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James D, Fontanese J, Munsat T, Horányi M. Calibration methods of charge sensitive amplifiers at the Colorado dust accelerator. Rev Sci Instrum 2020; 91:113301. [PMID: 33261439 DOI: 10.1063/5.0020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Charge sensitive amplifiers (CSAs) are electronic integrating circuits frequently used for detecting quick charge pulses such as those produced in semiconductor detector devices and electron multipliers. One of the limitations of highly sensitive CSA circuits is the accuracy with which they can be calibrated due to the necessity of using injection capacitors on the order of a few pF, which are difficult to calibrate and to disentangle from other stray capacitance in calibration circuits. This paper presents an alternate method for calibrating the electronics for CSAs with conductive detectors, referred to as the "external conductor" method, using the detector itself to form the injection circuit. The external conductor method is compared to the traditional injection capacitor method for an example detector. The new method results in an increase to the calibration factor of up to 70% over the value derived from a traditional injection capacitor, with an uncertainty in the new value of 2%. Finally, the results from the external conductor method are compared to a third, independent approach, which uses reference charged particles as calibration sources in the Colorado dust accelerator. The results of the charged particle approach corroborate the external conductor calibration to within the stated uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- David James
- Institute for Modeling Plasmas, Atmospheres, and Cosmic Dust (IMPACT), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - John Fontanese
- Institute for Modeling Plasmas, Atmospheres, and Cosmic Dust (IMPACT), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - Tobin Munsat
- Institute for Modeling Plasmas, Atmospheres, and Cosmic Dust (IMPACT), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - Mihály Horányi
- Institute for Modeling Plasmas, Atmospheres, and Cosmic Dust (IMPACT), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
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2
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Ulibarri Z, Han J, Horányi M, Munsat T, Wang X, Whittall-Scherfee G, Yeo LH. A large ion beam device for laboratory solar wind studies. Rev Sci Instrum 2017; 88:115112. [PMID: 29195407 DOI: 10.1063/1.5011785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Colorado Solar Wind Experiment is a new device constructed at the Institute for Modeling Plasma, Atmospheres, and Cosmic Dust at the University of Colorado. A large cross-sectional Kaufman ion source is used to create steady state plasma flow to model the solar wind in an experimental vacuum chamber. The plasma beam has a diameter of 12 cm at the source, ion energies of up to 1 keV, and ion flows of up to 0.1 mA/cm2. Chamber pressure can be reduced to 4 × 10-5 Torr under operating conditions to suppress ion-neutral collisions and create a monoenergetic ion beam. The beam profile has been characterized by a Langmuir probe and an ion energy analyzer mounted on a two-dimensional translation stage. The beam profile meets the requirements for planned experiments that will study solar wind interaction with lunar magnetic anomalies, the charging and dynamics of dust in the solar wind, plasma wakes and refilling, and the wakes of topographic features such as craters or boulders. This article describes the technical details of the device, initial operation and beam characterization, and the planned experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zach Ulibarri
- Institute for Modeling Plasma, Atmospheres and Cosmic Dust (IMPACT), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Jia Han
- Institute for Modeling Plasma, Atmospheres and Cosmic Dust (IMPACT), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Mihály Horányi
- Institute for Modeling Plasma, Atmospheres and Cosmic Dust (IMPACT), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Tobin Munsat
- Institute for Modeling Plasma, Atmospheres and Cosmic Dust (IMPACT), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Xu Wang
- Institute for Modeling Plasma, Atmospheres and Cosmic Dust (IMPACT), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | | | - Li Hsia Yeo
- Institute for Modeling Plasma, Atmospheres and Cosmic Dust (IMPACT), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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3
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Donné AJH, de Bock MFM, Classen IGJ, Von Hellermann MG, Jakubowska K, Jaspers R, Barth CJ, Van Der Meiden HJ, Oyevaar T, Van De Pol MJ, Varshney SK, Bertschinger G, Biel W, Busch C, Finken KH, Koslowski HR, KrÄmer-Flecken A, Kreter A, Liang Y, Oosterbeek H, Zimmermann O, Telesca G, Verdoolaege G, Domier CW, Luhmann NC, Mazzucato E, Munsat T, Park H, Kantor M, Kouprienko D, Alexeev A, Ohdachi S, Korsholm S, Woskov P, Bindslev H, Meo F, Michelsen PK, Michelsen S, Nielsen SK, Tsakadze E, Shmaenok L. Overview of Core Diagnostics for TEXTOR. Fusion Science and Technology 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst05-a702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. J. H. Donné
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster, P.O. Box 1207, NL-3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - M. F. M. de Bock
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster, P.O. Box 1207, NL-3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - I. G. J. Classen
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster, P.O. Box 1207, NL-3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - M. G. Von Hellermann
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster, P.O. Box 1207, NL-3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - K. Jakubowska
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster, P.O. Box 1207, NL-3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - R. Jaspers
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster, P.O. Box 1207, NL-3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - C. J. Barth
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster, P.O. Box 1207, NL-3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - H. J. Van Der Meiden
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster, P.O. Box 1207, NL-3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - T. Oyevaar
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster, P.O. Box 1207, NL-3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - M. J. Van De Pol
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster, P.O. Box 1207, NL-3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - S. K. Varshney
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster, P.O. Box 1207, NL-3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - G. Bertschinger
- Institut für Plasmaphysik, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, EURATOM Association, Trilateral Euregio Cluster D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - W. Biel
- Institut für Plasmaphysik, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, EURATOM Association, Trilateral Euregio Cluster D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - C. Busch
- Institut für Plasmaphysik, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, EURATOM Association, Trilateral Euregio Cluster D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - K. H. Finken
- Institut für Plasmaphysik, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, EURATOM Association, Trilateral Euregio Cluster D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - H. R. Koslowski
- Institut für Plasmaphysik, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, EURATOM Association, Trilateral Euregio Cluster D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - A. KrÄmer-Flecken
- Institut für Plasmaphysik, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, EURATOM Association, Trilateral Euregio Cluster D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - A. Kreter
- Institut für Plasmaphysik, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, EURATOM Association, Trilateral Euregio Cluster D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Y. Liang
- Institut für Plasmaphysik, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, EURATOM Association, Trilateral Euregio Cluster D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - H. Oosterbeek
- Institut für Plasmaphysik, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, EURATOM Association, Trilateral Euregio Cluster D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - O. Zimmermann
- Institut für Plasmaphysik, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, EURATOM Association, Trilateral Euregio Cluster D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | | | | | - C. W. Domier
- University of California at Davis, Davis, California
| | - N. C. Luhmann
- University of California at Davis, Davis, California
| | - E. Mazzucato
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - T. Munsat
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - H. Park
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - M. Kantor
- Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - D. Kouprienko
- Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - S. Ohdachi
- National Institute for Fusion Studies, Toki, Japan
| | - S. Korsholm
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - P. Woskov
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - F. Meo
- Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark
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Qi Z, Ferguson K, Sechrest Y, Munsat T, Park CS, Glaser MA, Maclennan JE, Clark NA, Kuriabova T, Powers TR. Active microrheology of smectic membranes. Phys Rev E 2017; 95:022702. [PMID: 28297876 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.95.022702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Thin fluid membranes embedded in a bulk fluid of different viscosity are of fundamental interest as experimental realizations of quasi-two-dimensional fluids and as models of biological membranes. We have probed the hydrodynamics of thin fluid membranes by active microrheology using small tracer particles to observe the highly anisotropic flow fields generated around a rigid oscillating post inserted into a freely suspended smectic liquid crystal film that is surrounded by air. In general, at distances more than a few Saffman lengths from the meniscus around the post, the measured velocities are larger than the flow computed by modeling a moving disklike inclusion of finite extent by superposing Levine-MacKintosh response functions for pointlike inclusions in a viscous membrane. The observed discrepancy is attributed to additional coupling of the film with the air below the film that is displaced directly by the shaft of the moving post.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Qi
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.,Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Kyle Ferguson
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.,Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Yancey Sechrest
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Tobin Munsat
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Cheol Soo Park
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.,Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Matthew A Glaser
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.,Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Joseph E Maclennan
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.,Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Noel A Clark
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.,Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Tatiana Kuriabova
- Department of Physics, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, USA
| | - Thomas R Powers
- School of Engineering and Department of Physics, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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5
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Thomas E, Simolka J, DeLuca M, Horányi M, Janches D, Marshall RA, Munsat T, Plane JMC, Sternovsky Z. Experimental setup for the laboratory investigation of micrometeoroid ablation using a dust accelerator. Rev Sci Instrum 2017; 88:034501. [PMID: 28372412 DOI: 10.1063/1.4977832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A facility has been developed to simulate the ablation of micrometeoroids in laboratory conditions. An electrostatic dust accelerator is used to generate iron particles with velocities of 10-70 km/s. The particles are then introduced into a chamber pressurized with a target gas, where the pressure is adjustable between 0.01 and 0.5 Torr, and the particle partially or completely ablates over a short distance. An array of biased electrodes above and below the ablation path is used to collect the generated ions/electrons with a spatial resolution of 2.6 cm along the ablating particles' path, thus allowing the study of the spatiotemporal evolution of the process. For completely ablated particles, the total collected charge directly yields the ionization coefficient of a given dust material-target gas combination. The first results of this facility measured the ionization coefficient of iron atoms with N2, air, CO2, and He target gases for impact velocities >20 km/s, and are reported by Thomas et al. [Geophys. Res. Lett. 43, 3645 (2016)]. The ablation chamber is also equipped with four optical ports that allow for the detection of the light emitted by the ablating particle. A multichannel photomultiplier tube system is used to observe the ablation process with a spatial and temporal resolution of 0.64 cm and 90 ns. The preliminary results indicate that it is possible to calculate the velocity of the ablating particle from the optical observations, and in conjunction with the spatially resolved charge measurements allow for experimental validation of ablation models in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Thomas
- IMPACT, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - Jonas Simolka
- Institut für Raumfahrtsysteme, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 29, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michael DeLuca
- IMPACT, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - Mihály Horányi
- IMPACT, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - Diego Janches
- Space Weather Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - Robert A Marshall
- Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Tobin Munsat
- IMPACT, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - John M C Plane
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Wang Z, Liu Q, Waganaar W, Fontanese J, James D, Munsat T. Four-dimensional (4D) tracking of high-temperature microparticles. Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:11D601. [PMID: 27910396 DOI: 10.1063/1.4955280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
High-speed tracking of hot and molten microparticles in motion provides rich information about burning plasmas in magnetic fusion. An exploding-wire apparatus is used to produce moving high-temperature metallic microparticles and to develop four-dimensional (4D) or time-resolved 3D particle tracking techniques. The pinhole camera model and algorithms developed for computer vision are used for scene calibration and 4D reconstructions. 3D positions and velocities are then derived for different microparticles. Velocity resolution approaches 0.1 m/s by using the local constant velocity approximation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhehui Wang
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Q Liu
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - W Waganaar
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J Fontanese
- University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - D James
- University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - T Munsat
- University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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7
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Nelson AO, Dee R, Gudipati MS, Horányi M, James D, Kempf S, Munsat T, Sternovsky Z, Ulibarri Z. New experimental capability to investigate the hypervelocity micrometeoroid bombardment of cryogenic surfaces. Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:024502. [PMID: 26931872 DOI: 10.1063/1.4941960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ice is prevalent throughout the solar system and beyond. Though the evolution of many of these icy surfaces is highly dependent on associated micrometeoroid impact phenomena, experimental investigation of these impacts has been extremely limited, especially at the impactor speeds encountered in space. The dust accelerator facility at the Institute for Modeling Plasmas, Atmospheres, and Cosmic Dust (IMPACT) of NASA's Solar System Exploration Research Virtual Institute has developed a novel cryogenic system that will facilitate future study of hypervelocity impacts into ice and icy regolith. The target consists of a copper block, cooled by liquid nitrogen, upon which layers of vapor-deposited ice, pre-frozen ice, or icy regolith can be built in a controlled and quantifiable environment. This ice can be grown from a variety of materials, including H2O, CH3OH, NH3, and slurries containing nanophase iron. Ice temperatures can be varied between 96 K and 150 K and ice thickness greater than 150 nm can be accurately measured. Importantly, the composition of ion plumes created during micrometeoroid impacts onto these icy layers can be measured even in trace amounts by in situ time-of-flight mass spectroscopy. In this paper, we present the fundamental design components of the cryogenic target chamber at IMPACT and proof-of-concept results from target development and from first impacts into thick layers of water ice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Oakleigh Nelson
- Institute for Modeling Plasma, Atmospheres and Cosmic Dust (IMPACT), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Richard Dee
- Institute for Modeling Plasma, Atmospheres and Cosmic Dust (IMPACT), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Murthy S Gudipati
- Science Division, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - Mihály Horányi
- Institute for Modeling Plasma, Atmospheres and Cosmic Dust (IMPACT), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - David James
- Institute for Modeling Plasma, Atmospheres and Cosmic Dust (IMPACT), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Sascha Kempf
- Institute for Modeling Plasma, Atmospheres and Cosmic Dust (IMPACT), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Tobin Munsat
- Institute for Modeling Plasma, Atmospheres and Cosmic Dust (IMPACT), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Zoltán Sternovsky
- Institute for Modeling Plasma, Atmospheres and Cosmic Dust (IMPACT), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Zach Ulibarri
- Institute for Modeling Plasma, Atmospheres and Cosmic Dust (IMPACT), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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Shu A, Collette A, Drake K, Grün E, Horányi M, Kempf S, Mocker A, Munsat T, Northway P, Srama R, Sternovsky Z, Thomas E. 3 MV hypervelocity dust accelerator at the Colorado Center for Lunar Dust and Atmospheric Studies. Rev Sci Instrum 2012; 83:075108. [PMID: 22852725 DOI: 10.1063/1.4732820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A hypervelocity dust accelerator for studying micrometeorite impacts has been constructed at the Colorado Center for Lunar Dust and Atmospheric Studies (CCLDAS) at the University of Colorado. Based on the Max-Planck-Institüt für Kernphysik (MPI-K) accelerator, this accelerator is capable of emitting single particles of a specific mass and velocity selected by the user. The accelerator consists of a 3 MV Pelletron generator with a dust source, four image charge pickup detectors, and two interchangeable target chambers: a large high-vacuum test bed and an ultra-high vacuum impact study chamber. The large test bed is a 1.2 m diameter, 1.5 m long cylindrical vacuum chamber capable of pressures as low as 10(-7) torr while the ultra-high vacuum chamber is a 0.75 m diameter, 1.1 m long chamber capable of pressures as low as 10(-10) torr. Using iron dust of up to 2 microns in diameter, final velocities have been measured up to 52 km/s. The spread of the dust particles and the effect of electrostatic focusing have been measured using a long exposure CCD and a quartz target. Furthermore, a new technique of particle selection is being developed using real time digital filtering techniques. Signals are digitized and then cross-correlated with a shaped filter, resulting in a suppressed noise floor. Improvements over the MPI-K design, which include a higher operating voltage and digital filtering for detection, increase the available parameter space of dust emitted by the accelerator. The CCLDAS dust facility is a user facility open to the scientific community to assist with instrument calibrations and experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Shu
- Colorado Center for Lunar Dust and Atmospheric Studies, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA.
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Mocker A, Bugiel S, Auer S, Baust G, Colette A, Drake K, Fiege K, Grün E, Heckmann F, Helfert S, Hillier J, Kempf S, Matt G, Mellert T, Munsat T, Otto K, Postberg F, Röser HP, Shu A, Sternovsky Z, Srama R. A 2 MV Van de Graaff accelerator as a tool for planetary and impact physics research. Rev Sci Instrum 2011; 82:095111. [PMID: 21974623 DOI: 10.1063/1.3637461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Investigating the dynamical and physical properties of cosmic dust can reveal a great deal of information about both the dust and its many sources. Over recent years, several spacecraft (e.g., Cassini, Stardust, Galileo, and Ulysses) have successfully characterised interstellar, interplanetary, and circumplanetary dust using a variety of techniques, including in situ analyses and sample return. Charge, mass, and velocity measurements of the dust are performed either directly (induced charge signals) or indirectly (mass and velocity from impact ionisation signals or crater morphology) and constrain the dynamical parameters of the dust grains. Dust compositional information may be obtained via either time-of-flight mass spectrometry of the impact plasma or direct sample return. The accurate and reliable interpretation of collected spacecraft data requires a comprehensive programme of terrestrial instrument calibration. This process involves accelerating suitable solar system analogue dust particles to hypervelocity speeds in the laboratory, an activity performed at the Max Planck Institut für Kernphysik in Heidelberg, Germany. Here, a 2 MV Van de Graaff accelerator electrostatically accelerates charged micron and submicron-sized dust particles to speeds up to 80 km s(-1). Recent advances in dust production and processing have allowed solar system analogue dust particles (silicates and other minerals) to be coated with a thin conductive shell, enabling them to be charged and accelerated. Refinements and upgrades to the beam line instrumentation and electronics now allow for the reliable selection of particles at velocities of 1-80 km s(-1) and with diameters of between 0.05 μm and 5 μm. This ability to select particles for subsequent impact studies based on their charges, masses, or velocities is provided by a particle selection unit (PSU). The PSU contains a field programmable gate array, capable of monitoring in real time the particles' speeds and charges, and is controlled remotely by a custom, platform independent, software package. The new control instrumentation and electronics, together with the wide range of accelerable particle types, allow the controlled investigation of hypervelocity impact phenomena across a hitherto unobtainable range of impact parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mocker
- IRS, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 31, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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10
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Classen IGJ, Boom JE, Suttrop W, Schmid E, Tobias B, Domier CW, Luhmann NC, Donné AJH, Jaspers RJE, de Vries PC, Park HK, Munsat T, García-Muñoz M, Schneider PA. 2D electron cyclotron emission imaging at ASDEX Upgrade (invited). Rev Sci Instrum 2010; 81:10D929. [PMID: 21033957 DOI: 10.1063/1.3483214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The newly installed electron cyclotron emission imaging diagnostic on ASDEX Upgrade provides measurements of the 2D electron temperature dynamics with high spatial and temporal resolution. An overview of the technical and experimental properties of the system is presented. These properties are illustrated by the measurements of the edge localized mode and the reversed shear Alfvén eigenmode, showing both the advantage of having a two-dimensional (2D) measurement, as well as some of the limitations of electron cyclotron emission measurements. Furthermore, the application of singular value decomposition as a powerful tool for analyzing and filtering 2D data is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- I G J Classen
- Max Planck Institut für Plasmaphysik, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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11
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Tobias B, Domier CW, Liang T, Kong X, Yu L, Yun GS, Park HK, Classen IGJ, Boom JE, Donné AJH, Munsat T, Nazikian R, Van Zeeland M, Boivin RL, Luhmann NC. Commissioning of electron cyclotron emission imaging instrument on the DIII-D tokamak and first data. Rev Sci Instrum 2010; 81:10D928. [PMID: 21033956 DOI: 10.1063/1.3460456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A new electron cyclotron emission imaging diagnostic has been commissioned on the DIII-D tokamak. Dual detector arrays provide simultaneous two-dimensional images of T(e) fluctuations over radially distinct and reconfigurable regions, each with both vertical and radial zoom capability. A total of 320 (20 vertical×16 radial) channels are available. First data from this diagnostic demonstrate the acquisition of coherent electron temperature fluctuations as low as 0.1% with excellent clarity and spatial resolution. Details of the diagnostic features and capabilities are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Tobias
- University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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Munsat T, Domier CW, Kong X, Liang T, Luhmann NC, Tobias BJ, Lee W, Park HK, Yun G, Classen IGJ, Donné AJH. Electron cyclotron emission imaging in tokamak plasmas. Appl Opt 2010; 49:E20-E30. [PMID: 20648116 DOI: 10.1364/ao.49.000e20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We discuss the recent history and latest developments of the electron cyclotron emission imaging diagnostic technique, wherein electron temperature is measured in magnetically confined plasmas with two-dimensional spatial resolution. The key enabling technologies for this technique are the large-aperture optical systems and the linear detector arrays sensitive to millimeter-wavelength radiation. We present the status and recent progress on existing instruments as well as new systems under development for future experiments. We also discuss data analysis techniques relevant to plasma imaging diagnostics and present recent temperature fluctuation results from the tokamak experiment for technology oriented research (TEXTOR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobin Munsat
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, 390 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.
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Tobias B, Kong X, Liang T, Spear A, Domier CW, Luhmann NC, Classen IGJ, Boom JE, van de Pol MJ, Jaspers R, Donné AJH, Park HK, Munsat T. Advancements in electron cyclotron emission imaging demonstrated by the TEXTOR ECEI diagnostic upgrade. Rev Sci Instrum 2009; 80:093502. [PMID: 19791937 DOI: 10.1063/1.3233913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A new TEXTOR electron cyclotron emission imaging system has been developed and employed, providing a diagnostic with new features and enhanced capabilities when compared to the legacy system it replaces. Optical coupling to the plasma has been completely redesigned, making use of new minilens arrays for reduced optical aberration and providing the new feature of vertical zoom, whereby the vertical coverage is now remotely adjustable on a shot-by-shot basis from 20-35 cm. Other innovations, such as the implementation of stacked quasioptical planar notch filters, allow for the diagnostic to be operated without interruption or degradation in performance during electron cyclotron resonance heating. Successful commissioning of the new diagnostic and a demonstration of the improved capabilities are presented in this paper, along with a discussion of the new technologies employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Tobias
- University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Kwiatkowski TJ, Bosco DA, Leclerc AL, Tamrazian E, Vanderburg CR, Russ C, Davis A, Gilchrist J, Kasarskis EJ, Munsat T, Valdmanis P, Rouleau GA, Hosler BA, Cortelli P, de Jong PJ, Yoshinaga Y, Haines JL, Pericak-Vance MA, Yan J, Ticozzi N, Siddique T, McKenna-Yasek D, Sapp PC, Horvitz HR, Landers JE, Brown RH. Mutations in the FUS/TLS gene on chromosome 16 cause familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Science 2009; 323:1205-8. [PMID: 19251627 DOI: 10.1126/science.1166066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1909] [Impact Index Per Article: 127.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal degenerative motor neuron disorder. Ten percent of cases are inherited; most involve unidentified genes. We report here 13 mutations in the fused in sarcoma/translated in liposarcoma (FUS/TLS) gene on chromosome 16 that were specific for familial ALS. The FUS/TLS protein binds to RNA, functions in diverse processes, and is normally located predominantly in the nucleus. In contrast, the mutant forms of FUS/TLS accumulated in the cytoplasm of neurons, a pathology that is similar to that of the gene TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP43), whose mutations also cause ALS. Neuronal cytoplasmic protein aggregation and defective RNA metabolism thus appear to be common pathogenic mechanisms involved in ALS and possibly in other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Kwiatkowski
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 114 16th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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Munsat T, Aarli J, Medina M, Birbeck G, Weiss A. International Issues: Educational programs of the World Federation of Neurology. Neurology 2009; 72:e46-9. [DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000344183.62422.b2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Gusev EI, Konovalov AN, Volodin NN, Munsat T, Fedin AI, Khaass A, Gekht ABD, Diankina MS, Martynov MI, Kamchatnov PR, Beliaeva IA, Lebedeva AV, Kovaleva II. [Continuing medical education in Russian neurology and neurosurgery]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2009; 109:5-9. [PMID: 19938272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Park HK, Luhmann NC, Donné AJH, Classen IGJ, Domier CW, Mazzucato E, Munsat T, van de Pol MJ, Xia Z. Observation of high-field-side crash and heat transfer during sawtooth oscillation in magnetically confined plasmas. Phys Rev Lett 2006; 96:195003. [PMID: 16803107 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.96.195003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2005] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
High resolution (temporal and spatial), two-dimensional images of electron temperature fluctuations during sawtooth oscillations were employed to study the crash process and heat transfer in magnetically confined toroidal plasmas. The combination of kink and local pressure driven instabilities leads to a small poloidally localized puncture in the magnetic surface at both the low and the high field sides of the poloidal plane. This observation closely resembles the "fingering event" of the ballooning mode model with the high- mode only predicted at the low field side.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Park
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
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Park HK, Donné AJH, Luhmann NC, Classen IGJ, Domier CW, Mazzucato E, Munsat T, van de Pol MJ, Xia Z. Comparison study of 2D images of temperature fluctuations during sawtooth oscillation with theoretical models. Phys Rev Lett 2006; 96:195004. [PMID: 16803108 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.96.195004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
High temporal and spatial resolution two-dimensional (2D) images of electron temperature fluctuations were employed to study the sawtooth oscillation in the Toroidal Experiment for Technically Oriented Research tokamak plasmas. The 2D images are directly compared with the expected 2D patterns of the plasma pressure (or electron temperature) from various theoretical models. The observed experimental 2D images are only partially in agreement with the expected patterns from each model: The image of the initial reconnection process is similar to that of the ballooning mode model. The intermediate and final stages of the reconnection process resemble those of the full reconnection model. The time evolution of the images of the hot spot or island is partially consistent to those from the full reconnection model but is not consistent with those from the quasi-interchange model.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Park
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
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Jones B, Efthimion PC, Taylor G, Munsat T, Wilson JR, Hosea JC, Kaita R, Majeski R, Maingi R, Shiraiwa S, Spaleta J, Ram AK. Controlled optimization of mode conversion from electron Bernstein waves to extraordinary mode in magnetized plasma. Phys Rev Lett 2003; 90:165001. [PMID: 12731979 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.90.165001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In the CDX-U spherical torus, agreement between radiation temperature and Thomson scattering electron temperature profiles indicates approximately 100% conversion of thermally emitted electron Bernstein waves to the X mode. This has been achieved by controlling the electron density scale length (L(n)) in the conversion region with a local limiter outside the last closed flux surface, shortening L(n) to the theoretically required value for optimal conversion. From symmetry of the conversion process, prospects for efficient coupling in heating and current drive scenarios are strongly supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Jones
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
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Majeski R, Boaz M, Hoffman D, Jones B, Kaita R, Kugel H, Munsat T, Spaleta J, Soukhanovskii V, Timberlake J, Zakharov L, Antar G, Doerner R, Luckhardt S, Conn R, Finkenthal M, Stutman D, Maingi R, Ulrickson M. Plasma performance improvements with liquid lithium limiters in CDX-U. Fusion Engineering and Design 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0920-3796(03)00016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Mase A, Kogi Y, Kawahata K, Nagayama Y, Luhmann NC, Deng BH, Domier CW, Mazzucato E, Munsat T, Park HK. Progress in Millimeter-Wave Imaging Diagnostics. Fusion Science and Technology 2003. [DOI: 10.13182/fst03-a11963602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Mase
- Advanced Science and Technology Center for Cooperative Research, Kyushu University, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan ,
| | - Y. Kogi
- Advanced Science and Technology Center for Cooperative Research, Kyushu University, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan ,
| | - K. Kawahata
- National Institute for Fusion Science Toki 509-5292, Japan
| | - Y. Nagayama
- National Institute for Fusion Science Toki 509-5292, Japan
| | - N. C. Luhmann
- University of California at Davis, Davis, California, 95616 U.S.A
| | - B. H. Deng
- University of California at Davis, Davis, California, 95616 U.S.A
| | - C. W. Domier
- University of California at Davis, Davis, California, 95616 U.S.A
| | - E. Mazzucato
- Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, U.S.A
| | - T. Munsat
- Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, U.S.A
| | - H. K. Park
- Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, U.S.A
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Kaita R, Majeski R, Boaz M, Efthimion P, Jones B, Hoffman D, Kugel H, Menard J, Munsat T, Post-Zwicker A, Soukhanovskii V, Spaleta J, Taylor G, Timberlake J, Woolley R, Zakharov L, Finkenthal M, Stutman D, Antar G, Doerner R, Luckhardt S, Maingi R, Maiorano M, Smith S. Spherical torus plasma interactions with large-area liquid lithium surfaces in CDX-U. Fusion Engineering and Design 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0920-3796(02)00117-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Antar G, Doerner R, Kaita R, Majeski R, Spaleta J, Munsat T, Jones B, Maingi R, Soukhanovskii V, Kugel H, Timberlake J, Krasheninnikov S, Luckhardt S, Conn R. Plasma–lithium interaction in the CDX-U spherical torus. Fusion Engineering and Design 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0920-3796(02)00055-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Riviere M, Meininger V, Zeisser P, Munsat T. An analysis of extended survival in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis treated with riluzole. Arch Neurol 1998; 55:526-8. [PMID: 9561981 DOI: 10.1001/archneur.55.4.526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In an attempt to better understand and define the progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), we developed a classification of 5 discrete health states that reflect patients' activities of daily living. These health states were used to determine whether patients with ALS who are treated with riluzole differed from those treated with placebo. SETTING Clinics for patients with ALS. DESIGN Placebo-controlled trial of riluzole treatment in 959 patients with ALS. INTERVENTIONS Treatment with riluzole or placebo. MAIN DEPENDENT MEASURES: A Cox model was used to assess whether, from the initial randomization to the end of an 18-month follow-up, there was a difference in the times of transition into subsequent health states between patients treated with riluzole and those treated with placebo. RESULTS Our analysis showed a significant difference in the time to transit between the riluzole and the placebo groups in less severely affected cases, ie, state 2 and state A (the milder states) of ALS. CONCLUSION Patients receiving riluzole remained in the milder health states longer (P<.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Riviere
- Benefit Canada Inc, Montreal, Quebec
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Affiliation(s)
- T Munsat
- N.E. Med. Centre Hospital, Dept. of Neurology, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- R Finkelman
- Department of Neurology, Tufts New England Medical Center, Boston, MA
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Abstract
A 75-year-old French-Canadian woman with familial oculopharyngeal dystrophy demonstrated histopathologic alterations similar to those of idiopathic polymyositis. A second biopsy obtained 15 months later was more consistent with previously reported cases. It is suggested that certain patients with oculopharyngeal dystrophy may pass through an initial phase of secondary muscle inflammation similar to that seen in some other heritable myopathies.
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Munsat T. Creatine phosphokinase alterations in neuromuscular diseases. Isr J Med Sci 1977; 13:93-7. [PMID: 863695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Munsat T, Cancilla P. Polymyositis without inflammation. Bull Los Angeles Neurol Soc 1974; 39:113-20. [PMID: 4369024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Baloh R, Cancilla PA, Kalyanaraman K, Munsat T, Pearson CM, Rich R. Regeneration of human muscle. A morphologic and histochemical study of normal and dystrophic muscle after injury. J Transl Med 1972; 26:319-28. [PMID: 4335733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Cancilla PA, Kalyanaraman K, Verity MA, Munsat T, Pearson CM. Familial myopathy with probable lysis of myofibrils in type I fibers. Neurology 1971; 21:579-85. [PMID: 4104682 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.21.6.579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Kalyanaraman K, Cancilla PA, Munsat T, Pearson CM. Hereditary hypertrophic neuropathy. Report of two cases of an autosomal recessive variant. Bull Los Angeles Neurol Soc 1970; 35:58-68. [PMID: 4314732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Peterson DI, Munsat T. The clinical presentation of nemaline myopathy. Bull Los Angeles Neurol Soc 1969; 34:39-45. [PMID: 5764518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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