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Hamdeh S, Fathallah J, Zhang H, Charoen A, Altamimi BA, Odufalu FD, Dave D, Sayed AE, Glick LR, Grisolano S, Hachem C, Hammami MB, Mahmoud KH, Levy AN, Rao VL, Shim HG, Semrad C, Olyaee M, Micic D. Predictive Model for Positive Video Capsule Endoscopy in Iron Deficiency Anemia. Dig Dis Sci 2023; 68:3083-3091. [PMID: 36917313 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-023-07918-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract can contribute to the development of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) among individuals without another obvious source of bleeding. In order to identify patients most likely to benefit from examination of the small bowel, our aim was to create a risk score for positive video capsule endoscopy (VCE) in IDA utilizing a multicenter collection of studies. METHODS We performed a retrospective multicenter study utilizing VCE studies performed for an indication of IDA between 1/1/2005 and 7/31/2018. VCE findings were graded based on the P0-P2 grading system. The primary outcome of interest was a positive (P2) VCE. Data were analyzed with Student's t test for continuous variables and the Fisher's exact test for categorical variables. Logistic regression was used to identify independent associations with positive VCE. RESULTS In total, 765 VCE procedures were included with 355 (46.5%) male subjects and a median age of 63.2 (SD 15.3) years. One hundred ninety studies (24.8%) were positive (P2) for small bowel bleeding. Four variables associated with positive VCE which were incorporated into a point scoring system: (+) 1 for age ≥ 66 years, active smoking and cardiac arrythmia and (-) 1 for preceding hemoglobin level ≥ 8.5. The risk probabilities for positive VCE-assigned scores - 1, 0, 1, and 2 + were 12.3% (95% CI 7.3-17.3%), 20% (14.9-25.1%), 34.8% (28.6-41%), and 39% (30-47.8%). CONCLUSION In order to improve the diagnostic yield of capsule examinations, risk factors should be applied to clinical decision-making. We created a risk score for positive VCE in IDA, including the risk factors of age, smoking, history of cardiac arrythmia, and preceding hemoglobin level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Hamdeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Motility, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Jihan Fathallah
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Hui Zhang
- The Center for Health and the Social Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amber Charoen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Barakat Aburajab Altamimi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Iowa Hospital and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Florence-Damilola Odufalu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Devashree Dave
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Hospital and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Amer El Sayed
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Iowa Hospital and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Laura R Glick
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Chicago Medicine, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC4076, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Scott Grisolano
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Motility, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Christine Hachem
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Muhammad Bader Hammami
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Khaldoun Haj Mahmoud
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Alexander N Levy
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vijaya L Rao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Chicago Medicine, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC4076, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Hong Gi Shim
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carol Semrad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Chicago Medicine, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC4076, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Mojtaba Olyaee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Motility, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Dejan Micic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Chicago Medicine, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC4076, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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Sandoval Karamian AG, Yang QZ, Tam LT, Rao VL, Tong E, Yeom KW. Intracranial Hemorrhage in Term and Late-Preterm Neonates: An Institutional Perspective. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2022; 43:1494-1499. [PMID: 36137666 PMCID: PMC9575529 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a7642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Distribution of intracranial hemorrhage in term and late-preterm neonates is relatively unexplored. This descriptive study examines the MR imaging-detectable spectrum of intracranial hemorrhage in this population and potential risk factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Prevalence and distribution of intracranial hemorrhage in consecutive term/late-preterm neonates who underwent brain MR imaging between January 2011 to August 2018 were assessed. MRIs were analyzed to determine intracranial hemorrhage distribution (intraventricular, subarachnoid, subdural, intraparenchymal, and subpial/leptomeningeal), and chart review was performed for potential clinical risk factors. RESULTS Of 725 term/late-preterm neonates who underwent brain MR imaging, intracranial hemorrhage occurred in 63 (9%). Fifty-two (83%) had multicompartment intracranial hemorrhage. Intraventricular and subdural were the most common hemorrhage locations, found in 41 (65%) and 39 (62%) neonates, respectively. Intraparenchymal hemorrhage occurred in 33 (52%); subpial, in 19 (30%); subarachnoid, in 12 (19%); and epidural, in 2 (3%) neonates. Twenty infants (32%) were delivered via cesarean delivery, and 5 (8%), via instrumented delivery. Cortical vein thromboses were present in 34 (54%); periventricular or medullary vein thromboses, in 37 (59%); and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, in 5 (8%). Thirty-seven (59%) had elevated markers of coagulopathy (international normalized ratio > 1.2, fibrinogen level < 234), 9 (14%) had a clinically meaningful elevation in the international normalized ratio (>1.4), and 3 (5%) had a clinically meaningful decrease in the fibrinogen level (<150). Three (5%) neonates had thrombocytopenia (platelet count < 100 × 103/μL). CONCLUSIONS While relatively infrequent, there was a wide distribution of intracranial hemorrhage in term and late-preterm infants; intraventricular and subdural hemorrhages were the most common types. We report a high prevalence of venous congestion or thromboses accompanying neonatal intracranial hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Sandoval Karamian
- From the Division of Child Neurology (A.G.S.K.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Q-Z Yang
- Division of Child Neurology (Q.-Z.Y.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - L T Tam
- Stanford University School of Medicine (L.T.T., V.L.R.), Palo Alto, California
| | - V L Rao
- Stanford University School of Medicine (L.T.T., V.L.R.), Palo Alto, California
| | - E Tong
- Department of Radiology (E.T., K.W.Y.), Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - K W Yeom
- Department of Radiology (E.T., K.W.Y.), Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
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Shaukat A, Tuskey A, Rao VL, Dominitz JA, Murad MH, Keswani RN, Bazerbachi F, Day LW. Interventions to improve adenoma detection rates for colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2022; 96:171-183. [PMID: 35680469 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2022.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aasma Shaukat
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anne Tuskey
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Arlington, Virginia, USA
| | - Vijaya L Rao
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jason A Dominitz
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Puget Sound Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - M Hassan Murad
- Division of Public Health, Infectious Diseases and Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Rajesh N Keswani
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Fateh Bazerbachi
- Division of Gastroenterology, CentraCare, Interventional Endoscopy Program, St Cloud, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lukejohn W Day
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and University of San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Muller C, Rao VL. Surveillance Recommendation for Colonoscopy after Polypectomy. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2022; 32:371-384. [PMID: 35361341 DOI: 10.1016/j.giec.2021.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer (CRC) have declined over the past several decades, largely due to improvement and uptake in screening, particularly with colonoscopy. The US Multi-Society Task Force on CRC published guidelines for surveillance after polypectomy in 2012, which were updated in 2020 with some important changes, and this review will provide an updated overview of evidence and outcomes of surveillance after polypectomy. Notable modifications to surveillance guidelines include increasing interval time between colonoscopies from 5 to 7 to 10 years for 1 to 2 low-risk adenomas (<10 mm) and from 3 years to 3 to 5 years when 3 to 4 low-risk adenomas are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Muller
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, 259 East Erie, Suite 1600, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. https://twitter.com/cmmuller7
| | - Vijaya L Rao
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, University of Chicago Medicine, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Rm S-401, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Feld LD, Cleveland ER, Rabinowitz LG, Rao VL, Bushyhead D, Couri T, Issaka RB. Analysis of Speaker Introduction Formality by Gender at the American College of Gastroenterology 2020 Annual Scientific Meeting. Dig Dis Sci 2022; 67:1209-1212. [PMID: 34275059 PMCID: PMC8286640 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-021-07136-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gender-based differences in the use of professional titles during speaker introductions have been described in other medical specialties. AIMS Our primary aim was to assess gender-based differences in the formality of speaker introductions at the American College of Gastroenterology 2020 Virtual Annual Scientific Meeting. Our secondary aim was to assess gender-based differences in the formality of speaker self-introductions. METHODS Reviewed presentations from the American College of Gastroenterology Annual Meeting for gender-based differences in professional title use during speaker introductions and self-introductions. RESULTS Speakers included 29 women (37.2%) and 49 men (62.8%). We found no significant gender differences in the use of professional titles by introducers (t(67) = - 0.775, p = 0.441) or in self-introductions (36.4% of women vs. 41.9% of men, t(63) = 0.422, p = 0.674). CONCLUSION The lack of gender differences in professional title use may represent a novel advantage of virtual meeting formats or suggest increased attention to gender bias in introductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren D. Feld
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Division of Gastroenterology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 356424, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Erin R. Cleveland
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Division of Gastroenterology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 356424, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Loren G. Rabinowitz
- grid.239395.70000 0000 9011 8547Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Vijaya L. Rao
- grid.170205.10000 0004 1936 7822Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Daniel Bushyhead
- grid.63368.380000 0004 0445 0041Lynda K and David M Underwood Center for Digestive Disorders, Division of Gastroenterology, Houston Methodist Hospital, 4191 Bellaire Blvd, Houston, TX 77025 USA
| | - Thomas Couri
- grid.170205.10000 0004 1936 7822Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Rachel B. Issaka
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Division of Gastroenterology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 356424, Seattle, WA 98195 USA ,grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109 USA ,grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Hutchinson Institute for Cancer Outcomes Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
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Dougherty U, Mustafi R, Zhu H, Zhu X, Deb D, Meredith SC, Ayaloglu-Butun F, Fletcher M, Sanchez A, Pekow J, Deng Z, Amini N, Konda VJ, Rao VL, Sakuraba A, Kwesi A, Kupfer SS, Fichera A, Joseph L, Hart J, He F, He TC, West-Szymanski D, Li YC, Bissonnette M. Upregulation of polycistronic microRNA-143 and microRNA-145 in colonocytes suppresses colitis and inflammation-associated colon cancer. Epigenetics 2021; 16:1317-1334. [PMID: 33356812 PMCID: PMC8813074 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2020.1863117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Because ADAM17 promotes colonic tumorigenesis, we investigated potential miRNAs regulating ADAM17; and examined effects of diet and tumorigenesis on these miRNAs. We also examined pre-miRNA processing and tumour suppressor roles of several of these miRNAs in experimental colon cancer. Using TargetScan, miR-145, miR-148a, and miR-152 were predicted to regulate ADAM17. miR-143 was also investigated as miR-143 and miR-145 are co-transcribed and associated with decreased tumour growth. HCT116 colon cancer cells (CCC) were co-transfected with predicted ADAM17-regulating miRNAs and luciferase reporters controlled by ADAM17-3'UTR. Separately, pre-miR-143 processing by colonic cells was measured. miRNAs were quantified by RT-PCR. Tumours were induced with AOM/DSS in WT and transgenic mice (Tg) expressing pre-miR-143/miR-145 under villin promoter. HCT116 transfection with miR-145, -148a or -152, but not scrambled miRNA inhibited ADAM17 expression and luciferase activity. The latter was suppressed by mutations in ADAM17-3'UTR. Lysates from colonocytes, but not CCC, processed pre-miR-143 and mixing experiments suggested CCC lacked a competency factor. Colonic miR-143, miR-145, miR-148a, and miR-152 were downregulated in tumours and more moderately by feeding mice a Western diet. Tg mice were resistant to DSS colitis and had significantly lower cancer incidence and tumour multiplicity. Tg expression blocked up-regulation of putative targets of miR-143 and miR-145, including ADAM17, K-Ras, XPO5, and SET. miR-145, miR-148a, and miR-152 directly suppress colonocyte ADAM17 and are down-regulated in colon cancer. This is the first direct demonstration of tumour suppressor roles for miR-143 and miR-145 in an in vivo model of colonic tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reba Mustafi
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA
| | - Hongyan Zhu
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA
| | - Xiaorong Zhu
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA
| | - Dilip Deb
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Arantxa Sanchez
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA
| | - Joel Pekow
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA
| | - Zifeng Deng
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA
| | - Nader Amini
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA
| | - Vani J Konda
- Department of Medicine, Baylor University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Vijaya L. Rao
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA
| | | | - Akushika Kwesi
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA
| | - Sonia S Kupfer
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA
| | | | - Loren Joseph
- Departments of Pathology, Beth Israel, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John Hart
- Departments of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA
| | - Fang He
- Departments of Orthopedics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tong-Chuan He
- Departments of Orthopedics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Yan Chun Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA
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Feld LD, Mergener K, Rubin DT, Rao VL. Management of code status in the periendoscopic period: a national survey of current practices and beliefs of U.S. gastroenterologists. Gastrointest Endosc 2021; 94:172-177.e2. [PMID: 33476610 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2021.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS This study aims to assess current practices and perspectives of gastroenterologists on approaches to code status before inpatient endoscopy. METHODS Self-reported data were obtained through a voluntary, anonymous survey of gastroenterologists and gastroenterology trainees in the United States. The survey assessed respondents' approach to, beliefs, and knowledge regarding inpatient periprocedural code status discussions. RESULTS Four hundred thirty-six gastroenterologists and 83 trainees completed the survey. For patients with an existing do not resuscitate (DNR) order, respondents reversed the code status before endoscopy either all (40.8%, n = 212) or most of the time (18.3%, n = 95). When asked their personal opinion, 32.6% (n =169) supported automatic DNR reversal to full resuscitation attempt during a procedure, 18.5% (n = 96) supported that DNR orders could be sustained, and 48.7% (n = 253) supported offering limited resuscitation. Many gastroenterologists were unaware of institutional (40.7%, n = 211) or national (80.7%, n = 419) policies, and a majority reported that a gastroenterology-specific guideline would be helpful (88.6%, n = 460). CONCLUSIONS Although most of the gastroenterologists reverse DNR orders more than 75% of the time before endoscopy, many also believe patients should be allowed to remain DNR during a procedure and supported a third option for limited resuscitation. Most gastroenterologists were unaware of institutional policies or existing national guidelines. These findings suggest considerable variation in knowledge and current approaches regarding periendoscopic code status reversal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren D Feld
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Klaus Mergener
- Department of Gastroenterology, MultiCare Tacoma General Hospital, Tacoma, Washington, USA
| | - David T Rubin
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA; MacLean Center for Clinical Medical Ethics, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Vijaya L Rao
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA; MacLean Center for Clinical Medical Ethics, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Rao VL, Aronsohn A, Rubin DT, Siegler M. How to Integrate a Medical Ethics Curriculum into Gastroenterology Fellowships. Gastroenterology 2021; 160:1003-1006. [PMID: 33497657 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.01.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya L Rao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; MacLean Center for Clinical Medical Ethics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
| | - Andrew Aronsohn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; MacLean Center for Clinical Medical Ethics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David T Rubin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; MacLean Center for Clinical Medical Ethics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mark Siegler
- MacLean Center for Clinical Medical Ethics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Micic D, Rao VL, Semrad CE. Celiac Disease and Its Role in the Development of Metabolic Bone Disease. J Clin Densitom 2020; 23:190-199. [PMID: 31320223 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated enteropathy that occurs in genetically susceptible hosts with the ingestion of gluten-containing products. Ongoing gluten consumption leads to intestinal damage, characterized by villous blunting and increased intraepithelial lymphocytes, resulting in malabsorption. Pertinent to the development of bone disease, malabsorption of calcium and vitamin D leads to secondary hyperparathyroidism and metabolic bone disease among individuals with CD. In this article, we review the pathogenesis of CD and the effects of malabsorption on bone health. Imbalances in bone resorption and formation particularly in individuals with CD and persistent disease activity ultimately lead to a state of bone loss and impaired mineralization. Initiation of a gluten-free diet is critical in the management of CD-related metabolic bone disease, demonstrating improvements in bone mineral density within the first year of dietary adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Micic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Vijaya L Rao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Carol E Semrad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Rao VL, Gupta N, Swei E, Wagner T, Aronsohn A, Reddy KG, Sengupta N. Predictors of mortality and endoscopic intervention in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the intensive care unit. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 2020; 8:299-305. [PMID: 32843977 PMCID: PMC7434581 DOI: 10.1093/gastro/goaa009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The outcomes of patients undergoing esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) in the intensive care unit (ICU) for upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) are not well described. Our aims were to determine predictors of 30-day mortality and endoscopic intervention, and assess the utility of existing clinical-prediction tools for UGIB in this population. Methods Patients hospitalized in an ICU between 2008 and 2015 who underwent EGD were identified using a validated, machine-learning algorithm. Logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with 30-day mortality and endoscopic intervention. Area under receiver-operating characteristics (AUROC) analysis was used to evaluate established UGIB scoring systems in predicting mortality and endoscopic intervention in patients who presented to the hospital with UGIB. Results A total of 606 patients underwent EGD for UGIB while admitted to an ICU. The median age of the cohort was 62 years and 55.9% were male. Multivariate analysis revealed that predictors associated with 30-day mortality included American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class (odds ratio [OR] 4.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.2-7.9), Charlson score (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.0-1.3), and duration from hospital admission to EGD (OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01-1.07). Rockall, Glasgow-Blatchford, and AIMS65 scores were poorly predictive of endoscopic intervention (AUROC: 0.521, 0.514, and 0.540, respectively) and in-hospital mortality (AUROC: 0.510, 0.568, and 0.506, respectively). Conclusions Predictors associated with 30-day mortality include ASA classification, Charlson score, and duration in the hospital prior to EGD. Existing risk tools are poorly predictive of clinical outcomes, which highlights the need for a more accurate risk-stratification tool to predict the benefit of intervention within the ICU population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya L Rao
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nina Gupta
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Eric Swei
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Thomas Wagner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Andrew Aronsohn
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - K Gautham Reddy
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Neil Sengupta
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Mikolajczyk AE, Rao VL, Diaz GC, Renz JF. Can reporting more lead to less? The role of metrics in assessing liver transplant program performance. Clin Transplant 2020; 33:e13385. [PMID: 30666739 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.13385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Appropriate metrics for performance analysis is an active topic of debate within the transplant community. This study explores current proposals on metric expansion as well as potential metrics and prospective collaborations that have not received widespread discussion within the transplant community. The premature introduction of additional, nonvalidated metrics risks behaviors that may undermine donor utilization and patient access to transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam E Mikolajczyk
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Vijaya L Rao
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Geraldine C Diaz
- Department of Anesthesiology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - John F Renz
- Department of Surgery, Section of Transplantation, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya L Rao
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, MacLean Center for Clinical Medical Ethics, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lauren D Feld
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David T Rubin
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, MacLean Center for Clinical Medical Ethics, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya L Rao
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Dejan Micic
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Andrew M Davis
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Micic
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Vijaya L Rao
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David T Rubin
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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Feld LD, Rao VL. Code Status Reversal for Do-Not-Resuscitate Patients Undergoing Invasive Procedures: Current Practices and Beliefs of Medical and Surgical Residents. J Palliat Med 2019; 22:1024-1025. [DOI: 10.1089/jpm.2019.0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren D. Feld
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- MacLean Center for Clinical Medical Ethics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Vijaya L. Rao
- MacLean Center for Clinical Medical Ethics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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16
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Micic D, Gaetano JN, Nigam N, Peller M, Rao VL, Semrad C, Stein AC, Kupfer SS. Risk factors for small bowel bleeding in an overt gastrointestinal bleeding presentation after negative upper and lower endoscopy. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212509. [PMID: 30785946 PMCID: PMC6382158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A small bowel source is suspected when evaluation of overt gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding with upper and lower endoscopy is negative. Video capsule endoscopy (VCE) is the recommended next diagnostic test for small bowel bleeding sources. However, clinical or endoscopic predictive factors for small bowel bleeding in the setting of an overt bleeding presentation are unknown. We aimed to define predictive factors for positive VCE among individuals presenting with overt bleeding and a suspected small bowel source. METHODS We included consecutive inpatient VCE performed between September 1, 2012 to September 1, 2015 for melena or hematochezia at two tertiary centers. All patients had EGD and colonoscopy performed prior to VCE. Patient demographics, medication use, and endoscopic findings were retrospectively recorded. VCE findings were graded based on the P0-P2 grading system. The primary outcome of interest was a positive (P2) VCE. The secondary outcome of interest was the performance of a therapeutic intervention. Data were analyzed with the Fisher exact test for dichotomous variables and logistic regression. RESULTS Two hundred forty-three VCE were reviewed, and 117 were included in the final analysis. A positive VCE (P2) was identified in 35 (29.9%) cases. In univariate analysis, a positive VCE was inversely associated with presence of diverticula on preceding colonoscopy (OR: 0.44, 95% CI: 0.2-0.99), while identification of blood on terminal ileal examination was associated with a positive VCE (OR: 5.18, 95% CI: 1.51-17.76). In multivariate analysis, only blood identified on terminal ileal examination remained a significant risk factor for positive VCE (OR: 6.13, 95% CI: 1.57-23.81). Blood on terminal ileal examination was also predictive of therapeutic intervention in both univariate (OR: 4.46, 95% CI: 1.3-15.2) and multivariate analysis (OR: 5.04, 95% CI: 1.25-20.32). CONCLUSION Among patients presenting with overt bleeding but negative upper and lower endoscopy, the presence of blood on examination of the terminal ileum is strongly associated with a small bowel bleeding source as well as with small bowel therapeutic intervention. Presence of diverticula on colonoscopy is inversely associated with a positive VCE and therapeutic intervention in univariate analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Micic
- University of Chicago Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Chicago, IL,United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - John N. Gaetano
- University of Chicago Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Chicago, IL,United States of America
| | - Neha Nigam
- University of Chicago Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Chicago, IL,United States of America
| | - Matthew Peller
- Northwestern Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Vijaya L. Rao
- University of Chicago Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Chicago, IL,United States of America
| | - Carol Semrad
- University of Chicago Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Chicago, IL,United States of America
| | - Adam C. Stein
- Northwestern Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Sonia S. Kupfer
- University of Chicago Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Chicago, IL,United States of America
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Rao VL, Mikolajczyk AE, Diaz GC, Renz JF. Pro: Patient and allograft survival remain the best metric to gauge successful liver transplantation. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken) 2018; 11:59-61. [PMID: 30992789 PMCID: PMC6385945 DOI: 10.1002/cld.697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya L. Rao
- Department of Medicine, Section of GastroenterologyHepatology and NutritionChicagoIL
| | - Adam E. Mikolajczyk
- Department of Medicine, Section of GastroenterologyHepatology and NutritionChicagoIL
| | - Geraldine C. Diaz
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical CareThe University of Chicago Medical CenterChicagoIL
| | - John F. Renz
- Department of Surgery, Section of TransplantationThe University of Chicago Medical CenterChicagoIL
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18
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Micic D, Yarur A, Gonsalves A, Rao VL, Broadaway S, Cohen R, Dalal S, Gaetano JN, Glick LR, Hirsch A, Pekow J, Sakuraba A, Walk ST, Rubin DT. Risk Factors for Clostridium difficile Isolation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Prospective Study. Dig Dis Sci 2018; 63:1016-1024. [PMID: 29417331 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-018-4941-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Clostridium difficile is the most commonly isolated stool pathogen in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Traditional risk factors for C. difficile may not exist in patients with IBD, and no prior studies have assessed the risk factors for the isolation of C. difficile in both symptomatic and asymptomatic IBD outpatients. METHODS We prospectively recruited consecutive IBD patients presenting to our outpatient clinic between April 2015 and February 2016. We excluded patients with a diverting ostomy or ileoanal pouch. Demographics, healthcare exposures, medical therapies and disease activity were recorded from medical charts or surveys. A rectal swab was performed from which toxigenic culture and PCR analysis for the presence of toxin and fluorescent PCR ribotyping were performed. The primary outcome of interest was isolation of toxigenic C. difficile. RESULTS A total of 190 patients were enrolled in this prospective study including 137 (72%) with Crohn's disease and 53 (28%) with ulcerative colitis. At the time of enrollment, 69 (36%) had clinically active disease. Sixteen (8.4%) patients had toxigenic C. difficile isolated on rectal swab at enrollment and four (2.1%) patients had non-toxigenic C. difficile cultured. Mixed infection with more than one toxigenic isolate was present in 5/16 (31.3%) individuals. Patients with CD with a toxin positive isolate were more likely to have a history of CDI in the past 12 months (40 vs. 11.02%, p = 0.027) and an emergency department visit in the past 12 weeks (50 vs. 20.63%, p = 0.048). In UC, individuals with isolation of C. difficile were more likely to be hospitalized within the past 12 months (66.6 vs. 8.51%, p = 0.003). C. difficile isolation at the time of presentation was not associated with a subsequent disease relapse over a 6-month period in CD (p = 0.557) or UC (p = 0.131). CONCLUSION Healthcare exposures remain a significant risk factor for C. difficile isolation in the IBD population; however, this was not associated with relapse of disease. Further studies assessing the clinical significance of C. difficile isolation is warranted in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Micic
- University of Chicago Medicine Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC4076, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Andres Yarur
- University of Chicago Medicine Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC4076, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Alex Gonsalves
- University of Chicago Medicine Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC4076, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Vijaya L Rao
- University of Chicago Medicine Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC4076, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | | | - Russell Cohen
- University of Chicago Medicine Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC4076, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Sushila Dalal
- University of Chicago Medicine Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC4076, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - John N Gaetano
- University of Chicago Medicine Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC4076, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Laura R Glick
- University of Chicago Medicine Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC4076, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Ayal Hirsch
- University of Chicago Medicine Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC4076, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Joel Pekow
- University of Chicago Medicine Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC4076, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Atsushi Sakuraba
- University of Chicago Medicine Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC4076, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Seth T Walk
- Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - David T Rubin
- University of Chicago Medicine Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC4076, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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19
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Christensen B, Micic D, Gibson PR, Yarur A, Bellaguarda E, Corsello P, Gaetano JN, Kinnucan J, Rao VL, Reddy S, Singh S, Pekow J, Rubin DT. Vedolizumab in patients with concurrent primary sclerosing cholangitis and inflammatory bowel disease does not improve liver biochemistry but is safe and effective for the bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2018; 47:753-762. [PMID: 29377235 PMCID: PMC5821055 DOI: 10.1111/apt.14525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blocking of lymphocyte trafficking to bile ducts is a potential mechanism to alter the disease course of patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). AIM To describe the effect of the α4 β7 integrin antibody, vedolizumab, on liver biochemistry and disease activity in patients with PSC and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). METHODS This is a retrospective multi-centre study of adult patients with a diagnosis of both IBD and PSC. The primary outcome was change in serum alkaline phosphatase level at weeks 14 and 30. Secondary outcomes included changes in other liver biochemistries and in clinical outcomes for the bowel disease. A safety analysis for adverse events was performed. RESULTS Thirty-four patients (16 Crohn's disease, 18 ulcerative colitis) were included. Nine (26%) had a history of liver transplant. Median follow-up on vedolizumab was 9 months (IQR: 7-16). There was no overall change in serum alkaline phosphatase level with vedolizumab therapy (median 268 [IQR: 105-551] IU/L at baseline versus 249 [IQR: 183-634] IU/L, P = 0.99 at week 30). No significant changes in other liver biochemistries or the Mayo PSC Risk Score were demonstrated at week 30. Clinical remission was achieved at week 30 in 55% of Crohn's disease and 29% of ulcerative colitis patients. Seven (21%) patients ceased vedolizumab; six patients stopped therapy due to persistent IBD activity and one for worsening of liver biochemistries. CONCLUSION Vedolizumab treatment in patients with PSC and IBD did not improve liver biochemistry but was associated with improvement in bowel disease and a favourable safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt Christensen
- Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia,Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dejan Micic
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611
| | | | - Andres Yarur
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | | | - Paul Corsello
- University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109
| | - John N. Gaetano
- University of Chicago Medicine Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Jami Kinnucan
- University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109
| | - Vijaya L. Rao
- University of Chicago Medicine Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Shilpa Reddy
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611
| | - Samrath Singh
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Joel Pekow
- University of Chicago Medicine Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - David T. Rubin
- University of Chicago Medicine Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Chicago, IL 60637
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya L Rao
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Adam S Cifu
- Section of General Internal Medicine, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Leslie W Yang
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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21
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Rao VL, Daugherty C. Is it ethical to enroll a patient in a hepatitis C virus clinical trial when current standard of care is highly effective and safe? Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken) 2015; 6:120-121. [PMID: 31041005 PMCID: PMC6490669 DOI: 10.1002/cld.512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya L. Rao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and NutritionThe University of Chicago MedicineChicagoIL
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22
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Rao VL, Micic D, Rubin DT. Hematochezia and a Mesenteric Mass. Gastroenterology 2015; 149:e12-3. [PMID: 26026749 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya L Rao
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Dejan Micic
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David T Rubin
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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23
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Rao VL, Rangarajan V. Chest pain and an angiographic abnormality. JAMA 2013; 309:1030-1. [PMID: 23483178 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2013.1865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya L Rao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA.
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Abstract
The ethyl acetate extract of Rhizophora mucronata furnished rhizophorin A, a novel secolabdane diterpenoid, (6R,11S,13S)-6,11,13-trihydroxy-2,3-seco-14-labden-2,8-olide-3-oic acid (1).
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Anjaneyulu
- School of Chemistry, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam-530 003, India.
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25
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Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to induction and/or suppression of several genes, the interplay of which governs the neuronal death and subsequent loss of motor function. Using GeneChip, the present study analyzed changes in the mRNA abundance at 3 and 24 h after SCI in adult rats. SCI was induced at T9 level by the New York University impactor by dropping a 10-g weight from a height of 25 mm. Several transcription factors, immediate early genes, heat-shock proteins, pro-inflammatory genes were up-regulated by 3 h, and persisted at 24 h, after SCI. On the other hand, some neurotransmitter receptors and transporters, ion channels, kinases and structural proteins were down-regulated by 3 h, and persisted at 24 h, after SCI. Several genes that play a role in growth/differentiation, survival and neuroprotection were up-regulated at 24 h after SCI. Using real-time quantitative PCR, the changes observed by GeneChip were confirmed for seven up-regulated (interleukin-6, heat-shock protein-70, heme oxygenase-1, suppressor of cytokine signaling 2, suppressor of cytokine signaling 3, interferon regulatory factor-1, neuropeptide Y), two down-regulated (vesicular GABA transporter and cholecystokinin precursor) and two unchanged (Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase and phosphatidyl inositol-3-kinase) genes. The present study shows that inflammation, neurotransmitter dysfunction, increased transcription, ionic imbalance and cytoskeletal damage starts as early as 3 h after SCI. In addition to these effects, 24 h after SCI the repair and regeneration process begins in an attempt to stabilize the injured spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Song
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA
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Kim BT, Rao VL, Sailor KA, Bowen KK, Dempsey RJ. Protective effects of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor on hippocampal neurons after traumatic brain injury in rats. J Neurosurg 2001; 95:674-9. [PMID: 11596962 DOI: 10.3171/jns.2001.95.4.0674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) can protect against hippocampal neuronal death after traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to moderate TBI with a controlled cortical impact device while in a state of halothane-induced anesthesia. Then, GDNF or artificial cerebrospinal fluid ([aCSF]; vehicle) was infused into the frontal horn of the left lateral ventricle. In eight brain-injured and eight sham-operated rats, GDNF was infused continuously for 7 days (200 ng/day intracerebroventricularly at a rate of 8.35 ng/0.5 microl/hour). An equal volume of vehicle was infused at the same rate into the remaining eight brain-injured and eight sham-operated rats. Seven days post-injury, all rats were killed. Their brains were sectioned and stained with cresyl violet, and the hippocampal neuronal loss was evaluated in the CA2 and CA3 regions with the aid of microscopy. A parallel set of sections from each brain was subjected to immunoreaction with antibodies against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP; astroglia marker). In the aCSF-treated group, TBI resulted in a significant neuronal loss in the CA2 (60%, p < 0.05) and CA3 regions (68%, p < 0.05) compared with the sham-operated control animals. Compared with control rats infused with aCSF, GDNF infusion significantly decreased the TBI-induced neuronal loss in both the CA2 (58%, p < 0.05) and CA3 regions (51%, p < 0.05). There was no difference in the number of GFAP-positive astroglial cells in the GDNF-infused rats in the TBI and sham-operated groups compared with the respective vehicle-treated groups. CONCLUSIONS The authors found that GDNF treatment following TBI is neuroprotective.
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Affiliation(s)
- B T Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53792, USA
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Rao VL, Dogan A, Todd KG, Bowen KK, Dempsey RJ. Neuroprotection by memantine, a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist after traumatic brain injury in rats. Brain Res 2001; 911:96-100. [PMID: 11489449 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02617-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether memantine, a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist is neuroprotective after traumatic brain injury (TBI) induced in adult rats with a controlled cortical impact device. TBI led to significant neuronal death in the hippocampal CA2 and CA3 regions (by 50 and 59%, respectively), by 7 days after the injury. Treatment of rats with memantine (10 and 20 mg/Kg, i.p.) immediately after the injury significantly prevented the neuronal loss in both CA2 and CA3 regions. This is the first study showing the neuroprotective potential of memantine to prevent the TBI-induced neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Rao
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, H4/336 CSC, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792, USA
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Rao VL, Bowen KK, Rao AM, Dempsey RJ. Up-regulation of the peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor expression and [(3)H]PK11195 binding in gerbil hippocampus after transient forebrain ischemia. J Neurosci Res 2001; 64:493-500. [PMID: 11391704 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.1101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In mammalian CNS, the peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor (PTBR) is localized on the outer mitochondrial membrane within the astrocytes and microglia. The main function of PTBR is to transport cholesterol across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of neurosteroid biosynthesis. The present study evaluated the changes in the PTBR density, gene expression and immunoreactivity in gerbil hippocampus as a function of reperfusion time after transient forebrain ischemia. Between 3 to 7 days of reperfusion, there was a significant increase in the maximal binding site density (B(max)) of the PTBR antagonist [(3)H]PK11195 (by 94-156%; P < 0.01) and PTBR mRNA levels (by 1.8- to 2.9-fold; P < 0.01). At 7 days of reperfusion, in the hippocampal CA1 (the brain region manifesting selective neuronal death), PTBR immunoreactivity increased significantly. Increased PTBR expression after transient forebrain ischemia may lead to increased neurosteroid biosynthesis, and thus may play a role in the ischemic pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Rao
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
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Abstract
Transient focal cerebral ischemia leads to extensive excitotoxic neuronal damage in rat cerebral cortex. Efficient reuptake of the released glutamate is essential for preventing glutamate receptor over-stimulation and neuronal death. Present study evaluated the expression of the glial (GLT-1 and GLAST) and neuronal (EAAC1) subtypes of glutamate transporters after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) induced focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Between 24h to 72h of reperfusion after transient MCAO, GLT-1 and EAAC1 protein levels decreased significantly (by 36% to 56%, p < 0.05) in the ipsilateral cortex compared with the contralateral cortex or sham control. GLT-1 and EAAC1 mRNA expression also decreased in the ipsilateral cortex of ischemic rats at both 24h and 72h of reperfusion, compared with the contralateral cortex or sham control. Glutamate transporter down-regulation may disrupt the normal clearance of the synaptically-released glutamate and may contribute to the ischemic neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Rao
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53792, USA.
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Rao VL, Dogan A, Todd KG, Bowen KK, Kim BT, Rothstein JD, Dempsey RJ. Antisense knockdown of the glial glutamate transporter GLT-1, but not the neuronal glutamate transporter EAAC1, exacerbates transient focal cerebral ischemia-induced neuronal damage in rat brain. J Neurosci 2001; 21:1876-83. [PMID: 11245672 PMCID: PMC6762628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient focal cerebral ischemia leads to extensive neuronal damage in cerebral cortex and striatum. Normal functioning of glutamate transporters clears the synaptically released glutamate to prevent excitotoxic neuronal death. This study evaluated the functional role of the glial (GLT-1) and neuronal (EAAC1) glutamate transporters in mediating ischemic neuronal damage after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Transient MCAO in rats infused with GLT-1 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) led to increased infarct volume (45 +/- 8%; p < 0.05), worsened neurological status, and increased mortality rate, compared with GLT-1 sense/random ODN-infused controls. Transient MCAO in rats infused with EAAC1 antisense ODNs had no significant effect on any of these parameters. This study suggests that GLT-1, but not EAAC1, knockdown exacerbates the neuronal death and thus neurological deficit after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Rao
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA.
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Rao VL, Dogan A, Bowen KK, Todd KG, Dempsey RJ. Antisense knockdown of the glial glutamate transporter GLT-1 exacerbates hippocampal neuronal damage following traumatic injury to rat brain. Eur J Neurosci 2001; 13:119-28. [PMID: 11135010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic injury to rat brain induced by controlled cortical impact (CCI) results in chronic neuronal death in the hippocampus. In the normal brain, glutamate transporters actively clear the glutamate released synaptically to prevent receptor overactivation and excitotoxicity. Glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1) is the most abundant and active glutamate transporter, which mediates the bulk of glutamate uptake. CCI injury significantly decreased GLT-1 mRNA (by 49-66%, P < 0.05) and protein (by 29-44%, P < 0.05) levels in the ipsilateral hippocampus, compared with either the respective contralateral hippocampus or the sham-operated control, 24-72 h after the injury. CCI injury in rats infused with GLT-1 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) exacerbated the hippocampal neuronal death and mortality, compared with the GLT-1 sense/random ODN-infused controls. At 7 days after the injury, hippocampal neuronal numbers were significantly lower in the CA1 (reduced by 32%, P < 0.05), CA2 (by 45%, P < 0.01), CA3 (by 68%, P < 0.01) and dentate gyrus (by 31%, P < 0.05) in GLT-1 antisense ODN-infused rats, compared with the GLT-1 sense/random ODN-infused controls. This study suggested a role for GLT-1 dysfunction in promoting the hippocampal neuronal death after traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Rao
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA.
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Abstract
Chemical examination of the hexane extract of the roots of Excoecaria agallocha Linn collected from the Godavari estuary resulted in the isolation of altogether eleven diterpenoids of which five (1-5) are new. The structures of the new diterpenoids have been elucidated by a study of their physical and spectral (UV, IR, 1H, 13C, DEPT, 1H-1H COSY, NOESY, HMQC, HMBC and MASS) data as 3-oxo-ent-13epi-8(13)-epoxy-15-chloro-14-hydroxylabdane (1), ent-15-chloro-13,14-dihydroxylabd-8(9)-en-3-one (2), ent-15-chloro-labd-8(9)ene-3alpha,13,14-triol (3), ent-11beta-hydroxy-8(14),15-isopimaradien-3-one (4), 8,13-epoxy-3-nor-2,3-seco-14-epilabden-2,4-olide (5). The six known diterpenoids have been characterised respectively as ent-3-oxo-13-epi-manoyl oxide (6), ent-3beta-hydroxy-13-epi-manoyl oxide (7), (13R,14S)-ent-8alpha,13;14,15-diepoxy-13-epi-labdan-3-one (8), ent-16-hydroxy-3-oxo-13-epimanoyl oxide (9), ent-15-hydroxylabda-8(17),13E-dien-3-one (10), labda-8(17),13E-diene-3beta,15-diol (11) by a comparative study of their spectral data with the literature values.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Anjaneyulu
- School of Chemistry, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India.
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Dogan A, Eras MA, Rao VL, Dempsey RJ. Protective effects of memantine against ischemia-reperfusion injury in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1999; 141:1107-13. [PMID: 10550658 DOI: 10.1007/s007010050491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Memantine, an uncompetitive NMDA open-channel blocker, has been shown to be effective in preventing neuronal damage after permanent focal cerebral ischemia. Reperfusion after a long period of ischemia may aggravate the progression of neuronal damage. Those drugs that show protective effects after permanent cerebral ischemia, therefore, might fail to do so against ischemia-reperfusion injury. In this study we evaluated the effects of memantine on brain edema formation and ischemic injury volume after transient cerebral ischemia. Male Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR) weighing 250-300 g were anesthetized with halothane and subjected to 1 hour of temporary middle cerebral artery occlusion by an intraluminal suture. 20 mg/kg of memantine or saline were injected intraperitoneally 5 min. after the induction of ischemia. Physiological parameters and regional cerebral blood flow were monitored during the surgical procedure. Brain water content and ischemic injury volume were measured with the wet dry method and 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride monohydrate (TTC) staining, respectively, at 24 hours after occlusion. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups regarding physiological parameters during the procedure. Memantine treatment (n=9) reduced the brain water content significantly in the cortex compared to saline treatment (n=8; 83. 1+/-0.7% vs. 84.5+/-1.5%, respectively, p<0.05). The total volume of ischemic brain injury was 300+/-49 mm(3) in the animals treated with saline (n=13). Treatment with 20 mg/kg memantine (n=14) reduced the ischemic injury volume to 233+/-61 mm(3) (P<0.01). These results demonstrate that the harmful effects of recirculation after a period of ischemia can be attenuated by the treatment of memantine, perhaps by its action at the NMDA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dogan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin and Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI 53792, USA
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Desjardins P, Bandeira P, Rao VL, Butterworth RF. Portacaval anastomosis causes selective alterations of peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor expression in rat brain and peripheral tissues. Neurochem Int 1999; 35:293-9. [PMID: 10482349 DOI: 10.1016/s0197-0186(99)00075-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence to suggest that peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors (PTBRs) and their endogenous ligands are implicated in the pathogenesis of end-organ failure in chronic liver disease. Portal-systemic encephalopathy, a major neuropsychiatric complication associated with chronic liver disease, results in activation of brain PTBR and probably in peripheral organs. In order to address these issues, PTBR mRNA was measured using semi-quantitative RT-PCR in extracts of cerebral cortex, kidney and testis of rats four weeks after end-to-side portacaval anastomosis and sham-operation (controls). Densities of PTBR sites were measured concomitantly by in vitro receptor binding using the selective PTBR ligand [3H]PK11195. Portacaval shunting resulted in a 2 to 3-fold increase in expression of PTBR in brain and kidney and a 37% reduction in expression in testis. Densities of [3H]PK11195 sites changed in parallel with the alterations of gene expression. These findings suggest that selective alterations of PTBR expression are implicated in the pathogenesis of peripheral tissue hypertrophy (kidney) and/or atrophy (testis) which accompanies portal-systemic shunting in chronic liver failure. In brain, activation of PTBR could result in an increase in the production of neurosteroids with potent inhibitory action in the CNS, which could contribute to the pathogenesis of portal-systemic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Desjardins
- Neuroscience Research Unit, CHUM (Campus Saint-Luc), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Rao VL, Dogan A, Bowen KK, Dempsey RJ. Traumatic injury to rat brain upregulates neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression and L-[3H]nitroarginine binding. J Neurotrauma 1999; 16:865-77. [PMID: 10547096 DOI: 10.1089/neu.1999.16.865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Overstimulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors is felt to precipitate the neuronal damage following traumatic brain injury (TBI). NMDA receptor-mediated, glutamate-induced excitotoxicity is thought to be mediated via nitric oxide (NO) formed by neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). The present study examined the mRNA and protein levels of nNOS in the ipsilateral and contralateral cortex of rats as a function of time (5 minutes to 1 week) after controlled cortical impact (CCI) brain injury. Sham-operated rats served as controls. TBI resulted in a significant increase in the levels of nNOS mRNA (1.5- to 2.8-fold, p < .05) between 2 and 4 hours after the injury. There was also a significant increase in the levels of nNOS protein (by 55% to 90%, p < .05) and binding densities of the nNOS-specific ligand L-[3H]nitroarginine (L-[3H]NOARG) (by 35% to 59%, p < .05) between 2 and 12 hours after the injury. Increased nNOS expression and function may contribute to the concomitant excitotoxic neuronal death after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Rao
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, and the William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Administration Hospital, 53792, USA
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Abstract
OBJECT The possible role of the polyamine interconversion pathway on edema formation, traumatic injury volume, and tissue polyamine levels after traumatic brain injury (TBI) was studied using an inhibitor of the interconversion pathway enzyme, polyamine oxidase. METHODS Experimental TBI was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by using a controlled cortical impact device at a velocity of 3 m/second, resulting in a 2-mm deformation. Immediately after TBI was induced, 100 mg/kg of N1,N4-bis(2,3-butadienyl)-1,4-butanediamine 2HCl (MDL 72527) or saline was injected intraperitoneally. Brain water content and tissue polyamine levels were measured at 24 hours after TBI. Traumatic injury volume was evaluated using 2% cresyl violet solution 7 days after TBI occurred. The MDL 72527 treatment significantly reduced brain edema (80.4+/-0.8% compared with 81.2+/-1.2%, p < 0.05) and injury volume (30.1+/-6.6 mm3 compared with 42.7+/-13.3 mm3, p < 0.05) compared with the saline treatment. The TBI caused a significant increase in tissue putrescine levels at the traumatized site (65.5+/-26.5 nmol/g [corrected] in the cortex and 70.9+/-22.4 nmol/g [corrected] in the hippocampus) compared with the nontraumatized site (7+/-2.4 nmol/g [corrected] in the cortex and 11.4+/-6.4 nmol/g [corrected] in the hippocampus). The increase in putrescine levels in both the traumatized and nontraumatized cortex and hippocampus was reduced by a mean of 60% with MDL 72527 treatment. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate, for the first time, that the polyamine interconversion pathway has an important role in the increase of putrescine levels after TBI and that the polyamine oxidase inhibitors, blockers of the interconversion pathway, can be neuroprotective against edema formation and necrotic cavitation after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Doğan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin and Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison 53792, USA
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Doğan A, Rao AM, Hatcher J, Rao VL, Başkaya MK, Dempsey RJ. Effects of MDL 72527, a specific inhibitor of polyamine oxidase, on brain edema, ischemic injury volume, and tissue polyamine levels in rats after temporary middle cerebral artery occlusion. J Neurochem 1999; 72:765-70. [PMID: 9930751 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1999.0720765.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The possible effects of the polyamine interconversion pathway on tissue polyamine levels, brain edema formation, and ischemic injury volume were studied by using a selective irreversible inhibitor, MDL 72527, of the interconversion pathway enzyme, polyamine oxidase. In an intraluminal suture occlusion model of middle cerebral artery in spontaneously hypertensive rats, 100 mg/kg MDL 72527 changed the brain edema formation from 85.7 +/- 0.3 to 84.5 +/- 0.9% in cortex (p < 0.05) and from 79.9 +/- 1.7 to 78.4 +/- 2.0% in subcortex (difference not significant). Ischemic injury volume was reduced by 22% in the cortex (p < 0.05) and 17% in the subcortex (p < 0.05) after inhibition of polyamine oxidase by MDL 72527. There was an increase in tissue putrescine levels together with a decrease in spermine and spermidine levels at the ischemic site compared with the nonischemic site after ischemia-reperfusion injury. The increase in putrescine levels at the ischemic cortical and subcortical region was reduced by a mean of 45% with MDL 72527 treatment. These results suggest that the polyamine interconversion pathway has an important role in the postischemic increase in putrescine levels and that blocking of this pathway can be neuroprotective against neuronal cell damage after temporary focal cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Doğan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin and Veterans Adminstration Hospital, Madison 53792, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Rao
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53792, USA.
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Abstract
Excess activation of NMDA receptors is felt to participate in secondary neuronal damage after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Increased extracellular glutamate is active in this process and may result from either increased release or decreased reuptake. The two high-affinity sodium-dependent glial transporters [glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1) and glutamate aspartate transporter (GLAST)] mediate the bulk of glutamate transport. We studied the protein levels of GLT-1 and GLAST in the brains of rats after controlled cortical impact-induced TBI. With use of subtype-specific antibodies, GLT-1 and GLAST proteins were quantitated by immunoblotting in the ipsilateral and contralateral cortex at 2, 6, 24, 72, and 168 h after the injury. Sham-operated rats served as control. TBI resulted in a significant decrease in GLT-1 (by 20-45%; p < 0.05) and GLAST (by 30-50%; p < 0.05) protein levels between 6 and 72 h after the injury. D-[3H]Aspartate binding also decreased significantly (by 30-50%; p < 0.05) between 6 and 72 h after the injury. Decreased glial glutamate transporter function may contribute to the increased extracellular glutamate that may mediate the excitotoxic neuronal damage after TBI. This is a first report showing altered levels of glutamate transporter proteins after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Rao
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, and Veterans Affairs Hosptial, 53792, USA
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Abstract
In models of middle cerebral artery occlusion using intraluminal suture, the size and the distribution of ischemic injury vary considerably among laboratories. In transcranial models of cerebral ischemia, a more consistent cerebral ischemic lesion is seen in Spontaneously Hypertensive rats (SHR). In the present study, we performed intraluminal suture occlusion of the MCA in SHR and compared its reproducibility with those in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Male SHR and SD rats were anesthetized with halothane and subjected to 2 h of temporary middle cerebral artery occlusion by an intraluminal suture. Comparisons of regional cerebral blood flow figures taken throughout the experiment and lesion volume figures taken at 24 h after occlusion were made between the two groups. Total lesion volume in the SHR group was 263.6+/-30.5 mm3 (mean +/- SD), significantly larger and less variable than that in the SD group (145.4+/-123.7 mm3, p < 0.02). Throughout the ischemic period there was a tendency for rCBF to be lower in the SHR group than in the SD group. In some animals of both groups, recirculation could not be produced by withdrawal of the suture from the ICA. The mortality rate was 9% in the SD group and 17% in the SHR group. Intraluminal MCA occlusion in SHRs is associated with a more consistent, reliable and reproducible volume of ischemic injury. In the studies of temporary focal cerebral ischemia, this model must be accompanied by the monitoring of regional cerebral blood flow so as to obtain more reliable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dogan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin and Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison 53792, USA
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Abstract
The kinetics and pharmacology of the isoquinoline and benzodiazepine binding sites of the omega3 or peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors were studied using the specific ligands [3H] 7-chloro-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-1-methyl-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin -2-one ([3H]PK11195) and [3H]1-(2-Chlorophenyl)-N-methyl-N-(1-methylpropyl)-3-isoquinolinecarb oxamide ([3H]RO5-4864), respectively. Binding of both ligands was saturable, reversible, displayed nanomolar affinity, and best fit to a single site model. Occipital cortex and cerebellum displayed highest and lowest densities of binding sites respectively; for both ligands. Bmax values of [3H]PK11195 were several-fold higher than that of [3H]RO5-4864 in all regions studied consistent with their binding to distinct subunits of the human peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor heteromeric complex. However, the isoquinoline and benzodiazepine ligands were found to be mutually competitive at nanomolar concentrations suggesting allosteric interactions between these two sites. Competition binding experiments showed that the binding of both ligands was displaced by diazepam with Ki values in the nM range, and by clonazepam in the microM range. The novel peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor ligand 2-(4-fluorophenyl)-N,N-di-n-hexyl-1H-indole-3-acetamide (FGIN1-27) displaced only [3H]PK11195 binding with high potency. Heterogeneity of the two sites is observed, manifested by their differential susceptibility towards detergents and alcohols. Histidine residue modification by diethylpyrocarbonate treatment abolished only [3H]PK11195 binding but had no effect on [3H]RO5-4864 binding. These studies demonstrate that the isoquinoline and benzodiazepine sites on the peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor in human brain manifest many pharmacological characteristics that are distinct from each other and from rodent brain peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Rao
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Hôpital St. Luc (University of Montreal), Que., Canada
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Doğan A, Rao AM, Başkaya MK, Rao VL, Rastl J, Donaldson D, Dempsey RJ. Effects of ifenprodil, a polyamine site NMDA receptor antagonist, on reperfusion injury after transient focal cerebral ischemia. J Neurosurg 1997; 87:921-6. [PMID: 9384405 DOI: 10.3171/jns.1997.87.6.0921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are both thought to play an important role in secondary neuronal injury after cerebral ischemia. Ifenprodil, known as a noncompetitive inhibitor of polyamine sites at the NMDA receptor, was studied after transient focal cerebral ischemia occurred. Spontaneously hypertensive male rats, each weighing between 250 and 350 g, underwent 3 hours of tandem middle cerebral artery (MCA) and common carotid artery occlusion followed by reperfusion for a period of 3 hours or 21 hours. Intravenous ifenprodil (10 microg/kg/minute) or saline infusion was started immediately after the onset of MCA occlusion and continued throughout the ischemic period. Physiological parameters including blood pressure, blood gas levels, blood glucose, hemoglobin, and rectal and temporal muscle temperatures were monitored. Six rats from each group were evaluated at 6 hours postocclusion for brain water content, an indicator of brain edema, and Evans blue dye extravasation for blood-brain barrier breakdown. Infarct volume was also measured in six rats from each group at 6 and 24 hours postocclusion. Ifenprodil treatment significantly reduced brain edema (82.5 +/- 0.4% vs. 83.5 +/- 0.4%, p < 0.05) and infarct volume (132 +/- 14 mm3 vs. 168 +/- 25 mm3, p < 0.05) compared with saline treatment, with no alterations in temporal muscle (brain) or rectal (body) temperature (35.9 +/- 0.4 degrees C vs. 36.2 +/- 0.2 degrees C; 37.7 +/- 0.4 degrees C vs. 37.6 +/- 0.6 degrees C; not significant). These results demonstrate that ifenprodil has neuroprotective properties after ischemia/reperfusion injury in the absence of hypothermia. This indicates that antagonists selective for the polyamine site of the NMDA receptors may be a viable treatment option and helps to explain some of the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in secondary injury after transient focal cerebral ischemia has occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Doğan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, and Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison 53792, USA
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Abstract
It has previously been suggested that increases of L-arginine uptake into brain following portacaval shunting may result in increased activities of constitutive neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). In order to further address this issue, nNOS protein and gene expression were studied by Western blot analysis using a monoclonal nNOS antibody and RT-PCR respectively in the brains of rats following portacaval shunting or sham operation. Portacaval shunting resulted in a 2-fold increase (P < 0.01) in nNOS protein and a concomitant 2.4-fold increase (P < 0.01) in nNOS mRNA. Increased nNOS activity in brain and the resulting increase in nitric oxide production could contribute to the increased cerebral blood flow and to the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy in chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Rao
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Hôpital Saint-Luc (University of Montreal), Qué., Canada
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Rao VL, Audet RM, Butterworth RF. Portacaval shunting and hyperammonemia stimulate the uptake of L-[3H] arginine but not of L-[3H]nitroarginine into rat brain synaptosomes. J Neurochem 1997; 68:337-43. [PMID: 8978744 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1997.68010337.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Elevated activities of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) have been reported previously in the brains of portacaval-shunted (PCS) rats, a model of chronic hepatic encephalopathy (HE). As L-arginine availability for nitric oxide synthesis depends on a specific uptake mechanism in neurons, we studied the kinetics of L-[3H]-arginine uptake into synaptosomes prepared from the brains of PCS rats. Results demonstrate that L-arginine uptake is significantly increased in cerebellum (60%; p < 0.01), cerebral cortex (42%; p < 0.01), hippocampus (56%; p < 0.01), and striatum (51%; p < 0.01) of PCS rats compared with sham-operated controls. Hyperammonemia in the absence of portacaval shunting also stimulated the transport of L-[3H]arginine; kinetic analysis revealed that the elevated uptake was due to increased uptake capacity (Vmax) without any change in affinity (Km). Incubation of cerebellar synaptosomes with ammonium acetate for 10 min caused a dose-dependent stimulation of L-[3H]arginine uptake. Neither portacaval shunting nor hyperammonemia had any significant effect on the synaptosomal uptake of NG-nitro-L-[3H]arginine. These studies demonstrate that increased NOS activity observed in experimental HE may result from increased availability of L-arginine resulting from a direct stimulatory effect of ammonia on L-arginine transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Rao
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Hôpital St. Luc, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Mousseau DD, Rao VL, Butterworth RF. Vesicular dysfunction during experimental thiamine deficiency is indicated by alterations in dopamine metabolism. Eur J Pharmacol 1996; 317:263-7. [PMID: 8997609 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(96)00842-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Experimental and clinical studies indicate that catecholamines play an important role in the neurobehavioural symptomatology of thiamine deficiency. Given the cerebral region-selective vulnerability and the behavioural impairment commonly encountered in thiamine deficiency, we undertook to investigate regional catecholamine metabolism in the brains of pyrithiamine-induced thiamine-deficient rats. Dopamine metabolism was unaffected in the striatum. In contrast, other regions also known to be involved in sensory processing and intellectual function (e.g., frontal cortex, hypothalamus, thalamus), but having a greater noradrenergic input, had increased levels of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and decreased levels of other dopaminergic metabolites including noradrenaline. In these regions levels of the vesicular amine transporter, defined by tetrabenazine-sensitive [3H]ketanserin binding, were also decreased. Our data suggest a region-selective vesicular dysfunction resulting in intraneuronal release, and subsequent degradation, of dopamine. These disruptions of dopamine and consequently noradrenaline metabolism may account for certain neurobehavioural deficits commonly encountered in thiamine deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Mousseau
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Hôpital Saint-Luc (University of Montreal), Canada
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Mousseau DD, Rao VL, Butterworth RF. Alterations in serotonin parameters in brain of thiamine-deficient rats are evident prior to the appearance of neurological symptoms. J Neurochem 1996; 67:1113-23. [PMID: 8752118 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1996.67031113.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Biochemical alterations of serotoninergic parameters have been demonstrated in experimental thiamine deficiency. In addition, hypophagia and hypothermia, two physiological processes associated with changes in the serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] system, are manifest early during the progression of thiamine deficiency. The binding of selected 5-HT radioligands was therefore investigated in discrete brain regions of pyrithiamine-induced thiamine-deficient rats. Using quantitative receptor autoradiography, the binding of 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-[3H]propylamino) tetralin, a ligand used to label the somatodendritic 5-HT1A autoreceptor of the dorsal raphe nucleus, was found to be unaffected in this region, suggesting that the structural integrity of the 5-HT cell bodies is maintained throughout the course of pyrithiamine treatment. Increased binding of [3H]-ketanserin was observed in regions considered vulnerable as well as in some considered to be nonvulnerable during the course of thiamine deficiency. These binding changes, which appear to represent changes in the density of the postsynaptic 5-HT2A receptor population rather than the "tetrabenazine-sensitive" vesicular monoamine transporter, are evident before the appearance of histopathologic lesions and coincide with altered tissue concentrations of 5-HT. These data suggest that 5-HT neurons, although structurally intact, are functionally affected early during the progression of thiamine deficiency. These alterations, which are likely a part of adaptive neuronal change consequent to thiamine dysfunction, may be important in the physiological manifestations and the learning deficits commonly encountered in experimental thiamine deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Mousseau
- Department of Psychiatry, Hŏpital Saint-Luc, Montreal, Québec, Canada
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Abstract
Characteristics of the transport of the nitric oxide synthase substrate L-arginine and its inhibitor, NG-nitro-L-arginine (L-NOARG), into rat cerebellar synaptosomes were studied. Uptake of both L-arginine and L-NOARG was linear with increasing amount of protein (up to 40 micrograms) and time of incubation (up to 5 min) at 37 degrees C. Uptake of both compounds reached a steady state by 20 min. Maximal uptake of L-NOARG (650 pmol/mg of protein) was three to four times higher than that of L-arginine (170 pmol/mg of protein). L-NOARG uptake showed biphasic kinetics (Km1 = 0.72 mM, Vmax 1 = 0.98 nmol/min/mg of protein; Km2 = 2.57 mM, Vmax2 = 16.25 nmol/min/mg of protein). L-Arginine uptake was monophasic with a Km of 106 microM and a Vmax of 0.33 nmol/min/mg of protein. L-NOARG uptake was selectively inhibited by L-NOARG, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, and branched-chain and aromatic amino acids. L-Alanine and L-serine also inhibited L-NOARG uptake but with less potency. Uptake of L-arginine was selectively inhibited by NG-monomethyl-L-arginine acetate and basic amino acids. These studies suggest that in rat cerebellar synaptosomes, L-NOARG is transported by the neutral amino acid carrier systems T and L with high affinity, whereas L-arginine is transported by the basic amino acid carrier system y+ with high affinity. These data indicate that the concentration of competing amino acids is an important factor in determining the rates of uptake of L-NOARG and L-arginine into synaptosomes and, in this way, may control the activity of nitric oxide synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Rao
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Hôpital St. Luc (University of Montreal), Quebec, Canada
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48
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Abstract
Pyrithiamine-induced thiamine deficiency in the rat exhibits many neuropathological and biochemical similarities to Wernicke's Encephalopathy in human. Activities of constitutive nitric oxide synthase (NOS) were measured in vulnerable (thalamus and cerebellum) and non-vulnerable (hippocampus and striatum) brain regions of pyrithiamine-induced thiamine-deficient rats. NOS activities were significantly decreased in the thalamus (by 26%, P < 0.05) of presymptomatic thiamine-deficient rats compared to pair-fed controls. Following onset of symptoms, in addition to thalamus (-38%, P < 0.01), cerebellum (-50%, P < 0.01) also manifested significantly decreased activities of NOS. Hippocampal and striatal activities of NOS were unchanged at both presymptomatic and symptomatic stages of thiamine deficiency. Selectively decreased activities of neuronal NOS in the thalamus and the cerebellum extends the previous observations of region-selective metabolic changes and, ultimately, neuronal cell loss observed in thiamine deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Rao
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Hôpital St. Luc, University of Montreal, Canada
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49
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Mousseau DD, Rao VL, Butterworth RF. Na+,K(+)-ATPase activity is selectively increased in thalamus in thiamine deficiency prior to the appearance of neurological symptoms. Eur J Pharmacol 1996; 300:191-6. [PMID: 8739207 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(95)00865-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between progression of neurological status and the activities of both Na+,K(+)- and Mg(2+)-dependent-ATPase (adenosine 5'-triphosphate phosphohydrolase) was investigated in brain regions of pyrithiamine-induced thiamine deficient rats. Thalamic Na+,K(+)-ATPase activity was selectively increased by 200% (P < 0.01) prior to the appearance of symptoms of thiamine deficiency and normalized in symptomatic rats. This selective transitory activation precludes a mediation by brain soluble fraction Na+,K(+)-ATPase modifiers as does the unaltered distribution in regional high-affinity [3H]ouabain binding densities observed throughout the time-course used in these experiments. Na+,K(+)-ATPase maintains cellular ionic gradients and has been implicated in neurotransmitter uptake and release mechanisms. The fact that the increased thalamic Na+,K(+)-ATPase activity coincides with the early alterations in serotonin metabolism observed in similarly treated animals and the concomitantly early increase in glucose utilization previously observed in the thalamus of thiamine-deficient rats is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Mousseau
- Department of Psychiatry, Hôpital Saint-Luc (University of Montreal), Canada
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50
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Abstract
The regional distribution of NG-nitro-L-[(3)H]arginine (L-[(3)H]NOARG) binding to different regions of rat brain was studied by quantitative autoradiography. These studies revealed highest density of binding sites in cerebellum, anterior olfactory nucleus, islands of Calleja and substantia nigra with appreciable binding site densities in inferior colliculus, superior colliculus, olfactory tubercle and dorsal tegmental nucleus. The regional distribution of L-[(3)H]NOARG binding, is in good agreement with the distribution of nitric oxide synthase studied previously by NADPH-diaphorase staining and immunohistochemistry using antibodies against neuronal nitric oxide synthase. The kinetics of L-[(3)H]NOARG binding to the cytosolic preparations of cerebral cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus and striatum was studied using an in vitro binding technique. Specific L-[(3)H]NOARG binding was of nanomolar affinity, saturable, and best fit to a single-site model in all four brain regions. These studies support the potential use of L-[(3)H]NOARG binding as a tool for further elucidation of the regional distribution and functional properties of NOS in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Rao
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Hospital St. Luc (University of Montreal), Montral, QC, Canada
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