Georgantzoglou A, Poplimont H, Walker HA, Lämmermann T, Sarris M. A two-step search and run response to gradients shapes leukocyte navigation in vivo. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213303. [PMID: 35731205 PMCID: PMC9225946 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202103207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Migrating cells must interpret chemical gradients to guide themselves within tissues. A long-held principle is that gradients guide cells via reorientation of leading-edge protrusions. However, recent evidence indicates that protrusions can be dispensable for locomotion in some contexts, raising questions about how cells interpret endogenous gradients in vivo and whether other mechanisms are involved. Using laser wound assays in zebrafish to elicit acute endogenous gradients and quantitative analyses, we demonstrate a two-stage process for leukocyte chemotaxis in vivo: first a “search” phase, with stimulation of actin networks at the leading edge, cell deceleration, and turning. This is followed by a “run” phase, with fast actin flows, cell acceleration, and persistence. When actin dynamics are perturbed, cells fail to resolve the gradient, suggesting that pure spatial sensing of the gradient is insufficient for navigation. Our data suggest that cell contractility and actin flows provide memory for temporal sensing, while expansion of the leading edge serves to enhance gradient sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Georgantzoglou
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing Site, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hugo Poplimont
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing Site, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hazel A Walker
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing Site, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tim Lämmermann
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Milka Sarris
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing Site, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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9
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Abstract
Successful immune responses depend on the spatiotemporal coordination of immune cell migration, interactions, and effector functions in lymphoid and parenchymal tissues. Real-time intravital microscopy has revolutionized our understanding of the dynamic behavior of many immune cell types in the living tissues of several species. Observing immune cells in their native environment has revealed many unanticipated facets of their biology, which were not expected from experiments outside a living organism. Here we highlight both classic and more recent examples of surprising discoveries that critically relied on the use of live in vivo imaging. In particular, we focus on five major cell types of the innate immune response (macrophages, microglia, neutrophils, dendritic cells, and mast cells), and how studying their dynamics in mouse tissues has helped us advance our current knowledge of immune cell-mediated tissue homeostasis, host defense, and inflammation. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology Volume 38 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mihlan
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Shima Safaiyan
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Manuel Stecher
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany; .,International Max Planck Research School for Immunobiology, Epigenetics and Metabolism (IMPRS-IEM), Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Neil Paterson
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany; .,International Max Planck Research School for Immunobiology, Epigenetics and Metabolism (IMPRS-IEM), Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tim Lämmermann
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany;
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10
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Mihlan M, Glaser KM, Epple MW, Lämmermann T. Neutrophils: Amoeboid Migration and Swarming Dynamics in Tissues. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:871789. [PMID: 35478973 PMCID: PMC9038224 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.871789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are key cells of our innate immune response with essential roles for eliminating bacteria and fungi from tissues. They are also the prototype of an amoeboid migrating leukocyte. As one of the first blood-recruited immune cell types during inflammation and infection, these cells can invade almost any tissue compartment. Once in the tissue, neutrophils undergo rapid shape changes and migrate at speeds higher than most other immune cells. They move in a substrate-independent manner in interstitial spaces and do not follow predetermined tissue paths. Instead, neutrophil navigation is largely shaped by the chemokine and chemoattractant milieu around them. This highlights the decisive role of attractant-sensing G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and downstream molecular pathways for controlling amoeboid neutrophil movement in tissues. A diverse repertoire of cell-surface expressed GPCRs makes neutrophils the perfect sentinel cell type to sense and detect danger-associated signals released from wounds, inflamed interstitium, dying cells, complement factors or directly from tissue-invading microbes. Moreover, neutrophils release attractants themselves, which allows communication and coordination between individual cells of a neutrophil population. GPCR-mediated positive feedback mechanisms were shown to underlie neutrophil swarming, a population response that amplifies the recruitment of amoeboid migrating neutrophils to sites of tissue injury and infection. Here we discuss recent findings and current concepts that counteract excessive neutrophil accumulation and swarm formation. In particular, we will focus on negative feedback control mechanisms that terminate neutrophil swarming to maintain the delicate balance between tissue surveillance, host protection and tissue destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mihlan
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katharina M. Glaser
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Immunobiology, Epigenetics and Metabolism (IMPRS-IEM), Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian W. Epple
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Immunobiology, Epigenetics and Metabolism (IMPRS-IEM), Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tim Lämmermann
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Tim Lämmermann,
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11
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Abstract
Macrophages are key immune cells with important roles for tissue surveillance in almost all mammalian organs. Cellular networks made up of many individual macrophages allow for optimal removal of dead cell material and pathogens in tissues. However, the critical determinants that underlie these population responses have not been systematically studied. Here, we investigated how cell shape and the motility of individual cells influences macrophage network responses in 3D culture settings and in mouse tissues. We show that surveying macrophage populations can tolerate lowered actomyosin contractility, but cannot easily compensate for a lack of integrin-mediated adhesion. Although integrins were dispensable for macrophage chemotactic responses, they were crucial to control cell movement and protrusiveness for optimal surveillance by a macrophage population. Our study reveals that β1 integrins are important for maintaining macrophage shape and network sampling efficiency in mammalian tissues, and sets macrophage motility strategies apart from the integrin-independent 3D migration modes of many other immune cell subsets. Macrophages are immune cells in the body that remove dying cells and debris from tissues. They live in almost all the body’s organs, surveilling for signs of infection and destroying microbes. They also migrate to wound sites, where they can eliminate foreign particles and stop microbes from entering the body. To perform their surveillance role, macrophages need to work together as a team. They form a network, coordinating their movements to optimise the removal of particles and dead cells. How this happens is something of a mystery. As individuals, cells travel through tissues using a balance of several activities: they change their shape, they contract and relax, and they grab hold of their surroundings using proteins called integrins. It is thought that the choice between these types of movement may affect the rest of the network. To investigate, Paterson and Lämmermann genetically engineered mouse macrophages grown in the laboratory so they would not produce working integrins. These macrophages were able to contract and relax, but they could not attach to the proteins in the structures they were exploring. Paterson and Lämmermann then placed these macrophages in gels studded with proteins that mimic a biological matrix to observe their behaviour. When these macrophages were exposed to the chemicals that indicate the presence of a wound, they moved normally, changing shape and contracting and relaxing. Paterson and Lämmermann confirmed this normal behaviour for macrophages moving to sites of injuries in the tissue of living mice. However, when it came to surveillance, the macrophages’ abilities were seriously diminished, and they were unable to form an effective network to take up particles and dead cells. This work sheds light on how the movement of individual cells affects the entire immune surveillance network. A deeper understanding could lead to new insights into how to prevent inflammation. The next step is to map macrophage networks in healthy and diseased tissues to understand how cell movement affects surveillance under different conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Paterson
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Immunobiology, Epigenetics and Metabolism (IMPRS-IEM), Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tim Lämmermann
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
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12
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Mossad O, Nent E, Woltemate S, Folschweiller S, Buescher JM, Schnepf D, Erny D, Staeheli P, Bartos M, Szalay A, Stecher B, Vital M, Sauer JF, Lämmermann T, Prinz M, Blank T. Microbiota-dependent increase in δ-valerobetaine alters neuronal function and is responsible for age-related cognitive decline. Nat Aging 2021; 1:1127-1136. [PMID: 37117525 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-021-00141-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the physiological origins of age-related cognitive decline is of critical importance given the rising age of the world's population1. Previous work in animal models has established a strong link between cognitive performance and the microbiota2-5, and it is known that the microbiome undergoes profound remodeling in older adults6. Despite growing evidence for the association between age-related cognitive decline and changes in the gut microbiome, the mechanisms underlying such interactions between the brain and the gut are poorly understood. Here, using fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), we demonstrate that age-related remodeling of the gut microbiota leads to decline in cognitive function in mice and that this impairment can be rescued by transplantation of microbiota from young animals. Moreover, using a metabolomic approach, we found elevated concentrations of δ-valerobetaine, a gut microbiota-derived metabolite, in the blood and brain of aged mice and older adults. We then demonstrated that δ-valerobetaine is deleterious to learning and memory processes in mice. At the neuronal level, we showed that δ-valerobetaine modulates inhibitory synaptic transmission and neuronal network activity. Finally, we identified specific bacterial taxa that significantly correlate with δ-valerobetaine levels in the brain. Based on our findings, we propose that δ-valerobetaine contributes to microbiota-driven brain aging and that the associated mechanisms represent a promising target for countering age-related cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Mossad
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Elisa Nent
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Woltemate
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Shani Folschweiller
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Physiology I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Joerg M Buescher
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Schnepf
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Erny
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Berta-Ottenstein-Programme, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Staeheli
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Berta-Ottenstein-Programme, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marlene Bartos
- Institute of Physiology I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Bärbel Stecher
- Max-von-Pettenkofer Institute, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marius Vital
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jonas F Sauer
- Institute of Physiology I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tim Lämmermann
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for NeuroModulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Blank
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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13
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Glaser KM, Mihlan M, Lämmermann T. Positive feedback amplification in swarming immune cell populations. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2021; 72:156-162. [PMID: 34500367 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2021.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Several immune cell types (neutrophils, eosinophils, T cells, and innate-like lymphocytes) display coordinated migration patterns when a population, formed of individually responding cells, moves through inflamed or infected tissues. "Swarming" refers to the process in which a population of migrating leukocytes switches from random motility to highly directed chemotaxis to form local cell clusters. Positive feedback amplification underlies this behavior and results from intercellular communication in the immune cell population. We here highlight recent findings on neutrophil swarming from mouse models, zebrafish larvae, and in vitro platforms for human cells, which together advanced our understanding of the principles and molecular mechanisms that shape immune cell swarming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina M Glaser
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for Immunobiology, Epigenetics and Metabolism (IMPRS-IEM), Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Mihlan
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tim Lämmermann
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.
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14
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Barkaway A, Rolas L, Joulia R, Bodkin J, Lenn T, Owen-Woods C, Reglero-Real N, Stein M, Vázquez-Martínez L, Girbl T, Poston RN, Golding M, Saleeb RS, Thiriot A, von Andrian UH, Duchene J, Voisin MB, Bishop CL, Voehringer D, Roers A, Rot A, Lämmermann T, Nourshargh S. Age-related changes in the local milieu of inflamed tissues cause aberrant neutrophil trafficking and subsequent remote organ damage. Immunity 2021; 54:1494-1510.e7. [PMID: 34033752 PMCID: PMC8284598 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with dysregulated immune functions. Here, we investigated the impact of age on neutrophil diapedesis. Using confocal intravital microscopy, we found that in aged mice, neutrophils adhered to vascular endothelium in inflamed tissues but exhibited a high frequency of reverse transendothelial migration (rTEM). This retrograde breaching of the endothelium by neutrophils was governed by enhanced production of the chemokine CXCL1 from mast cells that localized at endothelial cell (EC) junctions. Increased EC expression of the atypical chemokine receptor 1 (ACKR1) supported this pro-inflammatory milieu in aged venules. Accumulation of CXCL1 caused desensitization of the chemokine receptor CXCR2 on neutrophils and loss of neutrophil directional motility within EC junctions. Fluorescent tracking revealed that in aged mice, neutrophils undergoing rTEM re-entered the circulation and disseminated to the lungs where they caused vascular leakage. Thus, neutrophils stemming from a local inflammatory site contribute to remote organ damage, with implication to the dysregulated systemic inflammation associated with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Barkaway
- Centre for Microvascular Research, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Loïc Rolas
- Centre for Microvascular Research, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Régis Joulia
- Centre for Microvascular Research, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Jennifer Bodkin
- Centre for Microvascular Research, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Tchern Lenn
- Centre for Microvascular Research, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Charlotte Owen-Woods
- Centre for Microvascular Research, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Natalia Reglero-Real
- Centre for Microvascular Research, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Monja Stein
- Centre for Microvascular Research, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Laura Vázquez-Martínez
- Centre for Microvascular Research, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Tamara Girbl
- Centre for Microvascular Research, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Robin N Poston
- Centre for Microvascular Research, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Matthew Golding
- Centre for Microvascular Research, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Rebecca S Saleeb
- Centre for Microvascular Research, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Aude Thiriot
- Department of Immunology and HMS Center for Immune Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, MA 02115, USA; The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Ulrich H von Andrian
- Department of Immunology and HMS Center for Immune Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, MA 02115, USA; The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Johan Duchene
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximillians-Universität (LMU) München, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Mathieu-Benoit Voisin
- Centre for Microvascular Research, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Cleo L Bishop
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - David Voehringer
- Department of Infection Biology, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Axel Roers
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Antal Rot
- Centre for Microvascular Research, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; Centre for Inflammation and Therapeutic Innovation, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Tim Lämmermann
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sussan Nourshargh
- Centre for Microvascular Research, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; Centre for Inflammation and Therapeutic Innovation, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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15
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Kienle K, Glaser KM, Eickhoff S, Mihlan M, Knöpper K, Reátegui E, Epple MW, Gunzer M, Baumeister R, Tarrant TK, Germain RN, Irimia D, Kastenmüller W, Lämmermann T. Neutrophils self-limit swarming to contain bacterial growth in vivo. Science 2021; 372:372/6548/eabe7729. [PMID: 34140358 DOI: 10.1126/science.abe7729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils communicate with each other to form swarms in infected organs. Coordination of this population response is critical for the elimination of bacteria and fungi. Using transgenic mice, we found that neutrophils have evolved an intrinsic mechanism to self-limit swarming and avoid uncontrolled aggregation during inflammation. G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) desensitization acts as a negative feedback control to stop migration of neutrophils when they sense high concentrations of self-secreted attractants that initially amplify swarming. Interference with this process allows neutrophils to scan larger tissue areas for microbes. Unexpectedly, this does not benefit bacterial clearance as containment of proliferating bacteria by neutrophil clusters becomes impeded. Our data reveal how autosignaling stops self-organized swarming behavior and how the finely tuned balance of neutrophil chemotaxis and arrest counteracts bacterial escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korbinian Kienle
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Immunobiology, Epigenetics and Metabolism (IMPRS-IEM), Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katharina M Glaser
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Immunobiology, Epigenetics and Metabolism (IMPRS-IEM), Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Eickhoff
- Institute of Systems Immunology, University of Würzburg, Max Planck Research Group, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Mihlan
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Konrad Knöpper
- Institute of Systems Immunology, University of Würzburg, Max Planck Research Group, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eduardo Reátegui
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA.,William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Maximilian W Epple
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Immunobiology, Epigenetics and Metabolism (IMPRS-IEM), Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Gunzer
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ralf Baumeister
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Centre for Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Teresa K Tarrant
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ronald N Germain
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel Irimia
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wolfgang Kastenmüller
- Institute of Systems Immunology, University of Würzburg, Max Planck Research Group, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tim Lämmermann
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.
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16
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Groß M, Speckmann C, May A, Gajardo-Carrasco T, Wustrau K, Maier SL, Panning M, Huzly D, Agaimy A, Bryceson YT, Choo S, Chow CW, Dückers G, Fasth A, Fraitag S, Gräwe K, Haxelmans S, Holzinger D, Hudowenz O, Hübschen JM, Khurana C, Kienle K, Klifa R, Korn K, Kutzner H, Lämmermann T, Ledig S, Lipsker D, Meeths M, Naumann-Bartsch N, Rascon J, Schänzer A, Seidl M, Tesi B, Vauloup-Fellous C, Vollmer-Kary B, Warnatz K, Wehr C, Neven B, Vargas P, Sepulveda FE, Lehmberg K, Schmitt-Graeff A, Ehl S. Rubella vaccine-induced granulomas are a novel phenotype with incomplete penetrance of genetic defects in cytotoxicity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 149:388-399.e4. [PMID: 34033843 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rubella virus-induced granulomas have been described in patients with various inborn errors of immunity. Most defects impair T-cell immunity, suggesting a critical role of T cells in rubella elimination. However, the molecular mechanism of virus control remains elusive. OBJECTIVE This study sought to understand the defective effector mechanism allowing rubella vaccine virus persistence in granulomas. METHODS Starting from an index case with Griscelli syndrome type 2 and rubella skin granulomas, this study combined an international survey with a literature search to identify patients with cytotoxicity defects and granuloma. The investigators performed rubella virus immunohistochemistry and PCR and T-cell migration assays. RESULTS This study identified 21 patients with various genetically confirmed cytotoxicity defects, who presented with skin and visceral granulomas. Rubella virus was demonstrated in all 12 accessible biopsies. Granuloma onset was typically before 2 years of age and lesions persisted from months to years. Granulomas were particularly frequent in MUNC13-4 and RAB27A deficiency, where 50% of patients at risk were affected. Although these proteins have also been implicated in lymphocyte migration, 3-dimensional migration assays revealed no evidence of impaired migration of patient T cells. Notably, patients showed no evidence of reduced control of concomitantly given measles, mumps, or varicella live-attenuated vaccine or severe infections with other viruses. CONCLUSIONS This study identified lymphocyte cytotoxicity as a key effector mechanism for control of rubella vaccine virus, without evidence for its need in control of live measles, mumps, or varicella vaccines. Rubella vaccine-induced granulomas are a novel phenotype with incomplete penetrance of genetic disorders of cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Groß
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Speckmann
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Annette May
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tania Gajardo-Carrasco
- Molecular Basis of Altered Immune Homeostasis Laboratory, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unite Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1163, Paris, France; Imagine Institute, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Katharina Wustrau
- Division of Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Lena Maier
- Division of Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Panning
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Huzly
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Abbas Agaimy
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yenan T Bryceson
- Department of Medicine, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sharon Choo
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - C W Chow
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gregor Dückers
- Helios Klinikum Krefeld, Zentrum für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Anders Fasth
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sylvie Fraitag
- Department of Pathology, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Katja Gräwe
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Dirk Holzinger
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ole Hudowenz
- Department of Rheumatology, Immunology, Osteology, and Physical Medicine, Campus Kerckhoff of Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Judith M Hübschen
- World Health Organization European Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Department of Infection and Immunity, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Claudia Khurana
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Children's Center Bethel, University Hospital Ostwestfalen-Lippe (OWL)/University Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Korbinian Kienle
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roman Klifa
- Immunology and Pediatric Hematology Department, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AH-PH), Paris, France
| | - Klaus Korn
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Tim Lämmermann
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Svea Ledig
- Division of Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dan Lipsker
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg and Clinique Dermatologique, Hôpitaux Universitaires, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marie Meeths
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Theme of Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nora Naumann-Bartsch
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jelena Rascon
- Center for Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania; Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Anne Schänzer
- Institute of Neuropathology, Justus Liebig University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Seidl
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Institute of Pathology, Heinrich Heine University and University Hospital of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bianca Tesi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Laboratory, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christelle Vauloup-Fellous
- AP-HP, Hôpital Paul-Brousse, Department of Virology, World Health Organization Rubella National Reference Laboratory, Groupe de Recherche sur les Infections pendant la Grossesse, University Paris Saclay, INSERM U1193, Villejuif, France
| | - Beate Vollmer-Kary
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Warnatz
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Wehr
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Medicine I, Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bénédicte Neven
- Imagine Institute, Université de Paris, Paris, France; Pediatric Hematology-Immunology and Rheumatology Department, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France; Laboratory of Immunogenetics of Pediatric Autoimmunity, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Pablo Vargas
- Institut Curie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 144 and Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, and INSERM U932 Immunité et Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, France
| | - Fernando E Sepulveda
- Molecular Basis of Altered Immune Homeostasis Laboratory, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unite Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1163, Paris, France; Imagine Institute, Université de Paris, Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
| | - Kai Lehmberg
- Division of Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Annette Schmitt-Graeff
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Ehl
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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17
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Arasa J, Collado-Diaz V, Kritikos I, Medina-Sanchez JD, Friess MC, Sigmund EC, Schineis P, Hunter MC, Tacconi C, Paterson N, Nagasawa T, Kiefer F, Makinen T, Detmar M, Moser M, Lämmermann T, Halin C. Upregulation of VCAM-1 in lymphatic collectors supports dendritic cell entry and rapid migration to lymph nodes in inflammation. J Exp Med 2021; 218:212103. [PMID: 33988714 PMCID: PMC8129804 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) migration to draining lymph nodes (dLNs) is a slow process that is believed to begin with DCs approaching and entering into afferent lymphatic capillaries. From capillaries, DCs slowly crawl into lymphatic collectors, where lymph flow induced by collector contraction supports DC detachment and thereafter rapid, passive transport to dLNs. Performing a transcriptomics analysis of dermal endothelial cells, we found that inflammation induces the degradation of the basement membrane (BM) surrounding lymphatic collectors and preferential up-regulation of the DC trafficking molecule VCAM-1 in collectors. In crawl-in experiments performed in ear skin explants, DCs entered collectors in a CCR7- and β1 integrin–dependent manner. In vivo, loss of β1-integrins in DCs or of VCAM-1 in lymphatic collectors had the greatest impact on DC migration to dLNs at early time points when migration kinetics favor the accumulation of rapidly migrating collector DCs rather than slower capillary DCs. Taken together, our findings identify collector entry as a critical mechanism enabling rapid DC migration to dLNs in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Arasa
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Ioannis Kritikos
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Philipp Schineis
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Carlotta Tacconi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Neil Paterson
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Immunobiology, Epigenetics and Metabolism, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Takashi Nagasawa
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Immunology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Friedemann Kiefer
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany.,European Institute for Molecular Imaging, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Taija Makinen
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael Detmar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Moser
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Hematology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tim Lämmermann
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Halin
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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18
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Walters N, Zhang J, Rima XY, Nguyen LTH, Germain RN, Lämmermann T, Reátegui E. Analyzing Inter-Leukocyte Communication and Migration In Vitro: Neutrophils Play an Essential Role in Monocyte Activation During Swarming. Front Immunol 2021; 12:671546. [PMID: 34054848 PMCID: PMC8152805 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.671546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are known to be the first responders to infection or injury. However, as inflammation progresses, other leukocytes become increasingly important in inflammation propagation, tissue reconstruction, and inflammation resolution. In recent years, there has been an increase in publications that analyze neutrophil behavior in vitro, but there remains a gap in the literature for in vitro technologies that enable quantitatively measuring interactions between different types of human leukocytes. Here, we used an in vitro platform that mimics inflammation by inducing neutrophil swarming to analyze the behavior of various leukocytes in a swarming setting. Using human peripheral blood leukocytes isolated directly from whole blood, we found that myeloid cells and lymphoid cells had different migratory behaviors. Myeloid cells, which are predominately neutrophils, exhibited swarming behavior. This behavior was not seen with lymphoid cells. We perturbed the peripheral blood leukocyte system by adding exogenous leukotriene B4 (LTB4) to the medium. Notably, only the myeloid cell compartment was significantly changed by the addition of LTB4. Additionally, LTB4 had no significant impact on myeloid cell migration during the recruitment phase of swarming. To further investigate the myeloid cell compartment, we isolated neutrophils and monocytes to analyze their interaction on the platform. We found that neutrophils increase monocyte migration toward the bioparticle clusters, as measured through speed, chemotactic index, track straightness, and swarm size. These results were confirmed with in vivo mouse experiments, where monocyte accumulation only occurred when neutrophils were present. Additionally, we found that both neutrophils and monocytes release the monocyte chemoattractant proteins CCL2 and CCL3 in the presence of Staphylococcus aureus bioparticles. Furthermore, extracellular vesicles from swarming neutrophils caused monocyte activation. These findings suggest that neutrophils play an essential role in the onset of inflammation not only by sealing off the site of infection or injury, but also by recruiting additional leukocytes to the site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Walters
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Xilal Y Rima
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Luong T H Nguyen
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ronald N Germain
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Tim Lämmermann
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eduardo Reátegui
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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19
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Abstract
In contrast to lymph nodes, the lymphoid regions of the spleen-the white pulp-are located deep within the organ, yielding the trafficking paths of T cells in the white pulp largely invisible. In an intravital microscopy tour de force reported in this issue of Immunity, Chauveau et al. show that T cells perform unidirectional, perivascular migration through the enigmatic marginal zone bridging channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sixt
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria.
| | - Tim Lämmermann
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.
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20
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Lämmermann T, Kastenmüller W. Concepts of GPCR-controlled navigation in the immune system. Immunol Rev 2020; 289:205-231. [PMID: 30977203 PMCID: PMC6487968 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
G‐protein–coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling is essential for the spatiotemporal control of leukocyte dynamics during immune responses. For efficient navigation through mammalian tissues, most leukocyte types express more than one GPCR on their surface and sense a wide range of chemokines and chemoattractants, leading to basic forms of leukocyte movement (chemokinesis, haptokinesis, chemotaxis, haptotaxis, and chemorepulsion). How leukocytes integrate multiple GPCR signals and make directional decisions in lymphoid and inflamed tissues is still subject of intense research. Many of our concepts on GPCR‐controlled leukocyte navigation in the presence of multiple GPCR signals derive from in vitro chemotaxis studies and lower vertebrates. In this review, we refer to these concepts and critically contemplate their relevance for the directional movement of several leukocyte subsets (neutrophils, T cells, and dendritic cells) in the complexity of mouse tissues. We discuss how leukocyte navigation can be regulated at the level of only a single GPCR (surface expression, competitive antagonism, oligomerization, homologous desensitization, and receptor internalization) or multiple GPCRs (synergy, hierarchical and non‐hierarchical competition, sequential signaling, heterologous desensitization, and agonist scavenging). In particular, we will highlight recent advances in understanding GPCR‐controlled leukocyte navigation by intravital microscopy of immune cells in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Lämmermann
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
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21
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Mauler M, Herr N, Schoenichen C, Witsch T, Marchini T, Härdtner C, Koentges C, Kienle K, Ollivier V, Schell M, Dorner L, Wippel C, Stallmann D, Normann C, Bugger H, Walther P, Wolf D, Ahrens I, Lämmermann T, Ho-Tin-Noé B, Ley K, Bode C, Hilgendorf I, Duerschmied D. Platelet Serotonin Aggravates Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury via Neutrophil Degranulation. Circulation 2019; 139:918-931. [PMID: 30586717 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.118.033942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelets store large amounts of serotonin that they release during thrombus formation or acute inflammation. This facilitates hemostasis and modulates the inflammatory response. METHODS Infarct size, heart function, and inflammatory cell composition were analyzed in mouse models of myocardial reperfusion injury with genetic and pharmacological depletion of platelet serotonin. These studies were complemented by in vitro serotonin stimulation assays of platelets and leukocytes in mice and men, and by measuring plasma serotonin levels and leukocyte activation in patients with acute coronary syndrome. RESULTS Platelet-derived serotonin induced neutrophil degranulation with release of myeloperoxidase and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and increased expression of membrane-bound leukocyte adhesion molecule CD11b, leading to enhanced inflammation in the infarct area and reduced myocardial salvage. In patients hospitalized with acute coronary syndrome, plasmatic serotonin levels correlated with CD11b expression on neutrophils and myeloperoxidase plasma levels. Long-term serotonin reuptake inhibition-reported to protect patients with depression from cardiovascular events-resulted in the depletion of platelet serotonin stores in mice. These mice displayed a reduction in neutrophil degranulation and preserved cardiac function. In line, patients with depression using serotonin reuptake inhibition, presented with suppressed levels of CD11b surface expression on neutrophils and lower myeloperoxidase levels in blood. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, we identify serotonin as a potent therapeutic target in neutrophil-dependent thromboinflammation during myocardial reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Mauler
- Faculty of Biology (M.M., K.K.), University of Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine (M.M., N.H., C.S., T.W., T.M., C.H., C.K., M.S., L.D., C.W., D.S., C.N., H.B., D.W., C.B., I.H., D.D.), University of Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center (M.M., N.H., C.S., T.M., C.H., C.K., M.S., L.D., C.W., D.S., H.B., D.W., I.A., C.B., I.H., D.D.), University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nadine Herr
- Faculty of Medicine (M.M., N.H., C.S., T.W., T.M., C.H., C.K., M.S., L.D., C.W., D.S., C.N., H.B., D.W., C.B., I.H., D.D.), University of Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center (M.M., N.H., C.S., T.M., C.H., C.K., M.S., L.D., C.W., D.S., H.B., D.W., I.A., C.B., I.H., D.D.), University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Schoenichen
- Faculty of Medicine (M.M., N.H., C.S., T.W., T.M., C.H., C.K., M.S., L.D., C.W., D.S., C.N., H.B., D.W., C.B., I.H., D.D.), University of Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center (M.M., N.H., C.S., T.M., C.H., C.K., M.S., L.D., C.W., D.S., H.B., D.W., I.A., C.B., I.H., D.D.), University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thilo Witsch
- Faculty of Medicine (M.M., N.H., C.S., T.W., T.M., C.H., C.K., M.S., L.D., C.W., D.S., C.N., H.B., D.W., C.B., I.H., D.D.), University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Timoteo Marchini
- Faculty of Medicine (M.M., N.H., C.S., T.W., T.M., C.H., C.K., M.S., L.D., C.W., D.S., C.N., H.B., D.W., C.B., I.H., D.D.), University of Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center (M.M., N.H., C.S., T.M., C.H., C.K., M.S., L.D., C.W., D.S., H.B., D.W., I.A., C.B., I.H., D.D.), University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carmen Härdtner
- Faculty of Medicine (M.M., N.H., C.S., T.W., T.M., C.H., C.K., M.S., L.D., C.W., D.S., C.N., H.B., D.W., C.B., I.H., D.D.), University of Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center (M.M., N.H., C.S., T.M., C.H., C.K., M.S., L.D., C.W., D.S., H.B., D.W., I.A., C.B., I.H., D.D.), University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Koentges
- Faculty of Medicine (M.M., N.H., C.S., T.W., T.M., C.H., C.K., M.S., L.D., C.W., D.S., C.N., H.B., D.W., C.B., I.H., D.D.), University of Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center (M.M., N.H., C.S., T.M., C.H., C.K., M.S., L.D., C.W., D.S., H.B., D.W., I.A., C.B., I.H., D.D.), University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Korbinian Kienle
- Faculty of Biology (M.M., K.K.), University of Freiburg, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Group Immune Cell Dynamics (K.K., T.L.), Germany
| | - Véronique Ollivier
- INSERM Unit 1148, University Paris Diderot (V.O., B.H-T-N.), France.,Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, Sorbonne Paris Cité (V.O., B.H-T-N.), France
| | - Maximilian Schell
- Faculty of Medicine (M.M., N.H., C.S., T.W., T.M., C.H., C.K., M.S., L.D., C.W., D.S., C.N., H.B., D.W., C.B., I.H., D.D.), University of Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center (M.M., N.H., C.S., T.M., C.H., C.K., M.S., L.D., C.W., D.S., H.B., D.W., I.A., C.B., I.H., D.D.), University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ludwig Dorner
- Faculty of Medicine (M.M., N.H., C.S., T.W., T.M., C.H., C.K., M.S., L.D., C.W., D.S., C.N., H.B., D.W., C.B., I.H., D.D.), University of Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center (M.M., N.H., C.S., T.M., C.H., C.K., M.S., L.D., C.W., D.S., H.B., D.W., I.A., C.B., I.H., D.D.), University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christopher Wippel
- Faculty of Medicine (M.M., N.H., C.S., T.W., T.M., C.H., C.K., M.S., L.D., C.W., D.S., C.N., H.B., D.W., C.B., I.H., D.D.), University of Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center (M.M., N.H., C.S., T.M., C.H., C.K., M.S., L.D., C.W., D.S., H.B., D.W., I.A., C.B., I.H., D.D.), University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Stallmann
- Faculty of Medicine (M.M., N.H., C.S., T.W., T.M., C.H., C.K., M.S., L.D., C.W., D.S., C.N., H.B., D.W., C.B., I.H., D.D.), University of Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center (M.M., N.H., C.S., T.M., C.H., C.K., M.S., L.D., C.W., D.S., H.B., D.W., I.A., C.B., I.H., D.D.), University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Claus Normann
- Faculty of Medicine (M.M., N.H., C.S., T.W., T.M., C.H., C.K., M.S., L.D., C.W., D.S., C.N., H.B., D.W., C.B., I.H., D.D.), University of Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Freiburg (C.N.), Germany
| | - Heiko Bugger
- Faculty of Medicine (M.M., N.H., C.S., T.W., T.M., C.H., C.K., M.S., L.D., C.W., D.S., C.N., H.B., D.W., C.B., I.H., D.D.), University of Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center (M.M., N.H., C.S., T.M., C.H., C.K., M.S., L.D., C.W., D.S., H.B., D.W., I.A., C.B., I.H., D.D.), University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Paul Walther
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University; Ulm, Germany (P.W.)
| | - Dennis Wolf
- Faculty of Medicine (M.M., N.H., C.S., T.W., T.M., C.H., C.K., M.S., L.D., C.W., D.S., C.N., H.B., D.W., C.B., I.H., D.D.), University of Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center (M.M., N.H., C.S., T.M., C.H., C.K., M.S., L.D., C.W., D.S., H.B., D.W., I.A., C.B., I.H., D.D.), University of Freiburg, Germany.,La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA (D.W., K.L.)
| | - Ingo Ahrens
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center (M.M., N.H., C.S., T.M., C.H., C.K., M.S., L.D., C.W., D.S., H.B., D.W., I.A., C.B., I.H., D.D.), University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tim Lämmermann
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Group Immune Cell Dynamics (K.K., T.L.), Germany
| | - Benoît Ho-Tin-Noé
- INSERM Unit 1148, University Paris Diderot (V.O., B.H-T-N.), France.,Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, Sorbonne Paris Cité (V.O., B.H-T-N.), France
| | - Klaus Ley
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA (D.W., K.L.)
| | - Christoph Bode
- Faculty of Medicine (M.M., N.H., C.S., T.W., T.M., C.H., C.K., M.S., L.D., C.W., D.S., C.N., H.B., D.W., C.B., I.H., D.D.), University of Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center (M.M., N.H., C.S., T.M., C.H., C.K., M.S., L.D., C.W., D.S., H.B., D.W., I.A., C.B., I.H., D.D.), University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Hilgendorf
- Faculty of Medicine (M.M., N.H., C.S., T.W., T.M., C.H., C.K., M.S., L.D., C.W., D.S., C.N., H.B., D.W., C.B., I.H., D.D.), University of Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center (M.M., N.H., C.S., T.M., C.H., C.K., M.S., L.D., C.W., D.S., H.B., D.W., I.A., C.B., I.H., D.D.), University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Duerschmied
- Faculty of Medicine (M.M., N.H., C.S., T.W., T.M., C.H., C.K., M.S., L.D., C.W., D.S., C.N., H.B., D.W., C.B., I.H., D.D.), University of Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center (M.M., N.H., C.S., T.M., C.H., C.K., M.S., L.D., C.W., D.S., H.B., D.W., I.A., C.B., I.H., D.D.), University of Freiburg, Germany
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22
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Abstract
The idea that anucleate platelets display autonomous migration has long been viewed with skepticism. Gaertner et al. provide in vivo evidence that platelets undergo active migration at sites of thrombus formation and in inflamed liver sinusoids. Integrin-dependent migration allows platelets to scavenge and bundle fibrin-bound material, including intravascular bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Bambach
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Group Immune Cell Dynamics, Freiburg, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular Biology (IMPRS-MCB), Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tim Lämmermann
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Group Immune Cell Dynamics, Freiburg, Germany.
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23
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Uderhardt S, Martins AJ, Tsang JS, Lämmermann T, Germain RN. Resident Macrophages Cloak Tissue Microlesions to Prevent Neutrophil-Driven Inflammatory Damage. Cell 2019; 177:541-555.e17. [PMID: 30955887 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are attracted to and generate dense swarms at sites of cell damage in diverse tissues, often extending the local disruption of organ architecture produced by the initial insult. Whether the inflammatory damage resulting from such neutrophil accumulation is an inescapable consequence of parenchymal cell death has not been explored. Using a combination of dynamic intravital imaging and confocal multiplex microscopy, we report here that tissue-resident macrophages rapidly sense the death of individual cells and extend membrane processes that sequester the damage, a process that prevents initiation of the feedforward chemoattractant signaling cascade that results in neutrophil swarms. Through this "cloaking" mechanism, the resident macrophages prevent neutrophil-mediated inflammatory damage, maintaining tissue homeostasis in the face of local cell injury that occurs on a regular basis in many organs because of mechanical and other stresses. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Uderhardt
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Andrew J Martins
- Systems Genomics and Bioinformatics Unit, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John S Tsang
- Systems Genomics and Bioinformatics Unit, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tim Lämmermann
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Group Immune Cell Dynamics, 79108 Freibcurg, Germany
| | - Ronald N Germain
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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24
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Abstract
Neutrophil infiltration into inflamed and infected tissues is a fundamental process of the innate immune response. While neutrophil interactions with the blood vessel wall have been intensely studied over the last decades, neutrophil dynamics beyond the vasculature have for a long time remained poorly investigated. Recent intravital microscopy studies of neutrophil populations directly at the site of tissue damage or microbial invasion have changed our perspective on neutrophil responses within tissues. Swarm-like migration patterns of neutrophils, referred to as 'neutrophil swarming', have been detected in diverse tissues under conditions of sterile inflammation and infection with various pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Current work has begun to unravel the molecular pathways choreographing the sequential phases of highly coordinated chemotaxis followed by neutrophil accumulation and the formation of substantial neutrophil clusters. It is now clear that intercellular communication among neutrophils amplifies their recruitment in a feed-forward manner, which provides them with a level of self-organization during neutrophil swarming. This review will summarize recent developments and current concepts on neutrophil swarming, an important process of the neutrophil tissue response with a critical role in maintaining the balance between host protection and inflammation-driven tissue destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korbinian Kienle
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Group Immune Cell Dynamics, Freiburg, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular Biology (IMPRS-MCB), Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tim Lämmermann
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Group Immune Cell Dynamics, Freiburg, Germany
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25
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26
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Lämmermann T. In the eye of the neutrophil swarm-navigation signals that bring neutrophils together in inflamed and infected tissues. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 100:55-63. [PMID: 26416718 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1mr0915-403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are sentinel cells that express in higher vertebrates >30 chemokine and chemoattractant receptors to sense and quickly react to tissue damage signals. Intravital microscopy studies in mouse models of wounding, inflammation, and infection have revealed that neutrophils form cell swarms at local sites of tissue injury and cell death. This swarming response is choreographed by chemokines, lipids, and other chemoattractants, controlling sequential phases of highly coordinated chemotaxis, intercellular signal relay, and cluster formation among neutrophils. This review will give a brief overview about the basic principles and key molecules that have led to the refined multistep model of how neutrophils come together to isolate sites of tissue injury and microbial invasion from healthy tissue. Whereas auto- and paracrine signaling among neutrophils during later phases of swarming can provide a level of self-organization for robust navigation in diverse inflammatory settings, guidance factors from primary tissue lesions, resident bystander cells, and dying cells regulate the initial phases of the swarming response. This review will discuss how the specific environmental context and mixture of attractants at the locally inflamed site can lead to variants of the multistep attraction model and influence the extent of neutrophil swarming, ranging from accumulations of only few individual cells to the aggregation of several hundreds of neutrophils, as found in abscesses. Given the critical roles of neutrophils in both host protection and tissue destruction, novel insights on neutrophil swarming might provide useful for the therapeutic modulation of neutrophil-dependent inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Lämmermann
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
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Kong L, Tang J, Little JP, Yu Y, Lämmermann T, Lin CP, Germain RN, Cui M. Continuous volumetric imaging via an optical phase-locked ultrasound lens. Nat Methods 2015; 12:759-62. [PMID: 26167641 PMCID: PMC4551496 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.3476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In vivo imaging at high spatiotemporal resolution holds the key to the fundamental understanding of complex biological systems. Integrating an optical phase-locked ultrasound lens into a conventional two-photon fluorescence microscope, we achieved microsecond scale axial scanning, which enabled high-speed volumetric imaging. We applied this system to multicolor volumetric imaging of fast processes, including calcium dynamics in the cerebral cortex of behaving mice, and transient morphology changes and trafficking of immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjie Kong
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA
| | - Jianyong Tang
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Justin P Little
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA
| | - Yang Yu
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA
| | - Tim Lämmermann
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Charles P Lin
- 1] Center for System Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ronald N Germain
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Meng Cui
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA
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28
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Abstract
Spatiotemporal control of leukocyte dynamics within tissues is critical for successful innate and adaptive immune responses. Homeostatic trafficking and coordinated infiltration into and within sites of inflammation and infection rely on signaling in response to extracellular cues that in turn controls a variety of intracellular protein networks regulating leukocyte motility, migration, chemotaxis, positioning, and cell-cell interaction. In contrast to mesenchymal cells, leukocytes migrate in an amoeboid fashion by rapid cycles of actin polymerization and actomyosin contraction, and their migration in tissues is generally referred to as low adhesive and nonproteolytic. The interplay of actin network expansion, contraction, and adhesion shapes the exact mode of amoeboid migration, and in this review, we explore how leukocyte subsets potentially harness the same basic biomechanical mechanisms in a cell-type-specific manner. Most of our detailed understanding of these processes derives from in vitro migration studies in three-dimensional gels and confined spaces that mimic geometrical aspects of physiological tissues. We summarize these in vitro results and then critically compare them to data from intravital imaging of leukocyte interstitial migration in mouse tissues. We outline the technical challenges of obtaining conclusive mechanistic results from intravital studies, discuss leukocyte migration strategies in vivo, and present examples of mode switching during physiological interstitial migration. These findings are also placed in the context of leukocyte migration defects in primary immunodeficiencies. This overview of both in vitro and in vivo studies highlights recent progress in understanding the molecular and biophysical mechanisms that shape robust leukocyte migration responses in physiologically complex and heterogeneous environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Lämmermann
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA,
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Honda T, Egen JG, Lämmermann T, Kastenmüller W, Torabi-Parizi P, Germain RN. Tuning of antigen sensitivity by T cell receptor-dependent negative feedback controls T cell effector function in inflamed tissues. Immunity 2014; 40:235-247. [PMID: 24440150 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Activated T cells must mediate effector responses sufficiently to clear pathogens while avoiding excessive tissue damage. Here we have combined dynamic intravital microscopy with ex vivo assessments of T cell cytokine responses to generate a detailed spatiotemporal picture of CD4(+) T cell effector regulation in the skin. In response to antigen, effector T cells arrested transiently on antigen-presenting cells, briefly producing cytokine and then resuming migration. Antigen recognition led to upregulation of the programmed death-1 (PD-1) glycoprotein by T cells and blocking its canonical ligand, programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), lengthened the duration of migration arrest and cytokine production, showing that PD-1 interaction with PD-L1 is a major negative feedback regulator of antigen responsiveness. We speculate that the immune system employs T cell recruitment, transient activation, and rapid desensitization to allow the T cell response to rapidly adjust to changes in antigen presentation and minimize collateral injury to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Honda
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jackson G Egen
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tim Lämmermann
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wolfgang Kastenmüller
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Parizad Torabi-Parizi
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ronald N Germain
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Lämmermann T, Afonso PV, Angermann BR, Wang JM, Kastenmüller W, Parent CA, Germain RN. Neutrophil swarms require LTB4 and integrins at sites of cell death in vivo. Nature 2013; 498:371-5. [PMID: 23708969 DOI: 10.1038/nature12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 638] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil recruitment from blood to extravascular sites of sterile or infectious tissue damage is a hallmark of early innate immune responses, and the molecular events leading to cell exit from the bloodstream have been well defined. Once outside the vessel, individual neutrophils often show extremely coordinated chemotaxis and cluster formation reminiscent of the swarming behaviour of insects. The molecular players that direct this response at the single-cell and population levels within the complexity of an inflamed tissue are unknown. Using two-photon intravital microscopy in mouse models of sterile injury and infection, we show a critical role for intercellular signal relay among neutrophils mediated by the lipid leukotriene B4, which acutely amplifies local cell death signals to enhance the radius of highly directed interstitial neutrophil recruitment. Integrin receptors are dispensable for long-distance migration, but have a previously unappreciated role in maintaining dense cellular clusters when congregating neutrophils rearrange the collagenous fibre network of the dermis to form a collagen-free zone at the wound centre. In this newly formed environment, integrins, in concert with neutrophil-derived leukotriene B4 and other chemoattractants, promote local neutrophil interaction while forming a tight wound seal. This wound seal has borders that cease to grow in kinetic concert with late recruitment of monocytes and macrophages at the edge of the displaced collagen fibres. Together, these data provide an initial molecular map of the factors that contribute to neutrophil swarming in the extravascular space of a damaged tissue. They reveal how local events are propagated over large-range distances, and how auto-signalling produces coordinated, self-organized neutrophil-swarming behaviour that isolates the wound or infectious site from surrounding viable tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Lämmermann
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0421, USA.
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Kastenmüller W, Torabi-Parizi P, Subramanian N, Lämmermann T, Germain RN. A spatially-organized multicellular innate immune response in lymph nodes limits systemic pathogen spread. Cell 2012; 150:1235-48. [PMID: 22980983 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The lymphatic network that transports interstitial fluid and antigens to lymph nodes constitutes a conduit system that can be hijacked by invading pathogens to achieve systemic spread unless dissemination is blocked in the lymph node itself. Here, we show that a network of diverse lymphoid cells (natural killer cells, γδ T cells, natural killer T cells, and innate-like CD8+ T cells) are spatially prepositioned close to lymphatic sinus-lining sentinel macrophages where they can rapidly and efficiently receive inflammasome-generated IL-18 and additional cytokine signals from the pathogen-sensing phagocytes. This leads to rapid IFNγ secretion by the strategically positioned innate lymphocytes, fostering antimicrobial resistance in the macrophage population. Interference with this innate immune response loop allows systemic spread of lymph-borne bacteria. These findings extend our understanding of the functional significance of cellular positioning and local intercellular communication within lymph nodes while emphasizing the role of these organs as highly active locations of innate host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Kastenmüller
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Abstract
Cell migration on two-dimensional (2D) substrates follows entirely different rules than cell migration in three-dimensional (3D) environments. This is especially relevant for leukocytes that are able to migrate in the absence of adhesion receptors within the confined geometry of artificial 3D extracellular matrix scaffolds and within the interstitial space in vivo. Here, we describe in detail a simple and economical protocol to visualize dendritic cell migration in 3D collagen scaffolds along chemotactic gradients. This method can be adapted to other cell types and may serve as a physiologically relevant paradigm for the directed locomotion of most amoeboid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sixt
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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Kessenbrock K, Fröhlich L, Sixt M, Lämmermann T, Pfister H, Bateman A, Belaaouaj A, Ring J, Ollert M, Fässler R, Jenne DE. Proteinase 3 and neutrophil elastase enhance inflammation in mice by inactivating antiinflammatory progranulin. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:2438-47. [PMID: 18568075 DOI: 10.1172/jci34694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil granulocytes form the body's first line of antibacterial defense, but they also contribute to tissue injury and noninfectious, chronic inflammation. Proteinase 3 (PR3) and neutrophil elastase (NE) are 2 abundant neutrophil serine proteases implicated in antimicrobial defense with overlapping and potentially redundant substrate specificity. Here, we unraveled a cooperative role for PR3 and NE in neutrophil activation and noninfectious inflammation in vivo, which we believe to be novel. Mice lacking both PR3 and NE demonstrated strongly diminished immune complex-mediated (IC-mediated) neutrophil infiltration in vivo as well as reduced activation of isolated neutrophils by ICs in vitro. In contrast, in mice lacking just NE, neutrophil recruitment to ICs was only marginally impaired. The defects in mice lacking both PR3 and NE were directly linked to the accumulation of antiinflammatory progranulin (PGRN). Both PR3 and NE cleaved PGRN in vitro and during neutrophil activation and inflammation in vivo. Local administration of recombinant PGRN potently inhibited neutrophilic inflammation in vivo, demonstrating that PGRN represents a crucial inflammation-suppressing mediator. We conclude that PR3 and NE enhance neutrophil-dependent inflammation by eliminating the local antiinflammatory activity of PGRN. Our results support the use of serine protease inhibitors as antiinflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Kessenbrock
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Max-Planck-Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany.
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Lämmermann T, Bader BL, Monkley SJ, Worbs T, Wedlich-Söldner R, Hirsch K, Keller M, Förster R, Critchley DR, Fässler R, Sixt M. Rapid leukocyte migration by integrin-independent flowing and squeezing. Nature 2008; 453:51-5. [DOI: 10.1038/nature06887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1043] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
The priming of a T cell results from its physical interaction with a dendritic cell (DC) that presents the cognate antigenic peptide. The success rate of such interactions is extremely low, because the precursor frequency of a naive T cell recognizing a specific antigen is in the range of 1:10(5)-10(6). To make this principle practicable, encounter frequencies between DCs and T cells are maximized within lymph nodes (LNs) that are compact immunological projections of the peripheral tissue they drain. But LNs are more than passive meeting places for DCs that immigrated from the tissue and lymphocytes that recirculated via the blood. The microanatomy of the LN stroma actively organizes the cellular encounters by providing preformed migration tracks that create dynamic but highly ordered movement patterns. LN architecture further acts as a sophisticated filtration system that sieves the incoming interstitial fluid at different levels and guarantees that immunologically relevant antigens are loaded on DCs or B cells while inert substances are channeled back into the blood circulation. This review focuses on the non-hematopoietic infrastructure of the lymph node. We describe the association between fibroblastic reticular cell, conduit, DC, and T cell as the essential functional unit of the T-cell cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Lämmermann
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
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Sixt M, Bauer M, Lämmermann T, Fässler R. Beta1 integrins: zip codes and signaling relay for blood cells. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2006; 18:482-90. [PMID: 16919433 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2006.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2006] [Accepted: 08/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
At least eight of the twelve known members of the beta1 integrin family are expressed on hematopoietic cells. Among these, the VCAM-1 receptor alpha4beta1 has received most attention as a main factor mediating firm adhesion to the endothelium during blood cell extravasation. Therapeutic trials are ongoing into the use of antibodies and small molecule inhibitors to target this interaction and hence obtain anti-inflammatory effects. However, extravasation is only one possible process that is mediated by beta1 integrins and there is evidence that they also mediate leukocyte retention and positioning in the tissue, lymphocyte activation and possibly migration within the interstitium. Genetic mouse models where integrins are selectively deleted on blood cells have been used to investigate these functions and further studies will be invaluable to critically evaluate therapeutic trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sixt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
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Chu H, Thievessen I, Sixt M, Lämmermann T, Waisman A, Braun A, Noegel AA, Fässler R. gamma-Parvin is dispensable for hematopoiesis, leukocyte trafficking, and T-cell-dependent antibody response. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:1817-25. [PMID: 16479001 PMCID: PMC1430247 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.26.5.1817-1825.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrins regulate cell behavior through the assembly of multiprotein complexes at the site of cell adhesion. Parvins are components of such a multiprotein complex. They consist of three members (alpha-, beta-, and gamma-parvin), form a functional complex with integrin-linked kinase (ILK) and PINCH, and link integrins to the actin cytoskeleton. Whereas alpha- and beta-parvins are widely expressed, gamma-parvin has been reported to be expressed in hematopoietic organs. In the present study, we report the expression pattern of the parvins in hematopoietic cells and the phenotypic analysis of gamma-parvin-deficient mice. Whereas alpha-parvin is not expressed in hematopoietic cells, beta-parvin is only found in myeloid cells and gamma-parvin is present in both cells of the myeloid and lymphoid lineages, where it binds ILK. Surprisingly, loss of gamma-parvin expression had no effect on blood cell differentiation, proliferation, and survival and no consequence for the T-cell-dependent antibody response and lymphocyte and dendritic cell migration. These data indicate that despite the high expression of gamma-parvin in hematopoietic cells it must play a more subtle role for blood cell homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Chu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
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