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Bruhn J, Scapin G, Cheng A, Mercado B, Waterman D, Ganesh T, Dallakyan S, Read B, Nieusma T, Lucier K, Mayer M, Chiang N, Poweleit N. Small-molecule microcrystal electron diffraction (MicroED) for the pharmaceutical industry – lessons learned from examining over fifty samples. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2021. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767321098172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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2
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Bruhn JF, Scapin G, Cheng A, Mercado BQ, Waterman DG, Ganesh T, Dallakyan S, Read BN, Nieusma T, Lucier KW, Mayer ML, Chiang NJ, Poweleit N, McGilvray PT, Wilson TS, Mashore M, Hennessy C, Thomson S, Wang B, Potter CS, Carragher B. Small Molecule Microcrystal Electron Diffraction for the Pharmaceutical Industry-Lessons Learned From Examining Over Fifty Samples. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:648603. [PMID: 34327213 PMCID: PMC8313502 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.648603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emerging field of microcrystal electron diffraction (MicroED) is of great interest to industrial researchers working in the drug discovery and drug development space. The promise of being able to routinely solve high-resolution crystal structures without the need to grow large crystals is very appealing. Despite MicroED's exciting potential, adoption across the pharmaceutical industry has been slow, primarily owing to a lack of access to specialized equipment and expertise. Here we present our experience building a small molecule MicroED service pipeline for members of the pharmaceutical industry. In the past year, we have examined more than fifty small molecule samples submitted by our clients, the majority of which have yielded data suitable for structure solution. We also detail our experience determining small molecule MicroED structures of pharmaceutical interest and offer some insights into the typical experimental outcomes. This experience has led us to conclude that small molecule MicroED adoption will continue to grow within the pharmaceutical industry where it is able to rapidly provide structures inaccessible by other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anchi Cheng
- NanoImaging Services, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Brandon Q Mercado
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - David G Waterman
- UKRI STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, United Kingdom.,CCP4, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sean Thomson
- NanoImaging Services, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Bo Wang
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, United States
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3
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Bruhn J, Cheng A, Nieusma T, Dallakyan S, Speir J, Schneemann A, Potter C, Carragher B, Scapin G. Small-molecule microcrystal electron diffraction (MicroED) for the pharmaceutical industry. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2020. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767320098906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
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4
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Laursen NS, Friesen RHE, Zhu X, Jongeneelen M, Blokland S, Vermond J, van Eijgen A, Tang C, van Diepen H, Obmolova G, van der Neut Kolfschoten M, Zuijdgeest D, Straetemans R, Hoffman RMB, Nieusma T, Pallesen J, Turner HL, Bernard SM, Ward AB, Luo J, Poon LLM, Tretiakova AP, Wilson JM, Limberis MP, Vogels R, Brandenburg B, Kolkman JA, Wilson IA. Universal protection against influenza infection by a multidomain antibody to influenza hemagglutinin. Science 2018; 362:598-602. [PMID: 30385580 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaq0620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies against highly variable pathogens have stimulated the design of vaccines and therapeutics. We report the use of diverse camelid single-domain antibodies to influenza virus hemagglutinin to generate multidomain antibodies with impressive breadth and potency. Multidomain antibody MD3606 protects mice against influenza A and B infection when administered intravenously or expressed locally from a recombinant adeno-associated virus vector. Crystal and single-particle electron microscopy structures of these antibodies with hemagglutinins from influenza A and B viruses reveal binding to highly conserved epitopes. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that multidomain antibodies targeting multiple epitopes exhibit enhanced virus cross-reactivity and potency. In combination with adeno-associated virus-mediated gene delivery, they may provide an effective strategy to prevent infection with influenza virus and other highly variable pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick S Laursen
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Xueyong Zhu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mandy Jongeneelen
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Archimedesweg 4-6, 2333 CN, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sven Blokland
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Archimedesweg 4-6, 2333 CN, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jan Vermond
- Janssen Prevention Center, Archimedesweg 6, 2333 CN, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Alida van Eijgen
- Janssen Prevention Center, Archimedesweg 6, 2333 CN, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Chan Tang
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Archimedesweg 4-6, 2333 CN, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Harry van Diepen
- Janssen Prevention Center, Archimedesweg 6, 2333 CN, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Galina Obmolova
- Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA 19002, USA
| | | | - David Zuijdgeest
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Archimedesweg 4-6, 2333 CN, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Roel Straetemans
- Quantitative Sciences, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ryan M B Hoffman
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Travis Nieusma
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jesper Pallesen
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hannah L Turner
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Steffen M Bernard
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jinquan Luo
- Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA 19002, USA
| | - Leo L M Poon
- Center of Influenza Research and School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Anna P Tretiakova
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - James M Wilson
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Maria P Limberis
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ronald Vogels
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Archimedesweg 4-6, 2333 CN, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Boerries Brandenburg
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Archimedesweg 4-6, 2333 CN, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Joost A Kolkman
- Janssen Infectious Diseases, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium.
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. .,Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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5
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Bangaru S, Zhang H, Gilchuk IM, Voss TG, Irving RP, Gilchuk P, Matta P, Zhu X, Lang S, Nieusma T, Richt JA, Albrecht RA, Vanderven HA, Bombardi R, Kent SJ, Ward AB, Wilson IA, Crowe JE. A multifunctional human monoclonal neutralizing antibody that targets a unique conserved epitope on influenza HA. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2669. [PMID: 29991715 PMCID: PMC6039445 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04704-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The high rate of antigenic drift in seasonal influenza viruses necessitates frequent changes in vaccine composition. Recent seasonal H3 vaccines do not protect against swine-origin H3N2 variant (H3N2v) strains that recently have caused severe human infections. Here, we report a human VH1-69 gene-encoded monoclonal antibody (mAb) designated H3v-47 that exhibits potent cross-reactive neutralization activity against human and swine H3N2 viruses that circulated since 1989. The crystal structure and electron microscopy reconstruction of H3v-47 Fab with the H3N2v hemagglutinin (HA) identify a unique epitope spanning the vestigial esterase and receptor-binding subdomains that is distinct from that of any known neutralizing antibody for influenza A H3 viruses. MAb H3v-47 functions largely by blocking viral egress from infected cells. Interestingly, H3v-47 also engages Fcγ receptor and mediates antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). This newly identified conserved epitope can be used in design of novel immunogens for development of broadly protective H3 vaccines. Broadly neutralizing antibodies are potential therapeutics and can aid rational vaccine development. Here, the authors show that the human monoclonal antibody H3v-47 recognizes a highly conserved epitope in HA of H3N2 viruses, inhibits virus replication by blocking egress and other mechanisms, and protects mice from disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Bangaru
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Iuliia M Gilchuk
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Thomas G Voss
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Ryan P Irving
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Pavlo Gilchuk
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Pranathi Matta
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Xueyong Zhu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Shanshan Lang
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Travis Nieusma
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Juergen A Richt
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Randy A Albrecht
- Department of Microbiology, Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sina, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Hillary A Vanderven
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Robin Bombardi
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA. .,The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - James E Crowe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA. .,The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
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6
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Lee JH, Andrabi R, Su CY, Yasmeen A, Julien JP, Kong L, Wu NC, McBride R, Sok D, Pauthner M, Cottrell CA, Nieusma T, Blattner C, Paulson JC, Klasse PJ, Wilson IA, Burton DR, Ward AB. A Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Targets the Dynamic HIV Envelope Trimer Apex via a Long, Rigidified, and Anionic β-Hairpin Structure. Immunity 2017; 46:690-702. [PMID: 28423342 PMCID: PMC5400778 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) to HIV delineate vaccine targets and are prophylactic and therapeutic agents. Some of the most potent bnAbs target a quaternary epitope at the apex of the surface HIV envelope (Env) trimer. Using cryo-electron microscopy, we solved the atomic structure of an apex bnAb, PGT145, in complex with Env. We showed that the long anionic HCDR3 of PGT145 penetrated between glycans at the trimer 3-fold axis, to contact peptide residues from all three Env protomers, and thus explains its highly trimer-specific nature. Somatic hypermutation in the other CDRs of PGT145 were crucially involved in stabilizing the structure of the HCDR3, similar to bovine antibodies, to aid in recognition of a cluster of conserved basic residues hypothesized to facilitate trimer disassembly during viral entry. Overall, the findings exemplify the creative solutions that the human immune system can evolve to recognize a conserved motif buried under a canopy of glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hyun Lee
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center and Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Raiees Andrabi
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center and Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ching-Yao Su
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Anila Yasmeen
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Jean-Philippe Julien
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center and Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Program in Molecular Structure and Function, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, and Departments of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Leopold Kong
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nicholas C Wu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ryan McBride
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Devin Sok
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center and Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Matthias Pauthner
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center and Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Christopher A Cottrell
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center and Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Travis Nieusma
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Claudia Blattner
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center and Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - James C Paulson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Per Johan Klasse
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center and Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center and Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center and Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Bangaru S, Nieusma T, Kose N, Thornburg NJ, Finn JA, Kaplan BS, King HG, Singh V, Lampley RM, Sapparapu G, Cisneros A, Edwards KM, Slaughter JC, Edupuganti S, Lai L, Richt JA, Webby RJ, Ward AB, Crowe JE. Recognition of influenza H3N2 variant virus by human neutralizing antibodies. JCI Insight 2016; 1. [PMID: 27482543 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.86673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2011, over 300 human cases of infection, especially in exposed children, with the influenza A H3N2 variant (H3N2v) virus that circulates in swine in the US have been reported. The structural and genetic basis for the lack of protection against H3N2v induced by vaccines containing seasonal H3N2 antigens is poorly understood. We isolated 17 human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that neutralized H3N2v virus from subjects experimentally immunized with an H3N2v candidate vaccine. Six mAbs exhibited very potent neutralizing activity (IC50 < 200 ng/ml) against the H3N2v virus but not against current human H3N2 circulating strains. Fine epitope mapping and structural characterization of antigen-antibody complexes revealed that H3N2v specificity was attributable to amino acid polymorphisms in the 150-loop and the 190-helix antigenic sites on the hemagglutinin protein. H3N2v-specific antibodies also neutralized human H3N2 influenza strains naturally circulating between 1995 and 2005. These results reveal a high level of antigenic relatedness between the swine H3N2v virus and previously circulating human strains, consistent with the fact that early human H3 seasonal strains entered the porcine population in the 1990s and reentered the human population, where they had not been circulating, as H3N2v about a decade later. The data also explain the increased susceptibility to H3N2v viruses in young children, who lack prior exposure to human seasonal strains from the 1990s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Bangaru
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Travis Nieusma
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Nurgun Kose
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Natalie J Thornburg
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jessica A Finn
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Bryan S Kaplan
- Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Hannah G King
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Vidisha Singh
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Rebecca M Lampley
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Gopal Sapparapu
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alberto Cisneros
- Chemical and Physical Biology Program, Vanderbilt University University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kathryn M Edwards
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - James C Slaughter
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Srilatha Edupuganti
- The Hope Clinic of Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lilin Lai
- The Hope Clinic of Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Juergen A Richt
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Richard J Webby
- Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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8
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Koday MT, Nelson J, Chevalier A, Koday M, Kalinoski H, Stewart L, Carter L, Nieusma T, Lee PS, Ward AB, Wilson IA, Dagley A, Smee DF, Baker D, Fuller DH. A Computationally Designed Hemagglutinin Stem-Binding Protein Provides In Vivo Protection from Influenza Independent of a Host Immune Response. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005409. [PMID: 26845438 PMCID: PMC4742065 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies targeting a highly conserved region in the hemagglutinin (HA) stem protect against influenza infection. Here, we investigate the protective efficacy of a protein (HB36.6) computationally designed to bind with high affinity to the same region in the HA stem. We show that intranasal delivery of HB36.6 affords protection in mice lethally challenged with diverse strains of influenza independent of Fc-mediated effector functions or a host antiviral immune response. This designed protein prevents infection when given as a single dose of 6.0 mg/kg up to 48 hours before viral challenge and significantly reduces disease when administered as a daily therapeutic after challenge. A single dose of 10.0 mg/kg HB36.6 administered 1-day post-challenge resulted in substantially better protection than 10 doses of oseltamivir administered twice daily for 5 days. Thus, binding of HB36.6 to the influenza HA stem region alone, independent of a host response, is sufficient to reduce viral infection and replication in vivo. These studies demonstrate the potential of computationally designed binding proteins as a new class of antivirals for influenza. Influenza is a major public health threat, and pandemics, such as the 2009 H1N1 outbreak, are inevitable. Due to low efficacy of seasonal flu vaccines and the increase in drug-resistant strains of influenza viruses, there is a crucial need to develop new antivirals to protect from seasonal and pandemic influenza. Recently, several broadly neutralizing antibodies have been characterized that bind to a highly conserved site on the viral hemagglutinin (HA) stem region. These antibodies are protective against a wide range of diverse influenza viruses, but their efficacy depends on a host immune effector response through the antibody Fc region (ADCC). Here we show that a small engineered protein computationally designed to bind to the same region of the HA stem as broadly neutralizing antibodies mediated protection against diverse strains of influenza in mice by a distinct mechanism that is independent of a host immune response. Protection was superior to that afforded by oseltamivir, a lead marketed antiviral. Furthermore, combination therapy with low doses of the engineered protein and oseltamivir resulted in enhanced and synergistic protection from lethal challenge. Thus, through computational protein engineering, we have designed a new antiviral with strong biopotency in vivo that targets a neutralizing epitope on the hemagglutinin of influenza virus and inhibits its fusion activity. These results have significant implications for the use of computational modeling to design new antivirals against influenza and other viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merika Treants Koday
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jorgen Nelson
- Institute for Protein Design, Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Aaron Chevalier
- Institute for Protein Design, Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michael Koday
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Hannah Kalinoski
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lance Stewart
- Institute for Protein Design, Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lauren Carter
- Institute for Protein Design, Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Travis Nieusma
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Peter S. Lee
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew B. Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ian A. Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ashley Dagley
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States of America
| | - Donald F. Smee
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States of America
| | - David Baker
- Institute for Protein Design, Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Deborah Heydenburg Fuller
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Kong L, Kadam RU, Giang E, Ruwona TB, Nieusma T, Culhane JC, Stanfield RL, Dawson PE, Wilson IA, Law M. Structure of Hepatitis C Virus Envelope Glycoprotein E1 Antigenic Site 314-324 in Complex with Antibody IGH526. J Mol Biol 2015; 427:2617-28. [PMID: 26135247 PMCID: PMC4523428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a positive-strand RNA virus within the Flaviviridae family. The viral "spike" of HCV is formed by two envelope glycoproteins, E1 and E2, which together mediate viral entry by engaging host receptors and undergoing conformational changes to facilitate membrane fusion. While E2 can be readily produced in the absence of E1, E1 cannot be expressed without E2 and few reagents, including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), are available for study of this essential HCV glycoprotein. A human mAb to E1, IGH526, was previously reported to cross-neutralize different HCV isolates, and therefore, we sought to further characterize the IGH526 neutralizing epitope to obtain information for vaccine design. We found that mAb IGH526 bound to a discontinuous epitope, but with a major component corresponding to E1 residues 314-324. The crystal structure of IGH526 Fab with this E1 glycopeptide at 1.75Å resolution revealed that the antibody binds to one face of an α-helical peptide. Single mutations on the helix substantially lowered IGH526 binding but did not affect neutralization, indicating either that multiple mutations are required or that additional regions are recognized by the antibody in the context of the membrane-associated envelope oligomer. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the free peptide is flexible in solution, suggesting that it requires stabilization for use as a candidate vaccine immunogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leopold Kong
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rameshwar U Kadam
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Erick Giang
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tinashe B Ruwona
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Travis Nieusma
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Culhane
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Robyn L Stanfield
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Philip E Dawson
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Mansun Law
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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10
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Ruwona TB, Giang E, Nieusma T, Law M. Fine mapping of murine antibody responses to immunization with a novel soluble form of hepatitis C virus envelope glycoprotein complex. J Virol 2014; 88:10459-71. [PMID: 24965471 PMCID: PMC4178869 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01584-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The hepatitis C virus (HCV) envelope glycoprotein E1E2 complex is a candidate vaccine antigen. Previous immunization studies of E1E2 have yielded various results on its ability to induce virus-neutralizing antibodies in animal models and humans. The murine model has become a vital tool for HCV research owing to the development of humanized mice susceptible to HCV infection. In this study, we investigated the antibody responses of mice immunized with E1E2 and a novel soluble form of E1E2 (sE1E2) by a DNA prime and protein boost strategy. The results showed that sE1E2 elicited higher antibody titers and a greater breadth of reactivity than the wild-type cell-associated E1E2. However, immune sera elicited by either immunogen were only weakly neutralizing. In order to understand the contrasting results of binding and serum neutralizing activities, epitopes targeted by the polyclonal antibody responses were mapped and monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were generated. The results showed that the majority of serum antibodies were directed to the E1 region 211 to 250 and the E2 regions 421 to 469, 512 to 539, 568 to 609, and 638 to 651, instead of the well-known immunodominant E2 hypervariable region 1 (HVR1). Unexpectedly, in MAb analysis, ∼ 12% of MAbs isolated were specific to the conserved E2 antigenic site 412 to 423, and 85% of them cross-neutralized multiple HCV isolates. The epitopes recognized by these MAbs are similar but distinct from the previously reported HCV1 and AP33 broadly neutralizing epitopes. In conclusion, E1E2 can prime B cells specific to conserved neutralizing epitopes, but the levels of serum neutralizing antibodies elicited are insufficient for effective virus neutralization. The sE1E2 constructs described in this study can be a useful template for rational antigen engineering. IMPORTANCE Hepatitis C virus infects 2 to 3% of the world's population and is a leading cause of liver failures and the need for liver transplantation. The virus envelope glycoprotein complex E1E2 produced by detergent extraction of cells overexpressing the protein was evaluated in a phase I clinical trial but failed to induce neutralizing antibodies in most subjects. In this study, we designed a novel form of E1E2 which is secreted from cells and is soluble and compared it to wild-type E1E2 by DNA immunization of mice. The results showed that this new E1E2 is more immunogenic than wild-type E1E2. Detailed mapping of the antibody responses revealed that antibodies to the conserved E2 antigenic site 412 to 423 were elicited but the serum concentrations were too low to neutralize the virus effectively. This soluble E1E2 provides a new reagent for studying HCV and for rational vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinashe B Ruwona
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Erick Giang
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Travis Nieusma
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Mansun Law
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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11
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Grover RK, Zhu X, Nieusma T, Jones T, Boreo I, MacLeod AS, Mark A, Niessen S, Kim HJ, Kong L, Assad-Garcia N, Kwon K, Chesi M, Smider VV, Salomon DR, Jelinek DF, Kyle RA, Pyles RB, Glass JI, Ward AB, Wilson IA, Lerner RA. A structurally distinct human mycoplasma protein that generically blocks antigen-antibody union. Science 2014; 343:656-661. [PMID: 24503852 DOI: 10.1126/science.1246135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We report the discovery of a broadly reactive antibody-binding protein (Protein M) from human mycoplasma. The crystal structure of the ectodomain of transmembrane Protein M differs from other known protein structures, as does its mechanism of antibody binding. Protein M binds with high affinity to all types of human and nonhuman immunoglobulin G, predominantly through attachment to the conserved portions of the variable region of the κ and λ light chains. Protein M blocks antibody-antigen union, likely because of its large C-terminal domain extending over the antibody-combining site, blocking entry to large antigens. Similar to the other immunoglobulin-binding proteins such as Protein A, Protein M as well as its orthologs in other Mycoplasma species could become invaluable reagents in the antibody field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh K Grover
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xueyong Zhu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Travis Nieusma
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Teresa Jones
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Isabel Boreo
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Amanda S MacLeod
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Adam Mark
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sherry Niessen
- The Center for Physiological Proteomics, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Helen J Kim
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Leopold Kong
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nacyra Assad-Garcia
- Synthetic Biology and Bioenergy Group, J Craig Venter Research Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Keehwan Kwon
- Synthetic Biology and Bioenergy Group, J Craig Venter Research Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Marta Chesi
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Vaughn V Smider
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Daniel R Salomon
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Diane F Jelinek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, and Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Robert A Kyle
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, and Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Richard B Pyles
- Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - John I Glass
- Synthetic Biology and Bioenergy Group, J Craig Venter Research Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Richard A Lerner
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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12
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Kong L, Giang E, Nieusma T, Kadam RU, Cogburn KE, Hua Y, Dai X, Stanfield RL, Burton DR, Ward AB, Wilson IA, Law M. Hepatitis C virus E2 envelope glycoprotein core structure. Science 2013; 342:1090-4. [PMID: 24288331 DOI: 10.1126/science.1243876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV), a Hepacivirus, is a major cause of viral hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV envelope glycoproteins E1 and E2 mediate fusion and entry into host cells and are the primary targets of the humoral immune response. The crystal structure of the E2 core bound to broadly neutralizing antibody AR3C at 2.65 angstroms reveals a compact architecture composed of a central immunoglobulin-fold β sandwich flanked by two additional protein layers. The CD81 receptor binding site was identified by electron microscopy and site-directed mutagenesis and overlaps with the AR3C epitope. The x-ray and electron microscopy E2 structures differ markedly from predictions of an extended, three-domain, class II fusion protein fold and therefore provide valuable information for HCV drug and vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leopold Kong
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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13
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Jardine J, Julien JP, Menis S, Ota T, Kalyuzhniy O, McGuire A, Sok D, Huang PS, MacPherson S, Jones M, Nieusma T, Mathison J, Baker D, Ward AB, Burton DR, Stamatatos L, Nemazee D, Wilson IA, Schief WR. Rational HIV immunogen design to target specific germline B cell receptors. Science 2013; 340:711-6. [PMID: 23539181 DOI: 10.1126/science.1234150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 585] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine development to induce broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against HIV-1 is a global health priority. Potent VRC01-class bNAbs against the CD4 binding site of HIV gp120 have been isolated from HIV-1-infected individuals; however, such bNAbs have not been induced by vaccination. Wild-type gp120 proteins lack detectable affinity for predicted germline precursors of VRC01-class bNAbs, making them poor immunogens to prime a VRC01-class response. We employed computation-guided, in vitro screening to engineer a germline-targeting gp120 outer domain immunogen that binds to multiple VRC01-class bNAbs and germline precursors, and elucidated germline binding crystallographically. When multimerized on nanoparticles, this immunogen (eOD-GT6) activates germline and mature VRC01-class B cells. Thus, eOD-GT6 nanoparticles have promise as a vaccine prime. In principle, germline-targeting strategies could be applied to other epitopes and pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Jardine
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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14
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Kong L, Giang E, Nieusma T, Robbins JB, Deller MC, Stanfield RL, Wilson IA, Law M. Structure of hepatitis C virus envelope glycoprotein E2 antigenic site 412 to 423 in complex with antibody AP33. J Virol 2012; 86:13085-8. [PMID: 22973046 PMCID: PMC3497658 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01939-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have determined the crystal structure of the broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) AP33, bound to a peptide corresponding to hepatitis C virus (HCV) E2 envelope glycoprotein antigenic site 412 to 423. Comparison with bnAb HCV1 bound to the same epitope reveals a different angle of approach to the antigen by bnAb AP33 and slight variation in its β-hairpin conformation of the epitope. These structures establish two different modes of binding to E2 that antibodies adopt to neutralize diverse HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marc C. Deller
- Departments of Molecular Biology
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Ian A. Wilson
- Departments of Molecular Biology
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, La Jolla, California, USA
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