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Luo G, Aldridge K, Chen T, Aslot V, Kim BG, Han EH, Singh N, Li S, Xiao TS, Sporn MB, Letterio JJ. The synthetic oleanane triterpenoid CDDO-2P-Im binds GRP78/BiP to induce unfolded protein response-mediated apoptosis in myeloma. Mol Oncol 2023; 17:2526-2545. [PMID: 37149844 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic oleanane triterpenoids (SOTs) are small molecules with broad anticancer properties. A recently developed SOT, 1-[2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oyl]-4(-pyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazole (CDDO-2P-Im or '2P-Im'), exhibits enhanced activity and improved pharmacokinetics over CDDO-Im, a previous generation SOT. However, the mechanisms leading to these properties are not defined. Here, we show the synergy of 2P-Im and the proteasome inhibitor ixazomib in human multiple myeloma (MM) cells and 2P-Im activity in a murine model of plasmacytoma. RNA sequencing and quantitative reverse transcription PCR revealed the upregulation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in MM cells upon 2P-lm treatment, implicating the activation of the UPR as a key step in 2P-Im-induced apoptosis. Supporting this hypothesis, the deletion of genes encoding either protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) or DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 protein (DDIT3; also known as CHOP) impaired the MM response to 2P-Im, as did treatment with ISRIB, integrated stress response inhibitor, which inhibits UPR signaling downstream of PERK. Finally, both drug affinity responsive target stability and thermal shift assays demonstrated direct binding of 2P-Im to endoplasmic reticulum chaperone BiP (GRP78/BiP), a stress-inducible key signaling molecule of the UPR. These data reveal GRP78/BiP as a novel target of SOTs, and specifically of 2P-Im, and suggest the potential broader utility of this class of small molecules as modulators of the UPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Luo
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Toby Chen
- Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Vivek Aslot
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Byung-Gyu Kim
- The Angie Fowler Adolescent and Young Adult Cancer Institute, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA
- The Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Eun Hyang Han
- The Angie Fowler Adolescent and Young Adult Cancer Institute, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA
- The Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Neelima Singh
- The Angie Fowler Adolescent and Young Adult Cancer Institute, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA
- The Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sai Li
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Tsan Sam Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - John J Letterio
- The Angie Fowler Adolescent and Young Adult Cancer Institute, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA
- The Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Busscher BM, Befekadu HB, Liu Z, Xiao TS. SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a-Mediated NF-κB Activation Is Not Dependent on TRAF-Binding Sequence. Viruses 2023; 15:2229. [PMID: 38005906 PMCID: PMC10675646 DOI: 10.3390/v15112229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a global pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Excessive inflammation is a hallmark of severe COVID-19, and several proteins encoded in the SARS-CoV-2 genome are capable of stimulating inflammatory pathways. Among these, the accessory protein open reading frame 3a (ORF3a) has been implicated in COVID-19 pathology. Here we investigated the roles of ORF3a in binding to TNF receptor-associated factor (TRAF) proteins and inducing nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation. X-ray crystallography and a fluorescence polarization assay revealed low-affinity binding between an ORF3a N-terminal peptide and TRAFs, and a dual-luciferase assay demonstrated NF-κB activation by ORF3a. Nonetheless, mutation of the N-terminal TRAF-binding sequence PIQAS in ORF3a did not significantly diminish NF-κB activation in our assay. Our results thus suggest that the SARS-CoV-2 protein may activate NF-κB through alternative mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna M. Busscher
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (B.M.B.); (Z.L.)
| | - Henock B. Befekadu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (B.M.B.); (Z.L.)
- MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Tsan Sam Xiao
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (B.M.B.); (Z.L.)
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Li Y, Liu Z, Zhao Y, Yang J, Xiao TS, Conlon RA, Wang Z. PD-L1 expression is regulated by ATP-binding of the ERBB3 pseudokinase domain. Genes Dis 2023; 10:1702-1713. [PMID: 37397533 PMCID: PMC10311099 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
How PD-L1 expression is regulated in cancer is poorly understood. Here, we report that the ATP-binding activity of ERBB3 pseudokinase regulates PD-L1 gene expression in colorectal cancers (CRCs). ERBB3 is one of the four members of the EGF receptor family, all with protein tyrosine kinase domains. ERBB3 is a pseudokinase with a high binding affinity to ATP. We showed that ERBB3 ATP-binding inactivation mutant reduces tumorigenicity in genetically engineered mouse models and impairs xenograft tumor growth of CRC cell lines. The ERBB3 ATP-binding mutant cells dramatically reduce IFN-γ-induced PD-L1 expression. Mechanistically, ERBB3 regulates IFN-γ-induced PD-L1 expression through the IRS1-PI3K-PDK1-RSK-CREB signaling axis. CREB is the transcription factor that regulates PD-L1 gene expression in CRC cells. Knockin of a tumor-derived ERBB3 mutation located in the kinase domain sensitizes mouse colon cancers to anti-PD1 antibody therapy, suggesting that ERBB3 mutations could be predictive biomarkers for tumors amenable to immune checkpoint therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamu Li
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Yiqing Zhao
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Tsan Sam Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ronald A. Conlon
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Zhenghe Wang
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Li S, Bracey S, Liu Z, Xiao TS. Regulation of gasdermins in pyroptosis and cytokine release. Adv Immunol 2023; 158:75-106. [PMID: 37453754 PMCID: PMC10874695 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Gasdermins are effectors of pyroptosis downstream of diverse signaling pathways. Emerging evidence suggests that a number of post-translational modifications regulate the function of gasdermins in pyroptosis, a highly inflammatory form of cell death, and lytic or non-lytic secretion of intracellular contents. These include processing by different caspases and other proteases that may activate or suppress pyroptosis, ubiquitination by a bacterial E3 ligase that suppresses pyroptosis as an immune evasion mechanism, modifications at Cys residues in mammalian or microbial gasdermins that promote or inhibit pyroptosis, and potential phosphorylation that represses pyroptosis. Such diverse regulatory mechanisms by host and microbial proteases, ubiquitin ligases, acyltransferases, kinases and phosphatases may underlie the divergent physiological and pathological functions of gasdermins, and furnish opportunities for therapeutic targeting of gasdermins in infectious diseases and inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Li
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Syrena Bracey
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.
| | - Tsan Sam Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.
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Collins CC, Hahn P, Jiang Z, Fitzgerald KA, Xiao TS, Budd RC. Regulation of Synovial γδ T Cell Ligand Expression by Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species and Gasdermin-D. J Immunol 2023; 210:61-71. [PMID: 36445376 PMCID: PMC9772401 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2101166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells reside at mucosal and epithelial barriers, and they often accumulate at sites of inflammation, both infectious and autoimmune, as well as in certain tumors. However, progress in understanding their function is considerably hampered by a lack of full understanding of the ligands recognized by TCR-γδ and how expression of these ligands is regulated. We recently developed a soluble human TCR-γδ (Vγ9Vδ1) tetramer from a synovial γδ T cell clone of a Lyme arthritis patient and observed that it stains monocytes activated by Borrelia burgdorferi. Those findings are extended in the current study to further examine the physiological regulation of ligand expression on monocytes. The TCR-γδ ligand is induced by a variety of TLR agonists and requires NF-κB activation. Of particular interest is that ligand expression also requires caspase activation of the inflammasome and is dependent on active metabolism, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, and activation of gasdermin-D. Consistent with these observations, the TCR-γδ ligand is expressed by a subset of metabolically active CD14+CD16+ monocytes and colocalizes intracellularly with mitochondria. The findings suggest a model in which synovial γδ T cell ligand is a self-antigen whose surface expression is increased by inflammatory conditions and mitochondrial stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl C. Collins
- Department of Medicine, Vermont Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Larner College of Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
| | - Peter Hahn
- Department of Medicine, Vermont Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Larner College of Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
| | - Zhaozhao Jiang
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; and
| | | | - Tsan Sam Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Ralph C. Budd
- Department of Medicine, Vermont Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Larner College of Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
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Xu Z, Deng S, Huang Y, Yang Y, Sun L, Liu H, Zhao D, Zeng W, Yin X, Zheng P, Wang Y, Liu M, Zhao W, Xiao TS, Zhou Y, Jin T. The CARD8 T60 variant associates with NLRP1 and negatively regulates its activation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1047922. [PMID: 36426349 PMCID: PMC9679424 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1047922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The NLRP1 inflammasome functions as canonical cytosolic sensor in response to intracellular infections and is implicated in auto-inflammatory diseases. But the regulation and signal transduction mechanisms of NLRP1 are incompletely understood. Here, we show that the T60 variant of CARD8, but not the canonical T48 isoform, negatively regulates the NLRP1 inflammasome activation by directly interacting with the receptor molecule NLRP1 and inhibiting inflammasome assembly. Furthermore, our results suggest that different ASC preference in three types of inflammasomes, namely the ASC-indispensable NLRP1 inflammasome, ASC-dispensable mNLRP1b inflammasome and ASC-independent CARD8 inflammasome, is mainly caused by the CARD domain, not the UPA subdomain. Based on the systematic site-directed mutagenesis and structural analysis, we find that signal transduction of the NLRP1 inflammasome relies on multiple interaction surfaces at its CARD domain. Finally, our results partly explain how mutations in NLRP1 lead to its constitutive activation in auto-inflammatory diseases. In conclusion, our study not only reveals how CARD8 downregulates the NLRP1 inflammasome activation, but also provides insights into the assembly mechanisms of CARD-containing inflammasomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Core Facility Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shasha Deng
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yuluo Huang
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yunru Yang
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Liangqi Sun
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hanyuan Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Core Facility Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Weihong Zeng
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xueying Yin
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Peiyi Zheng
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Core Facility Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Muziying Liu
- Anhui Institute of Pediatric Research, Anhui Provincial Children’s Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Weidong Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Core Facility Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Tsan Sam Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Core Facility Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Zhou, ; Tengchuan Jin,
| | - Tengchuan Jin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Core Facility Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Zhou, ; Tengchuan Jin,
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Liang M, Li JW, Luo H, Lulu S, Calbay O, Shenoy A, Tan M, Law BK, Huang S, Xiao TS, Chen H, Wu L, Chang J, Lu J. Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Suppresses AMPK and Sensitizes Cancer Cells to Pyroptosis under Energy Stress. Cells 2022; 11:cells11142208. [PMID: 35883651 PMCID: PMC9322750 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is implicated in tumor metastasis and therapeutic resistance. It remains a challenge to target cancer cells that have undergone EMT. The Snail family of key EMT-inducing transcription factors directly binds to and transcriptionally represses not only epithelial genes but also a myriad of additional genomic targets that may carry out significant biological functions. Therefore, we reasoned that EMT inherently causes various concomitant phenotypes, some of which may create targetable vulnerabilities for cancer treatment. In the present study, we found that Snail transcription factors bind to the promoters of multiple genes encoding subunits of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) complex, and expression of AMPK genes was markedly downregulated by EMT. Accordingly, high AMPK expression in tumors correlated with epithelial cell markers and low AMPK expression in tumors was strongly associated with adverse prognosis. AMPK is the principal sensor of cellular energy status. In response to energy stress, AMPK is activated and critically reprograms cellular metabolism to restore energy homeostasis and maintain cell survival. We showed that activation of AMPK by energy stress was severely impaired by EMT. Consequently, EMT cancer cells became hypersensitive to a variety of energy stress conditions and primarily underwent pyroptosis, a regulated form of necrotic cell death. Collectively, the study suggests that EMT impedes the activation of AMPK signaling induced by energy stress and sensitizes cancer cells to pyroptotic cell death under energy stress conditions. Therefore, while EMT promotes malignant progression, it concurrently induces collateral vulnerabilities that may be therapeutically exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingwei Liang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (M.L.); (J.W.L.); (H.L.); (S.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Jennifer W. Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (M.L.); (J.W.L.); (H.L.); (S.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Huacheng Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (M.L.); (J.W.L.); (H.L.); (S.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Sarah Lulu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (M.L.); (J.W.L.); (H.L.); (S.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Ozlem Calbay
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (O.C.); (S.H.)
| | - Anitha Shenoy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (M.L.); (J.W.L.); (H.L.); (S.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Ming Tan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Research Center for Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan;
| | - Brian K. Law
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
| | - Shuang Huang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (O.C.); (S.H.)
| | - Tsan Sam Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China;
| | - Lizi Wu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
| | - Jia Chang
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
| | - Jianrong Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (M.L.); (J.W.L.); (H.L.); (S.L.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence:
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8
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Basavarajappa SC, Liu AR, Bruchez A, Li Z, Suzart VG, Liu Z, Chen Y, Xiao TS, Buck M, Ramakrishnan P. Trimeric Receptor Binding Domain of SARS-CoV-2 Acts as a Potent Inhibitor of ACE2 Receptor-Mediated Viral Entry. iScience 2022; 25:104716. [PMID: 35813876 PMCID: PMC9251894 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused over four million deaths and effective methods to control CoV-2 infection, in addition to vaccines, are needed. The CoV-2 binds to the ACE2 on human cells through the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the trimeric spike protein. Our modeling studies show that a modified trimeric RBD (tRBD) can interact with three ACE2 receptors, unlike the native spike protein, which binds to only one ACE2. We found that tRBD binds to the ACE2 with 58-fold higher affinity than monomeric RBD (mRBD) and blocks spike-dependent pseudoviral infection over 4-fold more effectively compared to the mRBD. Although mRBD failed to block CoV-2 USA-WA1/2020 infection, tRBD efficiently blocked the true virus infection in plaque assays. We show that tRBD is a potent inhibitor of CoV-2 through both competitive binding to the ACE2 and steric hindrance, and has the potential to emerge as a first-line therapeutic method to control COVID-19. tRBD binds multiple ACE2 receptors, while mRBD and spike bind one ACE2 receptor tRBD shows 4-fold higher inhibition of CoV-2 pseudovirus infection than mRBD tRBD, yet not mRBD, prevents CoV-2 USA-WA1/2020 from infecting Vero cells Use of tRBD is a potential therapeutic method to block CoV-2 infection
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9
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Zhang Q, Liu W, Wang H, Zhou H, Bulek K, Chen X, Zhang CJ, Zhao J, Zhang R, Liu C, Kang Z, Bermel RA, Dubyak G, Abbott DW, Xiao TS, Nagy LE, Li X. TH17 cells promote CNS inflammation by sensing danger signals via Mincle. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2406. [PMID: 35504893 PMCID: PMC9064974 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30174-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The C-type lectin receptor Mincle is known for its important role in innate immune cells in recognizing pathogen and damage associated molecular patterns. Here we report a T cell-intrinsic role for Mincle in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Genomic deletion of Mincle in T cells impairs TH17, but not TH1 cell-mediated EAE, in alignment with significantly higher expression of Mincle in TH17 cells than in TH1 cells. Mechanistically, dying cells release β-glucosylceramide during inflammation, which serves as natural ligand for Mincle. Ligand engagement induces activation of the ASC-NLRP3 inflammasome, which leads to Caspase8-dependent IL-1β production and consequentially TH17 cell proliferation via an autocrine regulatory loop. Chemical inhibition of β-glucosylceramide synthesis greatly reduces inflammatory CD4+ T cells in the central nervous system and inhibits EAE progression in mice. Taken together, this study indicates that sensing of danger signals by Mincle on TH17 cells plays a critical role in promoting CNS inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanri Zhang
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Katarzyna Bulek
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Xing Chen
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Cun-Jin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junjie Zhao
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Renliang Zhang
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core, Department of Research Core Services, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Caini Liu
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Zizhen Kang
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, USA
| | - Robert A Bermel
- Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - George Dubyak
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Derek W Abbott
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Tsan Sam Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Laura E Nagy
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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10
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Liu Z, Busscher BM, Storl-Desmond M, Xiao TS. Mechanisms of Gasdermin Recognition by Proteases. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167274. [PMID: 34599940 PMCID: PMC8844061 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Members of the gasdermin family contain positively charged N-terminal domains (NTDs) capable of binding phospholipids and assembling membrane pores, and C-terminal domains (CTDs) that bind the NTDs to prevent pore formation in the resting states. The flexible NTD-CTD linker regions of gasdermins are highly variable in length and sequences, which may be attributable to gasdermin recognition by diverse proteases. In addition, protease cleavage within the NTDs is known to inactivate several gasdermin family members. Recognition and cleavage of the gasdermin family members by different proteases share common and distinct features at the protease active sites, as well as exosites recently identified for the inflammatory caspases. Utilization of exosites may strengthen enzyme-substrate interaction, improve efficiency of proteolysis, and enhance substrate selectivity. It remains to be determined if the dual site recognition of gasdermin D (GSDMD) by the inflammatory caspases is employed by other GSDMD-targeting proteases, or is involved in proteolytic processing of other gasdermins. Biochemical and structural approaches will be instrumental in revealing how potential exosites in diverse proteases engage different gasdermin substrates. Different features of gasdermin sequence, structure, expression characteristics, and post-translational modifications may dictate distinct mechanisms of protease-dependent activation or inactivation. Such diverse mechanisms may underlie the divergent physiological and pathological functions of gasdermins, and furnish opportunities for therapeutic targeting of gasdermins in infectious diseases and inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tsan Sam Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States.
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11
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Abstract
In this issue of Cell, Evavold et al. (2021) report that mTOR Complex 1 (mTORC1), a metabolic signaling complex, controls reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in mitochondria, which in turn promotes inflammatory cell death mediated by gasdermin D (GSDMD). This provides a new mechanistic connection between metabolic signaling and inflammatory cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Liu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Tsan Sam Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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12
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Liu Z, Wang C, Yang J, Xiao TS. Catching fire: inflammatory responses mediated by inflammasomes, caspases and gasdermins. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2021. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767321095751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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13
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Xiao TS, Liu Z, Wang C. Recognition of gasdermins by proteases. The Journal of Immunology 2021. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.206.supp.15.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The recognition and cleavage of gasdermin family members by proteases trigger the activation of the pore-forming activities of gasdermins. A prominent example is the targeting of gasdermin D (GSDMD) by inflammatory caspases-1/4/5/11 as an essential step in initiating pyroptosis following inflammasome activation. Previous work has identified cleavage site signatures in substrates such as GSDMD and inflammatory cytokines, but it is unclear if these are the sole determinants for caspase engagement. Here we describe structural studies of a complex between caspase-1 (CASP1) and the full-length GSDMD, which reveals that the cleavage site-containing linker in GSDMD adopts a long loop structure that engages the CASP1 active site. In addition, an exosite is observed between the caspase-1 L2 and L2′ loops and a hydrophobic pocket within the GSDMD C-terminal domain distal to its N-terminal domain. The exosites endows a novel function for the GSDMD C-terminal domain as a caspase-recruitment module, in addition to its role in autoinhibition. The dual site recognition may allow stringent substrate selectivity while facilitating cleavage and pyroptosis upon inflammasome activation. The residues forming the hydrophobic pocket are conserved between human and murine GSDMD, but not in GSDME, suggesting that the exosite interface may underlie the specific recognition of GSDMD but not GSDME by inflammatory caspases. Such mode of dual site recognition may be applicable to other physiological substrates of caspases.
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14
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Fan X, Jiang J, Zhao D, Chen F, Ma H, Smith P, Unterholzner L, Xiao TS, Jin T. Structural mechanism of DNA recognition by the p204 HIN domain. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:2959-2972. [PMID: 33619523 PMCID: PMC7969034 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The interferon gamma-inducible protein 16 (IFI16) and its murine homologous protein p204 function in non-sequence specific dsDNA sensing; however, the exact dsDNA recognition mechanisms of IFI16/p204, which harbour two HIN domains, remain unclear. In the present study, we determined crystal structures of p204 HINa and HINb domains, which are highly similar to those of other PYHIN family proteins. Moreover, we obtained the crystal structure of p204 HINab domain in complex with dsDNA and provided insights into the dsDNA binding mode. p204 HINab binds dsDNA mainly through α2 helix of HINa and HINb, and the linker between them, revealing a similar HIN:DNA binding mode. Both HINa and HINb are vital for HINab recognition of dsDNA, as confirmed by fluorescence polarization assays. Furthermore, a HINa dimerization interface was observed in structures of p204 HINa and HINab:dsDNA complex, which is involved in binding dsDNA. The linker between HINa and HINb reveals dynamic flexibility in solution and changes its direction at ∼90° angle in comparison with crystal structure of HINab:dsDNA complex. These structural information provide insights into the mechanism of DNA recognition by different HIN domains, and shed light on the unique roles of two HIN domains in activating the IFI16/p204 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiao Fan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
| | - Jiansheng Jiang
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dan Zhao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027 China
| | - Feng Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027 China
| | - Huan Ma
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027 China
| | - Patrick Smith
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Leonie Unterholzner
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Tsan Sam Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Tengchuan Jin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027 China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai, China
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15
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Liu Z, Wang C, Yang J, Chen Y, Zhou B, Abbott DW, Xiao TS. Caspase-1 Engages Full-Length Gasdermin D through Two Distinct Interfaces That Mediate Caspase Recruitment and Substrate Cleavage. Immunity 2020; 53:106-114.e5. [PMID: 32553275 PMCID: PMC7382298 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The recognition and cleavage of gasdermin D (GSDMD) by inflammatory caspases-1, 4, 5, and 11 are essential steps in initiating pyroptosis after inflammasome activation. Previous work has identified cleavage site signatures in substrates such as GSDMD, but it is unclear whether these are the sole determinants for caspase engagement. Here we report the crystal structure of a complex between human caspase-1 and the full-length murine GSDMD. In addition to engagement of the GSDMD N- and C-domain linker by the caspase-1 active site, an anti-parallel β sheet at the caspase-1 L2 and L2' loops bound a hydrophobic pocket within the GSDMD C-terminal domain distal to its N-terminal domain. This "exosite" interface endows an additional function for the GSDMD C-terminal domain as a caspase-recruitment module besides its role in autoinhibition. Our study thus reveals dual-interface engagement of GSDMD by caspase-1, which may be applicable to other physiological substrates of caspases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Liu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Chuanping Wang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd, TRY-21, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yinghua Chen
- Protein Expression Purification Crystallization and Molecular Biophysics Core, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Bowen Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Derek W Abbott
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Tsan Sam Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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16
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Srinivasan S, Liu Z, Chuenchor W, Xiao TS, Jankowsky E. Function of Auxiliary Domains of the DEAH/RHA Helicase DHX36 in RNA Remodeling. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:2217-2231. [PMID: 32087197 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The DEAH/RHA helicase DHX36 has been linked to cellular RNA and DNA quadruplex structures and to AU-rich RNA elements. In vitro, DHX36 remodels DNA and RNA quadruplex structures and unwinds DNA duplexes in an ATP-dependent manner. DHX36 contains the superfamily 2 helicase core and several auxiliary domains that are conserved in orthologs of the enzyme. The role of these auxiliary domains for the enzymatic function of DHX36 is not well understood. Here, we combine structural and biochemical studies to define the function of three auxiliary domains that contact nucleic acid. We first report the crystal structure of mouse DHX36 bound to ADP. The structure reveals an overall architecture of mouse DHX36 that is similar to previously reported architectures of fly and bovine DHX36. In addition, our structure shows conformational changes that accompany stages of the ATP-binding and hydrolysis cycle. We then examine the roles of the DHX36-specific motif (DSM), the OB-fold, and a conserved β-hairpin (β-HP) in mouse DHX36 in the remodeling of RNA structures. We demonstrate and characterize RNA duplex unwinding for DHX36 and examine the remodeling of inter- and intramolecular RNA quadruplex structures. We find that the DSM not only functions as a quadruplex binding adaptor but also promotes the remodeling of RNA duplex and quadruplex structures. The OB-fold and the β-HP contribute to RNA binding. Both domains are also essential for remodeling RNA quadruplex and duplex structures. Our data reveal roles of auxiliary domains for multiple steps of the nucleic acid remodeling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Tsan Sam Xiao
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Eckhard Jankowsky
- Center for RNA Science and Therapeutics, USA; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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17
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Luo H, Yu Q, Liu Y, Tang M, Liang M, Zhang D, Xiao TS, Wu L, Tan M, Ruan Y, Bungert J, Lu J. LATS kinase-mediated CTCF phosphorylation and selective loss of genomic binding. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eaaw4651. [PMID: 32128389 PMCID: PMC7030924 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw4651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chromatin topological organization is instrumental in gene transcription. Gene-enhancer interactions are accommodated in the same CTCF-mediated insulated neighborhoods. However, it remains poorly understood whether and how the 3D genome architecture is dynamically restructured by external signals. Here, we report that LATS kinases phosphorylated CTCF in the zinc finger (ZF) linkers and disabled its DNA-binding activity. Cellular stress induced LATS nuclear translocation and CTCF ZF linker phosphorylation, and altered the landscape of CTCF genomic binding partly by dissociating it selectively from a small subset of its genomic binding sites. These sites were highly enriched for the boundaries of chromatin domains containing LATS signaling target genes. The stress-induced CTCF phosphorylation and locus-specific dissociation from DNA were LATS-dependent. Loss of CTCF binding disrupted local chromatin domains and down-regulated genes located within them. The study suggests that external signals may rapidly modulate the 3D genome by affecting CTCF genomic binding through ZF linker phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huacheng Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UF Health Cancer Center, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Qin Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UF Health Cancer Center, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UF Health Cancer Center, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Ming Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UF Health Cancer Center, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Mingwei Liang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UF Health Cancer Center, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Dingpeng Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UF Health Cancer Center, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Tsan Sam Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Lizi Wu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, UF Health Cancer Center, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Ming Tan
- Center for Cell Death and Metabolism, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Yijun Ruan
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Jörg Bungert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UF Health Cancer Center, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jianrong Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UF Health Cancer Center, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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18
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Liu Z, Wang C, Yang J, Zhou B, Yang R, Ramachandran R, Abbott DW, Xiao TS. Crystal Structures of the Full-Length Murine and Human Gasdermin D Reveal Mechanisms of Autoinhibition, Lipid Binding, and Oligomerization. Immunity 2019; 51:43-49.e4. [PMID: 31097341 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gasdermin D (GSDMD) is an effector molecule for pyroptosis downstream of canonical and noncanonical inflammasome signaling pathways. Cleavage of GSDMD by inflammatory caspases triggers the oligomerization and lipid binding by its N-terminal domain, which assembles membrane pores, whereas its C-terminal domain binds the N-terminal domain to inhibit pyroptosis. Despite recent progress in our understanding of the structure and function of the murine gasdermin A3 (mGSDMA3), the molecular mechanisms of GSDMD activation and regulation remain poorly characterized. Here, we report the crystal structures of the full-length murine and human GSDMDs, which reveal the architecture of the GSDMD N-terminal domains and demonstrate distinct and common features of autoinhibition among gasdermin family members utilizing their β1-β2 loops. Disruption of the intramolecular domain interface enhanced pyroptosis, whereas mutations at the predicted lipid-binding or oligomerization surface reduced cytolysis. Our study provides a framework for understanding the autoinhibition, lipid binding, and oligomerization of GSDMD by using overlapping interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Liu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Chuanping Wang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Bowen Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Rajesh Ramachandran
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA; Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Derek W Abbott
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Tsan Sam Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA; Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
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19
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Xiao TS, Liu Z, Yang J, Wang C, Yang R. Molecular mechanisms of gasdermin D autoinhibition and recognition by inflammatory caspases. The Journal of Immunology 2019. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.63.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Pyroptosis is an inflammatory form of programmed cell death that plays important roles in immune protection against infections and in inflammatory disorders. Gasdermin D (GSDMD) is an executor of pyroptosis upon cleavage by caspases-1/4/5/11 following canonical and noncanonical inflammasome activation. GSDMD N-terminal domain assembles membrane pores to induce cytolysis, whereas its C-terminal domain inhibits cell death through intramolecular association with the N domain. The crystal structures of the human and murine GSDMD C-terminal domains differ from those of the full-length murine GSDMA3 and the human GSDMB C-terminal domain. Mutations of GSDMD C-domain residues predicted to locate at its interface with the N-domain enhanced pyroptosis, in agreement with the role of the GSDMD C-terminal domain as an autoinhibition domain. We further demonstrate that the full-length GSDMD and its cleavage site peptide, FLTD, can directly bind the catalytic domains of inflammatory caspases. A GSDMD-derived inhibitor, N-acetyl-Phe-Leu-Thr-Asp-chloromethylketone (Ac-FLTD-CMK), inhibits GSDMD cleavage by caspases-1, -4, -5, and -11 in vitro, as well as suppresses pyroptosis downstream of both canonical and noncanonical inflammasomes. By contrast, the inhibitor does not target caspase-3 or apoptotic cell death, suggesting that Ac-FLTD-CMK is a specific inhibitor for inflammatory caspases. The present study not only contributes to our understanding of the distinct mode of GSDMD autoinhibition and recognition by inflammatory caspases, but also reports a specific inhibitor for these caspases that can serve as a tool for investigating inflammasome signaling.
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20
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YANG JIE, Liu Z, Wang C, Yang R, Rathkey JK, Shi W, Chen Y, Dubyak GR, Abbott DW, Xiao TS. Mechanism of gasdermin D recognition by inflammatory caspases and their inhibition by a gasdermin D‐derived peptide inhibitor. FASEB J 2019. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.461.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- JIE YANG
- PathologyCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOH
- Physiology and BiophysicsCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOH
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- PathologyCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOH
| | | | - Rui Yang
- PathologyCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOH
| | | | - Wuxian Shi
- Center for Proteomics and BioinformaticsCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOH
| | - Yinghua Chen
- Physiology and BiophysicsCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOH
| | - George R. Dubyak
- Physiology and BiophysicsCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOH
| | | | - Tsan Sam Xiao
- PathologyCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOH
- Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural BiologyCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOH
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21
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Xiao TS, Yang J, Liu Z, Wang C, Yang R, Rathkey JK, Pinkard OW, Shi W, Chen Y, Dubyak GR, Abbott DW. Mechanism of gasdermin D recognition by inflammatory caspases and their inhibition by a gasdermin D-derived peptide inhibitor. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2018. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767318095296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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22
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Li Y, Huang Y, Cao X, Yin X, Jin X, Liu S, Jiang J, Jiang W, Xiao TS, Zhou R, Cai G, Hu B, Jin T. Functional and structural characterization of zebrafish ASC. FEBS J 2018; 285:2691-2707. [PMID: 29791979 PMCID: PMC6105367 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The zebrafish genome encodes homologs for most of the proteins involved in inflammatory pathways; however, the molecular components and activation mechanisms of fish inflammasomes are largely unknown. ASC [apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase-recruitment domain (CARD)] is the only adaptor involved in the formation of multiple types of inflammasomes. Here, we demonstrate that zASC is also involved in inflammasome activation in zebrafish. When overexpressed in vitro and in vivo in zebrafish, both the zASC and zASC pyrin domain (PYD) proteins form speck and filament structures. Importantly, the crystal structures of the N-terminal PYD and C-terminal CARD of zebrafish ASC were determined independently as two separate entities fused to maltose-binding protein. Structure-guided mutagenesis revealed the functional relevance of the PYD hydrophilic surface found in the crystal lattice. Finally, the fish caspase-1 homolog Caspy, but not the caspase-4/11 homolog Caspy2, interacts with zASC through homotypic PYD-PYD interactions, which differ from those in mammals. These observations establish the conserved and unique structural/functional features of the zASC-dependent inflammasome pathway. DATABASE Structural data are available in the PDB under accession numbers 5GPP and 5GPQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Li
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaocong Cao
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xueying Yin
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xiangyu Jin
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jiansheng Jiang
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wei Jiang
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Tsan Sam Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Rongbin Zhou
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Gang Cai
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Bing Hu
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Tengchuan Jin
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai, China
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23
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Liu Z, Wang C, Rathkey JK, Yang J, Dubyak GR, Abbott DW, Xiao TS. Structures of the Gasdermin D C-Terminal Domains Reveal Mechanisms of Autoinhibition. Structure 2018; 26:778-784.e3. [PMID: 29576317 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pyroptosis is an inflammatory form of programmed cell death that plays important roles in immune protection against infections and in inflammatory disorders. Gasdermin D (GSDMD) is an executor of pyroptosis upon cleavage by caspases-1/4/5/11 following canonical and noncanonical inflammasome activation. GSDMD N-terminal domain assembles membrane pores to induce cytolysis, whereas its C-terminal domain inhibits cell death through intramolecular association with the N domain. The molecular mechanisms of autoinhibition for GSDMD are poorly characterized. Here we report the crystal structures of the human and murine GSDMD C-terminal domains, which differ from those of the full-length murine GSDMA3 and the human GSDMB C-terminal domain. Mutations of GSDMD C-domain residues predicted to locate at its interface with the N-domain enhanced pyroptosis. Our results suggest that GSDMDs may employ a distinct mode of intramolecular domain interaction and autoinhibition, which may be relevant to its unique role in pyroptosis downstream of inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Liu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Chuanping Wang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Joseph K Rathkey
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Graduate Program in Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - George R Dubyak
- Graduate Program in Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Derek W Abbott
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Tsan Sam Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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24
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Jin T, Huang M, Jiang J, Smith P, Xiao TS. Crystal structure of human NLRP12 PYD domain and implication in homotypic interaction. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190547. [PMID: 29293680 PMCID: PMC5749810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
NLRP12 is a NOD-like receptor that plays multiple roles in both inflammation and tumorigenesis. Despite the importance, little is known about its mechanism of action at the molecular level. Here, we report the crystal structure of NLRP12 PYD domain at 1.70 Å fused with an maltose-binding protein (MBP) tag. Interestingly, the PYD domain forms a dimeric configuration through a disulfide bond in the crystal. The possible biological significance is discussed in the context of ROS induced NF-κB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengchuan Jin
- Laboratory of structural immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of innate immunity and chronic diseases, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, PRC
- Structural Immunobiology Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TJ); (TSX)
| | - Mo Huang
- Structural Immunobiology Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jiansheng Jiang
- Structural Immunobiology Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Patrick Smith
- Structural Immunobiology Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tsan Sam Xiao
- Structural Immunobiology Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TJ); (TSX)
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25
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Yangyuoru PM, Bradburn DA, Liu Z, Xiao TS, Russell R. The G-quadruplex (G4) resolvase DHX36 efficiently and specifically disrupts DNA G4s via a translocation-based helicase mechanism. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:1924-1932. [PMID: 29269411 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.815076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and RNA regions that include at least four closely spaced runs of three or more consecutive guanosines strongly tend to fold into stable G-quadruplexes (G4s). G4s play key roles as DNA regulatory sites and as kinetic traps that can inhibit biological processes, but how G4s are regulated in cells remains largely unknown. Here, we developed a kinetic framework for G4 disruption by DEAH-box helicase 36 (DHX36), the dominant G4 resolvase in human cells. Using tetramolecular DNA and RNA G4s with four to six G-quartets, we found that DHX36-mediated disruption is highly efficient, with rates that depend on G4 length under saturating conditions (kcat) but not under subsaturating conditions (kcat/Km ). These results suggest that a step during G4 disruption limits the kcat value and that DHX36 binding limits kcat/Km Similar results were obtained for unimolecular DNA G4s. DHX36 activity depended on a 3' ssDNA extension and was blocked by a polyethylene glycol linker, indicating that DHX36 loads onto the extension and translocates 3'-5' toward the G4. DHX36 unwound dsDNA poorly compared with G4s of comparable intrinsic lifetime. Interestingly, we observed that DHX36 has striking 3'-extension sequence preferences that differ for G4 disruption and dsDNA unwinding, most likely arising from differences in the rate-limiting step for the two activities. Our results indicate that DHX36 disrupts G4s with a conventional helicase mechanism that is tuned for great efficiency and specificity for G4s. The dependence of DHX36 on the 3'-extension sequence suggests that the extent of formation of genomic G4s may not track directly with G4 stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Yangyuoru
- From the Department of Molecular Biosciences and the Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712 and
| | - Devin A Bradburn
- From the Department of Molecular Biosciences and the Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712 and
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- the Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Tsan Sam Xiao
- the Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Rick Russell
- From the Department of Molecular Biosciences and the Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712 and
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26
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Liu Z, Wang C, Yang J, Rathkey J, Abbott DW, Xiao TS. Structures of gasdermin-D C-terminal domain reveal mechanisms of autoinhibition. The Journal of Immunology 2017. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.64.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Gasdermin-D (GSDMD) is a member of the gasdermin family, and is a critical mediator for host defense against microbial infection and danger signals. Inflammatory caspases (caspases-1, 4, 5, and 11) cleave GSDMD to generate an N-terminal cleavage fragment (GSDMD-N) that oligomerizes in cell membrane to form ring-like pores during pyroptosis, an informatory form of programmed cell death. In addition, the GSDMD membrane pores facilitate the release of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1b and IL-18. However, how GSDMD-N is inhibited by the C-terminal domain of GSDMD (GSDMD-C) in the rest state is unknown. In addition, the mechanisms for the release of GSDMD-N from GSDMD-C upon caspase cleavage and the formation of membrane pores have not been established. Here we report the crystal structures of the C-terminal domains of human and murine GSDMD protein. Even though the overall structures of the two GSDMD-C structures are similar to that from mGSDMA3, two regions of the helical structures in GSDMD-C are significantly different from that in mGSDMA3. Overexpression of GSDMD-N induces lysis of the bacterial expression host, while concomitant expression of GSDMD-C reduces such bactericidal activities. Mutation of GSDMD-C residues involved in autoinhibition attenuates the intramolecular domain-domain interactions, as well as enhances pyroptosis in 293T cells transiently expressing GSDMD. Our study thus reveals mechanisms of autoinhibition of GSDMD, and suggests potential therapeutic application of GSDMD as a bactericidal agent.
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27
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Jin T, Chuenchor W, Jiang J, Cheng J, Li Y, Fang K, Huang M, Smith P, Xiao TS. Design of an expression system to enhance MBP-mediated crystallization. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40991. [PMID: 28112203 PMCID: PMC5256280 DOI: 10.1038/srep40991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Crystallization chaperones have been used to facilitate the crystallization of challenging proteins. Even though the maltose-binding protein (MBP) is one of the most commonly used crystallization chaperones, the design of optimal expression constructs for crystallization of MBP fusion proteins remains a challenge. To increase the success rate of MBP-facilitated crystallization, a series of expression vectors have been designed with either a short flexible linker or a set of rigid helical linkers. Seven death domain superfamily members were tested for crystallization with this set of vectors, six of which had never been crystallized before. All of the seven targets were crystallized, and their structures were determined using at least one of the vectors. Our successful crystallization of all of the targets demonstrates the validity of our approach and expands the arsenal of the crystallization chaperone toolkit, which may be applicable to crystallization of other difficult protein targets, as well as to other crystallization chaperones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengchuan Jin
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Diseases, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027 China.,Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Watchalee Chuenchor
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Jiansheng Jiang
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Jinbo Cheng
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Diseases, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027 China
| | - Yajuan Li
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Diseases, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027 China
| | - Kang Fang
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Diseases, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027 China
| | - Mo Huang
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Patrick Smith
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Tsan Sam Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsan Sam Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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29
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Bertheloot D, Naumovski AL, Langhoff P, Horvath GL, Jin T, Xiao TS, Garbi N, Agrawal S, Kolbeck R, Latz E. RAGE Enhances TLR Responses through Binding and Internalization of RNA. J Immunol 2016; 197:4118-4126. [PMID: 27798148 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid recognition is an important mechanism that enables the innate immune system to detect microbial infection and tissue damage. To minimize the recognition of self-derived nucleic acids, all nucleic acid-sensing signaling receptors are sequestered away from the cell surface and are activated in the cytoplasm or in endosomes. Nucleic acid sensing in endosomes relies on members of the TLR family. The receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) was recently shown to bind DNA at the cell surface, facilitating DNA internalization and subsequent recognition by TLR9. In this article, we show that RAGE binds RNA molecules in a sequence-independent manner and enhances cellular RNA uptake into endosomes. Gain- and loss-of-function studies demonstrate that RAGE increases the sensitivity of all ssRNA-sensing TLRs (TLR7, TLR8, TLR13), suggesting that RAGE is an integral part of the endosomal nucleic acid-sensing system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Bertheloot
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Pia Langhoff
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 53117 Bonn, Germany
| | - Gabor L Horvath
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Tengchuan Jin
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Tsan Sam Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Natalio Garbi
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | - Eicke Latz
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; .,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 53117 Bonn, Germany.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
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30
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Ni CL, Seth D, Fonseca FV, Wang L, Xiao TS, Gruber P, Sy MS, Stamler JS, Tartakoff AM. Polyglutamine Tract Expansion Increases S-Nitrosylation of Huntingtin and Ataxin-1. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163359. [PMID: 27658206 PMCID: PMC5033456 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Expansion of the polyglutamine (polyQ) tract in the huntingtin (Htt) protein causes Huntington’s disease (HD), a fatal inherited movement disorder linked to neurodegeneration in the striatum and cortex. S-nitrosylation and S-acylation of cysteine residues regulate many functions of cytosolic proteins. We therefore used a resin-assisted capture approach to identify these modifications in Htt. In contrast to many proteins that have only a single S-nitrosylation or S-acylation site, we identified sites along much of the length of Htt. Moreover, analysis of cells expressing full-length Htt or a large N-terminal fragment of Htt shows that polyQ expansion strongly increases Htt S-nitrosylation. This effect appears to be general since it is also observed in Ataxin-1, which causes spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) when its polyQ tract is expanded. Overexpression of nitric oxide synthase increases the S-nitrosylation of normal Htt and the frequency of conspicuous juxtanuclear inclusions of Htt N-terminal fragments in transfected cells. Taken together with the evidence that S-nitrosylation of Htt is widespread and parallels polyQ expansion, these subcellular changes show that S-nitrosylation affects the biology of this protein in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lun Ni
- Cell Biology Program, Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, United States of America
| | - Divya Seth
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, United States of America
| | - Fabio Vasconcelos Fonseca
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, United States of America
| | - Liwen Wang
- Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, United States of America
| | - Tsan Sam Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, United States of America
| | - Phillip Gruber
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, United States of America
| | - Man-Sun Sy
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, United States of America
| | - Jonathan S. Stamler
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, United States of America
| | - Alan M. Tartakoff
- Cell Biology Program, Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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31
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Abstract
Inflammasomes play essential roles in immune protection against microbial infections. However, excessive inflammation is implicated in various human diseases, including autoinflammatory syndromes, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, cardiovascular disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, precise regulation of inflammasome activities is critical for adequate immune protection while limiting collateral tissue damage. In this review, we focus on the emerging roles of post-translational modifications (PTMs) that regulate activation of the NLRP3, NLRP1, NLRC4, AIM2 and IFI16 inflammasomes. We anticipate that these types of PTMs will be identified in other types of and less well-characterized inflammasomes. Because these highly diverse and versatile PTMs shape distinct inflammatory responses in response to infections and tissue damage, targeting the enzymes involved in these PTMs will undoubtedly offer opportunities for precise modulation of inflammasome activities under various pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-7288, USA.,Graduate Program in Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-7288, USA
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-7288, USA
| | - Tsan Sam Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-7288, USA
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32
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Snyder GA, Irwin G, Mistry PD, VanBesien R, Flecther S, MacKerell A, Brown L, Xiao TS, Wintrode P, Vogel S. Molecular interactions of small molecule inhibitors targeting cytoplasmic TIR domains. The Journal of Immunology 2016. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.196.supp.70.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Regulation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling using small molecule agonists and antagonists have been widely sought after for controlling inflmation and disease. Most studies have focused on therapeutic targeting of TLR extracellular ligand binding domains. Recently, Computer-aided drug design (CADD) screens specifically targeting intracellular Toll-Interleukin-1 receptor resistance domains have identified and functionally characterized several small molecule and peptide inhibitors which protect against lethality in animal models of infection, inflammation and disease. We have sought to structurally characterize the molecular interactions of CADD derived small molecule inhibitors with respective TLR-TIR domains by determining the X-ray co-crystal structures of TLR2 –TIR domain in the presence of C29 and its substructure O-vanillin. Positive electron density is observed near the BB loop and residue Ile 685 of native TLR2-TIR in the presence of the small molecule inhibitor (C29) exhibit compared with the native apo form of this structure. However, the presence of (S-(DIMETHYLARSENIC) CYSTEINE) in this crystallization condition complicate analysis. To rule out the effects of DMSO and (S-(DIMETHYLARSENIC) CYSTEINE) we sought to examine small molecule inhibitor C29L substructure (o-Vanillin) in a second crystal form of TLR2 and which contains a more simplified crystallization condition grown in the presence of 1mM of C29L. This co-crystal exhibits positive electron density located in an around the BB loop compared with apo forms of this structure. Additionally, in this recent structure form we observe additional DD loop density previously not defined in the originally reported crystal form.
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33
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Abstract
Inflammasomes are oligomeric signaling complexes that promote caspase activation and maturation of proinflammatory cytokines. Structural and biophysical studies have shed light on the mechanisms of nucleic acid recognition and signaling complex assembly involving the AIM2 (absent in myeloma 2) and IFI16 (γ-interferon-inducible protein 16) inflammasomes. However, our understanding of the mechanisms of the NLRP3 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing protein 3) activation, either by nucleic acids or by other reported stimuli, has remained elusive. Exciting recent progress on the filament formation by the ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain) pyrin domain and the IFI16-double stranded DNA complex has established that the formation of higher order polymers is one of the general mechanisms for signaling platform assembly in innate immune system. The paradigm-changing discovery of the extracellular function of the NLRP3-ASC inflammasome has opened the door for therapeutic targeting the inflammasome filament formation for various clinical conditions. Future characterization of the canonical and non-canonical inflammasome complexes will undoubtedly reveal more surprises on their structure and function and enrich our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of ligand recognition, activation, and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsan Sam Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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34
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Liu Z, Xiao TS. STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY. Assembling the wheel of death. Science 2015; 350:376-7. [PMID: 26494742 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad3981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Liu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Tsan Sam Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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35
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Abstract
Inflammasomes are oligomeric protein complexes assembled through interactions among the death domain superfamily members, in particular the CARD and PYD domains. Recent progress has shed lights on how the ASC PYD can polymerize to form filaments using multiple domain:domain interfaces, and how the caspase4 CARD can recognize LPS to activate the non-classical inflammasome pathway. Comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms of inflammasome activation and assembly require more extensive structural and biophysical dissection of the inflammasome components and complexes, in particular additional CARD or PYD filaments. Because of the variations in death domain structures and complexes observed so far, future work will undoubtedly shed lights on the mechanisms of inflammasome assembly as well as more surprises on the versatile structure and function of the death domain superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengchuan Jin
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA,
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36
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Herzner AM, Hagmann CA, Goldeck M, Wolter S, Kübler K, Wittmann S, Gramberg T, Andreeva L, Hopfner KP, Mertens C, Zillinger T, Jin T, Xiao TS, Bartok E, Coch C, Ackermann D, Hornung V, Ludwig J, Barchet W, Hartmann G, Schlee M. Sequence-specific activation of the DNA sensor cGAS by Y-form DNA structures as found in primary HIV-1 cDNA. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:1025-33. [PMID: 26343537 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic DNA that emerges during infection with a retrovirus or DNA virus triggers antiviral type I interferon responses. So far, only double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) over 40 base pairs (bp) in length has been considered immunostimulatory. Here we found that unpaired DNA nucleotides flanking short base-paired DNA stretches, as in stem-loop structures of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) derived from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), activated the type I interferon-inducing DNA sensor cGAS in a sequence-dependent manner. DNA structures containing unpaired guanosines flanking short (12- to 20-bp) dsDNA (Y-form DNA) were highly stimulatory and specifically enhanced the enzymatic activity of cGAS. Furthermore, we found that primary HIV-1 reverse transcripts represented the predominant viral cytosolic DNA species during early infection of macrophages and that these ssDNAs were highly immunostimulatory. Collectively, our study identifies unpaired guanosines in Y-form DNA as a highly active, minimal cGAS recognition motif that enables detection of HIV-1 ssDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maria Herzner
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Cristina Amparo Hagmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marion Goldeck
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Steven Wolter
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kirsten Kübler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Integrated Oncology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sabine Wittmann
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Gramberg
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Liudmila Andreeva
- Department Biochemistry, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Karl-Peter Hopfner
- Department Biochemistry, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Christina Mertens
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Zillinger
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center of Infectious Disease, Cologne-Bonn, Germany
| | - Tengchuan Jin
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Tsan Sam Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Eva Bartok
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christoph Coch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Damian Ackermann
- LIMES Institute, Chemical Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Veit Hornung
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Janos Ludwig
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Winfried Barchet
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center of Infectious Disease, Cologne-Bonn, Germany
| | - Gunther Hartmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Schlee
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Abdi K, Singh NJ, Spooner E, Kessler BM, Radaev S, Lantz L, Xiao TS, Matzinger P, Sun PD, Ploegh HL. Free IL-12p40 monomer is a polyfunctional adaptor for generating novel IL-12-like heterodimers extracellularly. J Immunol 2014; 192:6028-36. [PMID: 24821971 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
IL-12p40 partners with the p35 and p19 polypeptides to generate the heterodimeric cytokines IL-12 and IL-23, respectively. These cytokines play critical and distinct roles in host defense. The assembly of these heterodimers is thought to take place within the cell, resulting in the secretion of fully functional cytokines. Although the p40 subunit alone can also be rapidly secreted in response to inflammatory signals, its biological significance remains unclear. In this article, we show that the secreted p40 monomer can generate de novo IL-12-like activities by combining extracellularly with p35 released from other cells. Surprisingly, an unbiased proteomic analysis reveals multiple such extracellular binding partners for p40 in the serum of mice after an endotoxin challenge. We biochemically validate the binding of one of these novel partners, the CD5 Ag-like glycoprotein, to the p40 monomer. Nevertheless, the assembled p40-CD5L heterodimer does not recapitulate the biological activity of IL-12. These findings underscore the plasticity of secreted free p40 monomer, suggesting that p40 functions as an adaptor that is able to generate multiple de novo composites in combination with other locally available polypeptide partners after secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Abdi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
| | - Nevil J Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Eric Spooner
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Benedikt M Kessler
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sergei Radaev
- Resources and Training Review Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Larry Lantz
- Research Technology Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Tsan Sam Xiao
- Structural Immunobiology Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Polly Matzinger
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Peter D Sun
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Hidde L Ploegh
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142
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Jin T, Jiang J, Smith P, Xiao TS. 132. Cytokine 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.06.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
In this issue of Immunity, Hong et al. (2012) report the first structural analysis of the C-terminal fragment of an NLR (nucleotide-binding domain [NBD] and leucine-rich repeat [LRR]-containing) protein, NLRX1. This fragment forms a hexamer and binds RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsan Sam Xiao
- Structural Immunobiology Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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40
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Mu R, Dussupt V, Jiang J, Sette P, Rudd V, Chuenchor W, Bello NF, Bouamr F, Xiao TS. Two distinct binding modes define the interaction of Brox with the C-terminal tails of CHMP5 and CHMP4B. Structure 2012; 20:887-98. [PMID: 22484091 PMCID: PMC3350598 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Interactions of the CHMP protein carboxyl terminal tails with effector proteins play important roles in retroviral budding, cytokinesis, and multivesicular body biogenesis. Here we demonstrate that hydrophobic residues at the CHMP4B C-terminal amphipathic α helix bind a concave surface of Brox, a mammalian paralog of Alix. Unexpectedly, CHMP5 was also found to bind Brox and specifically recruit endogenous Brox to detergent-resistant membrane fractions through its C-terminal 20 residues. Instead of an α helix, the CHMP5 C-terminal tail adopts a tandem β-hairpin structure that binds Brox at the same site as CHMP4B. Additional Brox:CHMP5 interface is furnished by a unique CHMP5 hydrophobic pocket engaging the Brox residue Y348 that is not conserved among the Bro1 domains. Our studies thus unveil a β-hairpin conformation of the CHMP5 protein C-terminal tail, and provide insights into the overlapping but distinct binding profiles of ESCRT-III and the Bro1 domain proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiling Mu
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Vincent Dussupt
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jiansheng Jiang
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Paola Sette
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Victoria Rudd
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Watchalee Chuenchor
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Nana F. Bello
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Fadila Bouamr
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
- Corresponding authors: Tsan Sam Xiao, PhD, Phone: 301 402 9782, Fax: 301 480 1291, . Fadila Bouamr, PhD, Phone: 301 496 4099, Fax: 301 402 0226,
| | - Tsan Sam Xiao
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
- Corresponding authors: Tsan Sam Xiao, PhD, Phone: 301 402 9782, Fax: 301 480 1291, . Fadila Bouamr, PhD, Phone: 301 496 4099, Fax: 301 402 0226,
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