[Effects of tetramethylpyrazine on pharmacokinetics in plasma and brain dialysate and neuropathic pain in rat model of spared sciatic nerve injury]

This study aims to explore the effects of tetramethylpyrazine(TMP) on pharmacokinetics in plasma and brain dialysate and neuropathic pain in the rat model of partial sciatic nerve injury(SNI), and to investigate the correlation between the analgesic effect of TMP and its concentrations in the plasma and brain dialysate. Male SD rats were randomized into Sham, SNI, and SNI+TMP groups. Mechanical stimulation with von frey filaments and cold spray method were employed to evaluate the mechanical sensitivity and cold sensitivity of rats. Another two groups, Sham+TMP and SNI+TMP, were used to intubate the common jugular vein and implant microdialysis probes into the anterior cingulate gyrus(ACC), respectively.After intraperitoneal injection of TMP at a dose of 80 mg·kg~(-1), automatic blood collection and intracerebral microdialysis(perfusion rate of 1 μL·min~(-1)) systems were used to collect the blood and brain dialysate for 24 h. HSS T3 C_(18) reversed-phase chromatographic column(2.1 mm×50 mm, 2.5 μm) was used for liquid chromatographic separation. Gradient elution was carried out with the mobile phase of methanol-water(containing 0.005% formic acid) at a flow rate of 0.25 mL·min~(-1). Electrospray ion source was used for mass spectrometry, and the scanning mode was multi-reaction monitoring under the positive ion mode. The ion pairs for quantitative analysis were TMP m/z 137/122 and aspirin m/z 179/137, respectively. DAS 2.11 was used to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters. The optimal time of TMP to exert the analgesia effect and inhibit cold pain sensitivity was 60 min after treatment. The TMP in the plasma and brain dialysate of SNI rats showed the T_(max) of 15 min and 30 min, the C_(max) of(2 866.43±135.39) and(1 462.14±197.38) μg·L~(-1), the AUC_(0-t) of(241 463.30±28 070.31) and(213 115.62±32 570.07) μg·min·L~(-1), the MRT_(0-t) of(353.13±47.73) and(172.16±12.72) min, and the CL_Z of 0.73 and 0.36 L·min·kg~(-1), respectively. The analgesic effect of TMP had a significant correlation with the blood drug concentration in the ACC, which indicated that this method was suitable for the detection of TMP in rat plasma and brain dialysate. The method is accurate, reliable, and sensitive and can realize the important value of the application of correlation analysis theory of "automatic blood collection-microdialysis/PK-PD" in the research on neuropathic pain.

Shenlian extract protected ox-LDL-loaded macrophages against ER stress by promoting LAL-LXRα mediated cholesterol flux

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Shenlian (SL) extract is consisted of extracts from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge and Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees, two herbs commonly used in Chinese clinical formula to treat atherosclerosis by removing blood stasis and clearing away heat. Pharmacologically, the anti-atherosclerotic effects of these two herbs are related to unresolved inflammation and the macrophage anergy or apoptosis in lesions led by the lipid flux blockage and ER stress. However, the deeper understanding of SL extract in protecting macrophage in plaques remains unknown.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aimed to investigate the underlying mechanism of SL extract in protecting ER-stressed macrophages from apoptosis in atherosclerosis.

METHODS

The ApoE-/- atherosclerotic mice model and ox-LDL loaded macrophages model were established to assess the effect of SL extract on ER stress in vivo and in vitro. Key markers related to ER stress in plaque were determined by immunohistochemical staining. Proteins involved in apoptosis and ER stress in macrophages loaded by ox-LDL were assessed by Western blot. ER morphology was observed by electron microscope. Lipid flux was temporally and quantitatively depicted by Oil red staining. The LAL and LXRα were blocked by lalistat and Gsk 2033 respectively to investigate whether SL extract protected the function of macrophages by the activation of LAL-LXRα axis.

RESULTS

Our study reported that, in ApoE-/- atherosclerotic mice, SL extract effectively relieved ER stress of carotid artery plaque. In lipid-overloaded macrophage models, SL extract significantly alleviated ER stress by promoting cholesterol degradation and efflux, which finally prevented apoptosis of foam cells induced by ox-LDL. Blockage of ER stress by 4-Phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA), an inhibitor of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) stress, largely attenuated the protective effects of SL extract on macrophage. By utilizing the selective antagonists against both LAL and LXRα, this study further revealed that the beneficial effects of SL extract in macrophages was dependent on the proper functionalization of LAL-LXRα axis.

CONCLUSIONS

By highlighting the therapeutic significance of macrophage protection in resolving atherosclerosis inflammation, our study pharmacologically provided convincing mechanistic evidence of SL extract in the activation LAL-LXRα axis and revealed its promising potential in the promotion of cholesterol turnover and prevention of ER stress induced apoptosis in lipid-loaded macrophages.

[Pharmacodynamic substances and therapeutic potential of Wuji Pills:based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS and network pharmacology]

As a classic prescription, Wuji Pills is composed of Coptidis Rhizoma, Euodiae Fructus Preparata, and stir-fried Paeo-niae Radix Alba at the ratio of 6∶1∶6. The practical application of it is limited compared with other famous Chinese medicine prescriptions. Only one company produces Wuji Pills in China. In this study, ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) was used to analyze and identify 26 identical compounds from Wuji Pills and drug-containing plasma of rats. Based on these components, 46 potential targets were screened out with network pharmacology methods, followed by the component-target network construction, Gene Ontology(GO) term enrichment, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG) pathway enrichment, and disease prediction. It was concluded that Wuji Pills acted on core targets such as PTGS2, PTSG1, NCOA2, HSP9 OAD1, and RXRA through magnoflorine, hydroxyevodiamine, daucosterol, and berberine and exerted pharmacodynamic effects through various pathways such as calcium ion signaling pathway, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-protein kinase B(PI3 K-Akt) signaling pathway, and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) signaling pathway. Thus, Wuji Pills has therapeutic potential for Alzheimer's disease, diabetes mellitus, myocardial ischemia, and other diseases in addition to the conventional disease(irritable bowel syndrome, IBS). The above research results can provide a reference for the comprehensive interpretation of the pharmacodynamic basis of Wuji Pills and the expansion of clinical application. At the same time, a lot of components in serum and the in vivo transformed and metabolized components of Wuji Pills have similar structure and relative molecular weight. In theory, these components may show additive effects and the competitive/antagonistic effects on the same target. According to the hypothesis of "additive effect of multiple components for a single target" in traditional Chinese medicine, multiple similar components may exert the additive effects on local targets. This study can partly prove the scientificity of this hypothesis and provide laboratory evidence.

Network pharmacology analysis and experimental validation to explore the mechanism of Shenlian extract on myocardial ischemia

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Shenlian extract (SL), extracted from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge and Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees, has been proved to be effective in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis. Recently, we have partially elucidated the mechanisms involved in the therapeutic effects of SL on myocardial ischemia (MI). However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aims to explore the potential molecular mechanism of SL on MI on the basis of network pharmacology.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

First, the main active ingredients of SL were screened in the Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Database, and the MI-associated targets were collected from the DisGeNET database. Then, we used compound-target and target-pathway networks to uncover the therapeutic mechanisms of SL. On the basis of network pharmacology analysis results, we assessed the effects of SL in MI rat model and oxygen glucose deprivation model of H9c2 cells and validated the possible molecular mechanisms of SL on myocardial injury in vivo and in vitro.

RESULTS

The network pharmacology results showed that 37 potential targets were recognized, including TNF-α, Bcl-2, STAT3, PI3K and MMP2. These results revealed that the possible targets of SL were involved in the regulation of inflammation and apoptosis signaling pathway. Then, in vivo experiments indicated that SL significantly reduced the myocardial infarction size of MI rats. Serum CK-MB, cTnT, CK, LDH, and AST levels were significantly decreased by SL (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). In vitro, SL significantly increased H9c2 cell viability. The levels of inflammation factors including TNF-α and MMP2 were significantly decreased by SL (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). TUNEL and Annexin V/propidium iodide assays indicated that SL could significantly decrease the cell apoptotic rate in vivo and in vitro (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The remarkable upregulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and downregulation of pro-apoptotic Bax protein level further confirmed this result. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis showed that the PI3K-AKT and JAK2-STAT3 pathways were significantly enriched in SL. Compared with the model group, SL treatment significantly activated the PI3K-AKT and JAK2-STAT3 pathways in vivo and in vitro according to Western blot analyses.

CONCLUSION

SL could protect the myocardium from MI injury. The underlying mechanism may be related to the reduction of inflammation and apoptosis by activating the PI3K/AKT and JAK2/STAT3 pathways.

[Mechanism of Chuanxiong Rhizoma intervention on central sensitization of Panx1-Src-NMDAR-2B signaling pathway in neuropathic pain model rats]

Excitatory toxicity(ET) is an important factor of neuropathic pain(NPP) induced by central sensitization(CS), and the association of pannexin-1(Panx1)-Src-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 2 B(NMDAR-2 B) is an important new pathway for ET to initiate CS. The present study confirmed whether the central analgesic effect of Chuanxiong Rhizoma extract(CRE) was achieved through the synchronous regulation of the brain and spinal pathways of Panx1-Src-NMDAR-2 B. In this study, dynamic and simulta-neo-us microdialysis of the brain and spinal cord in vivo combined with behavioristics, high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)-fluorescence detection, microdialysis analysis(ISCUS~(flex)), ultrasensitive multifactorial electrochemiluminescence immunoassay, ELISA, and Western blot was employed to investigate the protein expression of NMDAR-2 B, Src, and Panx1, extracellular excitatory amino acids, cytokines, energy metabolites, and substance P in spinal dorsal horn(SDH) and anterior cingulate cortex(ACC) after CRE intervention with the rat model of spared sciatic nerve injury(SNI) as the experimental tool. Compared with the sham group, the SNI group exhibited diminished mechanical withdrawal threshold(MWT)(P&lt;0.01), increased cold spray scores(P&lt;0.01), glutamate(Glu), D-serine(D-Ser), and glycine(Gly) in extracellular fluids of ACC, and Glu, D-Ser, interleukin-1β(IL-1β), and lactic acid(Lac) in extracellular fluids of SDH(P&lt;0.05), dwindled tumor necrosis factor(TNF-α)(P&lt;0.05), and elevated protein levels of NMDAR-2 B, Src, and Panx1 in ACC(P&lt;0.05). Compared with the SNI model rats, high-and medium-dose CRE(CRE-H/M) could potentiate the analgesic activity as revealed by the MWT test(P&lt;0.05) and CRE-M enabled the decrease in cold spray scores(P&lt;0.05). CRE-H/M could inhibit the levels of Glu, D-Ser and Gly in the extracellular fluids of ACC(P&lt;0.05), and the levels of Glu in the extracellular fluids of SDH(P&lt;0.05) in SNI rats. CRE-M significantly increased the levels of glucose(Gluc), Lac, interferon-gamma(IFN-γ), keratinocyte chemoattractant/human growth-regulated oncogenes(KC/GRO), and IL-4 in extracellular fluids of SDH in SNI rats(P&lt;0.05). CRE-H/M/L could also inhibit the levels of NMDAR-2 B, Src and Panx1 in ACC and SDH in SNI rats(P&lt;0.05). The central analgesic effect of CRE is presumedly related to the inhibited release of excitatory amino acid transmitters(Glu, D-Ser and Gly) in ACC and SDH of SNI rats, decreased protein expression of NMDAR-2 B, Src and Panx1 in the two regions, and the regulation of the Panx1-Src-NMDAR-2 B pathway in the spinal cord and brain. The above findings partially clarified the scientific basis of clinical analgesic effect of Chuanxiong Rhizoma.

[Shenlian extract attenuates TNF-α-induced ECV304 injury by regulating Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway]

This study aimed to investigate the effect and the possible mechanism of Shenlian( SL) extract on tumor necrosis factor-α( TNF-α)-induced ECV304 injury. After the establishment of TNF-α-induced ECV304 cells injure model,MTT assay was used to detect cell viability and the level of reactive oxygen species( ROS) was measured by flow cytometry. The contents of superoxide dismutase( SOD),malondialdehyde( MDA),nitric oxide( NO),endothelin-1( ET-1) and interleukin-1β( IL-1β) in the supernatant were detected by biochemical method and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay( ELISA). The expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins B-lymphoma-2 gene( Bcl-2),Bcl-2 associated X protein( Bax),caspase-3,caspase-9 and nuclear factor E2 associated factor2( Nrf2)/Kelch like epichlorohydrin associated protein-1( Keap1) signaling pathway related proteins Nrf2,Keap1,quinone oxidoreductase( NQO1) and heme oxygenase 1( HO-1) were detected by Western blot. The results showed that 50 μg·L-1 TNF-α significantly damaged ECV304 cells,induced the impairment of cell viability( P&lt;0. 01),the increase of ROS production,the decrease of SOD activity,and the increase of MDA,NO,ET-1 and IL-1β( P&lt;0. 01),meanwhile,it caused the up-regulation of Keap1,caspase-9 and Bax protein expression,and down-regulation of NQO1 and Bcl-2 protein expression( P&lt;0. 05) compared with the control group.Compared with the model group,SL extract reduced the damage of ECV304 cells induced by TNF-α,improved cell viability,reduced ROS production,increased SOD activity and decreased MDA,NO,ET-1,IL-1β content( P&lt;0. 01 or P&lt;0. 05). In addition,SL extract also down-regulated the protein expression levels of Keap1,caspase-3,caspase-9 and Bax,and increased the protein expressions of Nrf2,NQO1,HO-1 and Bcl-2( P&lt;0. 01 or P&lt;0. 05). The above results indicate that SL extract can provide protective effect on ECV304 cells injury induced by TNF-α,alleviate oxidative stress injury,inflammation and apoptosis,and its mechanism may be related to regulating Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway.

[Influences of gas explosion on acute blast lung injury and time phase changes of pulmonary function in rats under real roadway environment]

Objective: The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of gas explosion on rats and to explore the pulmonary function alterations associated with gas explosion-induced acute blast lung injury (ABLI) in real roadway environment. Methods: In April 2018, the large coal mine gas explosion test roadway and explosion test system were used to simulate the real gas explosion roadway environment, fixed the cage and set the explosion parameters. 72 SD rats, male, SPF grade, were randomly divided into nine groups by completely random grouping method according to their body weight: control group, close range group (160 m) , and long range group (240 m) . In each group, there were wound groups (24 h group and 48h group, 8/group, total 48 in six groups) and no wound groups (8/group, total 24 in three groups) . Except for the control group, the other groups were placed in cages at different distances under anesthesia, the experiment of gas explosion was carried out by placing the rats in a position that could force the lungs. The changes of respiratory function of the rats in the non-invasive group were monitored with pulmonary function instrument at 2 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 168h after the explosion, and were killed under anesthesia 7 days later; the rats in invasive groups were anesthetized and killed at 24 h, 48 h and 168 h, respectively. Gross observation, lung wet-dry ratio and lung histopathology were performed. Results: Compared with the control group, f (respiratory frequency, f) , MV (minute ventilation, MV) , PEF (peak expiratory flow rate, PEF) , PIF (peak inspiratory flow rate, PIF) and EF50 (1/2 tidal volume expiratory flow, EF50) of rats in the close and long range groups decreased significantly after gas explosion 2 h. PAU (respiration pause, PAU) , Te (expiratory time, Te) , Ti (inspiratory time, Ti) and Tr (relaxation time, Tr) were significantly increased (P<0.05) . After 48 h, TV (tidal volume, TV) , Penh (enhanced respiration pause, Penh) , PAU, and PIF of rats in the long range group were significantly increased (P<0.05) . After 72 h, MV in the long range group was significantly decreased (P<0.05) . Compared with the control group, Penh, PAU, Ti and Te were significantly decreased after 168 h in the close and long range groups, with statistical significance (P<0.05) . At the same time, the body weight of rats in different range groups was significantly decreased (P<0.05) . In addition, both HE staining and routine observation of lung tissues of rats in different range groups showed that gas explosion caused pulmonary edema, obviously congested pulmonary capillaries, a large number of inflammatory cells and infiltrated red blood cells. Conclusion: Gas explosion in real roadway environment can cause the change of respiratory function phase and lung tissue damage in rats, suggesting that the model of gas explosion-induced ABLI has been initially established successfully, which would provide a basis for further study on the pathogenesis of ABLI.

[Potential therapies for COVID-19 cardiovascular complications using artemisinin and its derivatives intervene based on its cardiovascular protection]

Corona virus disease 2019(COVID-19) has brought untold human sufferings and economic tragedy worldwide. It causes acute myocardial injury and chronic damage of cardiovascular system, which has attracted much attention from researchers. For the immediate strategy for COVID-19, &quot;drug repurposing&quot; is a new opportunity for developing drugs to fight COVID-19. Artemisinin and its derivatives have a wide range of pharmacological activities. Recent studies have shown that artemisinin has clear cardiovascular protective effects. This paper summarizes the research progress on the pathogenesis the pathogenesis of COVID-19 in cardiovascular damage by 2019 novel coronavirus(2019-nCoV) virus from myocardial cell injury directly by 2019-nCoV virus,viral ligands competitively bind to ACE2 and then reduce the protective effect of ACE2 on cardiovascular disease, &quot;cytokine storm&quot; related myocardial damage, arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death induced by the infection and stress, myocardial injury by hypoxemia, heart damage side effects from COVID-19 drugs and summarizing the cardiovascular protective effects of artemisinin and its derivatives have activities of anti-arrhythmia, anti-myocardial ischemia, anti-atherosclerosis and plaque stabilization. Then analyzed the possible multi-pathway intervention effects of artemisinin-based drugs on multiple complications of COVID-19 based on its specific immunomodulatory effects, protective effects of tissue and organ damage and broad-spectrum antiviral effect, to provide clues for the treatment of cardiovascular complications of COVID-19, and give a new basis for the therapy of COVID-19 through &quot;drug repurposing&quot;.

Metabolomic differences of seminal plasma between boars with high and low average conception rates after artificial insemination

Seminal plasma is a complex biological fluid containing many metabolites including amino acids, fructose, carbohydrates and lipids Metabolites play important roles in multiple biological processes, but details and significance of the seminal plasma metabolome related to boar fertility are unknown. The aim of the present study was to compare the comprehensive metabolome of seminal plasma from boars with different conception rate after artificial insemination and to identify the potential biomarkers. Semen samples were collected from boars which divided into two groups according to the conception rates in the offspring. Seminal plasma metabolites were isolated, purified, and then subjected to Ultra-high Performance Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-qTOF-MS) procession. A total of 576 (Positive ion mode) and 377 (Negative ion mode) metabolites were identified in seminal plasma. Metabolites were identified and categorized according to their major chemical classes, including carboxylic acids and derivatives, organooxygen compounds, amino acids, peptides, and alogues, fatty amides, fatty acyls, benzene and substituted derivatives, purine nucleotides, pyrimidine nucleotides, glycosyl compounds, fatty acids and conjugates. The results showed that 4-Aminobenzoate, Pro-Asn, Ile-Tyr, Homoveratric acid and D-Biotin were higher in semen of boar with higher conception rate (HG) versus lower conception rate (LG) (p < .05), whereas L-Serine, Butoxyacetic acid, S-Methyl-5'-thioadenosine, Capsaicin and 1-O-(cis-9-Octadecenyl)-2-O-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PAF) were lower in HG than in LG (p < .05). These metabolites may be considered as candidate biomarkers for different fertility in boars.

The abnormalities of coagulation and fibrinolysis in acute lung injury caused by gas explosion

Acute lung injury (ALI) caused by gas explosion is common, and warrants research on the underlying mechanisms. Specifically, the role of abnormalities of coagulation and fibrinolysis in this process has not been defined. It was hypothesized that the abnormal coagulation and fibrinolysis promoted ALI caused by gas explosion. Based on the presence of ALI, 74 cases of gas explosion injury were divided into the ALI and non-ALI groups. The results of prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), fibrinogen (FIB), and platelet count (PLT) were collected within 24 hours and compared between the groups. ALI models caused by gas explosion were established in Sprague Dawley rats, and injuries were evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and histopathological scoring. Moreover, the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected to examine thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT), tissue factor (TF), tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The patients in ALI group had shorter PT and longer APTT, raised concentration of FIB and decreased number of PLT, as compared to the non-ALI group. In ALI rats, the HE staining revealed red blood cells in alveoli and interstitial thickening within 2 hours which peaked at 72 hours. The levels of TAT/TF in the BALF increased continually until the seventh day, while the PAI-1 was raised after 24 hours and 7 days. The TFPI was elevated after 2 hours and 24 hours, and then decreased after 72 hours. Abnormalities in coagulation and fibrinolysis in lung tissues play a role in ALI caused by gas explosion.

[Screening combination ratio and exploring mechanism of Momordicae Semen and Epimedii Folium]

The aim of this paper was to obtain low toxicity and high efficiency anti-tumor Chinese medicine through screening the combination ratios of Momordicae Semen and Epimedii Folium, and to explore the anti-tumor mechanism of the combination of two drugs by observing their effect on apoptosis-related proteins in cancer cells. Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium(MTT) assay was used to observe the effect of drug combination on the proliferation of tumor cells from different tissue sources. The effects of the combination of the two drugs on tumor cells were analyzed by Compusyn software. Plate cloning assay was used to observe the effect of combination of these two drugs on the proliferation of A549 cells in vitro. The expression of reactive oxygen species(ROS) and apoptotic proteins p53, Bcl-2 and Bax were compared by using ROS kit and Western blot. Lewis lung cancer model was used to observe the anti-tumor effect of drugs in vivo. The results showed that the anti-tumor effect of their ethanol extract was more significant than that of water extract, and the anti-proliferation effect was strongest when the ratio was 1∶1(P&lt;0.05). Compusyn analysis showed that the combination of the two drugs had synergistic effect. Further studies showed that after combined use, the number of clonogen formation in A549 cells was significantly reduced(P&lt;0.01); ROS production was increased; the expression of apoptosis-related protein p53 was up-regulated, and the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax was decreased. In vivo animal study showed that the tumor inhibition rate was 53.06%(P&lt;0.05) in the high dose group. As compared with the single use of the two drugs, the combination of the two drugs had more significant anti-proliferative effect on tumors, and the optimum ratio was 1∶1. The combination of the two drugs at a ratio of 1∶1 inhibited the proliferation of various tumor cells, and had no significant effect on normal liver cells LO2 when compared with other ratios. Therefore, it can be preliminarily inferred that the combination of the two drugs may have the effect of synergism and detoxification. Further studies showed that the combination of the two drugs can significantly inhibit the proliferation of A549 cells, and its mechanism may be related to the activation of endogenous apoptotic pathway. In vivo experiments also showed that the tumor inhibition rate increased with the increase of drug concentration.

Shenlian Extract Against Myocardial Injury Induced by Ischemia Through the Regulation of NF-κB/IκB Signaling Axis

Ischemic heart disease (IHD), caused predominantly by atherosclerosis, is a leading cause of global mortality. Our previous studies showed that Shenlian extract (SL) could prevent the formation of atherosclerosis and enhance the stability of atherosclerotic plaques. To further investigate the protective effects of SL on myocardial ischemic injury and its possible mechanisms, anesthetized dogs, ex vivo rat hearts, and H9c2 cardiomyocytes were used as models. The results showed that SL had a significant protective effect on the anesthetized dog ligating coronary artery model, reduced the degree of myocardial ischemia (Σ-ST), and reduced the scope of myocardial ischemia (N-ST). Meanwhile, SL alleviated ischemic reperfusion damage in ex vivo rat hearts with improved LVEDP and ± dp/dt_max values of the left ventricle. SL reduced the pathological changes of LDH, IL-1β, MDA, and NO contents, all of which are related to the expression of NF-κB. Further analysis by Bio-Plex array and signal pathway blocker revealed that the phosphorylation of IκB was a key factor for SL to inhibit myocardial ischemic injury, and the regulation of SL on IκB was primarily related to degradation of the IκB protein. These results provided dependable evidence that SL could protect against myocardial ischemic injury through the NF-κB signaling pathway.

[Research progress of effect of artemisinin family drugs on T lymphocytes immunomodulation]

Artemisinin was isolated from traditional Chinese herb Artemisia annua for treating malaria. A series of derivatives,like dihydroartemisinin,artesunate,artemether,artether,had the same core chemical structure,and sesquiterpene lactone containing peroxide bridge constitute the basic chemical structure. Besides anti-malaria,artemisinin family drugs were found to ameliorate many different diseases,which have attracted wide attention in recent years. Among different diseases,artemisinin family drugs were found to have T lymphocytes immunomodulation effects,including activation,proliferation,differentiation,apoptosis and subsets function. Because T cell immunologic response is the key point of many diseases,and impact the pathogenic process,therapeutic effect and prognosis,the drug studies with it as the target have become hotspots in recent years. Studies of artemisinin family drug on T cell immunomodulation were still at the initial stage and involved in different disease; furthermore,T cell immune process involves complicated molecular mechanism,it is imperative to summarize the advance of current studies for further systematic explanation and exploration of their characteristics and mechanisms. This article will summarize the research progress of artemisinin family drugs for malaria,autoimmune disease,hypersensitivity reaction,tumor,schistosomiasis and AIDS relating to T cell immune modulation,so as to provide basic and professional reference for related research and application.

Improvement in the in vitro development of cloned pig embryos after kdm4a overexpression and an H3K9me3 methyltransferase inhibitor treatment

Aberrant epigenetic reprogramming is a major cause of the developmental failure of embryos after somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Histone H3 lysine 9 trimethylation (H3K9me3), a histone marker of transcriptional repression, is considered a key barrier to the development of cloned embryos. In the present study, H3K9me3 levels were much higher in SCNT embryos than IVF embryos at the 4-cell and 2-cell stages. The microinjection of the kdm4a mRNA encoding an H3K9me3 demethylase significantly increased the developmental efficiency of cloned porcine embryos. Moreover, we evaluated the effect of chaetocin, an inhibitor of histone methyltransferases suv39h1/2, on SCNT embryo development. Chaetocin did not suppress the H3K9me3 modification in porcine embryonic fibroblast (PEF) but downregulated the expression of suv39h1, suv39h2, and kdm4d. However, 10 nM chaetocin treatment efficiently decreased the H3K9me3 level in cloned embryos. Importantly, a chaetocin treatment at the 4-cell stage for 6 h significantly increased the blastocyst rate and total cell numbers. Furthermore, the inhibitor treatment upregulated the expression of related developmental genes. In summary, both overexpression of kdm4a and treatment with a suv39h1/2 inhibitor improve the epigenetic reprogramming of cloned embryos and further improve the developmental competence in vitro.

[Efficacy and mechanism of Lianhua Qingwen Capsules(LHQW) on chemotaxis of macrophages in acute lung injury (ALI) animal model]

This paper was mainly to discuss the potential role and mechanism of Lianhua Qingwen Capsules(LHQW) in inhibiting pathological inflammation in the model of acute lung injury caused by bacterial infection. For in vitro study, the mRNA expression of MCP-1 in RAW264.7 cells and THP-1 cells, the content of MCP-1 in cell supernatant, as well as the effect of LHQW on chemotaxis of macrophages were detected. For in vivo study, mice were randomly divided into 7 groups, including normal group, model group(LPS 5 mg·kg~(-1)), LHQW 300, 600 and 1 200 mg·kg~(-1)(low, middle and high dose) groups, dexamethasone 5 mg·kg~(-1) group and penicillin-streptomycin group. Then, the anal temperature was detected two hours later. Dry weight and wet weight of lung tissues in mice were determined; TNF-α and MCP-1 levels in alveolar lavage fluid and MCP-1 in serum were detected. In addition, the infiltration of alveolar macrophages was also observed and the infiltration count of alveolar macrophages was measured by CCK-8 method. HE staining was also used to observe the inflammatory infiltration of lung tissues in mice. Both of the in vitro and in vivo data consistently have confirmed that: by down-regulating the expression of MCP-1, LHWQ could efficiently decrease the chemotaxis of monocytes toward the pulmonary infection foci, thus blocking the disease development in ALI animal model.

[Research advancement in natural anti-cancer product]

Human health has been severely threatened by malignant tumors continuously.Rational and effective drug use provides an effective means for the treatment of malignant tumors,and is expected to become an important way to solve the problem of tumor treatment in the future.In recent years,with the escalation of new cancer theories and the emergence of clinical drug resistance,innovative research and development of anti-cancer drugs has always been a hot spot and focus in cancer research.Among them,the discovery of novel anti-cancer drugs from natural compound is of top priority due to its strong anti-cancer efficacy and the abundant drug resources.Therefore,it is imperative to systematically summarize the cutting-edge advancements of the natural products and their potential pharmacological mechanisms according to the characteristics of tumor progression,and put forward the new directions and trends for further development of anti-cancer natural products in the future.Specifically,the research advancements on anti-cancer effect of natural products were reviewed,focusing on both the traditional and innovative application.We hope this review could bring the light on the research path of the natural anti-cancer products clearly and comprehensively,and also provide inspirations for innovative,safer and more effective anti-cancer drug development and exploration.

[Basic research of fibrosis on atherosclerotic plaque stability and related drug application]

In the background of the high incidence and high mortality of cardiovascular diseases,atherosclerosis is the main pathological feature of cardiovascular diseases and the core pathological basis for disease progression. In the evolution of atherosclerotic plaques,the rupture of unstable plaques,plaque shedding and formation of thrombosis are the most dangerous parts. In this process,the formation of plaque fibrosis is the core mechanism regulating plaque stability. Additionally,fibrosis reflects dynamic changes in the inflammatory processes and pathological changes. In view of the inflammation regulation and fibrosis regulation,this paper clarified the process of atherosclerotic plaque,explained the roles of relevant inflammatory cells and cytokines in plaque stability,and summed up drug researches related with stable plaque in recent years. In the future,improving the fibrosis will be a new idea for stabilizing plaque in atherosclerosis drug development.

Evaluation of porcine circovirus type 2 infection in in vitro embryo production using naturally infected oocytes

In vitro fertilization (IVF) and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) are important breeding techniques for livestock. High-quality MII oocytes produced from in vitro maturation (IVM) are required for the two techniques listed above. The ovaries used for IVM operations are primarily acquired from commercial abattoirs, and the pathogen status of slaughtered animals becomes an unavoidable issue. Our previous monitoring data showed that porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) is the main pathogen present in ovaries from abattoirs. However, the characteristics and effects of PCV-2 infection in oocyte maturation and in vitro production (IVP) of embryos are unclear, and currently there are no relevant studies. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the PCV-2 infection pattern and determine whether it affects oocyte in vitro maturation and IVP embryo development. More than five hundred ovaries and five thousand oocytes were utilized in the present study. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect PCV-2 DNA in ovaries, follicular fluid (FF), oocytes, cumulus cells and IVP embryos. The effects of viral infections on the rate of oocyte maturation and IVP embryo development were evaluated. We also analyzed the number of copies of the virus in the IVM and IVP process by absolute quantitative fluorescence PCR. Our study showed that the prevalent virus subgenotype in ovaries was PCV-2a. PCV-2a infection did not significantly affect ovarian/oocyte morphology and maturation. Moreover, virus infection did not have a significant effect on the development of the IVP embryos except for a reduction in IVF blastocyst cell numbers. Further tests showed that the viral copy numbers fluctuated at different stages between the IVP embryos and culture medium. For the first time, this study identified the infection pattern of naturally sourced PCV-2 in the course of oocyte maturation and embryo development.

[Research initiative of new thought on "main effect" of TCM formulae--new thinking on mechanism of compound action and compatibility mechanism of Chinese herbal compound formulae]

This article proposes a new thought on the study of "main effect" of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulae. The blood concentrations of the pharmacodynamic substances of Chinese material medica（CMM）are usually very low, with lower toxic and side effects than western medicine. Therefore, according to a recent hypothesis of additive effect of multiple components for a single target, local targets in multi-component multi-target synergistic effect network of TCM may have the additive effect of similar components. Studies on the disposition of CMM showed that a constituent could bebio-transformed to many metabolites; these compounds with a similar structure are likely to have the same pharmacological effects on the same target, which could provide experimental evidences for the hypothesis of "additive effect". The authors of this article further believe that additive effect of TCM multi-components only comes up under a limited conditions/concentration. Because of the complexity of TCM-organism system, the complex effect of multicomponent addition and competition/antagonism is more likely to appear in single targets of drug effect. This complex effect may be the key to impact the synergistic effect of TCM multi-targets. In theory, choose and create a single target additive effect could realize the scientific compatibility of TCM and improve the curative effect and attenuate toxicity. According to the clinical demand and under the guidance of the above thought, we proposed the "main effect" of TCM formulae. Because traditional Chinese medicine (compounds) have diverse and complex effects, how to better study TCM formulae compatibility mechanism and improve the curative effect? Efforts shall be made to select one or several effects relating to clinical specific syndromes from the complex and diverse effects of TCM as the "main effect". The "main effect" of TCM formulae is the macroscopic manifestation of the synergistic effect of multi-component/multi-target. The study of the Formulae "main effect" can contain at least two aspects: one is the study of pharmacokinetic application of TCM formulae, and another is the study for pharmacodynamics effect. In the study of main effect, there are two main elements. First, which drug targets are directly related to the main effect? This requires identifying the target network. Second, which drug components positively or negatively control the single target of the target network? And what change in single target effect as well as the multi-target synergistic effect will be caused by the regulatory component concentration or the change in number? These two elements is the key to elucidate the mechanism of compound action and compatibility mechanism of Chinese herbal compound formulae. Through the study of the main effect, the clinical curative effect and the mechanism of the TCM formulae shall be improved.

[Effect of dihydroartemisinin on permeability of human erythrocyte membrane infected plasmodium]

In view of the fact that the antimalarial effects of artemisinins are significant but the mechanism has not yet been clarified and there are many different opinions, it is possible that artemisinins can produce high anti-malarial efficacy through various mechanisms and multiple pathways. In addition, the researches on the pathogenesis of malaria "erythrocyte membrane plasmodial surface anion channel (PSAC)" in the past few years have provided more positive findings, which may confirm and discover the new antimalarial mechanism of artemisinins. This paper was as to study the effect of dihydroartemisinin (DHA) in vitro on erythrocyte membrane permeability of HB3 plasmodium infection, with using the mechanism of 5% sorbitol can be used to kill the Plasmodium falciparum in red blood cell membrane selectively, the effectual difference of sorbitol on the killing of P. falciparum with adding DHA or not was detected, so as to investigate whether DHA can affect the permeability of the erythrocyte membrane. Result showed that, Pre-stimulation with 10 nmol·L⁻¹ DHA (the final concentration of plasmodium in vitro culture system) for 30 min could significantly decrease the killing effect of sorbitol on the HB3 plasmodium in the P. falciparum erythrocytic cycle, and DHA may inhibit the permeability of the erythrocyte membrane for preventing sorbitol through the red blood cell membrane, thereby reducing the killing effect of sorbitol on the P. falciparum.

Effect of Astragalus polysaccharide addition to thawed boar sperm on in vitro fertilization and embryo development

It is important to utilize an antioxidant to ameliorate oxidative damage during boar sperm cryopreservation and thawing. Some studies have shown that Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) has antioxidant capabilities in sperm storage at low temperatures. However, the effects of APS on thawed sperm are unclear. In this study, the effect of supplementation of thawing boar semen extender with APS (0.5, 1, 5, 10 mg/mL) on sperm quality parameters (viability, motility, acrosome integrity and mitochondrial activity) was evaluated. Next, we investigated the effect of APS (0.5 mg/mL) supplementation on antioxidant parameters. Semen from two straws was thawed and diluted with three volumes of Beltsville Thawing Solution (BTS) and immediately divided into a control group without addition of antioxidants (CTR) and the APS group. Sperm and antioxidant parameters were evaluated in the CTR and APS groups after 1 h of incubation at 37 °C. Finally, we studied the effect of APS (0.5 mg/mL) supplementation on in vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo development. The addition of different doses of APS to thawed sperm did not induce any significant effects on the sperm viability or motility compared to the sperm without APS treatment. However, the addition of 0.5 mg/mL APS to thawed sperm showed improved mitochondrial activity, higher penetration rate and increased total IVF efficiency compared with those of the control group. Moreover, our results indicate that the supplementation of APS in thawed sperm decreased the concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and improved the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). Finally, the addition of APS significantly increased the cleavage rate and blastocyst rate compared to those of the control group. In conclusion, the addition of APS to thawed boar sperm can enhance the antioxidant ability of sperm and improve in vitro fertilization (IVF) parameters and the outcomes of embryonic development. These results imply that APS has practical potential to enhance boar sperm reproductive performance.

Effects of Shenlian extract on experimental atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice based on ultrasound biomicroscopy

Background

This study directly and dynamically investigated the effects of SL extract (i.e., a combination of Radix Salviae miltiorrhizae and Andrographis paniculata extract) on plaque progression in vivo by high resolution ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM).

Methods

An atherosclerosis model was established by placing a perivascular collar on the right common carotid artery in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE^-/-) mice. Thickness, plaque area and local blood flow were observed by UBM, pathological changes were observed by histochemical staining, and lipid levels were measured by respective commercially available kits.

Results

Compared with the model group, the SL extract groups showed reduced wall thickness of the aortic arch (GC: P = 0.001, P = 0.002, and P < 0.001; LC: P < 0.001, P < 0.001, and P < 0.001; BC: P = 0.027, P = 0.017, and P = 0.003; respectively), which presented with retarded plaque progression of the cartoid artery with concordantly increased blood flow (P = 0.002 and P < 0.001) as visualized in vivo by UBM. Histological analysis confirmed the reduction of carotid atherosclerosis.

Conclusions

The SL extract inhibited the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in an ApoE^-/- mice model by UBM analysis, and did so by effects that ameliorated local blood flow and improved blood lipid levels.

Extract of Caulis Spatholobi, a novel blocker targeting tumor cell‑induced platelet aggregation, inhibits breast cancer metastasis

Metastasis of breast cancer is the vital step for malignant progression. During such a process, hematogenous metastasis is an indispensable approach for the dissemination of cancer cells. A platelet, contributes to hypercoagulable state, and is also identified the crucial factor in the coagulation system for supporting metastasis. Therefore, the relationship of a platelet and a tumor cell plays a critical role in tumor cell metastasis. Consequently, inhibiting tumor cell‑induced platelet aggregation (TCIPA) is recongnized as a crucial target on suppression of tumor metastasis such as aspirin (ASA). Under such circumstance, here we report that, through dissociating the tumor‑platelet (T‑P) complex, 80% ethanol extracts of Caulis Spatholobi (SET) successfully alleviated the hypercoagulation state, thereby reducing tumor metastasis and improving the prospects of survival in breast cancer cell model. Through MTT and anti‑aggregation assay stimulated by ADP, we detected the optimum treatment time and the optimum dose of SET. By using confocal microscopy, we observed that SET can strongly block the formation of T‑P complex in vitro. The result was further quantified and confirmed by the FACS analysis. The fluorescent value of T‑P complex was obviously decreased in the drug‑treated groups. In vivo, 4T1 cells were injected through the mouse tail vein for dynamic visualization by small animal imaging system. The metastatic intensity was quantified and the survival curve was analyzed. Additionally, general observation and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of lung tissue was performed. SET exerted an obvious effect on the inhibition of metastasis and increasing the survival rate of mice. For the molecular mechanism study of anti‑TCIPA, zymography and RT‑PCR assay preliminarily revealed the molecular mechanism of SET in the regulation of P‑T interaction. Collectively, through drug efficacy identification and pharmacological revealing, we have obtained a promising candidate for the interference of breast metastasis by suppressing TCIPA, which will be beneficial for clinical cancer treatment.

[Pathogenesis of plaque destabilization induced by PM2.5 exposure and coping strategies]

With the increasingly more serious environmental pollution in China in recent years, effective intervention with PM25-induced health risks has become a major scientific issue to be addressed urgently in medical research field in China. NOD-like receptors (NLRs) are a family of cytoplasmic pattern-recognition receptors that have critical roles in innate immunity. On the basis of study progresses in international cardiovascular disease research "Fine particulate matter exposure is a modifiable risk factor for the morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular diseases", and with reference to the current understanding of pulmonary inflammation and oxidative stress in PM2.5-induced acute coronary syndrome, this study intended to investigate whether intracellular pattern recognition NL-RP3 plays a important role in the inital event of PM2.5 induced vessel inflammation as a foreign matter in the process of plaque destabilization and to thoroughly explore the underlying mechanisms responsible for PM2.5-induced acute cardiovascular events. On the other hand, it also studies the feasibility of using traditional Chinese medicine to treat plaque destabilization cause by PM2.5 exposure and discuss it's pathogenesis and intervention strategy based on TCM theory. This paper in order to provide scientific basis for social focal issues in public health proactively and offers the references for relevant research.

[Effect on M1 macrophages of shenlian extracts]

This study discusses the effects of Shenlian extracts (SL) on M1 macrophages in atherosclerosis. The MTT assay was used to detect the growth inhibition rates of RAW264.7 cells. RAW264.7 cells were stimulated with murine interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) plus lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce M1 macrophages. The different concentrations of SL extracts (high-dose 50 mg x L(-1), moderate-dose 25 mg x L(-1), low-dose 12.5 mg x L(-1)) were added. The CD86 of M1 macrophages in cell membrane was measured by flow cytometry. The mRNA expression of iNOS and TNF-alpha gene was detected by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). And the supernatants were collected, the content of IL-6 and TNF-alpha were detected with ELISA kits. The results of this experiment show that the expression of the cell membrane molecule CD86, iNOS and TNF-alpha gene, the content of IL-6 and TNF-alpha was obviously increased in M1 macrophages by IFN-gamma and LPS. The different doses of SL extract could reduce the expression of the above indicators. The above experimental results demonstrate that IFN-gamma combined LPS can induce RAW264.7 cell to type into M1 macrophages, and SL extracts can inhibit M1 macrophages.

Effects of temperature-humidity index and chromium supplementation on antioxidant capacity, heat shock protein 72, and cytokine responses of lactating cows

Heat stress adversely affects the productivity and immune status of dairy cows. The temperature-humidity index (THI) is commonly used to indicate the degree of heat stress on dairy cattle. We investigated the effects of different THI and Cr supplementation on the antioxidant capacity, the levels of heat shock protein 72 (Hsp72), and cytokine responses of lactating cows. The study used a total of 24 clinically healthy uniparous midlactation Holstein cows, which were randomly divided into 2 groups (n = 12 per group), and was conducted in 3 designated THI periods: low THI period (LTHI; THI = 56.4 ± 2.5), moderate THI period (MTHI; THI = 73.9 ± 1.7), and high THI period (HTHI; THI = 80.3 ± 1.0). The 2 groups of cows were fed corn and corn silage based basal diet supplemented chromium picolinate to provide 3.5 mg of Cr/cow daily (Cr+) or basal diet with no Cr (Cr-). The experiment was a 3 × 2 factorial design. The numbers of leukocytes (P < 0.05) and serum levels of glucose (P < 0.001) were lower; however, the serum levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN; P < 0.001) and creatinine (P < 0.001) were greater in the MTHI and HTHI than in LTHI. The total antioxidant capacity in the serum was unaltered; an increase in superoxide dismutase activity (P < 0.001) and in serum malondialdehyde concentration (P < 0.001) was observed in the MTHI and HTHI compared with the LTHI. The high THI led to increases in serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α; P < 0.001) and IL-10 (P < 0.05). Cows supplemented with Cr had lower (P = 0.009) serum concentrations of cholesterol but greater (P < 0.001, respectively) serum levels of Hsp72 and IL-10 compared with those without Cr supplementation in the HTHI. Western blot analysis revealed that cows supplemented with Cr had greater (P = 0.038) expression of the inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B α (IκBα) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) compared with those without Cr supplementation in the HTHI, whereas the expression of Hsp72 in PBMC was unaltered. Data indicate that there is a decrease in glucose and increases in BUN and creatinine in the serum of midlactation cows under hot conditions during the summer and that these cows have a lowered oxidative capacity but an elevated antioxidant capacity. In addition, Cr may play an anti-inflammatory role in lactating cows by promoting the release of Hsp72, increasing the production of IL-10, and inhibiting the degradation of IκBα under hot conditions during the summer.

[Research on bioactive ingredients in rat liver after oral administration of different combinations of Wuji pill]

A L9 (3(4)) orthogonal design table to be used to get nine combinations of extraction of three herbs of Wuji pill: Coptis chinensis, Tetradium ruticarpum and Paeonia lactiflora Pall., and nine extraction of single herbs correspondingly, altogether eighteen combinations. Quantification of five representative bioactive ingredients: berberine, palmatine, evodiamine, rutaecarpine, paeoniflorin in rat liver by ultra high liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry after oral administration at 2 h time point of eighteen combinations. The result shows the bioactive ingredients have different concentrations betweem different combinations and the single herb with the same dosage significantly as well as the same dose combinations. C. chinensis with evodiamine concentration of low and high dose T. ruticarpum was positively correlated. T. ruticarpum with berberine concentration of low dose C. chinensis was negatively correlated and of meddle dose C. chinensis was correlated positively. T. ruticarpum with paeoniflorin concentration of middle dose P. lactiflora was correlated positively. P. lactiflora with palmatine concentration of middle dose C. chinensis was negatively correlated and with evodiamine and rutaecarpine concentration of middle dose T. ruticarpum was negatively correlated. These shows the three single herbs interactions resulted in the differences of each ingredients concentration in rat liver. The orthogonal analysis indicates the combination 12: 6: 6 make the maximum concentration in rat liver.

Type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody (HX-1162) treatment for liver cancer

One of the most important molecules mediating the proliferation, growth, and metastasis of cancer cells is insulin-like growth factor (IGF), with its receptor IGF-1R. Here, we describe the potential of an IGF-1R monoclonal antibody, HX-1162, on liver cancer apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. We found that HX-1162 could induce the apoptosis of cultured liver cancer cells. Additionally, HX-1162 treatment inhibited the tumor growth after cancer cell grafting and enhanced the cell apoptosis inside the tumor tissue. We conclude that IGF-1R targeting therapy provides a new avenue toward treating liver cancer.

[Effect of adventitia cells on occurrence and development of atherosclerosis]

The effect of adventitia on the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis (As) is getting more attentions. Fibroblasts, mast cells, dendritic cells, vasa vasorums, vascular-associated lymphoid tissues, and vascular peripheral nerves are related to the occurrence and development of As. This essay summarizes studies on the changes in adventitia in As process and its effect on the occurrence and development of As, as well as the latest progress.

[Study on metabolism of Coptis chinensis alkaloids from different compatibility of Wuji Wan in human intestinal flora]

OBJECTIVE

To study the metabolism of berberine and palmatine in prescription compatibility of Wuji Wan in human intestinal flora.

METHOD

The L9 (3(4)) orthogonal design was adopted to compare prescription compatibility of nine groups of Wuji Wan composed of Coptis chinensis, Evodiae and fried Radix paeoniae alba into and single ingredient of C. chinensis. They were cultivated with fresh human excrements under anaerobic conditions for 24 h. A HPLC-UV method was adopted for determining berberine and palmatine in bacteria culture medium, in order to compare the metabolism of the two components in different prescription compatibility.

RESULT

Metabolism of berberine was positively correlated with doses, whereas metabolism of palmatine was negatively correlated with doses in extracts from C. chinensis. Compound compatibility speeded up the metabolism of berberine in low dose, which was positively related to the doses of Evodiae and fried Paeoniae Alba Radix; meanwhile Compound compatibility slowed down the metabolism of berberine in high dose, which was negatively related to the dose of Evodiae. Compound compatibility speeded up the metabolism of palmatine in high dose, which was negatively related to the doses of Evodiae and fried Paeoniae Alba Radix.

CONCLUSION

The metabolism of the compatibility of Wuji Wan speeds up, when Coptis chinensis components metabolite rapidly in intestinal flora; while the metabolism of the compatibility of Wuji Wan slows down, when C. chinensis components metabolite slowly in intestinal flora. Therefore, they show a balanced effect. Additionally, different proportion of C. chinensis, Evodiae and fried Paeoniae Alba Radix cause difference in metabolism speed of berberine and palmatine to some extent.

Risks associated with high-dose Lactobacillus rhamnosus in an Escherichia coli model of piglet diarrhoea: intestinal microbiota and immune imbalances

Probiotic could be a promising alternative to antibiotics for the prevention of enteric infections; however, further information on the dose effects is required. In this study, weanling piglets were orally administered low- or high-dose Lactobacillus rhamnosus ACTT 7469 (10¹⁰ CFU/d or 10¹² CFU/d) for 1 week before F4 (K88)-positive Escherichia coli challenge. The compositions of faecal and gastrointestinal microbiota were recorded; gene expression in the intestines was assessed by real-time PCR; serum tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) concentrations and intestinal Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) were detected by ELISA and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Unexpectedly, high-dose administration increased the incidence of diarrhoea before F4⁺ETEC challenge, despite the fact that both doses ameliorated F4⁺ETEC-induced diarrhoea with increased Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium counts accompanied by reduced coliform shedding in faeces. Interestingly, L. rhamnosus administration reduced Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium counts in the colonic contents, and the high-dose piglets also had lower Lactobacillius and Bacteroides counts in the ileal contents. An increase in the concentration of serum TNF-α induced by F4⁺ETEC was observed, but the increase was delayed by L. rhamnosus. In piglets exposed to F4⁺ETEC, jejunal TLR4 expression increased at the mRNA and protein levels, while jejunal interleukin (IL)-8 and ileal porcine β-defensins 2 (pBD2) mRNA expression increased; however, these increases were attenuated by administration of L. rhamnosus. Notably, expression of jejunal TLR2, ileal TLR9, Nod-like receptor NOD1 and TNF-α mRNA was upregulated in the low-dose piglets after F4⁺ETEC challenge, but not in the high-dose piglets. These findings indicate that pretreatment with a low dose of L. rhamnosus might be more effective than a high dose at ameliorating diarrhoea. There is a risk that high-dose L. rhamnosus pretreatment may negate the preventative effects, thus decreasing the prophylactic benefits against potential enteric pathogens. Our data suggest a safe threshold for preventative use of probiotics in clinical practice.

Short communication: Pheromonicin-SA affects mRNA expression of toll-like receptors, cytokines, and lactoferrin by Staphylococcus aureus-infected bovine mammary epithelial cells

Pheromonicin-SA (Ph-SA) is a newly developed, engineered multidomain peptide that has a bactericidal effect against Staphylococcus aureus. The objective of this study was to characterize innate immune responses by Staph. aureus-stimulated bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMEC) following treatment with Ph-SA. Primary BMEC from one lactating Holstein cow were isolated and exposed to Staph. aureus for 2 h, and then treated with rifampicin or Ph-SA. Total RNA was isolated from BMEC at 0, 2, 6, 12, and 24 h postinfection, and the mRNA expression of selected genes, including toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and lactoferrin, was quantified by real-time PCR. In the rifampicin group, increases in the expression of mRNA for TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and lactoferrin were observed at 6 h postinfection and in the expression of mRNA for TLR2 but not for TLR4 at 12 h postinfection. In the Ph-SA group, increases in the mRNA expression of TLR2, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and lactoferrin were observed at 6 h postinfection, and an increase in TLR4 mRNA expression was observed at 24 h postinfection. At 24 h postinfection, the mRNA expression of TLR4, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and lactoferrin was higher in the Ph-SA group than in the rifampicin group. In conclusion, Ph-SA might promote the expression of mRNA for TLR2, TLR4, the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α, the chemotactic factor IL-8, and lactoferrin in Staph. aureus-infected BMEC. Moreover, Ph-SA may be of value as an antibiotic in promoting innate immune responses by Staph. aureus-infected bovine mammary epithelial cells.

Effects of Astragalus polysaccharide on immune responses of porcine PBMC stimulated with PRRSV or CSFV

BACKGROUND

Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) has been used as an immunomodulator that can enhance immune responses, whereas the immunomodulatory effects of APS on porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) exposed to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and classical swine fever virus (CSFV) have not been investigated.

METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS

Porcine PBMCs were cultured in complete RPMI media in the presence of the R98-strain of PRRSV (5×10(4) TCID(50)/ml) or C-strain of CSFV (10(3) TCID(50)/ml) with or without APS. The expression of mRNA for CD28, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), interleukin 2 (IL-2) and IL-10 was assayed by TaqMan real-time RT-PCR. The expression of mRNA for CD28 and CTLA-4 increased at 24 h after stimulation of PBMCs with CSFV and the increased production of CTLA-4 was confirmed by western blot analysis, whereas the increases were inhibited by the addition of APS. In addition, APS alone upregulated IL-2 and TGF-β mRNA expression in PBMCs and the addition of APS had the capacity to prevent a further increase in IL-2 mRNA expression in PBMCs during CSFV or PRRSV infection, but had no effect on TGF-β mRNA expression. The production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) increased at 12 h after stimulation with PRRSV or CSFV, but not with PRRSV plus APS or CSFV plus APS, whereas the addition of APS to PBMCs infected with PRRSV or CSFV promoted IL-10 mRNA expression.

CONCLUSIONS

We suggested that APS had immunomodulatory effects on cells exposed to PRRSV or CSFV. It might be that APS via different mechanisms affects the activities of immune cells during either PRRSV or CSFV infection. This possibility warrants further studies to evaluate whether APS would be an effective adjuvant in vaccines against PRRSV or CSFV.

Effects of Wuji Pill with different compatibility on the activity of cytochrome P450 1A2 in rat liver microsomes in vitro

AIM: To investigate the effects of Wuji Pill with different compatibility on the enzymatic activity of cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) in rat liver microsomes in vitro.

METHODS: Using phenacetin as a substrate probe, the effects of Wuji Pill with different compatibility (No.1-9) on the enzymatic activity of CYP1A2 were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

RESULTS: The half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC₅₀) of Rhizoma Coptidis, Fructus Evodiae Rutaecarpae, Radix Paeoniae Alba and Wuji Pill (No.1-9) on the enzymatic activity of CYP1A2 were 28.07, 989.69, 6633.28, 57.92, 104.38, 321.28, 32.17, 80.09, 71.47, 76.76, 40.41 and 29.45 mg/L, respectively. Rhizoma Coptidis and Wuji Pill (No.1-9) could significantly suppress the enzymatic activity of CYP1A2. The suppressive effects of Rhizoma Coptidis in Wuji Pill on the activity of CYP1A2 depend on the proportion of Fructus Evodiae Rutaecarpae and Radix Paeoniae Alba in Wuji Pill. With the increase in the proportion of Rhizoma Coptidis and Fructus Evodiae Rutaecarpae in Wuji Pill, the suppressive effects of Wuji Pill on the activity of CYP1A2 were strengthened. With the increase in the proportion of Radix Paeoniae Alba in Wuji Pill, the suppressive effects of Wuji Pill on the activity of CYP1A2 was weakened.

CONCLUSION: Wuji Pill with different compatibility shows different suppressive effects on the enzymatic activity of CYP1A2. This may explain why Wuji Pill with different compatibility has different pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic characteristics.

[Study on fingerprint of Cortex Fraxini with HPLC]

OBJECTIVE

To establish fingerprint of Cortex Fraxini and provide reference for quality evaluation of Cortex Fraxini.

METHOD

Chromatographic experiments were performed on Agilent Extend C18 column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm), eluted with methanol and water, containing 0.4% acetic acid as the mobile phases in gradient elution. The detection wavelength was 0-60 min, 340 nm; 6-74 min, 254 nm; 74-75 min, 340 nm, and the flow rate was 1.0 mL x min(-1). Forty samples in four varieties of Cortex Fraxini were detected to establish fingerprints, respectively.

RESULT

Every parameter of the method validation complied with related rules and regulations. There were 15 common peaks in the fingerprint of 10 Fraxinus rhynchophylla samples, eleven common peaks in the fingerprint of 10 F. chinensis var. acuminata. samples, and in the fingerprint of 10 F. chinensis samples. Nineteen common peaks in the fingerprint of 10 F. stylosa samples. There were 5 common peaks in the fingerprints of 40 Cortex Fraxini samples. The similarity factors of the 10 samples of every species were all more than 0.96 compared with the control fingerprint. The similarity of the 40 Cortex Fraxini samples was more than 0.90. Four effective constituents and one unknown constituent were found in 40 samples.

CONCLUSION

The fingerprints of F. rhynchophylla bark, F. chinensis bark, F. chinensis var. acuminata bark, F. stylosa bark and Cortex Fraxini were established. The methodological evaluation showed that the results were in accord with the technology requirements of chromatography fingerprint, and it laid a good foundation for quality control of Cortex Fraxini.

[Absorption of extractive Rhizoma Coptidis in rat everted gut scas]

OBJECTIVE

Using in vitro everted gut seas to research the intestinal absorption of the extractive Rhizoma Coptidis at the different intestinal section and the different density.

METHOD

Berberine (BER) and palmatine (PAL) which are representative compositions of the extractive Rhizoma Coptidis in everted gut seas are detected by HPLC, and calculated the absorption parameter to describe the character of absorption.

RESULT

The absorption of BER and PAL is linearity in different intestine and different dose, and the square of coefficient correlation exceed 0.9, which consistent with zero order rate process. The K(a) of BER and PAL increases along with the raised dosage of the extractive Rhizoma Coptidis (P < 0.05), indicated it is the passive absorption. The absorption of BER and PAL in the jejunum is the most quick, the ileum and colon are slower.

CONCLUSION

In the different dosage of extractive Rhizoma Coptidis, the absorption of BER and PAL Conforms to the zero order rate process at the different intestine, and is the passive absorption.

Clonidine-displacing substance reduces glucagon secretion from mouse pancreatic alpha-cells by K(ATP)-channel-independent inhibition of exocytosis

Clonidine-displacing substance (CDS) is a potent stimulator of insulin release from pancreatic beta-cells and has been suggested to constitute the endogenous ligand for the islet imidazoline-binding site. Here we have explored the effects of CDS on glucagon release from mouse pancreatic alpha-cells. CDS (5 U/ml) produced a 35% inhibition (P < 0.05) of glucagon release from intact islets. This effect was dose-dependent and half-maximal inhibition by CDS was observed at 0.03 U/ml. Inhibition of glucagon release was not associated with a change in whole-cell ATP-sensitive K(+)-channel activity in single alpha-cells. However, during intracellular application through the recording pipette, CDS produced a 36% (P < 0.05) decrease in the rate of exocytosis, measured as changes in cell capacitance. The inhibitory effect of CDS on exocytosis resulted from activation of the protein phosphatase calcineurin and was abolished by cyclosporin A. These data provide further evidence for a role of CDS as an endogenous ligand controlling islet hormone secretion.

Regulation of glucagon release in mouse -cells by KATP channels and inactivation of TTX-sensitive Na+ channels

The perforated patch whole-cell configuration of the patch-clamp technique was applied to superficial glucagon-secreting alpha-cells in intact mouse pancreatic islets. alpha-cells were distinguished from the beta- and delta-cells by the presence of a large TTX-blockable Na+ current, a TEA-resistant transient K+ current sensitive to 4-AP (A-current) and the presence of two kinetically separable Ca2+ current components corresponding to low- (T-type) and high-threshold (L-type) Ca2+ channels. The T-type Ca2+, Na+ and A-currents were subject to steady-state voltage-dependent inactivation, which was half-maximal at -45, -47 and -68 mV, respectively. Pancreatic alpha-cells were equipped with tolbutamide-sensitive, ATP-regulated K+ (KATP) channels. Addition of tolbutamide (0.1 mM) evoked a brief period of electrical activity followed by a depolarisation to a plateau of -30 mV with no regenerative electrical activity. Glucagon secretion in the absence of glucose was strongly inhibited by TTX, nifedipine and tolbutamide. When diazoxide was added in the presence of 10 mM glucose, concentrations up to 2 microM stimulated glucagon secretion to the same extent as removal of glucose. We conclude that electrical activity and secretion in the alpha-cells is dependent on the generation of Na+-dependent action potentials. Glucagon secretion depends on low activity of KATP channels to keep the membrane potential sufficiently negative to prevent voltage-dependent inactivation of voltage-gated membrane currents. Glucose may inhibit glucagon release by depolarising the alpha-cell with resultant inactivation of the ion channels participating in action potential generation.

Regulation of glucagon release in mouse -cells by KATP channels and inactivation of TTX-sensitive Na+ channels

The perforated patch whole-cell configuration of the patch-clamp technique was applied to superficial glucagon-secreting alpha-cells in intact mouse pancreatic islets. alpha-cells were distinguished from the beta- and delta-cells by the presence of a large TTX-blockable Na+ current, a TEA-resistant transient K+ current sensitive to 4-AP (A-current) and the presence of two kinetically separable Ca2+ current components corresponding to low- (T-type) and high-threshold (L-type) Ca2+ channels. The T-type Ca2+, Na+ and A-currents were subject to steady-state voltage-dependent inactivation, which was half-maximal at -45, -47 and -68 mV, respectively. Pancreatic alpha-cells were equipped with tolbutamide-sensitive, ATP-regulated K+ (KATP) channels. Addition of tolbutamide (0.1 mM) evoked a brief period of electrical activity followed by a depolarisation to a plateau of -30 mV with no regenerative electrical activity. Glucagon secretion in the absence of glucose was strongly inhibited by TTX, nifedipine and tolbutamide. When diazoxide was added in the presence of 10 mM glucose, concentrations up to 2 microM stimulated glucagon secretion to the same extent as removal of glucose. We conclude that electrical activity and secretion in the alpha-cells is dependent on the generation of Na+-dependent action potentials. Glucagon secretion depends on low activity of KATP channels to keep the membrane potential sufficiently negative to prevent voltage-dependent inactivation of voltage-gated membrane currents. Glucose may inhibit glucagon release by depolarising the alpha-cell with resultant inactivation of the ion channels participating in action potential generation.