1
|
Bugeza JK, Roesel K, Mugizi DR, Alinaitwe L, Kivali V, Kankya C, Moriyon I, Cook EAJ. Sero-prevalence and risk factors associated with occurrence of anti-Brucella antibodies among slaughterhouse workers in Uganda. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012046. [PMID: 38498555 PMCID: PMC10977895 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Brucellosis is a febrile zoonosis occurring among high-risk groups such as livestock keepers and abattoir workers and is a public health priority in Uganda. The technical complexities of bacteriological and molecular methods make serological approaches the cornerstone of diagnosis of human brucellosis in resource limited settings. Therefore, proper application and interpretation of serological tests is central to achieve a correct diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study to estimate the seroprevalence and factors associated with anti-Brucella antibodies among slaughterhouse workers processing ruminants and pigs in three regions of the country with serial testing using a combination of the Rose Bengal Test (RBT) and the BrucellaCapt test. An authorized clinician collected 543 blood samples from consenting abattoir workers as well as attribute medical and social demographic data. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression were used to determine factors associated with anti-Brucella sero-positivity. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The sero-prevalence among ruminant slaughterhouse workers ranged from 7.3% (95% CI: 4.8-10.7) using BrucellaCapt to 9.0% (95% CI: 6.3-12.7) using RBT. Slaughterhouse workers from the Eastern regions (AOR = 9.84, 95%CI 2.27-69.2, p = 0.006) and those who graze animals for alternative income (AOR = 2.36, 95% CI: 1.91-6.63, p = 0.040) were at a higher risk of exposure to Brucella. Similarly, those who wore Personal Protective Equipment (AOR = 4.83, 95%CI:1.63-18.0, p = 0.009) and those who slaughter cattle (AOR = 2.12, 95%CI: 1.25-6.0, p = 0.006) were at a higher risk of exposure to Brucella. Those who slaughter small ruminants (AOR = 1.54, 95%CI: 1.32-4.01, p = 0.048) were also at a higher risk of exposure to Brucella. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Our study demonstrates the combined practical application of the RBT and BrucellaCapt in the diagnosis of human brucellosis in endemic settings. Both pharmaceutical (e.g., routine testing and timely therapeutic intervention), and non-pharmaceutical (e.g., higher index of suspicion of brucellosis when investigating fevers of unknown origin and observation of strict abattoir hygiene) countermeasures should be considered for control of the disease in high-risk groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Katamba Bugeza
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Kampala, Uganda
- National Livestock Resources Research Institute (NaLIRRI), Kampala, Uganda
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (CoVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Kristina Roesel
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Lordrick Alinaitwe
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Kampala, Uganda
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Velma Kivali
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Kampala, Uganda
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Freie University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Clovice Kankya
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (CoVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ignacio Moriyon
- Departamento Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad de Navarra, Edificio de Investigación c/Irunlarrea 1, Pamplona, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alinaitwe L, Aturinda CJ, Lubega A, Kivali V, Bugeza J, Wainaina M, Richter MH, Hoona JJ, Roesel K, Mayer-Scholl A, Cook EAJ, Kankya C, Dürr S. Cross-sectional serosurvey of Leptospira species among slaughter pigs, goats, and sheep in Uganda. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012055. [PMID: 38489377 PMCID: PMC10971767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Leptospira are a group of bacteria, including pathogenic types that cause leptospirosis. In Uganda, Leptospira exposure has been reported in humans, with domesticated animals being speculated as the source. However, comparable evidence of Leptospira prevalence and circulating serovars/serogroups in animals is only documented for cattle, and dogs. Our study determined Leptospira seroprevalence, associated risk factors and serogroups circulating among slaughtered pigs, goats, and sheep in Uganda. METHODS During an 11-month cross-sectional survey in selected slaughter facilities in three regions of Uganda, we collected blood from 926 pigs, 347 goats, and 116 sheep. The age, sex, breed, and origin of each sampled animal were noted. The samples were tested for anti-Leptospira antibodies using the microscopic agglutination test, based on a panel of 12 serovars belonging to 12 serogroups. RESULTS Leptospira seroprevalence was 26.67% (247/926, 95%CI 23.92-29.61) among pigs, and 21.81% (101/463, 95%CI 18.29-25.80) in goats and sheep (small ruminants). L. interrogans Australis and L. kirschneri Grippotyphosa were the commonest serovars among pigs, as was L. borgpetersenii Tarassovi in small ruminants. Pigs sourced from the Eastern (Odds Ratio [OR] = 2.82, 95%CI 1.84-4.30) and Northern (OR = 3.56, 95%CI 2.52-5.02) regions were more likely to be seropositive, compared to those from the Central region. For small ruminants, being female (OR 2.74, 95% CI 1.69-4.57) and adult (OR 4.47, 95% CI 1.57-18.80) was significantly more associated with Leptospira seropositivity. Conclusion/significance: Detection of a moderate seroprevalence, and several Leptospira serogroups among pigs, sheep, and goats from all regions of Uganda, supports existing reports in cattle and dogs, and implies widespread Leptospira exposure in domestic animals in Uganda. These findings may inform future programs for the control of leptospirosis in livestock in Uganda.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lordrick Alinaitwe
- Human and Animal Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Christopher Joshua Aturinda
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ashiraf Lubega
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Velma Kivali
- Human and Animal Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - James Bugeza
- Human and Animal Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Vaccinology Research Program, National Livestock Resources Research Institute, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Martin Wainaina
- Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin H. Richter
- Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jolly Justine Hoona
- Department of Animal Production, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF), Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Kristina Roesel
- Human and Animal Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anne Mayer-Scholl
- Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Clovice Kankya
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Salome Dürr
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bugeza J, Roesel K, Moriyon I, Mugizi D, Alinaitwe L, Kivali V, Kankya C, Cook EAJ. Sero-prevalence and factors associated with anti- Brucella antibodies in slaughter livestock in Uganda. Front Epidemiol 2023; 3:1213592. [PMID: 38455915 PMCID: PMC10910896 DOI: 10.3389/fepid.2023.1213592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Brucellosis is endemic in Uganda and is a major cause of production losses in livestock. Early detection and quantification of the disease is vital for its control and eradication. The aim of this study was to assess the sero-prevalence and factors associated with anti-Brucella antibodies in slaughtered livestock. Materials and methods Sera from 886 cattle, 925 small ruminants, and 900 pigs were collected from regional abattoirs in Northern, Eastern and Central Uganda. To estimate sero-prevalence, sera were serially tested using a combination of the Rose Bengal Test (RBT) and Native Hapten (NH) immunoprecipitation test. True sero-prevalence was estimated using the Rogan-Gladden estimator considering the sensitivity and specificity of the NH immunoprecipitation test. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess factors associated with seropositivity for anti-Brucella antibodies. Results and discussion Small ruminants showed the highest seroprevalence (6.7%, 95% CI = 4.2-7.1) followed by cattle (3.8%, 95% CI = 2.4-4.9) and pigs (2.8%, 95% CI = 1.1-2.9). Seropositivity for anti-Brucella antibodies was associated with region of origin (OR = 4.6,95%CI=1.49-17.75, p = 0.013) for cattle; sex (OR = 2.90, 95% C = 1.5-6.34, p = 0.004), age (OR=4.04, 95% CI = 1.07-8.52, p = 0.006) and species (OR = 2.53, 95% CI = 1.08-6.98, p = 0.048) for small ruminants; and finally sex for pigs (OR = 2.88, 95% CI = 1.07-8.52, p = 0.041). Progressive control interventions must include both cattle and small ruminants since they play a bigger role in the maintenance and dissemination of Brucella. The interventions should adopt a risk-based approach with regions at higher risk being given top priority. Bacteriological and molecular studies should be undertaken to clarify the role of pigs and the goat-cattle cross infections in the epidemiological cycle of brucellosis in Uganda.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Bugeza
- Department of Animal and Human Health, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Kampala, Uganda
- Vaccinology Research Program, National Livestock Resources Research Institute (NaLIRRI), Kampala, Uganda
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Kristina Roesel
- Department of Animal and Human Health, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ignacio Moriyon
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, ISTUN (Instituto de Salud Tropical) y Depto. Microbiología y Parasitología Universidad de Navarra, Edificio de Investigación, Pamplona, España (Spain)
| | - Denis Mugizi
- Department of Animal and Human Health, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lordrick Alinaitwe
- Department of Animal and Human Health, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Velma Kivali
- Department of Animal and Human Health, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Clovice Kankya
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cornell TR, Thomas LF, Cook EAJ, Pinchbeck G, Bettridge J, Gordon L, Kivali V, Kiyong’a A, Fèvre EM, Scantlebury CE. Evidence of Histoplasma capsulatum seropositivity and exploration of risk factors for exposure in Busia county, western Kenya: Analysis of the PAZ dataset. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011295. [PMID: 37172015 PMCID: PMC10180684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite recognition of histoplasmosis as a disease of national public health concern in Kenya, the burden of Histoplasma capsulatum in the general population remains unknown. This study examined the human seroprevalence of anti-Histoplasma antibody and explored associations between seropositivity and demographic and environmental variables, in Busia county, western Kenya. METHODOLOGY Biobanked serum samples and associated data, from a previous cross-sectional survey, were examined. Latex agglutination tests to detect the presence of anti-Histoplasma antibody were performed on serum samples from 670 survey respondents, representing 178 households within 102 sub-locations. Potential epidemiologic risk factors for H. capsulatum exposure were explored using multi-level multivariable logistic regression analysis with household and sub-location included as random effects. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The apparent sample seroprevalence of anti-Histoplasma antibody was 15.5% (n = 104/670, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 12.9-18.5%). A multivariable logistic regression model identified increased odds of H. capsulatum seropositivity in respondents reporting rats within the household within the previous 12 months (OR = 2.99 90% CI 1.04-8.55, p = 0.04). Compared to respondents aged 25-34 years, the odds of seropositivity were higher in respondents aged 15-24 years (OR = 2.70 90% CI 1.04-6.97, p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS The seroprevalence result provides a baseline for sample size approximations for future epidemiologic studies of the burden of H. capsulatum exposure in Busia county. The final model explored theoretically plausible risk factors for H. capsulatum exposure in the region. A number of factors may contribute to the complex epidemiological picture impacting H. capsulatum exposure status at the human-animal-environment interface in western Kenya. Focussed H. capsulatum research is warranted to determine the contextual significance of identified associations, and in representative sample populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Rose Cornell
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Lian Francesca Thomas
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Gina Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Judy Bettridge
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lauren Gordon
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Velma Kivali
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Alice Kiyong’a
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eric Maurice Fèvre
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Claire Elizabeth Scantlebury
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Muloi DM, Hassell JM, Wee BA, Ward MJ, Bettridge JM, Kivali V, Kiyong'a A, Ndinda C, Gitahi N, Ouko T, Imboma T, Akoko J, Murungi MK, Njoroge SM, Muinde P, Alumasa L, Kaitho T, Amanya F, Ogendo A, van Bunnik BAD, Kiiru J, Robinson TP, Kang'ethe EK, Kariuki S, Pedersen AB, Fèvre EM, Woolhouse MEJ. Genomic epidemiology of Escherichia coli: antimicrobial resistance through a One Health lens in sympatric humans, livestock and peri-domestic wildlife in Nairobi, Kenya. BMC Med 2022; 20:471. [PMID: 36482440 PMCID: PMC9730568 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02677-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Livestock systems have been proposed as a reservoir for antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria and AMR genetic determinants that may infect or colonise humans, yet quantitative evidence regarding their epidemiological role remains lacking. Here, we used a combination of genomics, epidemiology and ecology to investigate patterns of AMR gene carriage in Escherichia coli, regarded as a sentinel organism. METHODS We conducted a structured epidemiological survey of 99 households across Nairobi, Kenya, and whole genome sequenced E. coli isolates from 311 human, 606 livestock and 399 wildlife faecal samples. We used statistical models to investigate the prevalence of AMR carriage and characterise AMR gene diversity and structure of AMR genes in different host populations across the city. We also investigated household-level risk factors for the exchange of AMR genes between sympatric humans and livestock. RESULTS We detected 56 unique acquired genes along with 13 point mutations present in variable proportions in human and animal isolates, known to confer resistance to nine antibiotic classes. We find that AMR gene community composition is not associated with host species, but AMR genes were frequently co-located, potentially enabling the acquisition and dispersal of multi-drug resistance in a single step. We find that whilst keeping livestock had no influence on human AMR gene carriage, the potential for AMR transmission across human-livestock interfaces is greatest when manure is poorly disposed of and in larger households. CONCLUSIONS Findings of widespread carriage of AMR bacteria in human and animal populations, including in long-distance wildlife species, in community settings highlight the value of evidence-based surveillance to address antimicrobial resistance on a global scale. Our genomic analysis provided an in-depth understanding of AMR determinants at the interfaces of One Health sectors that will inform AMR prevention and control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dishon M Muloi
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - James M Hassell
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Bryan A Wee
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Melissa J Ward
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Judy M Bettridge
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, UK
| | - Velma Kivali
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Alice Kiyong'a
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Tom Ouko
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - James Akoko
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Samuel M Njoroge
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Patrick Muinde
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lorren Alumasa
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Titus Kaitho
- Veterinary Services Department, Kenya Wildlife Service, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Allan Ogendo
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - John Kiiru
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Timothy P Robinson
- Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Samuel Kariuki
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Amy B Pedersen
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Eric M Fèvre
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Mark E J Woolhouse
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cook EAJ, de Glanville WA, Thomas LF, Kiyong'a A, Kivali V, Kariuki S, Bronsvoort BMDC, Fèvre EM. Evidence of exposure to C. burnetii among slaughterhouse workers in western Kenya. One Health 2021; 13:100305. [PMID: 34430697 PMCID: PMC8367830 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Q fever, caused by C. burnetii, has been reported in slaughterhouse workers worldwide. The most reported risk factor for seropositivity is the workers' role in the slaughterhouse. This study examined the seroprevalence and risk factors for antibodies to C. burnetii in slaughterhouse workers in western Kenya to fill a data gap relating to this emerging disease in East Africa. Individuals were recruited from all consenting slaughterhouses in the study area between February and November 2012. Information was collected from participating workers regarding demographic data, animals slaughtered and role in the slaughterhouse. Sera samples were screened for antibodies to C. burnetii using a commercial ELISA and risk factors associated with seropositivity were identified using multi-level logistic regression analysis. Slaughterhouse workers (n = 566) were recruited from 84 ruminant slaughterhouses in western Kenya. The seroprevalence of antibodies to C. burnetii was 37.1% (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 33.2–41.2%). The risk factors identified for C. burnetii seropositivity included: male workers compared to female workers, odds ratio (OR) 5.40 (95% CI 1.38–21.22); slaughtering cattle and small ruminants compared to those who only slaughtered cattle, OR 1.52 (95% CI 1.06–2.19). In addition, specific roles in the slaughterhouse were associated with increased odds of being seropositive, including cleaning the slaughterhouse, OR 3.98 (95% CI 1.39–11.43); cleaning the intestines, OR 3.24 (95% CI 1.36–7.73); and flaying the carcass OR 2.63 (95% CI 1.46–4.75) compared to being the slaughterman or foreman. We identified that slaughterhouse workers have a higher seroprevalence of antibodies to C. burnetii compared to published values in the general population from the same area. Slaughterhouse workers therefore represent an occupational risk group in this East African setting. Workers with increased contact with the viscera and fluids are at higher risk for exposure to C. burnetii. Education of workers may reduce transmission, but an alternative approach may be to consider the benefits of vaccination in high-risk groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - William Anson de Glanville
- International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Road, PO Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya.,Center for One Health, University of Global Health Equity, Rwanda
| | - Lian Francesca Thomas
- International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Road, PO Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya.,Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Alice Kiyong'a
- International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Road, PO Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Velma Kivali
- International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Road, PO Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Samuel Kariuki
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, PO Box 19464-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Barend Mark de Clare Bronsvoort
- Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.,Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Eric Maurice Fèvre
- International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Road, PO Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya.,Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kivali V, Kiyong'a AN, Fyfe J, Toye P, Fèvre EM, Cook EAJ. Spatial Distribution of Trypanosomes in Cattle From Western Kenya. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:554. [PMID: 33005641 PMCID: PMC7485574 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
African Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT) is a tsetse-transmitted protozoan disease endemic in “the tsetse belt” of Africa. Past studies investigating the epidemiology of the disease rarely focused on spatial distribution when reporting the prevalence. The challenge of understanding the spatial epidemiology of the disease is further confounded by low-sensitive parasitological techniques used in field investigations. This study aimed to identify trypanosome species in cattle and their spatial distribution in western Kenya. Low-sensitive microscopic analysis and highly-sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques were also compared to better understand the epidemiology of Trypanosoma infections by use of the geographical information system (GIS). Blood samples from 888 cattle, collected between August 2010 and July 2012, were examined for Trypanosoma parasites by light microscopy and PCR. The spatial distribution of Trypanosoma positive cases by species were mapped and overlaid on the map for tsetse distribution. The estimated prevalence was 4.17% by PCR compared to 2.48% by microscopy. Trypanosomes were detected in tsetse free areas. Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma b. brucei were identified, but not the zoonotic Trypanosoma b. rhodesiense. This study demonstrated the importance of geospatial data analysis to understand the epidemiology of the parasite, to inform future research and formulate control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Velma Kivali
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.,Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jenna Fyfe
- Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Toye
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eric M Fèvre
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.,Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth A J Cook
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.,Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Akoko J, Pelle R, Kivali V, Schelling E, Shirima G, Machuka EM, Mathew C, Fèvre EM, Kyallo V, Falzon LC, Lukambagire AS, Halliday JEB, Bonfoh B, Kazwala R, Ouma C. Serological and molecular evidence of Brucella species in the rapidly growing pig sector in Kenya. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:133. [PMID: 32393374 PMCID: PMC7216537 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02346-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brucellosis is an emerging yet neglected zoonosis that has been reported in Kenya. Epidemiological data on brucellosis in ruminants is readily accessible; however, reports on brucellosis in pigs remain limited. This study sought to detect Brucella infection in pig serum by both serological and molecular techniques. Serum from 700 pigs randomly collected at a centralized abattoir in Nairobi region, Kenya were screened in parallel, using both Rose Bengal Test (RBT) and competitive Enzyme-Linked Immuno-sorbent Assay (cELISA) for antibodies against Brucella spp. All sera positive by RBT and 16 randomly selected negative samples were further tested using conventional PCR targeting bcsp31 gene and real-time PCR (RT-PCR) assays targeting IS711 and bcsp31 genes. RESULTS A prevalence of 0.57% (n = 4/700) was estimated using RBT; none of these samples was positive on cELISA. All RBT positive sera were also positive by both PCRs, while two sero-negative samples also tested positive on RT-PCR (n = 6/20). Brucella abortus was detected in four out of the six PCR positive samples through a real-time multiplex PCR. CONCLUSION The detection of antibodies against Brucella spp. and DNA in serum from slaughterhouse pigs confirm the presence of Brucella in pigs. Therefore, investigation of the epidemiology and role of pigs in the transmission of brucellosis in Kenya is needed. Further targeted studies would be useful to systematically quantify and identify the spp. of Brucella in pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Akoko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Maseno University, Kisumu, Kenya.
- Biosciences Eastern And Central Africa - International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Roger Pelle
- Biosciences Eastern And Central Africa - International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Velma Kivali
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Esther Schelling
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gabriel Shirima
- Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Eunice M Machuka
- Biosciences Eastern And Central Africa - International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Eric M Fèvre
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Laura C Falzon
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | | | - Bassirou Bonfoh
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Collins Ouma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Maseno University, Kisumu, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zimmerman DM, Hardgrove EH, von Fricken ME, Kamau J, Chai D, Mutura S, Kivali V, Hussein F, Ambala P, Surmat A, Maina JG, Knauf S. Endemicity of Yaws and Seroprevalence of Treponema pallidum Antibodies in Nonhuman Primates, Kenya. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 25:2147-2149. [PMID: 31625860 PMCID: PMC6810213 DOI: 10.3201/eid2511.190716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human yaws has historically been endemic to Kenya, but current epidemiologic data are lacking. We report seroprevalence for Treponema pallidum antibodies in olive baboons (Papio anubis) and vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) in Laikipia County, Kenya. Our results suggest endemicity of the yaws bacterium in monkeys, posing a possible zoonotic threat to humans.
Collapse
|
10
|
Kiyong’a AN, Cook EAJ, Okba NMA, Kivali V, Reusken C, Haagmans BL, Fèvre EM. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Seropositive Camel Handlers in Kenya. Viruses 2020; 12:E396. [PMID: 32260186 PMCID: PMC7232417 DOI: 10.3390/v12040396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a respiratory disease caused by a zoonotic coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Camel handlers, including slaughterhouse workers and herders, are at risk of acquiring MERS-CoV infections. However, there is limited evidence of infections among camel handlers in Africa. The purpose of this study was to determine the presence of antibodies to MERS-CoV in high-risk groups in Kenya. Sera collected from 93 camel handlers, 58 slaughterhouse workers and 35 camel herders, were screened for MERS-CoV antibodies using ELISA and PRNT. We found four seropositive slaughterhouse workers by PRNT. Risk factors amongst the slaughterhouse workers included being the slaughterman (the person who cuts the throat of the camel) and drinking camel blood. Further research is required to understand the epidemiology of MERS-CoV in Africa in relation to occupational risk, with a need for additional studies on the transmission of MERS-CoV from dromedary camels to humans, seroprevalence and associated risk factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice N. Kiyong’a
- International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Road, PO Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya (E.A.J.C.); (V.K.)
| | - Elizabeth A. J. Cook
- International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Road, PO Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya (E.A.J.C.); (V.K.)
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Nisreen M. A. Okba
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (N.M.A.O.); (C.R.); (B.L.H.)
| | - Velma Kivali
- International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Road, PO Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya (E.A.J.C.); (V.K.)
| | - Chantal Reusken
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (N.M.A.O.); (C.R.); (B.L.H.)
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bart L. Haagmans
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (N.M.A.O.); (C.R.); (B.L.H.)
| | - Eric M. Fèvre
- International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Road, PO Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya (E.A.J.C.); (V.K.)
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Akoko JM, MacLeod E, Thomas LF, Alarcon P, Kang'ethe E, Kivali V, Muloi D, Muinde P, Murungi MK, Gachoya JM, Fèvre EM. Detection of circulating antigens for Taenia spp. in pigs slaughtered for consumption in Nairobi and surroundings, Kenya. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2019; 4:e00093. [PMID: 30847409 PMCID: PMC6378851 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2019.e00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & methods Taenia solium a zoonotic tapeworm, responsible for neurocysticercosis in humans is a major public health threat, being a leading cause of acquired epilepsy in endemic regions. Eastern and southern African nations have experienced a recent rapid growth in pig production, including small-scale, free-range systems, with an accompanying increased risk of T. solium transmission. Seven hundred blood samples were collected from randomly selected pigs presented for slaughter at one of the largest porcine abattoir supplying unprocessed pork to Nairobi city and its surroundings. The samples were tested using an antigen ELISA to determine the prevalence of infection with Taenia spp. Results The prevalence, adjusted for diagnostic test characteristics, was estimated to be 4.4% (95% CI: 1.9–7.1) with no significant statistical difference by pig sex or age. Infection with Taenia spp. was detected in pigs from all regions of the country supplying pigs to this slaughterhouse. Official post-mortem inspection did not detect cysticercosis in the duration of the study. Therefore, all the carcasses entered the food chains of Nairobi (70%), or neighboring counties (30%). Conclusions Circulating antigens of Taenia spp. were detected in pigs slaughtered in one of the largest porcine slaughterhouses in Kenya, which receives pigs from several regions in the country. This is an indication that pigs entering the value chain are raised under poor husbandry conditions and that pork consumers in Nairobi and its surroundings may be exposed to the important zoonotic parasite. Whilst further research utilizing full carcass dissection is required to confirm T. solium positive cases, interventions to improve food-safety throughout the pork value chains in Kenya should be seriously considered. Taenia spp. were detected in pigs (4.4%) slaughtered for Nairobi’s pork market. Taenia spp. infections were present in pigs from each region in Kenya supplying pork to Nairobi during this study A comprehensive risk assessment is necessary to identify exposure to food-safety hazards in pork value chain Proper cooking of pork is recommended, as a way of reducing the risk of transmission of Taenia spp. to consumers Interventions to improve food-safety should consider the full pork value-chain
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James M. Akoko
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Maseno Univerisy, Maseno, Kenya
| | - Ewan MacLeod
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lian F. Thomas
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Corresponding authors at: ILRI, PO Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
| | - Pablo Alarcon
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Velma Kivali
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Dishon Muloi
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences & Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Patrick Muinde
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Maurice K. Murungi
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Julius M. Gachoya
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, State Department of Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, P.O Private Bag, Kangemi 00625, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eric M. Fèvre
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Corresponding authors at: ILRI, PO Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
| |
Collapse
|