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Viktorsson K, Hååg P, Shah CH, Franzén B, Arapi V, Holmsten K, Sandström P, Lewensohn R, Ullén A. Profiling of extracellular vesicles of metastatic urothelial cancer patients to discover protein signatures related to treatment outcome. Mol Oncol 2022; 16:3620-3641. [PMID: 35838333 PMCID: PMC9580890 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of metastatic urothelial carcinoma (mUC) patients is poor, and early prediction of systemic therapy response would be valuable to improve outcome. In this exploratory study, we investigated protein profiles in sequential plasma‐isolated extracellular vesicles (EVs) from a subset of mUC patients treated within a Phase I trial with vinflunine combined with sorafenib. The isolated EVs were of exosome size and expressed exosome markers CD9, TSG101 and SYND‐1. We found, no association between EVs/ml plasma at baseline and progression‐free survival (PFS). Protein profiling of EVs, using an antibody‐based 92‐plex Proximity Extension Assay on the Oncology II® platform, revealed a heterogeneous protein expression pattern. Qlucore bioinformatic analyses put forward a protein signature comprising of SYND‐1, TNFSF13, FGF‐BP1, TFPI‐2, GZMH, ABL1 and ERBB3 to be putatively associated with PFS. Similarly, a protein signature from EVs that related to best treatment response was found, which included FR‐alpha, TLR 3, TRAIL and FASLG. Several of the markers in the PFS or best treatment response signatures were also identified by a machine learning classification algorithm. In conclusion, protein profiling of EVs isolated from plasma of mUC patients shows a potential to identify protein signatures that may associate with PFS and/or treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Viktorsson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 64, Solna, Sweden
| | - Petra Hååg
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 64, Solna, Sweden
| | - Carl-Henrik Shah
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 64, Solna, Sweden.,Department of Pelvic cancer, Genitourinary oncology and urology unit, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 64, Solna, Sweden
| | - Bo Franzén
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 64, Solna, Sweden
| | - Vasiliki Arapi
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 64, Solna, Sweden
| | - Karin Holmsten
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 64, Solna, Sweden.,Department of Oncology, Capio Sankt Görans Hospital, SE-112 19, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Sandström
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 64, Solna, Sweden
| | - Rolf Lewensohn
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 64, Solna, Sweden.,Theme Cancer, Medical Unit head and neck, lung, and skin tumors, Thoracic Oncology Center, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 64, Solna, Sweden
| | - Anders Ullén
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 64, Solna, Sweden.,Department of Pelvic cancer, Genitourinary oncology and urology unit, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 64, Solna, Sweden
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Franzén B, Viktorsson K, Kamali C, Darai-Ramqvist E, Grozman V, Arapi V, Hååg P, Kaminskyy VO, Hydbring P, Kanter L, Nyrén S, Ekman S, De Petris L, Lewensohn R. Multiplex immune protein profiling of fine-needle aspirates from patients with non-small-cell lung cancer reveals signatures associated with PD-L1 expression and tumor stage. Mol Oncol 2021; 15:2941-2957. [PMID: 33768639 PMCID: PMC8564641 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomarker signatures identified through minimally invasive procedures already at diagnosis of non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) could help to guide treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). Here, we performed multiplex profiling of immune‐related proteins in fine‐needle aspirate (FNA) samples of thoracic lesions from patients with NSCLC to assess PD‐L1 expression and identify related protein signatures. Transthoracic FNA samples from 14 patients were subjected to multiplex antibody‐based profiling by proximity extension assay (PEA). PEA profiling employed protein panels relevant to immune and tumor signaling and was followed by Qlucore® Omics Explorer analysis. All lesions analyzed were NSCLC adenocarcinomas, and PEA profiles could be used to monitor 163 proteins in all but one sample. Multiple key immune signaling components (including CD73, granzyme A, and chemokines CCL3 and CCL23) were identified and expression of several of these proteins (e.g., CCL3 and CCL23) correlated to PD‐L1 expression. We also found EphA2, a marker previously linked to inferior NSCLC prognosis, to correlate to PD‐L1 expression. Our identified protein signatures related to stage included, among others, CXCL10 and IL12RB1. We conclude that transthoracic FNA allows for extensive immune and tumor protein profiling with assessment of putative biomarkers of important for ICI treatment selection in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Franzén
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Caroline Kamali
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Theme Cancer, Medical Unit Head and Neck, Lung, and Skin Tumors, Thoracic Oncology Center, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Darai-Ramqvist
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Cytology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vitali Grozman
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Radiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vasiliki Arapi
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Petra Hååg
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Per Hydbring
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Kanter
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sven Nyrén
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Radiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simon Ekman
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Theme Cancer, Medical Unit Head and Neck, Lung, and Skin Tumors, Thoracic Oncology Center, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luigi De Petris
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Theme Cancer, Medical Unit Head and Neck, Lung, and Skin Tumors, Thoracic Oncology Center, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rolf Lewensohn
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Theme Cancer, Medical Unit Head and Neck, Lung, and Skin Tumors, Thoracic Oncology Center, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Stiller C, Viktorsson K, Paz Gomero E, Hååg P, Arapi V, Kaminskyy VO, Kamali C, De Petris L, Ekman S, Lewensohn R, Karlström AE. Detection of Tumor-Associated Membrane Receptors on Extracellular Vesicles from Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients via Immuno-PCR. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040922. [PMID: 33671772 PMCID: PMC7926549 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Lung cancer is often detected at late stages when metastases are present and the genomic make-ups of the tumors are heterogeneous. Analyses of genomic alterations in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have revealed mutated tumor-associated membrane receptors and fusion proteins, which can be targeted via tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). TKIs initially often have a good effect, but a fraction of the tumor lesions may develop resistance through additional mutations in the targeted kinases or by increased expression/function of other membrane receptors. Detection of TKI-bypassing mechanisms is difficult in tissue biopsies as these analyze only a subpart of tumors or lesions. Liquid biopsies based on tumor-secreted small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) into body fluids can assess tumor heterogeneity. We present an immuno-PCR method for the detection of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) on sEVs. Initial investigations of sEVs from EGFR-mutant NSCLC tumor cells or pleural effusion (PE) fluid from patients with NSCLC or benign diseases showed different protein profiles for individual sEV samples. Further development of the immuno-PCR could complement DNA/mRNA-based assays detecting kinase mutations to allow longitudinal treatment monitoring of diverse TKI-bypassing mechanisms. Abstract Precision cancer medicine for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has increased patient survival. Nevertheless, targeted agents towards tumor-associated membrane receptors only result in partial remission for a limited time, calling for approaches which allow longitudinal treatment monitoring. Rebiopsy of tumors in the lung is challenging, and metastatic lesions may have heterogeneous signaling. One way ahead is to use liquid biopsies such as circulating tumor DNA or small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) secreted by the tumor into blood or other body fluids. Herein, an immuno-PCR-based detection of the tumor-associated membrane receptors EGFR, HER2, and IGF-1R on CD9-positive sEVs from NSCLC cells and pleural effusion fluid (PE) of NSCLC patients is developed utilizing DNA conjugates of antibody mimetics and affibodies, as detection agents. Results on sEVs purified from culture media of NSCLC cells treated with anti-EGFR siRNA, showed that the reduction of EGFR expression can be detected via immuno-PCR. Protein profiling of sEVs from NSCLC patient PE samples revealed the capacity to monitor EGFR, HER2, and IGF-1R with the immuno-PCR method. We detected a significantly higher EGFR level in sEVs derived from a PE sample of a patient with an EGFR-driven NSCLC adenocarcinoma than in sEVs from PE samples of non-EGFR driven adenocarcinoma patients or in samples from patients with benign lung disease. In summary, we have developed a diagnostic method for sEVs in liquid biopsies of cancer patients which may be used for longitudinal treatment monitoring to detect emerging bypassing resistance mechanisms in a noninvasive way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Stiller
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden; (C.S.); (E.P.G.)
- Biomedical Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristina Viktorsson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (K.V.); (P.H.); (V.A.); (V.O.K.); (C.K.); (L.D.P.); (S.E.); (R.L.)
| | - Elizabeth Paz Gomero
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden; (C.S.); (E.P.G.)
| | - Petra Hååg
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (K.V.); (P.H.); (V.A.); (V.O.K.); (C.K.); (L.D.P.); (S.E.); (R.L.)
| | - Vasiliki Arapi
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (K.V.); (P.H.); (V.A.); (V.O.K.); (C.K.); (L.D.P.); (S.E.); (R.L.)
| | - Vitaliy O. Kaminskyy
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (K.V.); (P.H.); (V.A.); (V.O.K.); (C.K.); (L.D.P.); (S.E.); (R.L.)
| | - Caroline Kamali
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (K.V.); (P.H.); (V.A.); (V.O.K.); (C.K.); (L.D.P.); (S.E.); (R.L.)
- Theme Cancer, Medical Unit Head and Neck, Lung, and Skin Tumors, Thoracic Oncology Center, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luigi De Petris
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (K.V.); (P.H.); (V.A.); (V.O.K.); (C.K.); (L.D.P.); (S.E.); (R.L.)
- Theme Cancer, Medical Unit Head and Neck, Lung, and Skin Tumors, Thoracic Oncology Center, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simon Ekman
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (K.V.); (P.H.); (V.A.); (V.O.K.); (C.K.); (L.D.P.); (S.E.); (R.L.)
- Theme Cancer, Medical Unit Head and Neck, Lung, and Skin Tumors, Thoracic Oncology Center, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rolf Lewensohn
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (K.V.); (P.H.); (V.A.); (V.O.K.); (C.K.); (L.D.P.); (S.E.); (R.L.)
- Theme Cancer, Medical Unit Head and Neck, Lung, and Skin Tumors, Thoracic Oncology Center, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amelie Eriksson Karlström
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden; (C.S.); (E.P.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-8-790-99-78
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Tripathi R, Hosseini K, Arapi V, Fredriksson R, Bagchi S. SLC38A10 (SNAT10) is Located in ER and Golgi Compartments and Has a Role in Regulating Nascent Protein Synthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246265. [PMID: 31842320 PMCID: PMC6940841 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The solute carrier (SLC) family-38 of transporters has eleven members known to transport amino acids, with glutamine being a common substrate for ten of them, with SLC38A9 being the exception. In this study, we examine the subcellular localization of SNAT10 in several independent immortalized cell lines and stem cell-derived neurons. Co-localization studies confirmed the SNAT10 was specifically localized to secretory organelles. SNAT10 is expressed in both excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the mouse brain, predominantly in the endoplasmic reticulum, and in the Golgi apparatus. Knock-down experiments of SNAT10, using Slc38a10-specific siRNA in PC12 cells reduced nascent protein synthesis by more than 40%, suggesting that SNAT10 might play a role in signaling pathways that regulate protein synthesis, and may act as a transceptor in a similar fashion to what has been shown previously for SLC38A2 (SNAT2) and SNAT9(SLC38A9).
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Perland E, Hellsten SV, Schweizer N, Arapi V, Rezayee F, Bushra M, Fredriksson R. Correction: Structural prediction of two novel human atypical SLC transporters, MFSD4A and MFSD9, and their neuroanatomical distribution in mice. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197417. [PMID: 29746586 PMCID: PMC5944967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Perland E, Hellsten SV, Schweizer N, Arapi V, Rezayee F, Bushra M, Fredriksson R. Structural prediction of two novel human atypical SLC transporters, MFSD4A and MFSD9, and their neuroanatomical distribution in mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186325. [PMID: 29049335 PMCID: PMC5648162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Out of the 430 known solute carriers (SLC) in humans, 30% are still orphan transporters regarding structure, distribution or function. Approximately one third of all SLCs belong to the evolutionary conserved and functionally diverse Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS). Here, we studied the orphan proteins, MFSD4A and MFSD9, which are atypical SLCs of MFS type. Hidden Markov Models were used to identify orthologues in several vertebrates, and human MFSD4A and MFSD9 share high sequence identity with their identified orthologues. MFSD4A and MFSD9 also shared more than 20% sequence identity with other phylogenetically related SLC and MFSD proteins, allowing new family clustering. Homology models displayed 12 transmembrane segments for both proteins, which were predicted to fold into a transporter-shaped structure. Furthermore, we analysed the location of MFSD4A and MFSD9 in adult mouse brain using immunohistochemistry, showing abundant neuronal protein staining. As MFSD4A and MFSD9 are plausible transporters expressed in food regulatory brain areas, we monitored transcriptional changes in several mouse brain areas after 24 hours food-deprivation and eight weeks of high-fat diet, showing that both genes were affected by altered food intake in vivo. In conclusion, we propose MFSD4A and MFSD9 to be novel transporters, belonging to disparate SLC families. Both proteins were located to neurons in mouse brain, and their mRNA expression levels were affected by the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emelie Perland
- Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Sofie Victoria Hellsten
- Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nadine Schweizer
- Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vasiliki Arapi
- Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fatemah Rezayee
- Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mona Bushra
- Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robert Fredriksson
- Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Hellsten SV, Eriksson MM, Lekholm E, Arapi V, Perland E, Fredriksson R. The gene expression of the neuronal protein, SLC38A9, changes in mouse brain after in vivo starvation and high-fat diet. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172917. [PMID: 28235079 PMCID: PMC5325605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SLC38A9 is characterized as a lysosomal component of the amino acid sensing Ragulator-RAG GTPase complex, controlling the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). Here, immunohistochemistry was used to map SLC38A9 in mouse brain and staining was detected throughout the brain, in cortex, hypothalamus, thalamus, hippocampus, brainstem and cerebellum. More specifically, immunostaining was found in areas known to be involved in amino acid sensing and signaling pathways e.g. piriform cortex and hypothalamus. SLC38A9 immunoreactivity co-localized with both GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons, but not with astrocytes. SLC38A9 play a key role in the mTORC1 pathway, and therefore we performed in vivo starvation and high-fat diet studies, to measure gene expression alterations in specific brain tissues and in larger brain regions. Following starvation, Slc38a9 was upregulated in brainstem and cortex, and in anterior parts of the brain (Bregma 3.2 to -2.1mm). After high-fat diet, Slc38a9 was specifically upregulated in hypothalamus, while overall downregulation was noticed throughout the brain (Bregma 3.2 to -8.6mm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie V. Hellsten
- Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Molecular Neuropharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Mikaela M. Eriksson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Molecular Neuropharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE, Sweden
| | - Emilia Lekholm
- Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Molecular Neuropharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE, Sweden
| | - Vasiliki Arapi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Molecular Neuropharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE, Sweden
| | - Emelie Perland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Molecular Neuropharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE, Sweden
| | - Robert Fredriksson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Molecular Neuropharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE, Sweden
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Perland E, Lekholm E, Eriksson MM, Bagchi S, Arapi V, Fredriksson R. The Putative SLC Transporters Mfsd5 and Mfsd11 Are Abundantly Expressed in the Mouse Brain and Have a Potential Role in Energy Homeostasis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156912. [PMID: 27272503 PMCID: PMC4896477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Solute carriers (SLCs) are membrane bound transporters responsible for the movement of soluble molecules such as amino acids, ions, nucleotides, neurotransmitters and oligopeptides over cellular membranes. At present, there are 395 SLCs identified in humans, where about 40% are still uncharacterized with unknown expression and/or function(s). Here we have studied two uncharacterized atypical SLCs that belong to the Major Facilitator Superfamily Pfam clan, Major facilitator superfamily domain 5 (MFSD5) and Major facilitator superfamily domain 11 (MFSD11). We provide fundamental information about the histology in mice as well as data supporting their disposition to regulate expression levels to keep the energy homeostasis. Results In mice subjected to starvation or high-fat diet, the mRNA expression of Mfsd5 was significantly down-regulated (P<0.001) in food regulatory brain areas whereas Mfsd11 was significantly up-regulated in mice subjected to either starvation (P<0.01) or high-fat diet (P<0.001). qRT-PCR analysis on wild type tissues demonstrated that both Mfsd5 and Mfsd11 have a wide central and peripheral mRNA distribution, and immunohistochemistry was utilized to display the abundant protein expression in the mouse embryo and the adult mouse brain. Both proteins are expressed in excitatory and inhibitory neurons, but not in astrocytes. Conclusions Mfsd5 and Mfsd11 are both affected by altered energy homeostasis, suggesting plausible involvement in the energy regulation. Moreover, the first histological mapping of MFSD5 and MFSD11 shows ubiquitous expression in the periphery and the central nervous system of mice, where the proteins are expressed in excitatory and inhibitory mouse brain neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emelie Perland
- Unit of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emilia Lekholm
- Unit of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mikaela M. Eriksson
- Unit of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sonchita Bagchi
- Unit of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vasiliki Arapi
- Unit of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robert Fredriksson
- Unit of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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