1
|
Stueckle TA, Jensen J, Coyle JP, Derk R, Wagner A, Dinu CZ, Kornberg TG, Friend SA, Dozier A, Agarwal S, Gupta RK, Rojanasakul LW. In vitro inflammation and toxicity assessment of pre- and post-incinerated organomodified nanoclays to macrophages using high-throughput screening approaches. Part Fibre Toxicol 2024; 21:16. [PMID: 38509617 PMCID: PMC10956245 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-024-00577-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organomodified nanoclays (ONC), two-dimensional montmorillonite with organic coatings, are increasingly used to improve nanocomposite properties. However, little is known about pulmonary health risks along the nanoclay life cycle even with increased evidence of airborne particulate exposures in occupational environments. Recently, oropharyngeal aspiration exposure to pre- and post-incinerated ONC in mice caused low grade, persistent lung inflammation with a pro-fibrotic signaling response with unknown mode(s) of action. We hypothesized that the organic coating presence and incineration status of nanoclays determine the inflammatory cytokine secretary profile and cytotoxic response of macrophages. To test this hypothesis differentiated human macrophages (THP-1) were acutely exposed (0-20 µg/cm2) to pristine, uncoated nanoclay (CloisNa), an ONC (Clois30B), their incinerated byproducts (I-CloisNa and I-Clois30B), and crystalline silica (CS) followed by cytotoxicity and inflammatory endpoints. Macrophages were co-exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or LPS-free medium to assess the role of priming the NF-κB pathway in macrophage response to nanoclay treatment. Data were compared to inflammatory responses in male C57Bl/6J mice following 30 and 300 µg/mouse aspiration exposure to the same particles. RESULTS In LPS-free media, CloisNa exposure caused mitochondrial depolarization while Clois30B exposure caused reduced macrophage viability, greater cytotoxicity, and significant damage-associated molecular patterns (IL-1α and ATP) release compared to CloisNa and unexposed controls. LPS priming with low CloisNa doses caused elevated cathepsin B/Caspage-1/IL-1β release while higher doses resulted in apoptosis. Clois30B exposure caused dose-dependent THP-1 cell pyroptosis evidenced by Cathepsin B and IL-1β release and Gasdermin D cleavage. Incineration ablated the cytotoxic and inflammatory effects of Clois30B while I-CloisNa still retained some mild inflammatory potential. Comparative analyses suggested that in vitro macrophage cell viability, inflammasome endpoints, and pro-inflammatory cytokine profiles significantly correlated to mouse bronchioalveolar lavage inflammation metrics including inflammatory cell recruitment. CONCLUSIONS Presence of organic coating and incineration status influenced inflammatory and cytotoxic responses following exposure to human macrophages. Clois30B, with a quaternary ammonium tallow coating, induced a robust cell membrane damage and pyroptosis effect which was eliminated after incineration. Conversely, incinerated nanoclay exposure primarily caused elevated inflammatory cytokine release from THP-1 cells. Collectively, pre-incinerated nanoclay displayed interaction with macrophage membrane components (molecular initiating event), increased pro-inflammatory mediators, and increased inflammatory cell recruitment (two key events) in the lung fibrosis adverse outcome pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Stueckle
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
| | - Jake Jensen
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Jayme P Coyle
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Raymond Derk
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Alixandra Wagner
- Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Cerasela Zoica Dinu
- Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Tiffany G Kornberg
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Sherri A Friend
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Alan Dozier
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Sushant Agarwal
- Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Rakesh K Gupta
- Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Liying W Rojanasakul
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Coyle JP, Johnson C, Jensen J, Farcas M, Derk R, Stueckle TA, Kornberg TG, Rojanasakul Y, Rojanasakul LW. Variation in pentose phosphate pathway-associated metabolism dictates cytotoxicity outcomes determined by tetrazolium reduction assays. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8220. [PMID: 37217524 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35310-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetrazolium reduction and resazurin assays are the mainstay of routine in vitro toxicity batteries. However, potentially erroneous characterization of cytotoxicity and cell proliferation can arise if verification of baseline interaction of test article with method employed is neglected. The current investigation aimed to demonstrate how interpretation of results from several standard cytotoxicity and proliferation assays vary in dependence on contributions from the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Non-tumorigenic Beas-2B cells were treated with graded concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) for 24 and 48 h prior to cytotoxicity and proliferation assessment with commonly used MTT, MTS, WST1, and Alamar Blue assays. B[a]P caused enhanced metabolism of each dye assessed despite reductions in mitochondrial membrane potential and was reversed by 6-aminonicotinamide (6AN)-a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor. These results demonstrate differential sensitivity of standard cytotoxicity assessments on the PPP, thus (1) decoupling "mitochondrial activity" as an interpretation of cellular formazan and Alamar Blue metabolism, and (2) demonstrating the implicit requirement for investigators to sufficiently verify interaction of these methods in routine cytotoxicity and proliferation characterization. The nuances of method-specific extramitochondrial metabolism must be scrutinized to properly qualify specific endpoints employed, particularly under the circumstances of metabolic reprogramming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayme P Coyle
- HELD/ACIB, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd., Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
| | - Caroline Johnson
- HELD/ACIB, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jake Jensen
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mariana Farcas
- HELD/ACIB, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Raymond Derk
- HELD/ACIB, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Todd A Stueckle
- HELD/ACIB, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Tiffany G Kornberg
- HELD/ACIB, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Liying W Rojanasakul
- HELD/ACIB, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd., Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
O’Connell RC, Dodd TM, Clingerman SM, Fluharty KL, Coyle J, Stueckle TA, Porter DW, Bowers L, Stefaniak AB, Knepp AK, Derk R, Wolfarth M, Mercer RR, Boots TE, Sriram K, Hubbs AF. Developing a Solution for Nasal and Olfactory Transport of Nanomaterials. Toxicol Pathol 2022; 50:329-343. [PMID: 35416103 PMCID: PMC9872725 DOI: 10.1177/01926233221089209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
With advances in nanotechnology, engineered nanomaterial applications are a rapidly growing sector of the economy. Some nanomaterials can reach the brain through nose-to-brain transport. This transport creates concern for potential neurotoxicity of insoluble nanomaterials and a need for toxicity screening tests that detect nose-to-brain transport. Such tests can involve intranasal instillation of aqueous suspensions of nanomaterials in dispersion media that limit particle agglomeration. Unfortunately, protein and some elements in existing dispersion media are suboptimal for potential nose-to-brain transport of nanomaterials because olfactory transport has size- and ion-composition requirements. Therefore, we designed a protein-free dispersion media containing phospholipids and amino acids in an isotonic balanced electrolyte solution, a solution for nasal and olfactory transport (SNOT). SNOT disperses hexagonal boron nitride nanomaterials with a peak particle diameter below 100 nm. In addition, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in an established dispersion medium, when diluted with SNOT, maintain dispersion with reduced albumin concentration. Using stereomicroscopy and microscopic examination of plastic sections, dextran dyes dispersed in SNOT are demonstrated in the neuroepithelium of the nose and olfactory bulb of B6;129P2-Omptm3Mom/MomJ mice after intranasal instillation in SNOT. These findings support the potential for SNOT to disperse nanomaterials in a manner permitting nose-to-brain transport for neurotoxicity studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C. O’Connell
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA,West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Tiana M. Dodd
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | | | - Kara L. Fluharty
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Jayme Coyle
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Todd A. Stueckle
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Dale W. Porter
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Lauren Bowers
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | | | - Alycia K. Knepp
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Raymond Derk
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Michael Wolfarth
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Robert R. Mercer
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Theresa E. Boots
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Krishnan Sriram
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Ann F. Hubbs
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fraser K, Hubbs A, Yanamala N, Mercer RR, Stueckle TA, Jensen J, Eye T, Battelli L, Clingerman S, Fluharty K, Dodd T, Casuccio G, Bunker K, Lersch TL, Kashon ML, Orandle M, Dahm M, Schubauer-Berigan MK, Kodali V, Erdely A. Histopathology of the broad class of carbon nanotubes and nanofibers used or produced in U.S. facilities in a murine model. Part Fibre Toxicol 2021; 18:47. [PMID: 34923995 PMCID: PMC8686255 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-021-00440-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multi-walled carbon nanotubes and nanofibers (CNT/F) have been previously investigated for their potential toxicities; however, comparative studies of the broad material class are lacking, especially those with a larger diameter. Additionally, computational modeling correlating physicochemical characteristics and toxicity outcomes have been infrequently employed, and it is unclear if all CNT/F confer similar toxicity, including histopathology changes such as pulmonary fibrosis. Male C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 40 µg of one of nine CNT/F (MW #1-7 and CNF #1-2) commonly found in exposure assessment studies of U.S. facilities with diameters ranging from 6 to 150 nm. Human fibroblasts (0-20 µg/ml) were used to assess the predictive value of in vitro to in vivo modeling systems. RESULTS All materials induced histopathology changes, although the types and magnitude of the changes varied. In general, the larger diameter MWs (MW #5-7, including Mitsui-7) and CNF #1 induced greater histopathology changes compared to MW #1 and #3 while MW #4 and CNF #2 were intermediate in effect. Differences in individual alveolar or bronchiolar outcomes and severity correlated with physical dimensions and how the materials agglomerated. Human fibroblast monocultures were found to be insufficient to fully replicate in vivo fibrosis outcomes suggesting in vitro predictive potential depends upon more advanced cell culture in vitro models. Pleural penetrations were observed more consistently in CNT/F with larger lengths and diameters. CONCLUSION Physicochemical characteristics, notably nominal CNT/F dimension and agglomerate size, predicted histopathologic changes and enabled grouping of materials by their toxicity profiles. Particles of greater nominal tube length were generally associated with increased severity of histopathology outcomes. Larger particle lengths and agglomerates were associated with more severe bronchi/bronchiolar outcomes. Spherical agglomerated particles of smaller nominal tube dimension were linked to granulomatous inflammation while a mixture of smaller and larger dimensional CNT/F resulted in more severe alveolar injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Fraser
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV USA
| | - Ann Hubbs
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
| | - Naveena Yanamala
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease and Hypertension, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ USA
| | - Robert R. Mercer
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
| | - Todd A. Stueckle
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV USA
| | - Jake Jensen
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
| | - Tracy Eye
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
| | - Lori Battelli
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
| | - Sidney Clingerman
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
| | - Kara Fluharty
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
| | - Tiana Dodd
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
| | | | | | | | - Michael L. Kashon
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
| | - Marlene Orandle
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
| | - Matthew Dahm
- Division of Field Studies Evaluation, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Mary K. Schubauer-Berigan
- Division of Field Studies Evaluation, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH USA
- International Agency for Research On Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Vamsi Kodali
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV USA
| | - Aaron Erdely
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Eldawud R, Wagner A, Dong C, Gupta N, Rojanasakul Y, O'Doherty G, Stueckle TA, Dinu CZ. Potential antitumor activity of digitoxin and user-designed analog administered to human lung cancer cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1864:129683. [PMID: 32679249 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac glycosides (CGs), such as digitoxin, are traditionally used for treatment of congestive heart failure; recently they also gained attention for their anticancer properties. Previous studies showed that digitoxin and a synthetic L-sugar monosaccharide analog treatment decreases cancer cell proliferation, increases apoptosis, and pro-adhesion abilities; however, no reports are available on their potential to alter lung cancer cell cytoskeleton structure and reduce migratory ability. Herein, we investigated the anticancer effects of digitoxin and its analog, digitoxigenin-α-L-rhamnoside (D6MA), to establish whether cytoskeleton reorganization and reduced motility are drug-induced cellular outcomes. METHODS We treated non-small cell lung carcinoma cells (NSCLCs) with sub-therapeutic, therapeutic, and toxic concentrations of digitoxin and D6MA respectively, followed by both single point and real-time assays to evaluate changes in cellular gene and protein expression, adhesion, elasticity, and migration. RESULTS Digitoxin and D6MA induced a decrease in matrix metalloproteinases expression via altered focal adhesion signaling and a suppression of the phosphoinositide 3-kinases / protein kinase B pathway which lead to enhanced adhesion, altered elasticity, and reduced motility of NSCLCs. Global gene expression analysis identified dose-dependent changes to nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer, epithelial tumor, and microtubule dynamics signaling. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that digitoxin and D6MA can target antitumor signaling pathways to alter NSCLC cytoskeleton and migratory ability to thus potentially reduce their tumorigenicity. SIGNIFICANCE Discovering signaling pathways that control cancer's cell phenotype and how such pathways are affected by CG treatment will potentially allow for active usage of synthetic CG analogs as therapeutic agents in advanced lung conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reem Eldawud
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Alixandra Wagner
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Chenbo Dong
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Neha Gupta
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - George O'Doherty
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Todd A Stueckle
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Cerasela Zoica Dinu
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lee EG, Cena L, Kwon J, Afshari A, Park H, Casuccio G, Bunker K, Lersch T, Gall A, Pham H, Wagner A, Agarwal S, Dinu CZ, Gupta R, Friend SA, Stueckle TA. Characterization of aerosolized particles from nanoclay-enabled composites during manipulation processes. Environ Sci Nano 2020; 7:1539-1553. [PMID: 37205161 PMCID: PMC10190203 DOI: 10.1039/c9en01211g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Manufacturing, processing, use, and disposal of nanoclay-enabled composites potentially lead to the release of nanoclay particles from the polymer matrix in which they are embedded; however, exposures to airborne particles are poorly understood. The present study was conducted to characterize airborne particles released during sanding of nanoclay-enabled thermoplastic composites. Two types of nanoclay, Cloisite® 25A and Cloisite® 93A, were dispersed in polypropylene at 0%, 1%, and 4% loading by weight. Zirconium aluminum oxide (P100/P180 grits) and silicon carbide (P120/P320 grits) sandpapers were used to abrade composites in controlled experiments followed by real-time and offline particle analyses. Overall, sanding the virgin polypropylene with zirconium aluminum oxide sandpaper released more particles compared to silicon carbide sandpaper, with the later exhibiting similar or lower concentrations than that of polypropylene. Thus, a further investigation was performed for the samples collected using the zirconium aluminum oxide sandpaper. The 1% 25A, 1% 93A, and 4% 93A composites generated substantially higher particle number concentrations (1.3-2.6 times) and respirable mass concentrations (1.2-2.3 times) relative to the virgin polypropylene, while the 4% 25A composite produced comparable results, regardless of sandpaper type. It was observed that the majority of the inhalable particles were originated from composite materials with a significant number of protrusions of nanoclay (18-59%). These findings indicate that the percent loading and dispersion of nanoclay in the polypropylene modified the mechanical properties and thus, along with sandpaper type, affected the number of particles released during sanding, implicating the cause of potential adverse health effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Gyung Lee
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Health Effects Laboratory Division (HELD), 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | | | - Jiwoon Kwon
- Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, South Korea
| | - Ali Afshari
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Health Effects Laboratory Division (HELD), 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Ashley Gall
- Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Huy Pham
- Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Alixandra Wagner
- Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Sushant Agarwal
- Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Cerasela Zoica Dinu
- Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Rakesh Gupta
- Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Sherri A Friend
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Health Effects Laboratory Division (HELD), 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Todd A Stueckle
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Health Effects Laboratory Division (HELD), 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Stueckle TA, White A, Wagner A, Gupta RK, Rojanasakul Y, Dinu CZ. Impacts of Organomodified Nanoclays and Their Incinerated Byproducts on Bronchial Cell Monolayer Integrity. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:2445-2458. [PMID: 31698904 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Incorporation of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) into nanocomposites using advanced manufacturing strategies is set to revolutionize diverse technologies. Of these, organomodified nanoclays (ONCs; i.e., smectite clays with different organic coatings) act as nanofillers in applications ranging from automotive to aerospace and biomedical systems. Recent toxicological evaluations increased awareness that exposure to ONC can occur along their entire life cycle, namely, during synthesis, handling, use, manipulation, and disposal. Compared to other ENMs, however, little information exists describing which physicochemical properties contribute to induced health risk. This study conducted high content screening on bronchial epithelial cell monolayers for coupled high-throughput in vitro assessment strategies aimed to evaluate acute toxicity of a library of ONCs (all of prevalent use) prior to and after simulated disposal by incineration. Coating-, incineration status-, and time-dependent effects were considered to determine changes in the pulmonary monolayer integrity, cell transepithelial resistance, apoptosis, and cell metabolism. Results showed that after exposure to each ONC at its half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) there is a material-induced toxicity effect with pristine nanoclay, for instance, displaying acute loss of monolayer coverage, resistance, and metabolism, coupled with increased number of apoptotic cells. Conversely, the other three ONCs tested displayed little loss of monolayer integrity; however, they exhibited differential coating-dependent increased apoptosis and up to 40-45% initial reduction in cell metabolism. Moreover, incinerated byproducts of ONCs exhibited significant loss of monolayer coverage and integrity, increased necrosis, with little evidence of monolayer re-establishment. These findings indicate that characteristics of organic coating type largely determine the mechanism of cytotoxicity and the ability of the monolayer to recover. Use of high content screening coupled with traditional in vitro assays proves to serve as a rapid pulmonary toxicity assessment tool to help define prevention by targeted physicochemical material properties design strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Stueckle
- Health Effects Laboratory Division , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , West Virginia 26505 , United States
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kornberg TG, Stueckle TA, Coyle J, Derk R, Demokritou P, Rojanasakul Y, Rojanasakul LW. Iron Oxide Nanoparticle-Induced Neoplastic-Like Cell Transformation in Vitro Is Reduced with a Protective Amorphous Silica Coating. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:2382-2397. [PMID: 31657553 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONP) have recently surged in production and use in a wide variety of biomedical and environmental applications. However, their potential long-term health effects, including carcinogenesis, are unknown. Limited research suggests IONP can induce genotoxicity and neoplastic transformation associated with particle dissolution and release of free iron ions. "Safe by design" strategies involve the modification of particle physicochemical properties to affect subsequent adverse outcomes, such as an amorphous silica coating to reduce IONP dissolution and direct interaction with cells. We hypothesized that long-term exposure to a specific IONP (nFe2O3) would induce neoplastic-like cell transformation, which could be prevented with an amorphous silica coating (SiO2-nFe2O3). To test this hypothesis, human bronchial epithelial cells (Beas-2B) were continuously exposed to a 0.6 μg/cm2 administered a dose of nFe2O3 (∼0.58 μg/cm2 delivered dose), SiO2-nFe2O3 (∼0.55 μg/cm2 delivered dose), or gas metal arc mild steel welding fumes (GMA-MS, ∼0.58 μg/cm2 delivered dose) for 6.5 months. GMA-MS are composed of roughly 80% iron/iron oxide and were recently classified as a total human carcinogen. Our results showed that low-dose/long-term in vitro exposure to nFe2O3 induced a time-dependent neoplastic-like cell transformation, as indicated by increased cell proliferation and attachment-independent colony formation, which closely matched that induced by GMA-MS. This transformation was associated with decreases in intracellular iron, minimal changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and the induction of double-stranded DNA damage. An amorphous silica-coated but otherwise identical particle (SiO2-nFe2O3) did not induce this neoplastic-like phenotype or changes in the parameters mentioned above. Overall, the presented data suggest the carcinogenic potential of long-term nFe2O3 exposure and the utility of an amorphous silica coating in a "safe by design" hazard reduction strategy, within the context of a physiologically relevant exposure scenario (low-dose/long-term), with model validation using GMA-MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany G Kornberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, School of Pharmacy , West Virginia University , Morgantown , West Virginia 26506 , United States.,Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , West Virginia 26505 , United States
| | - Todd A Stueckle
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , West Virginia 26505 , United States
| | - Jayme Coyle
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , West Virginia 26505 , United States
| | - Raymond Derk
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , West Virginia 26505 , United States
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Harvard University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, School of Pharmacy , West Virginia University , Morgantown , West Virginia 26506 , United States
| | - Liying W Rojanasakul
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, School of Pharmacy , West Virginia University , Morgantown , West Virginia 26506 , United States.,Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , West Virginia 26505 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Siegrist KJ, Reynolds SH, Porter DW, Mercer RR, Bauer AK, Lowry D, Cena L, Stueckle TA, Kashon ML, Wiley J, Salisbury JL, Mastovich J, Bunker K, Sparrow M, Lupoi JS, Stefaniak AB, Keane MJ, Tsuruoka S, Terrones M, McCawley M, Sargent LM. Mitsui-7, heat-treated, and nitrogen-doped multi-walled carbon nanotubes elicit genotoxicity in human lung epithelial cells. Part Fibre Toxicol 2019; 16:36. [PMID: 31590690 PMCID: PMC6781364 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-019-0318-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The unique physicochemical properties of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) have led to many industrial applications. Due to their low density and small size, MWCNT are easily aerosolized in the workplace making respiratory exposures likely in workers. The International Agency for Research on Cancer designated the pristine Mitsui-7 MWCNT (MWCNT-7) as a Group 2B carcinogen, but there was insufficient data to classify all other MWCNT. Previously, MWCNT exposed to high temperature (MWCNT-HT) or synthesized with nitrogen (MWCNT-ND) have been found to elicit attenuated toxicity; however, their genotoxic and carcinogenic potential are not known. Our aim was to measure the genotoxicity of MWCNT-7 compared to these two physicochemically-altered MWCNTs in human lung epithelial cells (BEAS-2B & SAEC). Results Dose-dependent partitioning of individual nanotubes in the cell nuclei was observed for each MWCNT material and was greatest for MWCNT-7. Exposure to each MWCNT led to significantly increased mitotic aberrations with multi- and monopolar spindle morphologies and fragmented centrosomes. Quantitative analysis of the spindle pole demonstrated significantly increased centrosome fragmentation from 0.024–2.4 μg/mL of each MWCNT. Significant aneuploidy was measured in a dose-response from each MWCNT-7, HT, and ND; the highest dose of 24 μg/mL produced 67, 61, and 55%, respectively. Chromosome analysis demonstrated significantly increased centromere fragmentation and translocations from each MWCNT at each dose. Following 24 h of exposure to MWCNT-7, ND and/or HT in BEAS-2B a significant arrest in the G1/S phase in the cell cycle occurred, whereas the MWCNT-ND also induced a G2 arrest. Primary SAEC exposed for 24 h to each MWCNT elicited a significantly greater arrest in the G1 and G2 phases. However, SAEC arrested in the G1/S phase after 72 h of exposure. Lastly, a significant increase in clonal growth was observed one month after exposure to 0.024 μg/mL MWCNT-HT & ND. Conclusions Although MWCNT-HT & ND cause a lower incidence of genotoxicity, all three MWCNTs cause the same type of mitotic and chromosomal disruptions. Chromosomal fragmentation and translocations have not been observed with other nanomaterials. Because in vitro genotoxicity is correlated with in vivo genotoxic response, these studies in primary human lung cells may predict the genotoxic potency in exposed human populations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12989-019-0318-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn J Siegrist
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.,Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Steven H Reynolds
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Dale W Porter
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Robert R Mercer
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Alison K Bauer
- Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - David Lowry
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Lorenzo Cena
- Department of Health, West Chester University, West Chester, PA, 19383, USA
| | - Todd A Stueckle
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Michael L Kashon
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - John Wiley
- Department of Pediatrics, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | | | | | - Kristin Bunker
- RJ Lee Group, 350 Hochberg Road, Monroeville, PA, 15146, USA
| | - Mark Sparrow
- Independent Consultant, Allison Park, PA, 15101, USA
| | - Jason S Lupoi
- RJ Lee Group, 350 Hochberg Road, Monroeville, PA, 15146, USA
| | - Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Michael J Keane
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | | | | | - Michael McCawley
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Linda M Sargent
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Farcas MT, Stefaniak AB, Knepp AK, Bowers L, Mandler WK, Kashon M, Jackson SR, Stueckle TA, Sisler JD, Friend SA, Qi C, Hammond DR, Thomas TA, Matheson J, Castranova V, Qian Y. Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polycarbonate (PC) filaments three-dimensional (3-D) printer emissions-induced cell toxicity. Toxicol Lett 2019; 317:1-12. [PMID: 31562913 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
During extrusion of some polymers, fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3-D printers emit billions of particles per minute and numerous organic compounds. The scope of this study was to evaluate FFF 3-D printer emission-induced toxicity in human small airway epithelial cells (SAEC). Emissions were generated from a commercially available 3-D printer inside a chamber, while operating for 1.5 h with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) or polycarbonate (PC) filaments, and collected in cell culture medium. Characterization of the culture medium revealed that repeat print runs with an identical filament yield various amounts of particles and organic compounds. Mean particle sizes in cell culture medium were 201 ± 18 nm and 202 ± 8 nm for PC and ABS, respectively. At 24 h post-exposure, both PC and ABS emissions induced a dose dependent significant cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, apoptosis, necrosis, and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in SAEC. Though the emissions may not completely represent all possible exposure scenarios, this study indicate that the FFF could induce toxicological effects. Further studies are needed to quantify the detected chemicals in the emissions and their corresponding toxicological effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana T Farcas
- Pathology and Physiology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA; Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
| | - Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- Field Studies Branch, Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
| | - Alycia K Knepp
- Field Studies Branch, Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
| | - Lauren Bowers
- Field Studies Branch, Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
| | - William K Mandler
- Pathology and Physiology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
| | - Michael Kashon
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
| | - Stephen R Jackson
- Exposure Assessment Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
| | - Todd A Stueckle
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
| | - Jenifer D Sisler
- Pathology and Physiology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
| | - Sherri A Friend
- Pathology and Physiology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
| | - Chaolong Qi
- Engineering and Physical Hazards Branch, Division of Applied Research & Technology, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Duane R Hammond
- Engineering and Physical Hazards Branch, Division of Applied Research & Technology, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Treye A Thomas
- Office of Hazard Identification and Reduction, U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Joanna Matheson
- Office of Hazard Identification and Reduction, U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Vincent Castranova
- Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
| | - Yong Qian
- Pathology and Physiology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Affiliation(s)
- Todd A. Stueckle
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Jenny R. Roberts
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kiratipaiboon C, Stueckle TA, Ghosh R, Rojanasakul LW, Chen YC, Dinu CZ, Rojanasakul Y. Acquisition of Cancer Stem Cell-like Properties in Human Small Airway Epithelial Cells after a Long-term Exposure to Carbon Nanomaterials. Environ Sci Nano 2019; 6:2152-2170. [PMID: 31372228 PMCID: PMC6675031 DOI: 10.1039/c9en00183b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a key driver of tumor formation and metastasis, but how they are affected by nanomaterials is largely unknown. The present study investigated the effects of different carbon-based nanomaterials (CNMs) on neoplastic and CSC-like transformation of human small airway epithelial cells and determined the underlying mechanisms. Using a physiologically relevant exposure model (long-term/low-dose) with system validation using a human carcinogen, asbestos, we demonstrated that single-walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, ultrafine carbon black, and crocidolite asbestos induced particle-specific anchorage-independent colony formation, DNA-strand break, and p53 downregulation, indicating genotoxicity and carcinogenic potential of CNMs. The chronic CNM-exposed cells exhibited CSC-like properties as indicated by 3D spheroid formation, anoikis resistance, and CSC markers expression. Mechanistic studies revealed specific self-renewal and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related transcription factors that are involved in the cellular transformation process. Pathway analysis of gene signaling networks supports the role of SOX2 and SNAI1 signaling in CNM-mediated transformation. These findings support the potential carcinogenicity of high aspect ratio CNMs and identified molecular targets and signaling pathways that may contribute to the disease development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chayanin Kiratipaiboon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26506, United States
| | - Todd A Stueckle
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26505, United States
| | - Rajib Ghosh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26506, United States
| | - Liying W Rojanasakul
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26505, United States
| | - Yi Charlie Chen
- College of Science, Technology and Mathematics, Alderson Broaddus University, Philippi, West Virginia, 26416, United States
| | - Cerasela Zoica Dinu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26506, United States
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26506, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wagner A, White AP, Tang MC, Agarwal S, Stueckle TA, Rojanasakul Y, Gupta RK, Dinu CZ. Incineration of Nanoclay Composites Leads to Byproducts with Reduced Cellular Reactivity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10709. [PMID: 30013129 PMCID: PMC6048035 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28884-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Addition of nanoclays into a polymer matrix leads to nanocomposites with enhanced properties to be used in plastics for food packaging applications. Because of the plastics' high stored energy value, such nanocomposites make good candidates for disposal via municipal solid waste plants. However, upon disposal, increased concerns related to nanocomposites' byproducts potential toxicity arise, especially considering that such byproducts could escape disposal filters to cause inhalation hazards. Herein, we investigated the effects that byproducts of a polymer polylactic acid-based nanocomposite containing a functionalized montmorillonite nanoclay (Cloisite 30B) could pose to human lung epithelial cells, used as a model for inhalation exposure. Analysis showed that the byproducts induced toxic responses, including reductions in cellular viability, changes in cellular morphology, and cytoskeletal alterations, however only at high doses of exposure. The degree of dispersion of nanoclays in the polymer matrix appeared to influence the material characteristics, degradation, and ultimately toxicity. With toxicity of the byproduct occurring at high doses, safety protocols should be considered, along with deleterious effects investigations to thus help aid in safer, yet still effective products and disposal strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alixandra Wagner
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Andrew P White
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Man Chio Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Sushant Agarwal
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Todd A Stueckle
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Rakesh K Gupta
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Cerasela Zoica Dinu
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Stueckle TA, Davidson DC, Derk R, Kornberg TG, Battelli L, Friend S, Orandle M, Wagner A, Dinu CZ, Sierros KA, Agarwal S, Gupta RK, Rojanasakul Y, Porter DW, Rojanasakul L. Short-Term Pulmonary Toxicity Assessment of Pre- and Post-incinerated Organomodified Nanoclay in Mice. ACS Nano 2018; 12:2292-2310. [PMID: 29451776 PMCID: PMC6357971 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b07281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Organomodified nanoclays (ONCs) are increasingly used as filler materials to improve nanocomposite strength, wettability, flammability, and durability. However, pulmonary risks associated with exposure along their chemical lifecycle are unknown. This study's objective was to compare pre- and post-incinerated forms of uncoated and organomodified nanoclays for potential pulmonary inflammation, toxicity, and systemic blood response. Mice were exposed via aspiration to low (30 μg) and high (300 μg) doses of preincinerated uncoated montmorillonite nanoclay (CloisNa), ONC (Clois30B), their respective incinerated forms (I-CloisNa and I-Clois30B), and crystalline silica (CS). Lung and blood tissues were collected at days 1, 7, and 28 to compare toxicity and inflammation indices. Well-dispersed CloisNa caused a robust inflammatory response characterized by neutrophils, macrophages, and particle-laden granulomas. Alternatively, Clois30B, I-Clois30B, and CS high-dose exposures elicited a low grade, persistent inflammatory response. High-dose Clois30B exposure exhibited moderate increases in lung damage markers and a delayed macrophage recruitment cytokine signature peaking at day 7 followed by a fibrotic tissue signature at day 28, similar to CloisNa. I-CloisNa exhibited acute, transient inflammation with quick recovery. Conversely, high-dose I-Clois30B caused a weak initial inflammatory signal but showed comparable pro-inflammatory signaling to CS at day 28. The data demonstrate that ONC pulmonary toxicity and inflammatory potential relies on coating presence and incineration status in that coated and incinerated nanoclay exhibited less inflammation and granuloma formation than pristine montmorillonite. High doses of both pre- and post-incinerated ONC, with different surface morphologies, may harbor potential pulmonary health hazards over long-term occupational exposures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Todd A. Stueckle
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Donna C. Davidson
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Ray Derk
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Tiffany G. Kornberg
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Lori Battelli
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Sherri Friend
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Marlene Orandle
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Alixandra Wagner
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Cerasela Zoica Dinu
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Konstantinos A. Sierros
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Sushant Agarwal
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Rakesh K. Gupta
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Dale W. Porter
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Liying Rojanasakul
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Eldawud R, Wagner A, Dong C, Stueckle TA, Rojanasakul Y, Dinu CZ. Carbon nanotubes physicochemical properties influence the overall cellular behavior and fate. NanoImpact 2018; 9:72-84. [PMID: 31544167 PMCID: PMC6753956 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The unique properties of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) make them viable candidates for versatile implementation in the next generation of biomedical devices for targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic agents or cellular-sensing probes. Such implementation requires user-tailored changes in SWCNT's physicochemical characteristics to allow for efficient cellular integration while maintaining nanotubes' functionality. However, isolated reports showed that user-tailoring could induce deleterious effects in exposed cells, from decrease in cellular proliferation, to changes in cellular adhesion, generation of reactive oxygen species or phenotypical variations, just to name a few. Before full implementation of SWCNTs is achieved, their toxicological profiles need to be mechanistically correlated with their physicochemical properties to determine how the induced cellular fate is related to the exposure conditions or samples' characteristics. Our study provides a comprehensive analysis of the synergistic cyto- and genotoxic effects resulted from short-term exposure of human lung epithelial cells to pristine (as manufactured) and user-tailored SWCNTs, as a function of their physicochemical properties. Specifically, through a systematic approach we are correlating the nanotube uptake and nanotube-induced cellular changes to the sample's physicochemical characteristics (e.g., metal impurities, length, agglomerate size, surface area, dispersion, and surface functionalization). By identifying changes in active hallmarks involved in cell-cell connections and maintaining epithelial layer integrity, we also determine the role that short-term exposure to SWCNTs plays in the overall cellular fate and cellular transformation. Lastly, we assess cellular structure-function relationships to identify non-apoptotic pathways induced by SWCNTs exposure that could however lead to changes in cellular behavior and cellular transformation. Our results show that the degree of cell transformation is a function of the physicochemical properties of the SWCNT, with the nanotube with higher length, higher metal content and larger agglomerate size reducing cell viability to a larger extent. Such changes in cell viability are also complemented by changes in cell structure, cycle and cell-cell interactions, all responsible for maintaining cell fate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reem Eldawud
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Alixandra Wagner
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Chenbo Dong
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Todd A. Stueckle
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, WV 26506, USA
| | - Cerasela Zoica Dinu
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, WV 26506, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wagner A, White AP, Stueckle TA, Banerjee D, Sierros KA, Rojanasakul Y, Agarwal S, Gupta RK, Dinu CZ. Early Assessment and Correlations of Nanoclay's Toxicity to Their Physical and Chemical Properties. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:32323-32335. [PMID: 28799741 PMCID: PMC6390283 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b06657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanoclays' functionalization with organic modifiers increases their individual barrier properties, thermal stability, and mechanical properties and allows for ease of implementation in food packaging materials or medical devices. Previous reports have shown that, while organic modifiers integration between the layered mineral silicates leads to nanoclays with different degrees of hydrophobicity that become easily miscible in polymers, they could also pose possible effects at inhalation or ingestion routes of exposure. Through a systematic analysis of three organically modified and one pristine nanoclay, we aimed to relate for the first time the physical and chemical characteristics, determined via microscopical and spectroscopical techniques, with the potential of these nanoclays to induce deleterious effects in in vitro cellular systems, i.e. in immortalized and primary human lung epithelial cell lines. To derive information on how functionalization could lead to toxicological profiles throughout nanoclays' life cycle, both as-received and thermally degraded nanoclays were evaluated. Our analysis showed that the organic modifiers chemical composition influenced both the physical and chemical characteristics of the nanoclays as well as their toxicity. Overall, when cells were exposed to nanoclays with organic modifiers containing bioreactive groups, they displayed lower cellular numbers as well more elongated cellular morphologies relative to the pristine nanoclay and the nanoclay containing a modifier with long carbon chains. Additionally, thermal degradation caused loss of the organic modifiers as well as changes in size and shape of the nanoclays, which led to changes in toxicity upon exposure to our model cellular systems. Our study provides insight into the synergistic effects of chemical composition, size, and shape of the nanoclays and their toxicological profiles in conditions that mimic exposure in manufacturing and disposal environments, respectively, and can help aid in safe-by-design manufacturing of nanoclays with user-controlled functionalization and lower toxicity levels when food packaging applications are considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alixandra Wagner
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Andrew P. White
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Todd A. Stueckle
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Derrick Banerjee
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Konstantinos A. Sierros
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown WV, 26506, USA
| | - Sushant Agarwal
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Rakesh K. Gupta
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Cerasela Zoica Dinu
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Stueckle TA, Davidson DC, Derk R, Wang P, Friend S, Schwegler-Berry D, Zheng P, Wu N, Castranova V, Rojanasakul Y, Wang L. Effect of surface functionalizations of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on neoplastic transformation potential in primary human lung epithelial cells. Nanotoxicology 2017; 11:613-624. [PMID: 28513319 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2017.1332253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube (fMWCNT) development has been intensified to improve their surface activity for numerous applications, and potentially reduce toxic effects. Although MWCNT exposures are associated with lung tumorigenesis in vivo, adverse responses associated with exposure to different fMWCNTs in human lung epithelium are presently unknown. This study hypothesized that different plasma-coating functional groups determine MWCNT neoplastic transformation potential. Using our established model, human primary small airway epithelial cells (pSAECs) were continuously exposed for 8 and 12 weeks at 0.06 μg/cm2 to three-month aged as-prepared-(pMWCNT), carboxylated-(MW-COOH), and aminated-MWCNTs (MW-NHx). Ultrafine carbon black (UFCB) and crocidolite asbestos (ASB) served as particle controls. fMWCNTs were characterized during storage, and exposed cells were assessed for several established cancer cell hallmarks. Characterization analyses conducted at 0 and 2 months of aging detected a loss of surface functional groups over time due to atmospheric oxidation, with MW-NHx possessing less oxygen and greater lung surfactant binding affinity. Following 8 weeks of exposure, all fMWCNT-exposed cells exhibited significant increased proliferation compared to controls at 7 d post-treatment, while UFCB- and ASB-exposed cells did not differ significantly from controls. UFCB, pMWCNT, and MW-COOH exposure stimulated significant transient invasion behavior. Conversely, aged MW-NHx-exposed cells displayed moderate increases in soft agar colony formation and morphological transformation potential, while UFCB cells showed a minimal effect compared to all other treatments. In summary, surface properties of aged fMWCNTs can impact cell transformation events in vitro following continuous, occupationally relevant exposures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Stueckle
- a Health Effects Laboratory Division , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Donna C Davidson
- a Health Effects Laboratory Division , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Ray Derk
- a Health Effects Laboratory Division , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Peng Wang
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy , West Virginia University , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Sherri Friend
- a Health Effects Laboratory Division , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Diane Schwegler-Berry
- a Health Effects Laboratory Division , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Peng Zheng
- c Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , West Virginia University , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Nianqiang Wu
- c Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , West Virginia University , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Vince Castranova
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy , West Virginia University , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy , West Virginia University , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Liying Wang
- a Health Effects Laboratory Division , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , WV , USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Stueckle TA, Davidson DC, Derk R, Kornberg TG, Schwegler-Berry D, Pirela SV, Deloid G, Demokritou P, Luanpitpong S, Rojanasakul Y, Wang L. Evaluation of tumorigenic potential of CeO 2 and Fe 2O 3 engineered nanoparticles by a human cell in vitro screening model. NanoImpact 2017; 6:39-54. [PMID: 28367517 PMCID: PMC5372702 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
With rapid development of novel nanotechnologies that incorporate engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) into manufactured products, long-term, low dose ENM exposures in occupational settings is forecasted to occur with potential adverse outcomes to human health. Few ENM human health risk assessment efforts have evaluated tumorigenic potential of ENMs. Two widely used nano-scaled metal oxides (NMOs), cerium oxide (nCeO2) and ferric oxide (nFe2O3) were screened in the current study using a sub-chronic exposure to human primary small airway epithelial cells (pSAECs). Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), a known ENM tumor promoter, was used as a positive control. Advanced dosimetry modeling was employed to ascertain delivered vs. administered dose in all experimental conditions. Cells were continuously exposed in vitro to deposited doses of 0.18 μg/cm2 or 0.06 μg/cm2 of each NMO or MWCNT, respectively, over 6 and 10 weeks, while saline- and dispersant-only exposed cells served as passage controls. Cells were evaluated for changes in several cancer hallmarks, as evidence for neoplastic transformation. At 10 weeks, nFe2O3- and MWCNT-exposed cells displayed a neoplastic-like transformation phenotype with significant increased proliferation, invasion and soft agar colony formation ability compared to controls. nCeO2-exposed cells showed increased proliferative capacity only. Isolated nFe2O3 and MWCNT clones from soft agar colonies retained their respective neoplastic-like phenotypes. Interestingly, nFe2O3-exposed cells, but not MWCNT cells, exhibited immortalization and retention of the neoplastic phenotype after repeated passaging (12 - 30 passages) and after cryofreeze and thawing. High content screening and protein expression analyses in acute exposure ENM studies vs. immortalized nFe2O3 cells, and isolated ENM clones, suggested that long-term exposure to the tested ENMs resulted in iron homeostasis disruption, an increased labile ferrous iron pool, and subsequent reactive oxygen species generation, a well-established tumorigenesis promotor. In conclusion, sub-chronic exposure to human pSAECs with a cancer hallmark screening battery identified nFe2O3 as possessing neoplastic-like transformation ability, thus suggesting that further tumorigenic assessment is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Todd A. Stueckle
- HELD, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown WV, 26505
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown WV, 26506
- Corresponding Author: Todd A. Stueckle, , Phone: 304 285-6098
| | - Donna C. Davidson
- HELD, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown WV, 26505
| | - Raymond Derk
- HELD, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown WV, 26505
| | - Tiffany G. Kornberg
- HELD, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown WV, 26505
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown WV, 26506
| | | | - Sandra V. Pirela
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston MA
| | - Glen Deloid
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston MA
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston MA
| | - Sudjit Luanpitpong
- Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown WV, 26506
| | - Liying Wang
- HELD, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown WV, 26505
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wagner A, Eldawud R, White A, Agarwal S, Stueckle TA, Sierros KA, Rojanasakul Y, Gupta RK, Dinu CZ. Toxicity evaluations of nanoclays and thermally degraded byproducts through spectroscopical and microscopical approaches. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1861:3406-3415. [PMID: 27612663 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Montmorillonite is a type of nanoclay that originates from the clay fraction of the soil and is incorporated into polymers to form nanocomposites with enhanced mechanical strength, barrier, and flammability properties used for food packaging, automotive, and medical devices. However, with implementation in such consumer applications, the interaction of montmorillonite-based composites or derived byproducts with biological systems needs to be investigated. METHODS Herein we examined the potential of Cloisite Na+ (pristine) and Cloisite 30B (organically modified montmorillonite nanoclay) and their thermally degraded byproducts' to induce toxicity in model human lung epithelial cells. The experimental set-up mimicked biological exposure in manufacturing and disposal areas and employed cellular treatments with occupationally relevant doses of nanoclays previously characterized using spectroscopical and microscopical approaches. For nanoclay-cellular interactions and for cellular analyses respectively, biosensorial-based analytical platforms were used, with induced cellular changes being confirmed via live cell counts, viability assays, and cell imaging. RESULTS Our analysis of byproducts' chemical and physical properties revealed both structural and functional changes. Real-time high throughput analyses of exposed cellular systems confirmed that nanoclay induced significant toxic effects, with Cloisite 30B showing time-dependent decreases in live cell count and cellular viability relative to control and pristine nanoclay, respectively. Byproducts produced less toxic effects; all treatments caused alterations in the cell morphology upon exposure. CONCLUSIONS Our morphological, behavioral, and viability cellular changes show that nanoclays have the potential to produce toxic effects when used both in manufacturing or disposal environments. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The reported toxicological mechanisms prove the extensibility of a biosensorial-based platform for cellular behavior analysis upon treatment with a variety of nanomaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alixandra Wagner
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Reem Eldawud
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Andrew White
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Sushant Agarwal
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Todd A Stueckle
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Konstantinos A Sierros
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Rakesh K Gupta
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - Cerasela Zoica Dinu
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
He X, Despeaux E, Stueckle TA, Chi A, Castranova V, Dinu CZ, Wang L, Rojanasakul Y. Role of mesothelin in carbon nanotube-induced carcinogenic transformation of human bronchial epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 311:L538-49. [PMID: 27422997 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00139.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been likened to asbestos in terms of morphology and toxicity. CNT exposure can lead to pulmonary fibrosis and promotion of tumorigenesis. However, the mechanisms underlying CNT-induced carcinogenesis are not well defined. Mesothelin (MSLN) is overexpressed in many human tumors, including mesotheliomas and pancreatic and ovarian carcinomas. In this study, the role of MSLN in the carcinogenic transformation of human bronchial epithelial cells chronically exposed to single-walled CNT (BSW) was investigated. MSLN overexpression was found in human lung tumors, lung cancer cell lines, and BSW cells. The functional role of MSLN in the BSW cells was then investigated by using stably transfected MSLN knockdown (BSW shMSLN) cells. MSLN knockdown resulted in significantly decreased invasion, migration, colonies on soft agar, and tumor sphere formation. In vivo, BSW shMSLN cells formed smaller primary tumors and less metastases. The mechanism by which MSLN contributes to these more aggressive behaviors was investigated by using ingenuity pathway analysis, which predicted that increased MSLN could induce cyclin E expression. We found that BSW shMSLN cells had decreased cyclin E, and their proliferation rate was reverted to nearly that of untransformed cells. Cell cycle analysis showed that the BSW shMSLN cells had an increased G2 population and a decreased S phase population, which is consistent with the decreased rate of proliferation. Together, our results indicate a novel role of MSLN in the malignant transformation of bronchial epithelial cells following CNT exposure, suggesting its utility as a potential biomarker and drug target for CNT-induced malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing He
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Emily Despeaux
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Todd A Stueckle
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia; HELD, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Alexander Chi
- WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia; and
| | - Vincent Castranova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Cerasela Zoica Dinu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Liying Wang
- HELD, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia; WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia; and
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Davidson DC, Derk R, He X, Stueckle TA, Cohen J, Pirela SV, Demokritou P, Rojanasakul Y, Wang L. Direct stimulation of human fibroblasts by nCeO2 in vitro is attenuated with an amorphous silica coating. Part Fibre Toxicol 2016; 13:23. [PMID: 27142434 PMCID: PMC4855843 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-016-0134-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nano-scaled cerium oxide (nCeO2) is used in a variety of applications, including use as a fuel additive, catalyst, and polishing agent, yet potential adverse health effects associated with nCeO2 exposure remain incompletely understood. Given the increasing utility and demand for engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) such as nCeO2, “safety-by-design” approaches are currently being sought, meaning that the physicochemical properties (e.g., size and surface chemistry) of the ENMs are altered in an effort to maximize functionality while minimizing potential toxicity. In vivo studies have shown in a rat model that inhaled nCeO2 deposited deep in the lung and induced fibrosis. However, little is known about how the physicochemical properties of nCeO2, or the coating of the particles with a material such as amorphous silica (aSiO2), may affect the bio-activity of these particles. Thus, we hypothesized that the physicochemical properties of nCeO2 may explain its potential to induce fibrogenesis, and that a nano-thin aSiO2 coating on nCeO2 may counteract that effect. Results Primary normal human lung fibroblasts were treated at occupationally relevant doses with nCeO2 that was either left uncoated or was coated with aSiO2 (amsCeO2). Subsequently, fibroblasts were analyzed for known hallmarks of fibrogenesis, including cell proliferation and collagen production, as well as the formation of fibroblastic nodules. The results of this study are consistent with this hypothesis, as we found that nCeO2 directly induced significant production of collagen I and increased cell proliferation in vitro, while amsCeO2 did not. Furthermore, treatment of fibroblasts with nCeO2, but not amsCeO2, significantly induced the formation of fibroblastic nodules, a clear indicator of fibrogenicity. Such in vitro data is consistent with recent in vivo observations using the same nCeO2 nanoparticles and relevant doses. This effect appeared to be mediated through TGFβ signaling since chemical inhibition of the TGFβ receptor abolished these responses. Conclusions These results indicate that differences in the physicochemical properties of nCeO2 may alter the fibrogenicity of this material, thus highlighting the potential benefits of “safety-by-design” strategies. In addition, this study provides an efficient in vitro method for testing the fibrogenicity of ENMs that strongly correlates with in vivo findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donna C Davidson
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Raymond Derk
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Xiaoqing He
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Todd A Stueckle
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Joel Cohen
- Department of Environmental Health, Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sandra V Pirela
- Department of Environmental Health, Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Department of Environmental Health, Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Liying Wang
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mishra A, Stueckle TA, Mercer RR, Derk R, Rojanasakul Y, Castranova V, Wang L. Identification of TGF-β receptor-1 as a key regulator of carbon nanotube-induced fibrogenesis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L821-33. [PMID: 26472812 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00002.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) induce rapid interstitial lung fibrosis, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Previous studies indicated that the ability of CNTs to penetrate lung epithelium, enter interstitial tissue, and stimulate fibroblasts to produce collagen matrix is important to lung fibrosis. In this study, we investigated the activation of transforming growth factor-β receptor-1 [TGF-β R1; i.e., activin receptor-like kinase 5 (ALK5) receptor] and TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway in CNT-induced collagen production in human lung fibroblasts. Human lung fibroblasts and epithelial cells were exposed to low, physiologically relevant concentrations (0.02-0.6 μg/cm(2)) of single-walled CNTs (SWCNT) and multiwalled CNTs (MWCNT) in culture and analyzed for collagen, TGF-β1, TGF-β R1, and SMAD proteins by Western blotting and immunofluorescence. Chemical inhibition of ALK5 and short-hairpin (sh) RNA targeting of TGF-β R1 and Smad2 were used to probe the fibrogenic mechanism of CNTs. Both SWCNT and MWCNT induced an overexpression of TGF-β1, TGF-β R1 and Smad2/3 proteins in lung fibroblasts compared with vehicle or ultrafine carbon black-exposed controls. SWCNT- and MWCNT-induced collagen production was blocked by ALK5 inhibitor or shRNA knockdown of TGF-β R1 and Smad2. Our results indicate the critical role of TGF-β R1/Smad2/3 signaling in CNT-induced fibrogenesis by upregulating collagen production in lung fibroblasts. This novel finding may aid in the design of mechanism-based risk assessment and development of rapid screening tests for nanomaterial fibrogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Mishra
- Health Effects Laboratory Division (HELD), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia; and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Todd A Stueckle
- Health Effects Laboratory Division (HELD), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia; and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Robert R Mercer
- Health Effects Laboratory Division (HELD), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia; and
| | - Raymond Derk
- Health Effects Laboratory Division (HELD), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia; and
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Vincent Castranova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Liying Wang
- Health Effects Laboratory Division (HELD), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia; and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Derk R, Davidson DC, Manke A, Stueckle TA, Rojanasakul Y, Wang L. Potential in vitro model for testing the effect of exposure to nanoparticles on the lung alveolar epithelial barrier. Sens Biosensing Res 2015; 3:38-45. [PMID: 28503407 PMCID: PMC5425160 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary barrier function plays a pivotal role in protection from inhaled particles. However, some nano-scaled particles, such as carbon nanotubes (CNT), have demonstrated the ability to penetrate this barrier in animal models, resulting in an unusual, rapid interstitial fibrosis. To delineate the underlying mechanism and specific bio-effect of inhaled nanoparticles in respiratory toxicity, models of lung epithelial barriers are required that allow accurate representation of in vivo systems; however, there is currently a lack of consistent methods to do so. Thus, this work demonstrates a well-characterized in vitro model of pulmonary barrier function using Calu-3 cells, and provides the experimental conditions required for achieving tight junction complexes in cell culture, with trans-epithelial electrical resistance measurement used as a biosensor for proper barrier formation and integrity. The effects of cell number and serum constituents have been examined and we found that changes in each of these parameters can greatly affect barrier formation. Our data demonstrate that use of 5.0 × 104 Calu-3 cells/well in the Transwell cell culture system, with 10% serum concentrations in culture media is optimal for assessing epithelial barrier function. In addition, we have utilized CNT exposure to analyze the dose-, time-, and nanoparticle property-dependent alterations of epithelial barrier permeability as a means to validate this model. Such high throughput in vitro cell models of the epithelium could be used to predict the interaction of other nanoparticles with lung epithelial barriers to mimic respiratory behavior in vivo, thus providing essential tools and bio-sensing techniques that can be uniformly employed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Derk
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, HELD/PPRB, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Donna C Davidson
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, HELD/PPRB, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Amruta Manke
- West Virginia University, School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Todd A Stueckle
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, HELD/PPRB, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- West Virginia University, School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Liying Wang
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, HELD/PPRB, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Pongrakhananon V, Luanpitpong S, Stueckle TA, Wang L, Nimmannit U, Rojanasakul Y. Carbon nanotubes induce apoptosis resistance of human lung epithelial cells through FLICE-inhibitory protein. Toxicol Sci 2015; 143:499-511. [PMID: 25412619 PMCID: PMC4306727 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure to single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) has been reported to induce apoptosis resistance of human lung epithelial cells. As resistance to apoptosis is a foundation of neoplastic transformation and cancer development, we evaluated the apoptosis resistance characteristic of the exposed lung cells to understand the pathogenesis mechanism. Passage control and SWCNT-transformed human lung epithelial cells were treated with known inducers of apoptosis via the intrinsic (antimycin A and CDDP) or extrinsic (FasL and TNF-α) pathway and analyzed for apoptosis by DNA fragmentation, annexin-V expression, and caspase activation assays. Whole-genome microarray was performed to aid the analysis of apoptotic gene signaling network. The SWCNT-transformed cells exhibited defective death receptor pathway in association with cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) overexpression. Knockdown or chemical inhibition of c-FLIP abrogated the apoptosis resistance of SWCNT-transformed cells. Whole-genome expression signature analysis confirmed these findings. This study is the first to demonstrate carbon nanotube-induced defective death receptor pathway and the role of c-FLIP in the process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Varisa Pongrakhananon
- *Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, and National Nanotechnology Center, Pathumthani, Thailand *Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, and National Nanotechnology Center, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Sudjit Luanpitpong
- *Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, and National Nanotechnology Center, Pathumthani, Thailand *Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, and National Nanotechnology Center, Pathumthani, Thailand *Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, and National Nanotechnology Center, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Todd A Stueckle
- *Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, and National Nanotechnology Center, Pathumthani, Thailand *Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, and National Nanotechnology Center, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Liying Wang
- *Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, and National Nanotechnology Center, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Ubonthip Nimmannit
- *Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, and National Nanotechnology Center, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- *Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, and National Nanotechnology Center, Pathumthani, Thailand *Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, and National Nanotechnology Center, Pathumthani, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chen D, Stueckle TA, Luanpitpong S, Rojanasakul Y, Lu Y, Wang L. Gene expression profile of human lung epithelial cells chronically exposed to single-walled carbon nanotubes. Nanoscale Res Lett 2015; 10:12. [PMID: 25852310 PMCID: PMC4314466 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-014-0707-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A rapid increase in utility of engineered nanomaterials, including carbon nanotubes (CNTs), has raised a concern over their safety. Based on recent evidence from animal studies, pulmonary exposure of CNTs may lead to nanoparticle accumulation in the deep lung without effective clearance which could interact with local lung cells for a long period of time. Physicochemical similarities of CNTs to asbestos fibers may contribute to their asbestos-like carcinogenic potential after long-term exposure, which has not been well addressed. More studies are needed to identify and predict the carcinogenic potential and mechanisms for promoting their safe use. Our previous study reported a long-term in vitro exposure model for CNT carcinogenicity and showed that 6-month sub-chronic exposure of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) causes malignant transformation of human lung epithelial cells. In addition, the transformed cells induced tumor formation in mice and exhibited an apoptosis resistant phenotype, a key characteristic of cancer cells. Although the potential role of p53 in the transformation process was identified, the underlying mechanisms of oncogenesis remain largely undefined. Here, we further examined the gene expression profile by using genome microarrays to profile molecular mechanisms of SWCNT oncogenesis. Based on differentially expressed genes, possible mechanisms of SWCNT-associated apoptosis resistance and oncogenesis were identified, which included activation of pAkt/p53/Bcl-2 signaling axis, increased gene expression of Ras family for cell cycle control, Dsh-mediated Notch 1, and downregulation of apoptotic genes BAX and Noxa. Activated immune responses were among the major changes of biological function. Our findings shed light on potential molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in SWCNT oncogenic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongquan Chen
- />Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA
| | - Todd A Stueckle
- />Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA
| | - Sudjit Luanpitpong
- />Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- />Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA
| | - Yongju Lu
- />Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
| | - Liying Wang
- />Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lohcharoenkal W, Wang L, Stueckle TA, Park J, Tse W, Dinu CZ, Rojanasakul Y. Role of H-Ras/ERK signaling in carbon nanotube-induced neoplastic-like transformation of human mesothelial cells. Front Physiol 2014; 5:222. [PMID: 24971065 PMCID: PMC4054652 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid development and deployment of engineered nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in various commercial and biomedical applications have raised concerns about their potential adverse health effects, especially their long-term effects which have not been well addressed. We demonstrated here that prolonged exposure of human mesothelial cells to single-walled CNT (SWCNT) induced neoplastic-like transformation as indicated by anchorage-independent cell growth and increased cell invasiveness. Such transformation was associated with an up-regulation of H-Ras and activation of ERK1/2. Downregulation of H-Ras by siRNA or inactivation of ERK by chemical inhibitor effectively inhibited the aggressive phenotype of SWCNT-exposed cells. Integrin alpha V and cortactin, but not epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) transcriptional regulators, were up-regulated in the SWCNT-exposed cells, suggesting their role in the aggressive phenotype. Cortactin expression was shown to be controlled by the H-Ras/ERK signaling. Thus, our results indicate a novel role of H-Ras/ERK signaling and cortactin in the aggressive transformation of human mesothelial cells by SWCNT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Liying Wang
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Todd A Stueckle
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jino Park
- Department of Medicine, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - William Tse
- Department of Medicine, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Cerasela-Zoica Dinu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, West Virginia University Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University Morgantown, WV, USA ; Department of Medicine, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University Morgantown, WV, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Manke A, Luanpitpong S, Dong C, Wang L, He X, Battelli L, Derk R, Stueckle TA, Porter DW, Sager T, Gou H, Dinu CZ, Wu N, Mercer RR, Rojanasakul Y. Effect of fiber length on carbon nanotube-induced fibrogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:7444-61. [PMID: 24786100 PMCID: PMC4057682 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15057444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Given their extremely small size and light weight, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can be readily inhaled by human lungs resulting in increased rates of pulmonary disorders, particularly fibrosis. Although the fibrogenic potential of CNTs is well established, there is a lack of consensus regarding the contribution of physicochemical attributes of CNTs on the underlying fibrotic outcome. We designed an experimentally validated in vitro fibroblast culture model aimed at investigating the effect of fiber length on single-walled CNT (SWCNT)-induced pulmonary fibrosis. The fibrogenic response to short and long SWCNTs was assessed via oxidative stress generation, collagen expression and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) production as potential fibrosis biomarkers. Long SWCNTs were significantly more potent than short SWCNTs in terms of reactive oxygen species (ROS) response, collagen production and TGF-β release. Furthermore, our finding on the length-dependent in vitro fibrogenic response was validated by the in vivo lung fibrosis outcome, thus supporting the predictive value of the in vitro model. Our results also demonstrated the key role of ROS in SWCNT-induced collagen expression and TGF-β activation, indicating the potential mechanisms of length-dependent SWCNT-induced fibrosis. Together, our study provides new evidence for the role of fiber length in SWCNT-induced lung fibrosis and offers a rapid cell-based assay for fibrogenicity testing of nanomaterials with the ability to predict pulmonary fibrogenic response in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amruta Manke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, 1, Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - Sudjit Luanpitpong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, 1, Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - Chenbo Dong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Statler College of Engineering and Mineral Resources, West Virginia University, 395 Evansdale Drive, PO Box 6102, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - Liying Wang
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd., Morgantown, WV 26505, USA.
| | - Xiaoqing He
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, 1, Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - Lori Battelli
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd., Morgantown, WV 26505, USA.
| | - Raymond Derk
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd., Morgantown, WV 26505, USA.
| | - Todd A Stueckle
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd., Morgantown, WV 26505, USA.
| | - Dale W Porter
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd., Morgantown, WV 26505, USA.
| | - Tina Sager
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd., Morgantown, WV 26505, USA.
| | - Honglei Gou
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Statler College of Engineering and Mineral Resources, West Virginia University, 395 Evansdale Drive, PO Box 6102, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - Cerasela Zoica Dinu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Statler College of Engineering and Mineral Resources, West Virginia University, 395 Evansdale Drive, PO Box 6102, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - Nianqiang Wu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Statler College of Engineering and Mineral Resources, West Virginia University, 395 Evansdale Drive, PO Box 6102, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - Robert R Mercer
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd., Morgantown, WV 26505, USA.
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, 1, Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Eldawud R, Stueckle TA, Manivannan S, Elbaz H, Chen M, Rojanasakul Y, Dinu CZ. Real-time analysis of the effects of toxic, therapeutic and sub-therapeutic concentrations of digitoxin on lung cancer cells. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 59:192-9. [PMID: 24727605 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Digitoxin belongs to a naturally occurring class of cardiac glycosides (CG); digitoxin is clinically approved for heart failure and known for its anti-cancer effects against non-small lung cancer cells (NSCLC). However, concerns associated with its narrow therapeutic index and its concentration-dependent mechanism of action are rising. Thus, before digitoxin implementation in designing and developing safer and more effective CG-based anti-cancer therapies, its pharmacological and safety profiles need to be fully elucidated. In this research we used a combinatorial approach to evaluate the anti-cancer mechanisms of digitoxin in real-time. Our approach employed a non-invasive electric cell impedance sensing technique as a proxy to monitor NSCLC behavior post-exposure to toxic, therapeutic and sub-therapeutic concentrations of the drug. By developing structure-function combinatorial relations we showed that digitoxin targets cancer cells in a time and dose-dependant manner by activating pro-apoptotic and anti-proliferative signaling cascades that results in strengthening cellular adhesion and sequestration of key regulatory proliferation protein from the nucleus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Eldawud
- Department of Chemical Engineering, West Virginia University, WV, United States
| | - T A Stueckle
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, WV, United States; Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, WV, United States
| | - S Manivannan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, West Virginia University, WV, United States
| | - H Elbaz
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, MI, United States
| | - M Chen
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, WV, United States
| | - Y Rojanasakul
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, WV, United States; Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center Allen Lung Program, West Virginia University, WV, United States.
| | - C Z Dinu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, West Virginia University, WV, United States; Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, WV, United States; Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center Allen Lung Program, West Virginia University, WV, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Pongrakhananon V, Stueckle TA, Wang HYL, O'Doherty GA, Dinu CZ, Chanvorachote P, Rojanasakul Y. Monosaccharide digitoxin derivative sensitize human non-small cell lung cancer cells to anoikis through Mcl-1 proteasomal degradation. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 88:23-35. [PMID: 24231508 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Advanced stage cancers acquire anoikis resistance which provides metastatic potential to invade and form tumors at distant sites. Suppression of anoikis resistance by novel molecular therapies would greatly benefit treatment strategies for metastatic cancers. Recently, digitoxin and several of its novel synthetic derivatives, such as α-l-rhamnose monosaccharide derivative (D6-MA), have been synthesized and studied for their profound anticancer activity in various cancer cell lines. In this study, we investigated the anoikis sensitizing effect of D6-MA compared with digitoxin to identify their anti-metastatic mechanism of action. D6-MA sensitized NSCLC H460 cells to detachment-induced apoptosis with significantly greater cytotoxicity (IC50=11.9 nM) than digitoxin (IC50=90.7 nM) by activating caspase-9. Screening of the Bcl-2 protein family revealed that degradation of anti-apoptotic Mcl-1 protein is a favorable target. Mcl-1 over-expression and knockdown studies in D6-MA and digitoxin exposed cells resulted in rescue and enhancement, respectively, indicating a facilitative role for decreased Mcl-1 expression in NSCLC anoikis. Transfection with mutant Mcl-1S159 attenuated detachment-induced cell death and correlated with a remaining of Mcl-1 level. Furthermore, D6-MA suppressed Mcl-1 expression via ubiquitin proteasomal degradation that is dependent on activation of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β signaling. In addition, D6-MA also targeted Mcl-1 degradation causing an increased anoikis in A549 lung cancer cells. Anoikis sensitizing effect on normal small airway epithelial cells was not observed indicating the specificity of D6-MA and digitoxin for NSCLC. These results identify a novel cardiac glycoside (CG) sensitizing anoikis mechanism and provide a promising anti-metastatic target for lung cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Varisa Pongrakhananon
- Cell-Based Drug and Health Product Development Research Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.,Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
| | - Todd A Stueckle
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States.,Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States
| | - Hua-Yu Leo Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - George A O'Doherty
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Cerasela Zoica Dinu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
| | - Pithi Chanvorachote
- Cell-Based Drug and Health Product Development Research Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States.,Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lohcharoenkal W, Wang L, Stueckle TA, Dinu CZ, Castranova V, Liu Y, Rojanasakul Y. Chronic exposure to carbon nanotubes induces invasion of human mesothelial cells through matrix metalloproteinase-2. ACS Nano 2013; 7:7711-23. [PMID: 23924264 PMCID: PMC3875633 DOI: 10.1021/nn402241b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma is one of the most aggressive forms of cancer known. Recent studies have shown that carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are biopersistent and induce mesothelioma in animals, but the underlying mechanisms are not known. Here, we investigate the effect of long-term exposure to high aspect ratio CNTs on the aggressive behaviors of human pleural mesothelial cells, the primary cellular target of human lung mesothelioma. We show that chronic exposure (4 months) to single- and multiwalled CNTs induced proliferation, migration, and invasion of the cells similar to that observed in asbestos-exposed cells. An up-regulation of several key genes known to be important in cell invasion, notably matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), was observed in the exposed mesothelial cells as determined by real-time PCR. Western blot and enzyme activity assays confirmed the increased expression and activity of MMP-2. Whole genome microarray analysis further indicated the importance of MMP-2 in the invasion gene signaling network of the exposed cells. Knockdown of MMP-2 in CNT and asbestos-exposed cells by shRNA-mediated gene silencing effectively inhibited the aggressive phenotypes. This study demonstrates CNT-induced cell invasion and indicates the role of MMP-2 in the process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Warangkana Lohcharoenkal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - Liying Wang
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV
| | - Todd A. Stueckle
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV
| | - Cerasela Zoica Dinu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - Vincent Castranova
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV
| | - Yuxin Liu
- Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
- Corresponding Author Correspondence should be addressed to Prof. Yon Rojanasakul, West Virginia University, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center. Phone: 304-293-1476
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wang L, Stueckle TA, Mishra A, Derk R, Meighan T, Castranova V, Rojanasakul Y. Neoplastic-like transformation effect of single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes compared to asbestos on human lung small airway epithelial cells. Nanotoxicology 2013; 8:485-507. [PMID: 23634900 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2013.801089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are biopersistent and can cause lung damage. With similar fibrous morphology and mode of exposure to asbestos, a known human carcinogen, growing concern has arisen for elevated risk of CNT-induced lung carcinogenesis; however, relatively little is known about the long-term carcinogenic effect of CNT. Neoplastic transformation is a key early event leading to carcinogenesis. We studied the ability of single- and multi-walled CNTs to induce neoplastic transformation of human lung epithelial cells compared to asbestos. Long-term (6-month) exposure of the cells to occupationally relevant concentrations of CNT in culture caused a neoplastic-like transformation phenotype as demonstrated by increased cell proliferation, anchorage-independent growth, invasion and angiogenesis. Whole-genome expression signature and protein expression analyses showed that single- and multi-walled CNTs shared similar signaling signatures which were distinct from asbestos. These results provide novel toxicogenomic information and suggest distinct particle-associated mechanisms of neoplasia promotion induced by CNTs and asbestos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liying Wang
- HELD/PPRB, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown, WV 26505 , USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Lohcharoenkal W, Liu Y, Stueckle TA, Dinu CZ, Wang L, Rojanasakul Y. Abstract 4921: Essential role of MMP-2 in carbon nanotube-induced invasion of human pleural mesothelial cells. Cancer Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2013-4921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have increasingly been used in a wide variety of applications. However, because of their needle-shape morphology, biopersistence and mode of exposure similar to those of asbestos which is a known carcinogen causing lung mesothelioma, there has been a great concern about their potential carcinogenicity. In this study, we investigated the effect of long-term exposure of CNT on proliferative and invasive properties of human pleural mesothelial cells. We found that chronic exposure of human mesothelial Met5A cells to low-dose non-cytotoxic concentration of single-walled CNT (0.02 μg/cm2 for 25 weeks) in culture induced malignant transformation of the cells as indicated by their increased cell invasion and migration. Analysis of gene expression by real-time PCR array showed a 50-fold increase in MMP-2 expression in CNT-transformed cells as compared to passage-matched control cells. Western blot analysis of the protein expression confirmed the upregulation of MMP-2 in the transformed cells. Downregulation of MMP-2 in the transformed cells by short-hairpin RNA stable transfection effectively inhibited the MMP-2 activity in these cells as well as their invasive and migratory activities. These results indicate MMP-2 as a key regulator of the aggressive phenotype of mesothelial cells after chronic CNT exposure. This study fortifies the carcinogenic potential of CNT and reveals a novel mechanism that may be important in CNT-induced mesothelioma.
Citation Format: Warangkana Lohcharoenkal, Yuxin Liu, Todd A. Stueckle, Cerasela-Zoica Dinu, Liying Wang, Yon Rojanasakul. Essential role of MMP-2 in carbon nanotube-induced invasion of human pleural mesothelial cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4921. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4921
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuxin Liu
- 2Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, WVU, Morgantown, WV
| | - Todd A. Stueckle
- 3Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV
| | | | - Liying Wang
- 3Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Elbaz HA, Stueckle TA, Tse W, Rojanasakul Y, Dinu CZ. Digitoxin and its analogs as novel cancer therapeutics. Exp Hematol Oncol 2012; 1:4. [PMID: 23210930 PMCID: PMC3506989 DOI: 10.1186/2162-3619-1-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence indicates that digitoxin cardiac glycoside is a promising anticancer agent when used at therapeutic concentrations. Digitoxin has a prolonged half-life and a well-established clinical profile. New scientific avenues have shown that manipulating the chemical structure of the saccharide moiety of digitoxin leads to synthetic analogs with increased cytotoxic activity. However, the anticancer mechanism of digitoxin or synthetic analogs is still subject to study while concerns about digitoxin's cardiotoxicity preclude its clinical application in cancer therapeutics. This review focuses on digitoxin and its analogs, and their cytotoxicity against cancer cells. Moreover, a new perspective on the pharmacological aspects of digitoxin and its analogs is provided to emphasize new research directions for developing potent chemotherapeutic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hosam A Elbaz
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Elbaz HA, Stueckle TA, Wang HYL, O'Doherty GA, Lowry DT, Sargent LM, Wang L, Dinu CZ, Rojanasakul Y. Digitoxin and a synthetic monosaccharide analog inhibit cell viability in lung cancer cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 258:51-60. [PMID: 22037315 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms of digitoxin-inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis in human non-small cell lung cancer (NCI-H460) cells remain unclear. Understanding how digitoxin or derivate analogs induce their cytotoxic effect below therapeutically relevant concentrations will help in designing and developing novel, safer and more effective anti-cancer drugs. In this study, NCI-H460 cells were treated with digitoxin and a synthetic analog D6-MA to determine their anti-cancer activity. Different concentrations of digitoxin and D6-MA were used and the subsequent changes in cell morphology, viability, cell cycle, and protein expressions were determined. Digitoxin and D6-MA induced dose-dependent apoptotic morphologic changes in NCI-H460 cells via caspase-9 cleavage, with D6-MA possessing 5-fold greater potency than digitoxin. In comparison, non-tumorigenic immortalized bronchial and small airway epithelial cells displayed significantly less apoptotic sensitivity compared to NCI-H460 cells suggesting that both digitoxin and D6-MA were selective for NSCLC. Furthermore, NCI-H460 cells arrested in G(2)/M phase following digitoxin and D6-MA treatment. Post-treatment evaluation of key G2/M checkpoint regulatory proteins identified down-regulation of cyclin B1/cdc2 complex and survivin. Additionally, Chk1/2 and p53 related proteins experienced down-regulation suggesting a p53-independent cell cycle arrest mechanism. In summary, digitoxin and D6-MA exert anti-cancer effects on NCI-H460 cells through apoptosis or cell cycle arrest, with D6-MA showing at least 5-fold greater potency relative to digitoxin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hosam A Elbaz
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wang HYL, Xin W, Zhou M, Stueckle TA, Rojanasakul Y, O'Doherty GA. Stereochemical survey of digitoxin monosaccharides: new anticancer analogues with enhanced apoptotic activity and growth inhibitory effect on human non-small cell lung cancer cell. ACS Med Chem Lett 2011; 2:73-78. [PMID: 21643465 DOI: 10.1021/ml100219d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A stereochemically diverse array of monosaccharide analogues of the trisaccharide based cardiac glycoside natural product digitoxin has been synthesized using a de novo asymmetric approach. The analogues were tested for cytotoxicity against the NCI panel of 60 human cancer cell lines and in more detail against non-small cell human lung cancer cells (NCI-H460). The results were compared with digitoxin and its aglycone digitoxigenin. Three novel digitoxin monosaccharide analogues with β-d-digitoxose, α-l-rhamnose, and α-l-amicetose sugar moieties showed excellent selectivity and activity. Further investigation revealed that digitoxin α-l-rhamnose and α-l-amicetose analogues displayed similar anti-proliferation effects, but with at least 5-fold greater potency in apoptosis induction than digitoxin against NCI-H460. This study demonstrates the ability to improve the digitoxin anti-cancer activity by modification of the stereochemistry and substitution of the carbohydrate moiety of this known cardiac drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Yu Leo Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States, and
| | | | | | | | | | - George A. O'Doherty
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States, and
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Stueckle TA, Shock B, Foran CM. Multiple stressor effects of methoprene, permethrin, and salinity on limb regeneration and molting in the mud fiddler crab (Uca pugnax). Environ Toxicol Chem 2009; 28:2348-2359. [PMID: 19606911 DOI: 10.1897/08-651.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to multiple stressors from natural and anthropogenic sources poses risk to sensitive crustacean growth and developmental processes. Applications of synthetic pyrethroids and insect growth regulators near shallow coastal waters may result in harmful mixture effects depending on the salinity regime. The potential for nonadditive effects of a permethrin (0.01 2 gg/L), methoprene (0.03-10 tg/L ), and salinity (10-40 ppt) exposure on male and female Uca pugnax limb regeneration and molting processes was evaluated by employing a central composite rotatable design with multifactorial regression. Crabs underwent single-limb autotomy followed by a molting challenge under I of 16 different mixture treatments. During the exposure (21-66 d), individual limb growth, major molt stage duration, abnormal limb regeneration, and respiration were monitored. At 6 d postmolt, changes in body mass, carapace width, and body condition factor were evaluated. Dorsal carapace tissue was collected, and protein and chitin were extracted to determine the composition of newly synthesized exoskeleton. The present results suggest chronic, low-dose exposures to multiple pesticide stressors cause less-than-additive effects on U. pugnax growth processes. Under increasing concentrations of methoprene and permethrin, males had more protein in their exoskeletons and less gain in body mass, carapace width, and body condition compared to females. Females exhibited less gain in carapace width than controls in response to methoprene and permethrin. Females also displayed elevated respiration rates at all stages of molt, suggesting a high metabolic rate. Divergent growth and fitness between the sexes over the long term could influence crustacean population resilience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Stueckle
- Biology Department, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Stueckle TA, Griffin K, Foran CM. No acute toxicity to Uca pugnax, the mud fiddler crab, following a 96-h exposure to sediment-bound permethrin. Environ Toxicol 2008; 23:530-538. [PMID: 18214939 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In coastal areas, the application of pyrethroid insecticides and the resulting sediment residues pose a potential threat to marine benthic ecosystems. Pyrethroids cause acute toxicity and exhibit a wide range of sublethal effects on fish and crustaceans when exposure is aqueous. Fiddler crabs that inhabit salt marsh sediment are sensitive to sediment-associated pollutants and serve as a sentinel species for xenobiotic exposure. We exposed adult U. pugnax to salt marsh sediment spiked with different 60% trans/40% cis permethrin concentrations for 96 h, and evaluated changes in oxygen consumption rate, hemolymph osmolarity, and glutathione S-transferase activity (GST) following exposure. Marsh sediment was not lethal to U. pugnax at permethrin concentrations of 100-10,000 microg/kg. Sediment-bound permethrin had no significant effect on respiration and osmoregulation. Exposure caused an induction of hepatopancreas GST in a dose-dependent manner. Gill and midgut tissues showed induction at permethrin concentrations at 10,000 microg/kg. We conclude that short term exposure to permethrin-contaminated sediment does not pose a significant threat to this species or impact respiration and osmoregulation. Furthermore, increased GST activity allows us to evaluate this enzyme's induction as a generalist biomarker for sediment-bound pyrethroid exposures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Stueckle
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, PO Box 6057, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Stueckle TA, Likens J, Foran CM. Limb regeneration and molting processes under chronic methoprene exposure in the mud fiddler crab, Uca pugnax. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2008; 147:366-77. [PMID: 18280794 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2008.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2007] [Revised: 12/28/2007] [Accepted: 01/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Insect growth regulator application for wetland mosquito control remains controversial due to the potential for disruption of normal development and growth processes in non-target crustaceans and beneficial arthropods, e.g. Apis mellifera. Concerns include slow-release methoprene formulations and its environmental breakdown products which mimic an endogenous crustacean hormone and retinoids, respectively. Our primary objective was to evaluate the effect that a chronic methoprene exposure would have on male and female Uca pugnax limb regeneration and molting. After single limb autonomy, limb growth and molt stage were monitored every two days while eyestalk ablation was used to induce proecdysis. Dorsal carapace was collected 6 days post-molt to determine protein and chitin content. In post-molt crabs, methoprene-exposed individuals displayed lower percent gain in body weight. Male crabs lost more weight per body volume than females, took significantly longer to proceed through proecdysis than females exposed to 0.1 microg/L methoprene and exhibited significantly elevated frequency for abnormal limb formation at 1.0 microg/L while females displayed no such trend. Methoprene did not significantly alter extractable exoskeleton protein or chitin content. However, variable water-soluble protein expression increased with exposure at 1.0 microg/L (1 ppb) which contributed to overall variability in total protein content. Our findings suggest that adult male U. pugnax possess greater sensitivity to chronic methoprene exposure during limb regeneration and molting, potentially affecting their post-molt fitness. Furthermore, methoprene has the potential to impact post-molt biomass and exocuticle quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Stueckle
- Biology Department, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506-6057, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|