1
|
Fowler KJ, Evans VA, Kumar V, Ross J. Xenotransplantation and the Role of the Patient Voice. Kidney360 2024; 5:110-112. [PMID: 37968807 PMCID: PMC10833599 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0000000000000310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vineeta Kumar
- UAB SBS: The University of Alabama at Birmingham College of Arts and Sciences
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Richardson ZA, Deleage C, Tutuka CSA, Walkiewicz M, Del Río-Estrada PM, Pascoe RD, Evans VA, Reyesteran G, Gonzales M, Roberts-Thomson S, González-Navarro M, Torres-Ruiz F, Estes JD, Lewin SR, Cameron PU. Multiparameter immunohistochemistry analysis of HIV DNA, RNA and immune checkpoints in lymph node tissue. J Immunol Methods 2022; 501:113198. [PMID: 34863818 PMCID: PMC9036546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2021.113198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The main barrier to a cure for HIV is the persistence of long-lived and proliferating latently infected CD4+ T-cells despite antiretroviral therapy (ART). Latency is well characterized in multiple CD4+ T-cell subsets, however, the contribution of regulatory T-cells (Tregs) expressing FoxP3 as well as immune checkpoints (ICs) PD-1 and CTLA-4 as targets for productive and latent HIV infection in people living with HIV on suppressive ART is less well defined. We used multiplex detection of HIV DNA and RNA with immunohistochemistry (mIHC) on formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) cells to simultaneously detect HIV RNA and DNA and cellular markers. HIV DNA and RNA were detected by in situ hybridization (ISH) (RNA/DNAscope) and IHC was used to detect cellular markers (CD4, PD-1, FoxP3, and CTLA-4) by incorporating the tyramide system amplification (TSA) system. We evaluated latently infected cell lines, a primary cell model of HIV latency and excisional lymph node (LN) biopsies collected from people living with HIV (PLWH) on and off ART. We clearly detected infected cells that coexpressed HIV RNA and DNA (active replication) and DNA only (latently infected cells) in combination with IHC markers in the in vitro infection model as well as LN tissue from PLWH both on and off ART. Combining ISH targeting HIV RNA and DNA with IHC provides a platform to detect and quantify HIV persistence within cells identified by multiple markers in tissue samples from PLWH on ART or to study HIV latency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuwena A Richardson
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Claire Deleage
- Frederick National Laboratories for Cancer Research, MD, Frederick, United States of America
| | - Candani S A Tutuka
- Olivia Newton John Cancer Centre Research Institute, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Australia; La Trobe School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Marzena Walkiewicz
- Olivia Newton John Cancer Centre Research Institute, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Perla M Del Río-Estrada
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermdades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratoriras, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rachel D Pascoe
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vanessa A Evans
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gustavo Reyesteran
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermdades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratoriras, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Michael Gonzales
- Pathology Department, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Mauricio González-Navarro
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermdades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratoriras, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fernanda Torres-Ruiz
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermdades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratoriras, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jacob D Estes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Sharon R Lewin
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul U Cameron
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; La Trobe School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia; Launceston General Hospital, Tasmania, Launceston, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
McMahon JH, Evans VA, Lau JSY, Symons J, Zerbato JM, Chang J, Solomon A, Tennakoon S, Dantanarayana A, Hagenauer M, Lee S, Palmer S, Fisher K, Bumpus N, Heck CJS, Burger D, Wu G, Zuck P, Howell BJ, Zetterberg HH, Blennow K, Gisslen M, Rasmussen TA, Lewin SR. Neurotoxicity with high-dose disulfiram and vorinostat used for HIV latency reversal. AIDS 2022; 36:75-82. [PMID: 34586085 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine whether administering both vorinostat and disulfiram to people with HIV (PWH) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) is well tolerated and can enhance HIV latency reversal. DESIGN Vorinostat and disulfiram can increase HIV transcription in PWH on ART. Together, these agents may lead to significant HIV latency reversal. METHODS Virologically suppressed PWH on ART received disulfiram 2000 mg daily for 28 days and vorinostat 400 mg daily on days 8-10 and 22-24. The primary endpoint was plasma HIV RNA on day 11 relative to baseline using a single copy assay. Assessments included cell-associated unspliced RNA as a marker of latency reversal, HIV DNA in CD4+ T-cells, plasma HIV RNA, and plasma concentrations of ART, vorinostat, and disulfiram. RESULTS The first two participants (P1 and P2) experienced grade 3 neurotoxicity leading to trial suspension. After 24 days, P1 presented with confusion, lethargy, and ataxia having stopped disulfiram and ART. Symptoms resolved by day 29. After 11 days, P2 presented with paranoia, emotional lability, lethargy, ataxia, and study drugs were ceased. Symptoms resolved by day 23. CA-US RNA increased by 1.4-fold and 1.3-fold for P1 and P2 respectively. Plasma HIV RNA was detectable from day 8 to 37 (peak 81 copies ml-1) for P2 but was not increased in P1 Antiretroviral levels were therapeutic and neuronal injury markers were elevated in P1. CONCLUSION The combination of prolonged high-dose disulfiram and vorinostat was not safe in PWH on ART and should not be pursued despite evidence of latency reversal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James H McMahon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University
| | - Vanessa A Evans
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jillian S Y Lau
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University
| | - Jori Symons
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennifer M Zerbato
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Judy Chang
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ajantha Solomon
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Surekha Tennakoon
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ashanti Dantanarayana
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michelle Hagenauer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University
| | - Sulggi Lee
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sarah Palmer
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Katie Fisher
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | | | | | - David Burger
- Department of Pharmacy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Guoxin Wu
- Department of Infectious Disease & Vaccine Research, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Paul Zuck
- Department of Infectious Disease & Vaccine Research, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Bonnie J Howell
- Department of Infectious Disease & Vaccine Research, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Henrik H Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Magnus Gisslen
- Department of Infectious Diseases at Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Thomas A Rasmussen
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sharon R Lewin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chiu CY, Chang JJ, Dantanarayana AI, Soloman A, Evans VA, Pascoe R, Gubser C, Trautman L, Fromentin R, Chomont N, McMahon JH, Cameron PU, Rasmussen TA, Lewin SR. Combination Immune Checkpoint Blockade Enhances IL-2 and CD107a Production from HIV-Specific T Cells Ex Vivo in People Living with HIV on Antiretroviral Therapy. J Immunol 2022; 208:54-62. [PMID: 34853078 PMCID: PMC8702486 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In people with HIV (PWH) on antiretroviral therapy (ART), immune dysfunction persists, including elevated expression of immune checkpoint (IC) proteins on total and HIV-specific T cells. Reversing immune exhaustion is one strategy to enhance the elimination of HIV-infected cells that persist in PWH on ART. We aimed to evaluate whether blocking CTL-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), T cell Ig domain and mucin domain 3 (TIM-3), T cell Ig and ITIM domain (TIGIT) and lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3) alone or in combination would enhance HIV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell function ex vivo. Intracellular cytokine staining was performed using human PBMCs from PWH on ART (n = 11) and expression of CD107a, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 was quantified with HIV peptides and Abs to IC. We found the following: 1) IC blockade enhanced the induction of CD107a and IL-2 but not IFN-γ and TNF-α in response to Gag and Nef peptides; 2) the induction of CD107a and IL-2 was greatest with multiple combinations of two Abs; and 3) Abs to LAG-3, CTLA-4, and TIGIT in combinations showed synergistic induction of IL-2 in HIV-specific CD8+ and CD107a and IL-2 production in HIV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. These results demonstrate that the combination of Abs to LAG-3, CTLA-4, or TIGIT can increase the frequency of cells expressing CD107a and IL-2 that associated with cytotoxicity and survival of HIV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in PWH on ART. These combinations should be further explored for an HIV cure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Y. Chiu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Judy J. Chang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Ashanti I. Dantanarayana
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Ajantha Soloman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Vanessa A. Evans
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Rachel Pascoe
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Céline Gubser
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Lydie Trautman
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Rémi Fromentin
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2X 3E4, Canada
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2X 3E4, Canada;,Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - James H. McMahon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University and the Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Paul U. Cameron
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia;,Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University and the Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Thomas A. Rasmussen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Sharon R. Lewin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia;,Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University and the Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia;,Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Van der Sluis RM, Zerbato JM, Rhodes JW, Pascoe RD, Solomon A, Kumar NA, Dantanarayana AI, Tennakoon S, Dufloo J, McMahon J, Chang JJ, Evans VA, Hertzog PJ, Jakobsen MR, Harman AN, Lewin SR, Cameron PU. Diverse effects of interferon alpha on the establishment and reversal of HIV latency. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008151. [PMID: 32109259 PMCID: PMC7065813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV latency is the major barrier to a cure for people living with HIV (PLWH) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) because the virus persists in long-lived non-proliferating and proliferating latently infected CD4+ T cells. Latently infected CD4+ T cells do not express viral proteins and are therefore not visible to immune mediated clearance. Therefore, identifying interventions that can reverse latency and also enhance immune mediated clearance is of high interest. Interferons (IFNs) have multiple immune enhancing effects and can inhibit HIV replication in activated CD4+ T cells. However, the effects of IFNs on the establishment and reversal of HIV latency is not understood. Using an in vitro model of latency, we demonstrated that plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) inhibit the establishment of HIV latency through secretion of type I IFNα, IFNβ and IFNω but not IFNε or type III IFNλ1 and IFNλ3. However, once latency was established, IFNα but no other IFNs were able to efficiently reverse latency in both an in vitro model of latency and CD4+ T cells collected from PLWH on suppressive ART. Binding of IFNα to its receptor expressed on primary CD4+ T cells did not induce activation of the canonical or non-canonical NFκB pathway but did induce phosphorylation of STAT1, 3 and 5 proteins. STAT5 has been previously demonstrated to bind to the HIV long terminal repeat and activate HIV transcription. We demonstrate diverse effects of interferons on HIV latency with type I IFNα; inhibiting the establishment of latency but also reversing HIV latency once latency is established. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) cannot cure HIV or eliminate infection from long-lived and proliferating latently infected CD4+ T cells. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) are major producers of interferons (IFNs), which have multiple effects on viral replication and immunity including suppression of viral expression that could favor HIV latency. Van Der Sluis et al. show that type I IFNs inhibit the establishment of HIV latency, however, once established, latency can be reversed by IFNα but not by other type I or type III IFNs. These observations demonstrate that pDC through type I IFNs are important in HIV latency and can potentially be manipulated to eliminate latent infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renée M. Van der Sluis
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jennifer M. Zerbato
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jake W. Rhodes
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Rachel D. Pascoe
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ajantha Solomon
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nitasha A. Kumar
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ashanti I. Dantanarayana
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Surekha Tennakoon
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jérémy Dufloo
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - James McMahon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Judy J. Chang
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Vanessa A. Evans
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul J. Hertzog
- Centre for Innate Immunity and infectious Disease, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Dept Molecular & Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Andrew N. Harman
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Sharon R. Lewin
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- * E-mail: (SRL); (PUC)
| | - Paul U. Cameron
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- * E-mail: (SRL); (PUC)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Van der Sluis RM, Kumar NA, Pascoe RD, Zerbato JM, Evans VA, Dantanarayana AI, Anderson JL, Sékaly RP, Fromentin R, Chomont N, Cameron PU, Lewin SR. Combination Immune Checkpoint Blockade to Reverse HIV Latency. J Immunol 2020; 204:1242-1254. [PMID: 31988180 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy, HIV latency is the major barrier to a cure. HIV persists preferentially in CD4+ T cells expressing multiple immune checkpoint (IC) molecules, including programmed death (PD)-1, T cell Ig and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (TIM-3), lymphocyte associated gene 3 (LAG-3), and T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT). We aimed to determine whether these and other IC molecules have a functional role in maintaining HIV latency and whether blocking IC molecules with Abs reverses HIV latency. Using an in vitro model that establishes latency in both nonproliferating and proliferating human CD4+ T cells, we show that proliferating cells express multiple IC molecules at high levels. Latent infection was enriched in proliferating cells expressing PD-1. In contrast, nonproliferating cells expressed IC molecules at significantly lower levels, but latent infection was enriched in cells expressing PD-1, TIM-3, CTL-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), or B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA). In the presence of an additional T cell-activating stimulus, staphylococcal enterotoxin B, Abs to CTLA-4 and PD-1 reversed HIV latency in proliferating and nonproliferating CD4+ T cells, respectively. In the absence of staphylococcal enterotoxin B, only the combination of Abs to PD-1, CTLA-4, TIM-3, and TIGIT reversed latency. The potency of latency reversal was significantly higher following combination IC blockade compared with other latency-reversing agents, including vorinostat and bryostatin. Combination IC blockade should be further explored as a strategy to reverse HIV latency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renée M Van der Sluis
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Nitasha A Kumar
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Rachel D Pascoe
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Jennifer M Zerbato
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Vanessa A Evans
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Ashanti I Dantanarayana
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Jenny L Anderson
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | | | - Rémi Fromentin
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2X 3E4, Canada
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2X 3E4, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada; and
| | - Paul U Cameron
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University and the Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Sharon R Lewin
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; .,Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University and the Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kumar NA, van der Sluis RM, Mota T, Pascoe R, Evans VA, Lewin SR, Cameron PU. Myeloid Dendritic Cells Induce HIV Latency in Proliferating CD4 + T Cells. J Immunol 2018; 201:1468-1477. [PMID: 30030324 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
HIV latency occurs predominantly in long-lived resting CD4+ T cells; however, latent infection also occurs in T cell subsets, including proliferating CD4+ T cells. We compared the establishment and maintenance of latent infection in nonproliferating and proliferating human CD4+ T cells cocultured with syngeneic myeloid dendritic cells (mDC). Resting CD4+ T cells were labeled with the proliferation dye eFluor 670 and cultured alone or with mDC, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, or monocytes in the presence of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). Cells were cultured for 24 h and infected with CCR5-tropic enhanced GFP (EGFP) reporter HIV. Five days postinfection, nonproductively infected EGFP- CD4+ T cells that were either nonproliferating (eFluor 670hi) or proliferating (eFluor 670lo) were sorted and cultured for an additional 7 d (day 12) with IL-7 and antiretrovirals. At day 5 postinfection, sorted, nonproductively infected T cells were stimulated with anti-CD3/CD28, and induced expression of EGFP was measured to determine the frequency of latent infection. Integrated HIV in these cells was confirmed using quantitative PCR. By these criteria, latent infection was detected at day 5 and 12 in proliferating T cells cocultured with mDC and monocytes but not plasmacytoid dendritic cells, where CD4+ T cells at day 12 were poor. At day 5 postinfection, nonproliferating T cells expressing SEB-specific TCR Vβ-17 were enriched in latent infection compared with non-SEB-specific TCR Vβ-8.1. Together, these data show that both nonproliferating and proliferating CD4+ T cells can harbor latent infection during SEB-stimulated T cell proliferation and that the establishment of HIV latency in nonproliferating T cells is linked to expression of specific TCR that respond to SEB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nitasha A Kumar
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Renee M van der Sluis
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Talia Mota
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Rachel Pascoe
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Vanessa A Evans
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Sharon R Lewin
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; and.,Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Paul U Cameron
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; .,Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; and.,Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Anderson JL, Mota TM, Evans VA, Kumar N, Rezaei SD, Cheong K, Solomon A, Wightman F, Cameron PU, Lewin SR. Understanding Factors That Modulate the Establishment of HIV Latency in Resting CD4+ T-Cells In Vitro. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158778. [PMID: 27383184 PMCID: PMC4934909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing robust in vitro models of HIV latency is needed to better understand how latency is established, maintained and reversed. In this study, we examined the effects of donor variability, HIV titre and co-receptor usage on establishing HIV latency in vitro using two models of HIV latency. Using the CCL19 model of HIV latency, we found that in up to 50% of donors, CCL19 enhanced latent infection of resting CD4+ T-cells by CXCR4-tropic HIV in the presence of low dose IL-2. Increasing the infectious titre of CXCR4-tropic HIV increased both productive and latent infection of resting CD4+ T-cells. In a different model where myeloid dendritic cells (mDC) were co-cultured with resting CD4+ T-cells, we observed a higher frequency of latently infected cells in vitro than CCL19-treated or unstimulated CD4+ T-cells in the presence of low dose IL-2. In the DC-T-cell model, latency was established with both CCR5- and CXCR4-tropic virus but higher titres of CCR5-tropic virus was required in most donors. The establishment of latency in vitro through direct infection of resting CD4+ T-cells is significantly enhanced by CCL19 and mDC, but the efficiency is dependent on virus titre, co-receptor usage and there is significant donor variability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Anderson
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Talia M Mota
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vanessa A Evans
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nitasha Kumar
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simin D Rezaei
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karey Cheong
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ajantha Solomon
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fiona Wightman
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul U Cameron
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University and Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sharon R Lewin
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University and Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kumar NA, Cheong K, Powell DR, da Fonseca Pereira C, Anderson J, Evans VA, Lewin SR, Cameron PU. The role of antigen presenting cells in the induction of HIV-1 latency in resting CD4(+) T-cells. Retrovirology 2015; 12:76. [PMID: 26362311 PMCID: PMC4567795 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-015-0204-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) is able to control HIV-1 viral replication, however long-lived latent infection in resting memory CD4+ T-cells persist. The mechanisms for establishment and maintenance of latent infection in resting memory CD4+ T-cells remain unclear. Previously we have shown that HIV-1 infection of resting CD4+ T-cells co-cultured with CD11c+ myeloid dendritic cells (mDC) produced a population of non-proliferating T-cells with latent infection. Here we asked whether different antigen presenting cells (APC), including subpopulations of DC and monocytes, were able to induce post-integration latent infection in resting CD4+ T-cells, and examined potential cell interactions that may be involved using RNA-seq. Results mDC (CD1c+), SLAN+ DC and CD14+ monocytes were most efficient in stimulating proliferation of CD4+ T-cells during syngeneic culture and in generating post-integration latent infection in non-proliferating CD4+ T-cells following HIV-1 infection of APC-T cell co-cultures. In comparison, plasmacytoid DC (pDC) and B-cells did not induce latent infection in APC-T-cell co-cultures. We compared the RNA expression profiles of APC subpopulations that could and could not induce latency in non-proliferating CD4+ T-cells. Gene expression analysis, comparing the CD1c+ mDC, SLAN+ DC and CD14+ monocyte subpopulations to pDC identified 53 upregulated genes that encode proteins expressed on the plasma membrane that could signal to CD4+ T-cells via cell–cell interactions (32 genes), immune checkpoints (IC) (5 genes), T-cell activation (9 genes), regulation of apoptosis (5 genes), antigen presentation (1 gene) and through unknown ligands (1 gene). Conclusions APC subpopulations from the myeloid lineage, specifically mDC subpopulations and CD14+ monocytes, were able to efficiently induce post-integration HIV-1 latency in non-proliferating CD4+ T-cells in vitro. Inhibition of key pathways involved in mDC-T-cell interactions and HIV-1 latency may provide novel targets to eliminate HIV-1 latency. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-015-0204-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nitasha A Kumar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia. .,Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia. .,Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia.
| | - Karey Cheong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia. .,Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia. .,Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia.
| | - David R Powell
- Victorian Life Science Computational Initiative, Parkville, 3010, Australia. .,Monash Bioinformatics Platform, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Australia.
| | | | - Jenny Anderson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia. .,Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia. .,Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia.
| | - Vanessa A Evans
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia. .,Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia. .,Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia.
| | - Sharon R Lewin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia. .,Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia. .,Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia.
| | - Paul U Cameron
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia. .,Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia. .,Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Evans VA, Kumar N, Filali A, Procopio FA, Yegorov O, Goulet JP, Saleh S, Haddad EK, da Fonseca Pereira C, Ellenberg PC, Sekaly RP, Cameron PU, Lewin SR. Myeloid dendritic cells induce HIV-1 latency in non-proliferating CD4+ T cells. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003799. [PMID: 24339779 PMCID: PMC3855553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Latently infected resting CD4+ T cells are a major barrier to HIV cure. Understanding how latency is established, maintained and reversed is critical to identifying novel strategies to eliminate latently infected cells. We demonstrate here that co-culture of resting CD4+ T cells and syngeneic myeloid dendritic cells (mDC) can dramatically increase the frequency of HIV DNA integration and latent HIV infection in non-proliferating memory, but not naïve, CD4+ T cells. Latency was eliminated when cell-to-cell contact was prevented in the mDC-T cell co-cultures and reduced when clustering was minimised in the mDC-T cell co-cultures. Supernatants from infected mDC-T cell co-cultures did not facilitate the establishment of latency, consistent with cell-cell contact and not a soluble factor being critical for mediating latent infection of resting CD4+ T cells. Gene expression in non-proliferating CD4+ T cells, enriched for latent infection, showed significant changes in the expression of genes involved in cellular activation and interferon regulated pathways, including the down-regulation of genes controlling both NF-κB and cell cycle. We conclude that mDC play a key role in the establishment of HIV latency in resting memory CD4+ T cells, which is predominantly mediated through signalling during DC-T cell contact. Current antiretroviral drugs significantly prolong life and reduce morbidity but are unable to cure HIV. While on treatment, the virus is able to hide in resting memory T cells in a silent or “latent” form. These latently infected cells are rare and thus are hard to study using blood from HIV-infected individuals on treatment. Therefore, it is very important to have laboratory models that can closely mimic what is going on in the body. We have developed a novel model of HIV latency in the laboratory. Using this model we have shown that the presence of dendritic cells, an important type of immune cell that can regulate T cell activation, at the time of infection allows for the infection of resting T cells and the establishment of latency. We have demonstrated that this is predominantly mediated by direct cell-to-cell interactions. Further exploration of the mechanisms behind HIV latency could lead to new ways to treat and possibly eradicate HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa A. Evans
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nitasha Kumar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ali Filali
- VGTI-Florida, Port St. Lucie, Florida, United States of America
| | | | - Oleg Yegorov
- VGTI-Florida, Port St. Lucie, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jean-Philippe Goulet
- Laboratoire d'immunologie, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Suha Saleh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elias K. Haddad
- VGTI-Florida, Port St. Lucie, Florida, United States of America
- Laboratoire d'immunologie, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Candida da Fonseca Pereira
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Monash Micro Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paula C. Ellenberg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rafick-Pierre Sekaly
- VGTI-Florida, Port St. Lucie, Florida, United States of America
- Laboratoire d'immunologie, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paul U. Cameron
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sharon R. Lewin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Latently infected resting CD4+ T cells are the major barrier to curing HIV. We have recently demonstrated that chemokines, which bind to the chemokine receptors CCR7, CXCR3 and CCR6, facilitate efficient HIV nuclear localisation and integration in resting CD4+ T cells, leading to latency. As latently infected cells are enriched in lymphoid tissues, where chemokines are highly concentrated, this may provide a mechanism for the generation of latently infected cells in vivo. Here we review the role of chemokines in HIV persistence; the main signalling pathways that are involved; and how these pathways may be exploited to develop novel strategies to reduce or eliminate latently infected cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa A Evans
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, 3004, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Evans VA, Lal L, Akkina R, Solomon A, Wright E, Lewin SR, Cameron PU. Thymic plasmacytoid dendritic cells are susceptible to productive HIV-1 infection and efficiently transfer R5 HIV-1 to thymocytes in vitro. Retrovirology 2011; 8:43. [PMID: 21639903 PMCID: PMC3118182 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-8-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background HIV-1 infection of the thymus contributes to the defective regeneration and loss of CD4+ T cells in HIV-1-infected individuals. As thymic dendritic cells (DC) are permissive to infection by HIV-1, we examined the ability of thymic DC to enhance infection of thymocytes which may contribute to the overall depletion of CD4+ T cells. We compared productive infection in isolated human thymic and blood CD11c+ myeloid DC (mDC) and CD123+ plasmacytoid DC (pDC) using enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) CCR5 (R5)-tropic NL(AD8) and CXCR4 (X4)-tropic NL4-3 HIV-1 reporter viruses. Transfer of productive HIV-1 infection from thymic mDC and pDC was determined by culturing these DC subsets either alone or with sorted thymocytes. Results Productive infection was observed in both thymic pDC and mDC following exposure to R5 HIV-1 and X4 HIV-1. Thymic pDC were more frequently productively infected by both R5 and X4 HIV-1 than thymic mDC (p = 0.03; n = 6). Thymic pDC efficiently transferred productive R5 HIV-1 infection to both CD3hi (p = 0.01; mean fold increase of 6.5; n = 6) and CD3lo thymocytes (mean fold increase of 1.6; n = 2). In comparison, transfer of productive infection by thymic mDC was not observed for either X4 or R5 HIV-1. Conclusions The capacity of thymic pDC to efficiently transfer R5 HIV-1 to both mature and immature thymocytes that are otherwise refractory to R5 virus may represent a pathway to early infection and impaired production of thymocytes and CD4+ T cells in HIV-1-infected individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa A Evans
- Monash University, Department of Medicine, Central and Eastern Clinical School, Alfred Campus, Commercial Rd., Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lewin SR, Evans VA, Elliott JH, Spire B, Chomont N. Finding a cure for HIV: will it ever be achievable? J Int AIDS Soc 2011; 14:4. [PMID: 21255462 PMCID: PMC3037295 DOI: 10.1186/1758-2652-14-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has led to a major reduction in HIV-related mortality and morbidity. However, HIV still cannot be cured. With the absence of an effective prophylactic or therapeutic vaccine, increasing numbers of infected people, emerging new toxicities secondary to cART and the need for life-long treatment, there is now a real urgency to find a cure for HIV. There are currently multiple barriers to curing HIV. The most significant barrier is the establishment of a latent or "silent" infection in resting CD4+ T cells. In latent HIV infection, the virus is able to integrate into the host cell genome, but does not proceed to active replication. As a consequence, antiviral agents, as well as the immune system, are unable to eliminate these long-lived, latently infected cells. Reactivation of latently infected resting CD4+ T cells can then re-establish infection once cART is stopped. Other significant barriers to cure include residual viral replication in patients receiving cART, even when the virus is not detectable by conventional assays. In addition, HIV can be sequestered in anatomical reservoirs, such as the brain, gastrointestinal tract and genitourinary tract. Achieving either a functional cure (long-term control of HIV in the absence of cART) or a sterilizing cure (elimination of all HIV-infected cells) remains a major challenge. Several studies have now demonstrated that treatment intensification appears to have little impact on latent reservoirs. Some potential and promising approaches that may reduce the latent reservoir include very early initiation of cART and the use of agents that could potentially reverse latent infection. Agents that reverse latent infection will promote viral production; however, simultaneous administration of cART will prevent subsequent rounds of viral replication. Such drugs as histone deacetylase inhibitors, currently used and licensed for the treatment of some cancers, or activating latently infected resting cells with cytokines, such as IL-7 or prostratin, show promising results in reversing latency in vitro when used either alone or in combination. In order to move forward toward clinical trials that target eradication, there needs to be careful consideration of the risks and benefits of these approaches, agreement on the most informative endpoints for eradication studies and greater engagement of the infected community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon R Lewin
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gantier MP, Irving AT, Kaparakis-Liaskos M, Xu D, Evans VA, Cameron PU, Bourne JA, Ferrero RL, John M, Behlke MA, Williams BRG. Genetic modulation of TLR8 response following bacterial phagocytosis. Hum Mutat 2010; 31:1069-79. [PMID: 20652908 DOI: 10.1002/humu.21321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Human Toll-like receptors (TLRs) TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 are important immune sensors of foreign nucleic acids encountered by phagocytes. Although there is growing evidence implicating TLR7 and TLR9 in the detection of intracellular pathogenic bacteria, characterization of such a role for TLR8 is currently lacking. A recent genetic study has correlated the presence of a TLR8 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (rs3764880:A>G; p.Met1Val) with the development of active tuberculosis, suggesting a role for TLR8 in the detection of phagosomal bacteria. Here we provide the first direct evidence that TLR8 sensing is activated in human monocytic cells following Helicobacter pylori phagocytosis. In addition, we show that rs3764880 fine tunes translation of the two TLR8 main isoforms, without affecting protein function. Although we show that TLR8 variant 2 (TLR8v2) is the prevalent form of TLR8 contributing to TLR8 function, we also uncover a role for the TLR8 long isoform (TLR8v1) in the positive regulation of TLR8 function in CD16(+)CD14(+) differentiated monocytes. Thus, TLR8 sensing can be activated following bacterial phagocytosis, and rs3764880 may play a role in the modulation of TLR8-dependent microbicidal response of infected macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Gantier
- Centre for Cancer Research, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Evans VA, Saleh S, Haddad EK, Cameron PU, Sekaly RP, Lewin SR. Myeloid dendritic cells induce HIV-1 latency in non-proliferating CD4+ T cells. J Int AIDS Soc 2010. [PMCID: PMC2999392 DOI: 10.1186/1758-2652-13-s3-o7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
16
|
Evans VA, Cameron PU, Lewin SR. Human thymic dendritic cells: Regulators of T cell development in health and HIV-1 infection. Clin Immunol 2008; 126:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2007.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2007] [Revised: 08/20/2007] [Accepted: 08/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
17
|
Abstract
A 39-year-old man had meningitis, which subsequently proved to be due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae. This report describes the second known case of primary gonococcal meningitis. This disease mimics meningococcal meningitis closely, and the diagnosis can only be made by careful bacteriologic study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F T Billings
- Medical Service, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Shy ME, Heiman-Patterson T, Parry GJ, Tahmoush A, Evans VA, Schick PK. Lower motor neuron disease in a patient with autoantibodies against Gal(beta 1-3)GalNAc in gangliosides GM1 and GD1b: improvement following immunotherapy. Neurology 1990; 40:842-4. [PMID: 2330115 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.40.5.842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We followed a patient with a lower motor neuron form of motor neuron disease whose neurologic disorder improved following immunotherapy. The patient did not have an M protein but did have IgM antibodies to ganglioside GM1 detectable at serum titers of 1:2,000 by ELISA. These antibodies were found only in the IgM fraction with lambda light chains and immunoreacted with GD1b and Gal (beta 1-3) GalNAc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M E Shy
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Shy ME, Evans VA, Lublin FD, Knobler RL, Heiman-Patterson T, Tahmoush AJ, Parry G, Schick P, DeRyk TG. Antibodies to GM1 and GD1b in patients with motor neuron disease without plasma cell dyscrasia. Ann Neurol 1989; 25:511-3. [PMID: 2505666 DOI: 10.1002/ana.410250517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Fifty-nine percent of 49 patients with motor neuron disease and 25% of 91 control subjects had IgM antibodies to ganglioside GM1 but usually not to GD1b at titers less than 1:80. This suggests that antibodies to GM1 may be part of the normal human antibody repertoire. However, given the higher incidence of antibodies to GM1 in patients with motor neuron disease, there may be specific epitopes important in antiganglioside antibodies associated with motor neuron disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M E Shy
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Burch WM, Sullivan PJ, Lomas FE, Evans VA, McLaren CJ, Arnot RN. Lung ventilation studies with technetium-99m Pseudogas. J Nucl Med 1986; 27:842-6. [PMID: 3712096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Technetium-99m Pseudogas is an ultrafine near monodisperse aerosol of 0.12-microgram diam particle size. This report describes initial clinical experiences with 27 patients referred for investigation of suspected pulmonary embolism, and in whom Pseudogas ventilation images were compared with a high quality commercial aerosol. An additional group of ten patients with severe COPD was examined in a comparative trial of Pseudogas with 81mKr. Pseudogas was better than a conventional aerosol in reaching a diagnosis of pulmonary embolism using a simple blinded comparison with coded images. In addition, bronchial deposition was minimal unless COPD was severe. Moderately well patients had no difficulty inhaling the necessary activity in one or two breaths, and even severely ill and frail aged persons could accomplish the passive breathing maneuver in less than a minute. Clearance of Pseudogas was directly to the systemic circulation with a half-time of 10 min in normal subjects extending up to 100 min in patients with airways disease.
Collapse
|
21
|
Taylor DE, Cooper GJ, Evans VA, Kenward CE, Lawston IW, Penhallow JE, Whamond JS. Effect of haemorrhage on wound healing and its possible modification by 1-ethoxysilatrane. J R Coll Surg Edinb 1986; 31:13-7. [PMID: 2940364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|