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Feitz WJC, van Setten PA, van der Velden TJAM, Licht C, van den Heuvel LPJW, van de Kar NCAJ. Cell Biological Responses after Shiga Toxin-1 Exposure to Primary Human Glomerular Microvascular Endothelial Cells from Pediatric and Adult Origin. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115615. [PMID: 34070679 PMCID: PMC8199108 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is characterized by a triad of symptoms consisting of hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia and acute renal failure. The most common form of HUS is caused by an infection with Shiga toxin (Stx) producing Escherichia coli bacteria (STEC-HUS), and the kidneys are the major organs affected. The development of HUS after an infection with Stx occurs most frequently in children under the age of 5 years. However, the cause for the higher incidence of STEC-HUS in children compared to adults is still not well understood. Human glomerular microvascular endothelial cells (HGMVECs) isolated and cultured from pediatric and adult kidney tissue were investigated with respect to Stx binding and different cellular responses. Shiga toxin-1 (Stx-1) inhibited protein synthesis in both pediatric and adult HGMVECs in a dose-dependent manner at basal conditions. The preincubation of pediatric and adult HGMVECs for 24 hrs with TNFα resulted in increased Stx binding to the cell surface and a 20-40% increase in protein synthesis inhibition in both age groups. A decreased proliferation of cells was found when a bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) assay was performed. A trend towards a delay in endothelial wound closure was visible when pediatric and adult HGMVECs were incubated with Stx-1. Although minor differences between pediatric HGMVECs and adult HGMVECs were found in the assays applied in this study, no significant differences were observed. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that in vitro primary HGMVECs isolated from pediatric and adult kidneys do not significantly differ in their cell biological responses to Stx-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter J. C. Feitz
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Amalia Children’s Hospital, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (W.J.C.F.); (T.J.A.M.v.d.V.); (L.P.J.W.v.d.H.)
- Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada;
- Department of Pediatrics, Amalia Children’s Hospital, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Petra A. van Setten
- Department of Pediatrics, Amalia Children’s Hospital, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Thea J. A. M. van der Velden
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Amalia Children’s Hospital, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (W.J.C.F.); (T.J.A.M.v.d.V.); (L.P.J.W.v.d.H.)
| | - Christoph Licht
- Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada;
- Division of Nephrology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Lambert P. J. W. van den Heuvel
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Amalia Children’s Hospital, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (W.J.C.F.); (T.J.A.M.v.d.V.); (L.P.J.W.v.d.H.)
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Department of Pediatric Nephrology, KU, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nicole C. A. J. van de Kar
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Amalia Children’s Hospital, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (W.J.C.F.); (T.J.A.M.v.d.V.); (L.P.J.W.v.d.H.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Amalia Children’s Hospital, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-24-36-14430
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Feitz WJC, van de Kar NCAJ, Cheong I, van der Velden TJAM, Ortiz-Sandoval CG, Orth-Höller D, van den Heuvel LPJW, Licht C. Primary Human Derived Blood Outgrowth Endothelial Cells: An Appropriate In Vitro Model to Study Shiga Toxin Mediated Damage of Endothelial Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12080483. [PMID: 32751286 PMCID: PMC7472281 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12080483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a rare disease primarily characterized by hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure. Endothelial damage is the hallmark of the pathogenesis of HUS with an infection with the Shiga toxin (Stx) producing Escherichia coli (STEC-HUS) as the main underlying cause in childhood. In this study, blood outgrowth endothelial cells (BOECs) were isolated from healthy donors serving as controls and patients recovered from STEC-HUS. We hypothesized that Stx is more cytotoxic for STEC-HUS BOECs compared to healthy donor control BOECs explained via a higher amount of Stx bound to the cell surface. Binding of Shiga toxin-2a (Stx2a) was investigated and the effect on cytotoxicity, protein synthesis, wound healing, and cell proliferation was studied in static conditions. Results show that BOECs are highly susceptible for Stx2a. Stx2a is able to bind to the cell surface of BOECs with cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner as a result. Pre-treatment with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) results in enhanced Stx binding with 20–30% increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. Endothelial wound healing is delayed in a Stx2a-rich environment; however, this is not caused by an effect on the proliferation rate of BOECs. No significant differences were found between control BOECs and BOECs from recovered STEC-HUS patients in terms of Stx2a binding and inhibition of protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter J. C. Feitz
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Amalia Children’s Hospital, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (W.J.C.F.); (N.C.A.J.v.d.K.); (T.J.A.M.v.d.V.); (L.P.J.W.v.d.H.)
- Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; (I.C.); (C.G.O.-S.)
| | - Nicole C. A. J. van de Kar
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Amalia Children’s Hospital, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (W.J.C.F.); (N.C.A.J.v.d.K.); (T.J.A.M.v.d.V.); (L.P.J.W.v.d.H.)
| | - Ian Cheong
- Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; (I.C.); (C.G.O.-S.)
| | - Thea J. A. M. van der Velden
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Amalia Children’s Hospital, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (W.J.C.F.); (N.C.A.J.v.d.K.); (T.J.A.M.v.d.V.); (L.P.J.W.v.d.H.)
| | - Carolina G. Ortiz-Sandoval
- Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; (I.C.); (C.G.O.-S.)
| | - Dorothea Orth-Höller
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Lambert P. J. W. van den Heuvel
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Amalia Children’s Hospital, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (W.J.C.F.); (N.C.A.J.v.d.K.); (T.J.A.M.v.d.V.); (L.P.J.W.v.d.H.)
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Department of Pediatric Nephrology, KU, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christoph Licht
- Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; (I.C.); (C.G.O.-S.)
- Division of Nephrology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-416-813-7654 (ext. 309343)
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Volokhina EB, Feitz WJC, Elders LM, van der Velden TJAM, van de Kar NCAJ, van den Heuvel LPWJ. Shiga Toxin Selectively Upregulates Expression of Syndecan-4 and Adhesion Molecule ICAM-1 in Human Glomerular Microvascular Endothelium. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E435. [PMID: 32635212 PMCID: PMC7405002 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12070435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a severe renal disease that is often preceded by infection with Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). The exact mechanism of Stx-mediated inflammation on human glomerular microvascular endothelial cells (HGMVECs) during HUS is still not well understood. In this study, we investigated the effect of Stx1 on the gene expression of proteins involved in leucocyte-mediated and complement-mediated inflammation. Our results showed that Stx1 enhances the mRNA and protein expression of heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) syndecan-4 in HGMVECs pre-stimulated with tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). CD44 was upregulated on mRNA but not on protein level; no effect on the mRNA expression of other tested HSPGs glypican-1 and betaglycan was observed. Furthermore, Stx1 upregulated the mRNA, cell surface expression, and supernatant levels of the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in HGMVECs. Interestingly, no effect on the protein levels of alternative pathway (AP) components was observed, although C3 mRNA was upregulated. All observed effects were much stronger in HGMVECs than in human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVECs), a common model cell type used in endothelial studies. Our results provide new insights into the role of Stx1 in the pathogenesis of HUS. Possibilities to target the overexpression of syndecan-4 and ICAM-1 for STEC-HUS therapy should be investigated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena B. Volokhina
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Amalia Children’s Hospital, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (W.J.C.F.); (L.M.E.); (T.J.A.M.v.d.V.); (N.C.A.J.v.d.K.); (L.P.W.J.v.d.H.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter J. C. Feitz
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Amalia Children’s Hospital, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (W.J.C.F.); (L.M.E.); (T.J.A.M.v.d.V.); (N.C.A.J.v.d.K.); (L.P.W.J.v.d.H.)
| | - Lonneke M. Elders
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Amalia Children’s Hospital, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (W.J.C.F.); (L.M.E.); (T.J.A.M.v.d.V.); (N.C.A.J.v.d.K.); (L.P.W.J.v.d.H.)
| | - Thea J. A. M. van der Velden
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Amalia Children’s Hospital, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (W.J.C.F.); (L.M.E.); (T.J.A.M.v.d.V.); (N.C.A.J.v.d.K.); (L.P.W.J.v.d.H.)
| | - Nicole C. A. J. van de Kar
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Amalia Children’s Hospital, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (W.J.C.F.); (L.M.E.); (T.J.A.M.v.d.V.); (N.C.A.J.v.d.K.); (L.P.W.J.v.d.H.)
| | - Lambertus P. W. J. van den Heuvel
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Amalia Children’s Hospital, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (W.J.C.F.); (L.M.E.); (T.J.A.M.v.d.V.); (N.C.A.J.v.d.K.); (L.P.W.J.v.d.H.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Abstract
Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) is a disorder characterized by thrombocytopenia and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia due to endothelial injury. aHUS is felt to be caused by defective complement regulation due to underlying genetic mutations in complement regulators or activators, most often of the alternative pathway. Mutations causing aHUS can be subdivided into two groups, loss of function mutations (affecting factor H, factor H-related proteins, membrane co-factor protein, and factor I), and gain of function mutations (affecting factor B and C3). As more information becomes available on the relationship between specific mutations and clinical outcome, complete genetic workup of aHUS patients becomes more and more important. In this review, we will discuss the genetic background of aHUS, the role of complement for aHUS pathogenesis, and the different groups of specific mutations known to be involved in the pathogenesis of aHUS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter J C Feitz
- 1Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,2Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nicole C A J van de Kar
- 1Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dorothea Orth-Höller
- 3Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lambert P J W van den Heuvel
- 1Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,4Department of Development and Regeneration, Department of Pediatric Nephrology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christoph Licht
- 2Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,5Division of Nephrology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,6Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Abstract
Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) is a disorder characterized by thrombocytopenia and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia due to endothelial injury. aHUS is felt to be caused by defective complement regulation due to underlying genetic mutations in complement regulators or activators, most often of the alternative pathway. Mutations causing aHUS can be subdivided into two groups, loss of function mutations (affecting factor H, factor H-related proteins, membrane co-factor protein, and factor I), and gain of function mutations (affecting factor B and C3). As more information becomes available on the relationship between specific mutations and clinical outcome, complete genetic workup of aHUS patients becomes more and more important. In this review, we will discuss the genetic background of aHUS, the role of complement for aHUS pathogenesis, and the different groups of specific mutations known to be involved in the pathogenesis of aHUS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter J C Feitz
- 1Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,2Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nicole C A J van de Kar
- 1Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dorothea Orth-Höller
- 3Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lambert P J W van den Heuvel
- 1Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,4Department of Development and Regeneration, Department of Pediatric Nephrology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christoph Licht
- 2Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,5Division of Nephrology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,6Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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