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Premalatha P, Maha HMA, Shadia HA, Krishnaraju V, Prabahar K, Mathar Mohideen NT, Vinoth Prabhu V, Prema B, Mashat RM, Sampayan EL, Hala AE, Marwa AAZ, Kandasamy G, Ahmed R, Mervat MA. Effect of Nutrition and Behavior Modification Program (NBMP) on maternal and neonatal outcomes among hyperglycemic mothers. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2024; 28:2750-2759. [PMID: 38639514 DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202404_35903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hyperglycemic mothers and their offspring are at increased risk of various maternal and neonatal complications such as macrosomia, future type 2 diabetes, and metabolic abnormalities. Early diagnosis and individualized dietary management, exercise, and emotional well-being are expected to reduce these risks. The study aims to identify the effect of the Nutrition and Behavior Modification Program (NBMP) on maternal and neonatal outcomes of hyperglycemic mothers. PATIENTS AND METHODS A pre-experimental study was performed among 89 hyperglycemic mothers. Glycemic control at 28 and 36 weeks, weight gain during pregnancy, pre-eclampsia, pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), mode of delivery, duration of exercise, emotional well-being, neonates' birth weight, incidence of hypoglycemia, and NICU admission were compared among the study and control groups. The intervention group received an individualized NBMP from their diagnosis of hyperglycemia until delivery. RESULTS The results showed a significant difference in blood glucose between the study periods and groups at p<0.05 as per repeated ANOVA. Also, diet scores had a significant influence on BMI and glycemic control at p<0.05. Logistic regression models, adjusted for potential confounders including baseline blood glucose, age, economic status, previous GDM, family history of DM as well as baseline BMI, diet score, physical activity, and maternal well-being score, indicated that the NBMP reduced the blood glucose and BMI significantly at p<0.05 in the study group. NBMP also reduced the risk of SGA/LGA and preterm/post-mature birth, as well as increased the exercise duration and emotional well-being of mothers. CONCLUSIONS The study's conclusions draw attention to the possible roles that maternal wellness, physical activity, and diet may have in reducing risks for both hyperglycemic mothers and their newborns. The NBMP resulted in higher adherence to lifestyle changes. Further research on a larger sample of hyperglycemic mothers is recommended to expand the generalizability of the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Premalatha
- College of Nursing, Mahalah Branch for Girls, King Khalid University, Abha, Asir, Saudi Arabia.
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Saud A, Krishnaraju V, Taha A, Kalpana K, Malarkodi V, Durgaramani S, Vinoth Prabhu V, Saleh FA, Ezhilarasan S. Potential acetylcholinesterase inhibitors to treat Alzheimer's disease. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2024; 28:2522-2537. [PMID: 38567612 DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202403_35759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alzheimer's disease (AD) is identified by neuropathological symptoms, and there is now no effective treatment for the condition. A lack of the brain neurotransmitter acetylcholine has been related to the etiology of Alzheimer's disease. Acetylcholinesterase is an enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine to an inactive form and causes the death of cholinergic neurons. Conventional treatments were used but had less effectiveness. Therefore, there is a crucial need to identify alternative compounds with potential anti-cholinesterase agents and minimal undesirable effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fluoroquinolones and benzimidazole-benzothiazole derivatives offer antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-Alzheimer activities. To enhance the chemical portfolio of cholinesterase inhibitors, a variety of fluoroquinolones and benzimidazole-benzothiazole compounds were evaluated against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymes. For this purpose, molecular docking and adsorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicology ADMET models were used for in-silico studies for both AChE and BChE enzymes to investigate possible binding mechanisms and drug-likeness of the compounds. The inhibitory effect of docked heterocyclic compounds was also verified in vitro against AChE and BChE enzymes. Fluoroquinolones (Z, Z3, Z4, Z6, Z8, Z12, Z15, and Z9) and benzimidazole-benzothiazole compounds (TBIS-16, TBAF-1 to 9) passed through the AChE inhibition assay and their IC50 values were calculated. RESULTS The compound 1-ethyl-6-fluoro-7-(4-(2-(4-nitrophenylamino)-2-oxoethyl)piperazin-1-yl) -4-oxo-1,4 di-hydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid and 2-((1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)methyl)-N'-(3-bromobenzyl)-4-hydroxy-2H-thiochromene-3-carbohydrazide 1,1-dioxide (Z-9 and TBAF-6) showed the lowest IC50 values against AChE/BChE (0.37±0.02/2.93±0.03 µM and 0.638±0.001/1.31±0.01 µM, respectively) than the standard drug, donepezil (3.9±0.01/4.9±0.05 µM). During the in-vivo investigation, behavioral trials were performed to analyze the neuroprotective impact of Z-9 and TBAF-6 compounds on AD mouse models. The groups treated with Z-9 and TBAF-6 compounds had better cognitive behavior than the standard drug. CONCLUSIONS This study found that Z-9 (Fluoroquinolones) and TBAF-6 (benzimidazole-benzothiazole) compounds improve behavioral and biochemical parameters, thus treating neurodegenerative disorders effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Saud
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Asir, Saudi Arabia.
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Premalatha P, Shadia HA, Krishnaraju V, Prabahar K, Vinoth Prabhu V, Absar AQ, Vigneshwaran E, Mathar Mohideen NT, Kandasamy M, Hala AA, Wagida KW, Maha HMA, Hala AE, Mervat MA. The wake of the triple epidemic (Tripledemic): does it emphasizes the COVID-19 vaccine as a routine immunization for children? - A cross-sectional study. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2023; 27:7840-7850. [PMID: 37667961 DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202308_33439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many countries, including the USA, are currently confronting a triple epidemic in children as COVID-19 cases increase and new strains emerge which urge COVID-19 vaccination for children. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) for the CDC unanimously approved the inclusion of the COVID-19 vaccine (C19V) in the recommended immunizations. As healthcare professionals (HCPs) and parents are significant players in changing the trend of the triple epidemic by giving the C19V, the present study was done to determine awareness and perception of HCPs and parents on the tripledemic and the need for inclusion of C19V in vaccination schedules for children. PATIENTS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 HCPs and 200 parents to assess their knowledge and perception of tripledemic and the need for the inclusion of C19V. RESULTS Noticeably, half of the participants had either recent personal (36.2%) or family (21.8%) exposure to some of the tripledemic like RSV, Flu, or COVID-19. On perceived awareness, 42% were concerned about tripledemic, and 35% thought that regular C19V may prevent or reduce tripledemic. Ironically, 11% were not willing to give C19V to their children. The logistic regression model for positive perception of tripledemic and regular C19V identified significant relationships with education (OR 2.19, CI 1.48-3.81), gender (OR 0.9, CI 01.02-2.63), recent personal or family exposure to any of the tripledemic (OR 0.239, CI 0.87-1.63) and presence of children in the family (OR 0.71, CI 1.4-1.96). The reason for favorable perception was preventing self and family from tripledemic. CONCLUSIONS The findings may give insight to the policymakers for a strategic plan to include C19V in the routine schedule to combat the pandemic and tripledemic by improving herd immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Premalatha
- College of Nursing, Mahala Branch for Girls, King Khalid University, Abha, Asir, Saudi Arabia.
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Krishnaraju V, Alghazwani Y, Durgaramani S, Asiri YI, Prabahar K, Kalpana K, Rajalakshimi V, Noohu AK, Premalatha P, Sirajudeen SA, Kumar V, Vinoth Prabhu V. Beneficial effects of Naringin against lopinavir/ ritonavir-induced hyperlipidemia and reproductive toxicity in male albino rats. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2023; 27:4221-4231. [PMID: 37203848 DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202305_32332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This research work was planned to determine whether Naringin (NG) had any protective effects against lopinavir/ritonavir (LR)-induced alterations in blood lipid levels, hepatotoxicity, and testicular toxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four groups of six rats each were used for the study: Control (1% ethanol), naringin (80 mg/kg), lopinavir (80 mg/kg)/ritonavir (20 mg/kg), and lopinavir (80 mg/kg)/ritonavir (20 mg/kg) + naringin (80 mg/kg). The drug treatment was continued for 30 days. On the last day, the serum lipid fractions, liver biochemical parameters, testicular antioxidants (enzymatic and non-enzymatic), and the histopathology of the liver and testis tissue were assessed for all rats. RESULTS Treatment with NG decreased significantly (p<0.05), the baseline serum levels of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). But these parameters were significantly (p<0.05) increased in LR-treated animals. Naringin, co-administered with LR, restored the liver and testicular biochemical, morphological, and histological balance. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that NG can be used as a treatment for LR-induced biochemical and histological changes in the liver and testes and changes in serum lipid levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Krishnaraju
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Asir, Saudi Arabia.
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Premalatha P, Krishnaraju V, Shadia HA, Abuadas MH, Zainab FA, Rasha AE, Sampayan EL, Abeer MA, Hala AA, Prabahar K, Harikrishnan N, Vigneshwaran E, Vinoth Prabhu V, Alshareef H, Manal HM. The complexity of basophobia and aging: covariates and consequences. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2023; 27:3967-3978. [PMID: 37203821 DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202305_32303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study aim is to determine the drug-induced incidence of basophobia, falls, its' related variables and the consequences among older adults. PATIENTS AND METHODS A descriptive, cross-sectional study was adopted with 210 older adult samples. The tool consisted of 6 sections: a standardized, semi-structured questionnaire and physical examination. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. RESULTS Among the study participants, 49% had falls or near falls and 51% had basophobia in the past 6 months. As per final simultaneous regression analysis model of the study, the covariates to activity avoidance were age (ß=-0.129, CI=-0.087 to -0.019), having >5 chronic diseases (ß=-0.086, CI=-1.41 to -1.182), depressive symptoms (ß=-0.09, CI=-0.089 to -0.189), vision impairment (ß=-0.075, CI=-1.28 to -1.56), basophobia (ß=-0.26, CI=-0.059 to -0.415), taking regular antihypertensives (ß=-0.096, CI= -1.21 to -1.56), oral hypoglycemics and insulin (ß=-0.17, CI=-0.442 to -0.971) and sedatives and tranquilizers (ß=-0.37, CI=-1.32 to -1.73). Use of antihypertensives (p<0.001), oral hypoglycemics and insulin (p<0.01), sedatives and tranquilizers (p<0.001) were strongly associated with fall related to activity avoidance. CONCLUSIONS The result of this current study suggests that the falls, basophobia and its related activity avoidance among elderly may set in a "vicious cycle" of falls, basophobia, and the numerous negative outcomes such as functional impairment, a decrease in quality of life, and hospitalization. Preventive strategies such as tittering dosage, home- and community -based exercises, cognitive behavioral therapy, yoga, meditation and sleep hygiene may be the choice to break this vicious cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Premalatha
- College of Nursing, Mahalah Branch for Girls, King Khalid University, Khamis Mushayt, Asir, Saudi Arabia.
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Premalatha P, Shadia HA, Abuadas MH, Zainab FA, Prema B, Mervat MA, Krishnaraju V, Kousalya P, Harikrishnan N, Kandasamy M, Pranave S. Effect of COVID-19 vaccination on influenza-associated respiratory infection (IARI): benefit or backfire. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2023; 27:3766-3776. [PMID: 37140325 DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202304_32175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Undoubtfully, COVID-19 vaccine (C19V) has significantly changed the pandemic's trajectory positively. At the same time, reports of transient local and systemic post-vaccination reactions leave a concern about its unknown impact on common ailments. Its effect on IARI is unclear because the present IARI epidemic began immediately after C19V in the previous season. PATIENTS AND METHODS A retrospective observational cohort study among 250 Influenza-associated respiratory infection (IARI) patients by a structured interview questionnaire was conducted with the comparison between 3 groups with 1 dose, 2 doses and 2 doses plus booster dose of C19V. The p<0.05 was considered significant in this study. RESULTS Among samples 21.2% received one dose of the C19V, only 3.6% got Flu vaccination, 30% had ≥2 comorbidities such as diabetes (22.8%), hypertension (28.4%) and ionically, 77.2% were on chronic medications. Significant differences (p<0.05) were found between groups with duration of illness, cough, headache, fatigue, shortness of breath and hospital visits. The logistic regression analysis shows that the extended IARI symptoms and hospital visits were significantly high among Group 3 (OR=9.17, 95% CI=3.01-29.0) and the same trend remained significant after adjusting the incidence of comorbidities among samples, the chronic conditions (OR=5.13, 95% CI=1.37-14.91) and flu vaccination status (O=4.96, 95% CI=1.41-16.2). Also, 66.4% of the patients were indecisive about getting vaccinated further. CONCLUSIONS It has been challenging to reach any definitive conclusions regarding the effects of C19V on IARI, conducting extensive, substantial population-based studies that integrate clinical and virological data from more than one season is absolutely required, despite the fact that the majority of the reported effects were mild and temporary.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Premalatha
- College of Nursing, Mahalah Branch for Girls, King Khalid University, Asir, Saudi Arabia.
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Alghazwani Y, Alqahtani AM, Alshuraymi MK, Assiri IM, Shuflut AA, Krishnaraju V, Kumarappan C, Ibrahim ARN, Orayj K. The perspective of pharmacist on pharmacovigilance and adverse drug reaction reporting in Asir region, Saudi Arabia. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2023; 27:1667-1680. [PMID: 36876701 DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202302_31410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are widespread worldwide, and their intervention is critical to patient safety and healthcare quality. Pharmacists are essential in monitoring and reporting ADRs, directly influencing patient care. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of ADRs among pharmacists and their knowledge regarding ADRs, including the factors affecting ADR reporting. SUBJECTS AND METHODS From September 2021 to November 2021, a cross-sectional survey among pharmacists in the Asir area of Saudi Arabia was planned. This study involved contacting 97 pharmacists using a cluster sampling method. The study's goals were met using a 25-item self-administered questionnaire. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 25 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). RESULTS Ninety-seven pharmacists (male 53.6% and female 46.4%) completed the survey. More than three-fourths of the participants (78.4%) know the ADR reporting system. The survey was completed by 97 pharmacists (male 53.6% and female 46.4%). More than three-quarters of the participants (78.4%) were aware of the ADR reporting system, and the majority (70.8%) were aware that it is done using an online system. Still, only 56.7% knew that the Saudi FDA is the regulatory agency collecting ADR data in Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, 73.2% cited stress in the workplace as a critical deterrent to reporting. Most respondents (76.3%) had an unfavorable attitude about reporting ADRs. CONCLUSIONS Pharmacists understand ADR reporting, but most lack the mentality to report the incidents. As a result, comprehensive and ongoing training for pharmacists is required to raise awareness of the need for ADR reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Alghazwani
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Al-Qara, Asir Province, Saudi Arabia.
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Alqahtani A, Aldahish A, Krishnaraju V, Alqarni M, Al-Sheikh Hassan M. General Public Knowledge of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) at Early Stages of the Pandemic: A Random Online Survey in Saudi Arabia. Patient Prefer Adherence 2021; 15:601-609. [PMID: 33737806 PMCID: PMC7966404 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s300641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A novel coronavirus was identified at the end of 2019 in Wuhan City, China. Later, it was named as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and declared a pandemic in March 2020. Saudi and global health agencies have provided various COVID-19 knowledge tools and facts to the general public. Therefore, this study aims to assess COVID-19 knowledge among the general public in Saudi Arabia at the early stages of the pandemic. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in March 2020 in Saudi Arabia. The study included 1006 participants who responded to a random online COVID-19 public knowledge questionnaire that included five sections: demographic characteristics, general knowledge, prevention practices, home quarantine measures, and knowledge of governmental restrictions. Three levels of knowledge were established: excellent, intermediate, and poor. Differences in the percentages of participants with different knowledge levels by the demographic variables were analyzed using the chi-square test. RESULTS Regarding overall general knowledge of COVID-19, 75%, 24%, and 1% of the participants had excellent, intermediate, and poor knowledge levels, respectively. Knowledge levels were significantly different by nationality and age (P=0.027 and 0.008, respectively). Most participants (98.4%) reported excellent knowledge of prevention practices, with no statistically significant differences among groups (P>0.005). Older age groups reported higher knowledge of home quarantine measures (86.6% and 86.4% of the 51-60 and older than 60 age groups, respectively, P=0.001). CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS High levels of knowledge about the virus, including prevention practices, are essential. The provision of COVID-19 facts and knowledge tools should be focused on younger generations to enhance compliance with the governmental restrictions required to stop the spread of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afaf Aldahish
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - V Krishnaraju
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona Alqarni
- Medical Services Company by AbbVie Biopharmaceutical, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Mohamed JMM, Alqahtani A, Ahmad F, Krishnaraju V, Kalpana K. Stoichiometrically Governed Curcumin Solid Dispersion and Its Cytotoxic Evaluation on Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Cells. Drug Des Devel Ther 2020; 14:4639-4658. [PMID: 33173275 PMCID: PMC7648666 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s273322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most commonly occurring cancer in men and the second most commonly occurring cancer in women. Curcumin (CMN) is obtained from a natural source and has no toxicity, even at high doses (8,000 mg/kg body weight in 24 hours) and was determined to have anticancer potency on several kinds of carcinoma. However, its medical applications were limited because of its low solubility and poor bioavailability. Materials and Methods To improve the medical applications of CMN, various hydrophilic carriers such as poloxamer 407 (PMX-407), poloxamer 188 (PMX-188), Gelucire 50/13 (Gel-50/13), and mannitol (MNL) were used to prepare a binary complex solid dispersion (SD). These binary SDs were characterized for aqueous solubility in various solvents. Physical stability, thermal behaviors, and morphology were determined by Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometric analysis, powder X-ray diffraction analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering study, and the novel dyeing test. In vitro drug release was determined by dissolution study. Based on the characterization, the better SD complex was optimized using Box-Behnken design (BBD). The cytotoxicity and apoptosis study of prepared CMN (C-SD) were used to test for colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines. Results These results showed that the solubility of CMN is greatly improved after complexation with PXM-407 in SD. CMN is practically insoluble in water at acidic and neutral pH; however, the SD of CMN with PXM-407 produced significant improvement in solubility (1.266±0.0242 mg/mL) and dissolution (91.36±0.431% at 30 minutes); similarly, these data fit with a phase solubility study and in silico molecular modeling. Moreover, the solid-state characterization revealed that the SD complex exhibits the intermolecular hydrogen bond with drug and carrier. Also, the complex does not undergo any chemical modification owing to the amorphous form, and the dye test showed better coloring impact indicating the solubility of CMN. The cell cycle arrest confirmed at G2/M phase from flow cytometry analysis, and Western blot investigation was recognized molecular level cell death and the complex induced more exploit DNA during apoptosis. Conclusion This study confirmed that the ideal stoichiometric ratio of CMN with carrier to enhance its solubility was 1:1. This molecular complex of PXM-407 was found to be more effective against colorectal cancer (CRC) than pure CMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Moideen Muthu Mohamed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, BIT Campus, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620024, India
| | - Ali Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Guraiger, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fazil Ahmad
- Department of Anesthesia Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences in Jubail, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Jubail, Saudi Arabia
| | - V Krishnaraju
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Guraiger, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - K Kalpana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Erode College of Pharmacy, Veppampalayam, Erode, Tamil Nadu 638112, India
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Mohamed JM, Alqahtani A, Ahmad F, Krishnaraju V, Kalpana K. Pectin co-functionalized dual layered solid lipid nanoparticle made by soluble curcumin for the targeted potential treatment of colorectal cancer. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 252:117180. [PMID: 33183627 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The investigation is to increase the cytotoxicity of soluble curcumin (SC) by loading it onto pectin and skimmed milk powder (SMP) dual layered solid lipid nanoparticles (DL-SLN). The DL-SLN exhibited significantly higher encapsulation efficiency (83.94 ± 6.16), better stability (90 days), and sustained the drug release in different gastro intestional (GI) environments upto 72 h. Molecular docking revealed that the Vander Waals (57420.669 Kcal-mol-1) and electrostatic (-197.533) bonds were involved in the DL-SLN complex formation. The in vivo toxicity of DL-SLN was performed by the zebrafish model, the cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase (64.34 %) by flow cytometry, and western blot investigation was recognized molecular level cell death using SW480 cells. Pharmacokinetic (PK) evaluation (Cmax-5.78 ± 3.26 μg/mL; Tmax-24 h) and organ distribution studies confirmed that the co-functionalized pectin based SLN could efficiently improve the oral bioavailability (up to 72 h) of curcumin (CMN) on colon-targeted release.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Muthu Mohamed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, BIT Campus, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Ali Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Guraiger, Abha, 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fazil Ahmad
- Department of Anesthesia Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences in Jubail, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 4030, Jubail, Saudi Arabia
| | - V Krishnaraju
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Guraiger, Abha, 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - K Kalpana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Erode College of Pharmacy, Veppampalayam, Erode-638112, Tamil Nadu, India
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Alqahtani AM, Kumarappan C, Kumar V, Srinivasan R, Krishnaraju V. Understanding the genetic aspects of resistance to antidepressants treatment. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2020; 24:7784-7795. [PMID: 32744705 DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202007_22281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Major depression disorder (MDD) is an extremely prevalent disorder and is expected to be the second leading cause of disease burden by 2020 according to the World Health Organisation (WHO). Moreover, this disease burden is predicted to rise in the next 20 years. Antidepressant medications are vital in the therapy of major depression. However, approximately 30-60% of patients treated with current antidepressant drugs fail to attain remission of depressive symptoms leading to drug resistance. Such patients account for a disproportionately great burden of disease, as supported by cost, augmented disability, and suicidal incidents. Antidepressants resistance remains to challenge mental health care professionals, and more relevant research relating newer medications is necessitated to enhance the quality of life of patients with depression. Enhancement in response rates continues the major challenge in antidepressant research, thus a wealth of potentials still exists concerning the antidepressant resistance for the management of major depression. However, the mechanisms causing resistance to antidepressant treatment remain unknown. Hence, clinical and basic research in understanding the fundamental mechanism of antidepressant resistance should remain a key priority. One potential source accounting for these differences in treatment outcome is genetic variations. The pharmacological mechanisms behind antidepressant response are only partly known but genetic factors play a significant role. Future research of risk factors should assist to advance the understanding of the mechanisms underlying drug resistance in mood disorders and contribute to progress their therapeutic management. Thus, psychiatrists could rely on more effective approaches to treat depressive episodes, reducing the incidence of further drug resistance. This review critically summarises the author's view on many aspects of treatment resistance, specific genetic biomarkers, potential strategies and clinical relevance from both clinical and preclinical studies in drug resistance to antidepressant therapies. Finally, this will allow us to suggest possible recommendations and innovative treatment strategies to improve therapeutic outcomes in managing antidepressant resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Asir Province, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
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Patel VS, Chitra V, Prasanna PL, Krishnaraju V. Hypoglycemic effect of aqueous extract of Parthenium hysterophorus L. in normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats. Indian J Pharmacol 2011; 40:183-5. [PMID: 20040954 PMCID: PMC2792614 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.43167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2007] [Revised: 04/20/2008] [Accepted: 08/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To study the effects of Parthenium hysterophorus L. flower on serum glucose level in normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Albino rats were divided into six groups of six animals each, three groups of normal animals receiving different treatments consisting of vehicle, aqueous extract of Parthenium hysterophorus L. flower (100 mg/kg) and the standard antidiabetic drug, glibenclamide (0.5 mg/kg). The same treatment was given to the other three groups comprising alloxan induced diabetic animals. Fasting blood glucose level was estimated using the glucose oxidase method in normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats, before and 2 h after the administration of drugs. Results: Parthenium hysterophorus L. showed significant reduction in blood glucose level in the diabetic (P<0.01) rats. However, the reduction in blood glucose level with aqueous extract was less than with the standard drug glibenclamide. The extract showed less hypoglycemic effect in fasted normal rats, (P<0.05). Conclusion: The study reveals that the active fraction of Parthenium hysterophorus L. flower extract is very promising for developing standardized phytomedicine for diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay S Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, SRM College of Pharmacy, Kattankulathur-603203, Kanchipuram district, TN, India
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