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Prag HA, Pala L, Kula-Alwar D, Mulvey JF, Luping D, Beach TE, Booty LM, Hall AR, Logan A, Sauchanka V, Caldwell ST, Robb EL, James AM, Xu Z, Saeb-Parsy K, Hartley RC, Murphy MP, Krieg T. Ester Prodrugs of Malonate with Enhanced Intracellular Delivery Protect Against Cardiac Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury In Vivo. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2022; 36:1-13. [PMID: 32648168 PMCID: PMC8770414 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-020-07033-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production upon reperfusion of ischemic tissue initiates the ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury associated with heart attack. During ischemia, succinate accumulates and its oxidation upon reperfusion by succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) drives ROS production. Inhibition of succinate accumulation and/or oxidation by dimethyl malonate (DMM), a cell permeable prodrug of the SDH inhibitor malonate, can decrease I/R injury. However, DMM is hydrolysed slowly, requiring administration to the heart prior to ischemia, precluding its administration to patients at the point of reperfusion, for example at the same time as unblocking a coronary artery following a heart attack. To accelerate malonate delivery, here we developed more rapidly hydrolysable malonate esters. METHODS We synthesised a series of malonate esters and assessed their uptake and hydrolysis by isolated mitochondria, C2C12 cells and in mice in vivo. In addition, we assessed protection against cardiac I/R injury by the esters using an in vivo mouse model of acute myocardial infarction. RESULTS We found that the diacetoxymethyl malonate diester (MAM) most rapidly delivered large amounts of malonate to cells in vivo. Furthermore, MAM could inhibit mitochondrial ROS production from succinate oxidation and was protective against I/R injury in vivo when added at reperfusion. CONCLUSIONS The rapidly hydrolysed malonate prodrug MAM can protect against cardiac I/R injury in a clinically relevant mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiran A Prag
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Laura Pala
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | | | - John F Mulvey
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Du Luping
- Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Timothy E Beach
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Lee M Booty
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Andrew R Hall
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Angela Logan
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Volha Sauchanka
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | - Ellen L Robb
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Andrew M James
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Zhelong Xu
- Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Kourosh Saeb-Parsy
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | - Michael P Murphy
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Thomas Krieg
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
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