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Zhao D, Suo L, Lu L, Pan J, Peng X, Wang Y, Pang X. Impact of herpes zoster and post-herpetic neuralgia on health-related quality of life in Miyun District of Beijing, China: An EQ-5D survey. Vaccine X 2023; 15:100415. [PMID: 38124774 PMCID: PMC10730366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2023.100415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Herpes zoster (HZ) and post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN) cause considerable morbidity, especially in elderly adults, but the burden is under-recognized in mainland China. Methods We conducted a case registry and follow-up study of HZ in Miyun District, Beijing from January 1, 2017 through December 31, 2018. Registered HZ cases were followed-up for pain to 365 days. The first 50 patients with HZ in each age group (≤14, 15-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60- 69, 70-79, ≥80 years) and all those with PHN completed the EuroQoL five dimensions questionnaire (EQ-5D) to evaluate health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with HZ and PHN. Ratings using the EQ-5D dimensions, visual analogue scale (VAS), health utility score (HUS) and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) lost were compared among age groups. Results In total, 2008 patients with HZ were followed for a median 22 days (interquartile range[IQR] = 20-90), with an estimated incidence of 4.39 per 1000 person-years. We identified 122 (6.08 %) PHN cases. The median age of patients with PHN (65 years, IQR = 55-71) was older than that of patients with HZ (54 years, IQR = 43-64) (P < 0.001). The median duration of pain was 170 days (IQR = 144-355.5) for PHN and 15 days (IQR = 9-25) for HZ. All 95 patients with PHN and 319 sampled patients with HZ completed the EQ-5D survey. The median QALY loss of HZ increased from 0.004 (IQR = 0.001-0.02) in patients 50-59 years old to 0.02 (IQR = 0.01-0.06) in those ≥ 80 years old (P < 0.01). After weighting for age, the mean QALY loss per HZ case was estimated at 0.02 (standard deviation [SD] 0.04). The mean QALY loss per PHN case was 0.13 years (SD 0.12). Conclusions HZ and PHN caused a substantial burden, especially among adults aged ≥ 50 years in Miyun District, Beijing, China. Vaccination should be considered to alleviate the burden of this painful disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhao
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Luodan Suo
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Li Lu
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Jingbin Pan
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xinghui Peng
- Miyun District of Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfei Wang
- Miyun District of Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xinghuo Pang
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
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2
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Ma YH, Gao XZ, Zhang YP, Pang X, Huang P, Li WC. [Small intestinal metastatic alveolar soft part sarcoma: report of two cases]. Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi 2023; 52:512-514. [PMID: 37106298 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112151-20220823-00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Y H Ma
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - X Z Gao
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Y P Zhang
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - X Pang
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - P Huang
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - W C Li
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
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Nie L, Hua W, Liu X, Pang X, Guo C, Zhang W, Tian Y, Qiu Q. Associated Factors and Immune Response to the Hepatitis B Vaccine with a Standard Schedule: A Prospective Study of People with HIV in China. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11050921. [PMID: 37243025 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11050921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B (HB) vaccination is recommended for people with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). We aimed to assess the immune response to the HB vaccine and associated factors using the standard vaccination schedule among people with HIV (PWH) in China. A prospective study was carried out from 2016 to 2020 in Beijing, China. PWH were given three 20 μg doses of recombinant HB vaccine at 0, 1, and 6 months. Blood samples were taken within 4-6 weeks after each dose to evaluate the anti-HBs levels. A total of 312 participants completed vaccination and serologic testing. The seroconversion (anti-HBs ≥ 10 IU/L) rates following the first, second, and third doses of the vaccine were 35.6% (95% CI: 30.3-40.9%), 55.1% (95% CI: 49.6-60.7%), and 86.5% (95% CI: 82.8-90.3%), respectively, and the geometric means of the anti-HBs titers were 0.8 IU/L (95% CI: 0.5-1.6 IU/L), 15.7 IU/L (95% CI: 9.4-26.3 IU/L), and 241.0 IU/L (95% CI: 170.3-341.1 IU/L), respectively. In multivariate analysis, after three doses of vaccination, age, CD4 cell count, and HIV-RNA viral load were significantly associated with strong, moderate, and weak response, respectively. These findings confirm that these personal health conditions are related to the HB response. HB vaccination in PWH using the standard schedule was still highly effective in the context of early treatment initiation, especially among participants aged 30 years and younger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Nie
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Wei Hua
- Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiuying Liu
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Xinghuo Pang
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Caiping Guo
- Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Yakun Tian
- Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Qian Qiu
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, China
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4
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Min J, Huang Z, Pang X, Zhong T, Jin C, Chen N, Xia D, Zhang P, Wang Z, Xia Y, Li B. 486P AK130, a first-in-class Fc-mutant anti-TIGIT antibody fused with TGF-βRII protein, elicits potent anti-tumor efficacy in pre-clinical studies. Ann Oncol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2022.07.614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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5
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Wu SS, Ren ZY, Sun Y, Zhang JJ, Zhao H, Dou XF, Ma CN, Jia L, Yang P, Pang X. [Survey on infection source of a cold-chain product associated COVID-19 epidemic caused by 2019-nCoV Delta variant in Beijing]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2022; 43:1230-1236. [PMID: 35981984 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20220228-00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the source and the transmission chain of a cold-chain product associated COVID-19 epidemic caused by 2019-nCoV Delta variant in Beijing. Methods: Epidemiological investigation were used to verify the exposure points of the cases. Close contacts were traced from the exposure points, and human and environmental samples were collected for nucleic acid tests. Positive samples were analyzed by gene sequencing. Results: A total of 112 cases of COVID-19 were reported in the epidemic from January 18 to February 6, 2022 in Beijing. Except for 1 case was uncertain, there were epidemiological links among 111 cases. The source of infection was the packages of imported cold-chain products from Southeast Asia, which were harvested and stored in a local cold-storage in January 2021, and packaged and sent to the cold-storage A in A district in June 2021, and then sold in batches in cold-storage B in B district from January 2022. The first case was infected in the handling of positive frozen products, and then 77 cases occurred due to working, eating and living together with the index case in the cold-storage B, cold-storage C and restaurant D. Besides the cold-storage B, C and the restaurant D, there were 16 sub-transmission chains, resulting in additional 35 cases. Conclusion: The epidemic indicated that the risk of 2019-nCoV infection from imported cold-chain products contaminated by package and highlighted the importance to strengthen the management of cold-chain industry in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Wu
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Z Y Ren
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Y Sun
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, China
| | - J J Zhang
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, China
| | - H Zhao
- Institute for School Health, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control,Beijing 100013, China
| | - X F Dou
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, China
| | - C N Ma
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, China
| | - L Jia
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, China
| | - P Yang
- Central Office, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Xinghuo Pang
- Central Office, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, China
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6
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Yu F, Jiang B, Guo X, Hou L, Tian Y, Zhang J, Li Q, Jia L, Yang P, Wang Q, Pang X, Gao Z. Norovirus outbreaks in China, 2000-2018: A systematic review. Rev Med Virol 2022; 32:e2382. [PMID: 35946340 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To understand epidemiological characteristics of norovirus outbreaks in China from 2000 to 2018 the literature on norovirus outbreaks was identified by searching WANFANG, CNKI, PubMed, and Web of Science databases before 31 December 2018. Statistical analyses were performed using Statistical Product Service Solutions software. RStudio1.4.1717 and ArcGIS trial version were used for plotting bar graphs and maps. A total of 419 norovirus outbreaks were reported in the 394 included articles, which occurred between June 2000 and October 2018, showing an overall increasing trend. The majority of outbreaks occurred in schools (52.28%, 218/417) and kindergartens (55/417, 13.19%). Person-to-person transmission (41.64%, 137/329) was most common, followed by food-borne transmission (75/329, 22.80%) and water-borne transmission (72/329, 21.88%). GII was the most predominant norovirus genogroup, with GII.4, GII.17 and GII.2 being the dominant genotypes in 2007-2013, 2014-2015, 2016-2017, respectively. Increased outbreaks were associated with the prevalence of new variants. Most norovirus outbreaks were reported in the southeast of the country. The number of norovirus outbreaks was positively associated with the per capita gross domestic product and the year-end resident population. Norovirus outbreaks have become an important public health problem in China. It is necessary to establish surveillance in hospitals and nursing homes. Genotyping of noroviruses is important for monitoring the circulating strains and improving the vaccine design, so it should be carried out in more regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yu
- China Medical University School of Public Health, Shenyang, China.,Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Capital Medical University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Xinhui Guo
- Fangshan District Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Liyu Hou
- Capital Medical University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Tian
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaying Zhang
- Capital Medical University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Jia
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Quanyi Wang
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xinghuo Pang
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyong Gao
- China Medical University School of Public Health, Shenyang, China.,Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
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7
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Wu SS, Zhang JJ, Sun Y, Ren ZY, Dou XF, Zhang L, Duan W, Ma CN, Yang P, Pang X. [Survey of possible aerosol transmission of a COVID-19 epidemic caused by 2019-nCoV Delta variant]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2022; 43:305-309. [PMID: 35345282 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20211208-00961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the epidemiological characteristics and the transmission chain of a family clustering of COVID-19 cases caused by severe acute respiratory 2019-nCoV Delta variant in Changping district of Beijing. Methods: Epidemiological investigation was conducted and big data were used to reveal the exposure history of the cases. Close contacts were screened according to the investigation results, and human and environmental samples were collected for nucleic acid tests. Positive samples were analyzed by gene sequencing. Results: On November 1, 2021, a total of 5 COVID-19 cases caused by 2019-nCoV Delta variant were reported in a family detected through active screening. The infection source was a person in the same designated isolation hotel where the first case of the family cluster was isolated from 22 to 27, October. The first case was possibly infected through aerosol particles in the ventilation duct system of the isolation hotel. After the isolation discharge on October 27, and the first case caused secondary infections of four family members while living together from October 27 to November 1, 2021. Conclusion: 2019-nCoV Delta variant is prone to cause family cluster, and close attention needs to be paid to virus transmission through ventilation duct system in isolation hotels.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Wu
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control/Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing 100013, China
| | - J J Zhang
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control/Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Y Sun
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control/Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Z Y Ren
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control/Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing 100013, China
| | - X F Dou
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control/Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing 100013, China
| | - L Zhang
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control/Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing 100013, China
| | - W Duan
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control/Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing 100013, China
| | - C N Ma
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control/Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing 100013, China
| | - P Yang
- Office of Global Health Center, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control/Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Xinghuo Pang
- Central Office, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control/Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing 100013, China
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8
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Tang X, Ying R, Yao X, Li G, Wu C, Tang Y, Li Z, Kuang B, Wu F, Chi C, Du X, Qin Y, Gao S, Hu S, Ma J, Liu T, Pang X, Wang J, Zhao G, Tan W, Zhang Y, Lu X, Lu J. Evolutionary analysis and lineage designation of SARS-CoV-2 genomes. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2021; 66:2297-2311. [PMID: 33585048 PMCID: PMC7864783 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2021.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The pandemic due to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has caused immense global disruption. With the rapid accumulation of SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences, however, thousands of genomic variants of SARS-CoV-2 are now publicly available. To improve the tracing of the viral genomes' evolution during the development of the pandemic, we analyzed single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in 121,618 high-quality SARS-CoV-2 genomes. We divided these viral genomes into two major lineages (L and S) based on variants at sites 8782 and 28144, and further divided the L lineage into two major sublineages (L1 and L2) using SNVs at sites 3037, 14408, and 23403. Subsequently, we categorized them into 130 sublineages (37 in S, 35 in L1, and 58 in L2) based on marker SNVs at 201 additional genomic sites. This lineage/sublineage designation system has a hierarchical structure and reflects the relatedness among the subclades of the major lineages. We also provide a companion website (www.covid19evolution.net) that allows users to visualize sublineage information and upload their own SARS-CoV-2 genomes for sublineage classification. Finally, we discussed the possible roles of compensatory mutations and natural selection during SARS-CoV-2's evolution. These efforts will improve our understanding of the temporal and spatial dynamics of SARS-CoV-2's genome evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Center for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ruochen Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Center for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xinmin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Center for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Guanghao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Changcheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Center for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yiyuli Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Zhida Li
- Yuxi Rongjian Information Technology Co., Ltd., Yuxi 653100, China
| | - Bishan Kuang
- Yuxi Rongjian Information Technology Co., Ltd., Yuxi 653100, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Yuxi Rongjian Information Technology Co., Ltd., Yuxi 653100, China
| | - Changsheng Chi
- Yuxi Rongjian Information Technology Co., Ltd., Yuxi 653100, China
| | - Xiaoman Du
- Yuxi Rongjian Information Technology Co., Ltd., Yuxi 653100, China
| | - Yi Qin
- Yuxi Rongjian Information Technology Co., Ltd., Yuxi 653100, China
| | - Shenghan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources (SKLMR), The Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Songnian Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources (SKLMR), The Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Juncai Ma
- The Microresource and Big Data Center, The Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tiangang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xinghuo Pang
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC) & Research Center for Preventive Medicine of Beijing, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Jianwei Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Guoping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wenjie Tan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yaping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Xuemei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Jian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Center for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Liang Y, Bai X, Liu X, Zhang Z, Pang X, Nie L, Qiu W, Zhao W, Hu G. Hepatitis B Vaccination Coverage Rates and Associated Factors: A Community-Based, Cross-Sectional Study Conducted in Beijing, 2019-2020. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9101070. [PMID: 34696178 PMCID: PMC8539675 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B vaccination coverage rates are low throughout most populations in China. Factors influencing low coverage rates, including population-specific hepatitis B vaccination barriers, may inform policies that promote vaccination. A cross-sectional survey of residents from 43 communities assessed their vaccination status and identified associated factors via uni- and multivariable logistic regression and subgroup analyses. In total, 11,280 of 36,007 respondents received a hepatitis B vaccine, indicating a 31.33% coverage rate. Multivariable logistic regression revealed non-Beijing (odds ratio (OR) = 0.81; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.76-0.85) and residents who self-rated their health as very healthy (OR = 0.82; 95% CI: 0.68-0.99) were unlikely to be vaccinated. Farmers (OR = 1.68; 95% CI: 1.51-1.86), commerce and service workers (OR = 1.82; 95% CI, 1.63-2.04), government employees (OR = 1.56; 95% CI: 1.38-1.77), professionals and technicians (OR = 1.85; 95% CI: 1.63-2.09), and students (OR = 1.69; 95% CI: 1.10-2.59) had increased hepatitis B vaccination rates. The multivariable assessment revealed hepatitis B vaccination coverage rates are associated with confirmed or suspected family cases, vaccination unwillingness or uncertainty, and unawareness of its prevention of the hepatitis B virus. Low hepatitis B vaccination coverage rates among Beijing subpopulations highlight the need for improved strategies, including those that target specific populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liang
- Chaoyang District Center for Disease Prevention and Control of Beijing, Beijing 100020, China; (Y.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Xinxin Bai
- School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, China;
| | - Xinyao Liu
- Center for Health Policy and Management, Institute of Medical Information, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100020, China;
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Chaoyang District Center for Disease Prevention and Control of Beijing, Beijing 100020, China; (Y.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Xinghuo Pang
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, China; (X.P.); (L.N.)
| | - Li Nie
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, China; (X.P.); (L.N.)
| | - Wuqi Qiu
- Center for Health Policy and Management, Institute of Medical Information, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100020, China;
- Correspondence: (W.Q.); (W.Z.); (G.H.)
| | - Wei Zhao
- Chaoyang District Center for Disease Prevention and Control of Beijing, Beijing 100020, China; (Y.L.); (Z.Z.)
- School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, China;
- Correspondence: (W.Q.); (W.Z.); (G.H.)
| | - Guangyu Hu
- Center for Health Policy and Management, Institute of Medical Information, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100020, China;
- Correspondence: (W.Q.); (W.Z.); (G.H.)
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10
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Li B, Huang Z, Pang X, Zhong T, Jin C, Chen N, Ma S, He X, Xia D, Jin X, Wang Z, Xia Y. 2O Penpulimab, an IgG1 anti-PD-1 antibody with Fc-engineering to eliminate effector functions and with unique epitope and binding properties. Ann Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2021.08.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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11
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Suo L, Ma R, Wang Z, Tang T, Wang H, Liu F, Tang J, Peng X, Guo X, Lu L, Pang X. Perception of the COVID-19 Epidemic and Acceptance of Vaccination Among Healthcare Workers Prior to Vaccine Licensure - Beijing Municipality, China, May-July 2020. China CDC Wkly 2021; 3:569-575. [PMID: 34594938 PMCID: PMC8392963 DOI: 10.46234/ccdcw2021.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
What is already known about this topic? The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine development has been progressing, but acceptance of the new vaccines by healthcare workers (HCWs) was not well known prior to approval of COVID-19 vaccines in China. What is added by this report? This study found that before vaccine approval, Beijing HCWs expressed moderate willingness to get vaccinated. Factors positively influencing willingness included free vaccination and belief that the vaccine had been fully evaluated. A negatively influencing factor was presence of an underlying disease. Trust in vaccines, in general, was positively associated with willingness to get new vaccines. What are the implications for public health practice? COVID-19 vaccines should be provided at no cost to HCWs. Effective measures should be taken to enhance the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination among HCWs in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luodan Suo
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Ma
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongzhan Wang
- Fengtai District Center for Disease Preventionand and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Tian Tang
- Fengtai District Center for Disease Preventionand and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Haihong Wang
- Changping District Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Chaoyang District Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Jinfeng Tang
- Daxing District Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xinghui Peng
- Miyun District Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Guo
- Huairou District Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Li Lu
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xinghuo Pang
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing, China
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12
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Ma R, Suo L, Lu L, Pang X. Willingness of the General Public to Receive the COVID-19 Vaccine During a Second-Level Alert - Beijing Municipality, China, May 2020. China CDC Wkly 2021; 3:531-537. [PMID: 34594928 PMCID: PMC8393022 DOI: 10.46234/ccdcw2021.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
What is already known on this topic? Preclinical trials showed the effectiveness of domestic inactivated vaccine candidates for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, it is necessary to evaluate the willingness of the public to receive future domestic vaccines and to understand factors associated with willingness at the early stages of vaccine development. What is added by this report? Through May 25, 2020, 70.48% were willing to receive future domestic COVID-19 vaccines. Confidence in vaccines had the largest impact on public willingness, while age and presence of underlying chronic disease did not significantly increase public willingness. What are the implications for public health practice? It is necessary to increase awareness of COVID-19 vaccines among people with high risk of severe infection and to build public confidence in vaccines. Releasing accurate, timely, and reliable data to the public can help increase willingness to get vaccinated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ma
- Division of Expanded Program of Immunization (EPI), Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention/Beijing Center for Preventive Medicine Research, Beijing, China
| | - Luodan Suo
- Division of Expanded Program of Immunization (EPI), Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention/Beijing Center for Preventive Medicine Research, Beijing, China
| | - Li Lu
- Division of Expanded Program of Immunization (EPI), Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention/Beijing Center for Preventive Medicine Research, Beijing, China
| | - Xinghuo Pang
- Division of Expanded Program of Immunization (EPI), Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention/Beijing Center for Preventive Medicine Research, Beijing, China
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Zhao D, Suo L, Lu L, Pan J, Pang X, Yao W. Effect of Earlier Vaccination and a Two-Dose Varicella Vaccine Schedule on Varicella Incidence - Beijing Municipality, 2007-2018. China CDC Wkly 2021; 3:311-315. [PMID: 34594873 PMCID: PMC8393178 DOI: 10.46234/ccdcw2021.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS TOPIC? The World Health Organization (WHO) varicella vaccines position paper states that countries where varicella is an important public health burden could consider introducing varicella vaccine (VarV) in the routine childhood immunization program (1). VarV has been available for many years in China but is not included in most routine immunization programs in China. As a result, substantial heterogeneity in vaccination coverage exists across regions. WHAT IS ADDED BY THIS REPORT? In Beijing, adding a second dose of VarV for children and increasing coverage reduced the incidence of varicella. Lowering the age of the first dose of VarV to 12 months could further reduce varicella, especially among toddlers. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH PRACTICE? Governments should use economic analysis to consider inclusion of VarV into the routine children immunization program as a free vaccine and adopting a 2-dose schedule that starts at 12 months of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhao
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Luodan Suo
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Li Lu
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jingbin Pan
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xinghuo Pang
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Yao
- Shenzhen Jin Wei Xin Technology Co., LTD, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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14
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Li LF, Wang ZB, Han CG, Sun HQ, Wang R, Ren YL, Lin JQ, Pang X, Liu XM, Lin JQ, Chen LX. Optimal reference genes for real-time quantitative PCR and the expression of sigma factors in Acidithiobacillus caldus under various conditions. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:1800-1812. [PMID: 33754423 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Acidithiobacillus caldus is an important sulphur-oxidizing bacterium that plays crucial roles in the bioleaching industry. This study aims to analyse the optimal reference gene for real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) under different conditions and investigate the transcription levels of the sigma factor genes in the stress response. METHODS AND RESULTS We selected six housekeeping genes and analysed them via RT-qPCR using two energy resources, under four stress conditions. Three statistical approaches BestKeeper, geNorm, and NormFinder were utilized to determine transcription stability of these reference genes. The gapdH gene was the best internal control gene using elemental sulphur as an energy resource and under heat stress, map was the best internal control gene under pH and osmotic stress, era was the best internal control gene for the K2 S4 O6 energy resource, and rpoC was the best internal control gene under Cu2+ stress. Furthermore, the expressional levels of 11 sigma factors were analysed by RT-qPCR in the stress response. CONCLUSIONS Stable internal control genes for RT-qPCR analysis of A. caldus were determined, and the expression patterns of sigma factor genes of A. caldus were investigated. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The identification of the optimal reference gene and analysis of transcription levels of sigma factors in A. caldus can provide clues for reference gene selection and the study of sigma factor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Li
- Henan Neurodevelopment Engineering Research Center for Children, Henan Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Z B Wang
- Energy-rich Compounds Production by Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Research Center, Shandong Key Lab of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - C G Han
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - H Q Sun
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - R Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Y L Ren
- Qingdao Longding Biotech Limited Company, Qingdao, China
| | - J Q Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - X Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - X M Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - J Q Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - L X Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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15
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Pang X, Ren L, Wu S, Ma W, Yang J, Di L, Li J, Xiao Y, Kang L, Du S, Du J, Wang J, Li G, Zhai S, Chen L, Zhou W, Lai S, Gao L, Pan Y, Wang Q, Li M, Wang J, Huang Y, Wang J. Cold-chain food contamination as the possible origin of COVID-19 resurgence in Beijing. Natl Sci Rev 2020; 7:1861-1864. [PMID: 34676083 PMCID: PMC7665658 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwaa264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xinghuo Pang
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC), China
- Research Centre for Preventive Medicine of Beijing, China
| | - Lili Ren
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, China
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Shuangsheng Wu
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC), China
- Research Centre for Preventive Medicine of Beijing, China
| | - Wentai Ma
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and China National Center for Bioinformation, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Jian Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Lin Di
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG), Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), College of Chemistry, and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, China
| | - Jie Li
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, China
| | - Yan Xiao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, China
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Lu Kang
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and China National Center for Bioinformation, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Shichang Du
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC), China
- Research Centre for Preventive Medicine of Beijing, China
| | - Jing Du
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC), China
- Research Centre for Preventive Medicine of Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC), China
- Research Centre for Preventive Medicine of Beijing, China
| | - Gang Li
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC), China
- Research Centre for Preventive Medicine of Beijing, China
| | - Shuguang Zhai
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC), China
- Research Centre for Preventive Medicine of Beijing, China
| | - Lijuan Chen
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC), China
- Research Centre for Preventive Medicine of Beijing, China
| | - Wenxiong Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG), Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), College of Chemistry, and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, China
| | - Shengjie Lai
- WorldPop, School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Lei Gao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Yang Pan
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC), China
- Research Centre for Preventive Medicine of Beijing, China
| | - Quanyi Wang
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC), China
- Research Centre for Preventive Medicine of Beijing, China
| | - Mingkun Li
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and China National Center for Bioinformation, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Jianbin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology (ICSB), Tsinghua University, China
- ChineseInstitute for Brain Research (CIBR), China
| | - Yanyi Huang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG), Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), College of Chemistry, and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, China
- Institute for Cell Analysis, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, China
| | - Jianwei Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, China
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, China
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16
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Xiao W, Li M, Guo Z, Zhang R, Xi S, Zhang X, Li Y, Wu D, Ren Y, Pang X, Wan X, Li K, Zhou C, Zhai X, Wang Q, Zeng Z, Zhang H, Yang X, Wu Y, Li M, Gao Y. A Genotype Signature for Predicting Pathologic Complete Response in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.07.2241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Kolpakov S, Sergeyev SV, Udalcovs A, Pang X, Ozolins O, Schatz R, Popov S. Optical rogue waves in coupled fiber Raman lasers. Opt Lett 2020; 45:4726-4729. [PMID: 32870842 DOI: 10.1364/ol.398493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
For coupled linear cavity-random fiber Raman lasers, for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, we demonstrate a new mechanism of emergence of the random pulses, with the anomalous statistics satisfying optical rogue waves' criteria experimentally. The rogue waves appear as a result of the coupling of two Raman cascades, namely, a linear cavity laser with a wavelength of 1.55 µm and a random laser with a wavelength nearly 1.67 µm, along with coupling of the orthogonal states of polarization (SOPs). The coherent coupling of SOPs causes localization of the trajectories in the vicinity of these states, whereas polarization instability drives escape taking the form of chaotic oscillations. Antiphase dynamics in two cascades result in the suppression of low amplitude chaotic oscillations and enable the anomalous spikes, satisfying rogue waves criteria.
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Pang X, Zhang L, Liu N, Liu B, Chen Z, Li H, Chen M, Peng M, Ren H, Hu P. Combination of pegylated interferon-alpha and nucleos(t)ide analogue treatment enhances the activity of natural killer cells in nucleos(t)ide analogue experienced chronic hepatitis B patients. Clin Exp Immunol 2020; 202:80-92. [PMID: 32638357 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A combination of pegylated interferon-alpha (peg-IFN-α) and nucleos(t)ides analogue (NA) therapy can effectively reduce hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), especially in NA-experienced chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. However, the immune mechanism of this therapy is unclear. Forty NA-experienced CHB patients were enrolled into this study. The frequencies of peripheral blood natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs), CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, T helper (Th) cells, regulatory T cells (Treg ), B cells and follicular T helper (Tfh) cells were evaluated by flow cytometry. Seven of the 40 patients converted to peg-IFN-α combined with NA treatment, while the other 33 continued to NA therapy. The decrease in HBsAg was more pronounced in the combination treatment group, and only patients receiving combination treatment achieved HBsAg loss. The frequency and absolute number of CD56bright NK cells in the combination treatment group increased significantly compared with the NA treatment group, whereas the CD56dim NK cells were decreased. In the NA treatment group, the proportions of CD4+ TN , CD8+ TN , CD19+ B and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4)+ CD4+ T cells were increased, while the proportions of CD4+ TEM , CD8+ TEM , CD25+ CD4+ Treg , CD25high CD4+ Treg , CD127low CD25+ Treg , programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)+ CD4+ T, PD-1+ CD8+ T, CTLA-4+ CD8+ T, CCR4+ CD25+ Treg and CCR4+ CD25high Treg cells were decreased after therapy. For NA-experienced CHB patients who achieved low HBsAg levels, combination treatment is more likely to result in HBsAg decline and HBsAg clearance by increasing the activity of CD56bright NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Pang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Chinese Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - L Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Chinese Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - N Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Chinese Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - B Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Chinese Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Z Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Chinese Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - H Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Chinese Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - M Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Chinese Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - M Peng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Chinese Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - H Ren
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Chinese Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - P Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Chinese Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Suo L, Lu L, Zhao D, Pang X. Impact of a 2-dose voluntary vaccination strategy on varicella epidemiology in Beijing, 2011–2017. Vaccine 2020; 38:3690-3696. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.01.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Lv Y, Pang X, Jia PY, Jia DL. Combined therapy of infusion of DC from rats with higher expression of IDO and CD40L on rejection post heart transplantation. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2019; 22:7977-7984. [PMID: 30536346 DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_201811_16426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) can inhibit rejection of graft via inducing T cell apoptosis. CD40L monoclonal antibody (mAb) inhibits T cell activation. However, the effects of the combination of infusion of dendritic cell (DC) from IDO over-expressed donor mice and CD40L mAb on the treatment of graft rejection after heart transplantation have not been reported. MATERIALS AND METHODS Allogeneic heart transplantation mouse model was established. Recipient mice were divided into three groups, including control group, IDO group (in which DC donors received adenoviral vector of IDO) and combined therapy group (which received both IDO over-expressed DC infusion and CD40L mAb injection post transplantation). Survival time and cardiac function were observed, with IDO expression being quantified. Flow cytometry (FCM) was used to analyze T cell apoptosis, while enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was adopted to test the levels of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). RESULTS IDO expression was significantly elevated in both IDO and combined therapy groups, with enhanced T cell apoptosis compared to control group (p < 0.05). Both groups had better survival time and cardiac functions compared to control group, along with increased IL-10/IL-6 expression and suppressed INF-γ and IL-2 expression (p < 0.05). However, combined therapy had a better efficiency compared to IDO group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Combined therapy of high IDO expressed mouse DC perfusion with CD40L mAb can elongate the survival time of recipient heart and inhibit rejection reaction via facilitating T cell apoptosis. Meanwhile, combined therapy could also regulate the expression of some immune suppressant factors and mediate the Th1/Th2 cytokine balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Lv
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
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21
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Feng L, Liu Z, Lou X, Zhou X, Chen H, Pang X, Liu S, He F, Wei M, Tian J, Wan X. A Radiomics-Based Multi-Omics Integration Model to Predict the Therapeutic Response to Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy of Rectal Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.06.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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22
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Ruan B, Yu Z, Yang S, Xu K, Ren J, Yao J, Wu N, Yu C, Deng M, Xie T, Chen P, Wang C, Li Y, Zhao Y, Sheng J, Hou Y, Wu Z, Jin S, Chen Y, Li M, Zhu F, Tang H, Hao Y, Pang X, Lu L, Yang W, Yuan Z, Xu A, Li Z, Ni M, Yan Y, Zhong Q, Zhou L, Li G, Meng Q, Hu J, Zhou H, Zhang G, Li D, Jiang W, Li Q, Wu P, Xing R, Gu J, Gao D, Li L. Establishment and development of national community-based collaborative innovation demonstration areas to achieve the control target of hepatitis B in China. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:617. [PMID: 31299910 PMCID: PMC6626343 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4150-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The major infectious diseases of hepatitis B has constituted an acute public health challenge in China. An effective and affordable HBV control model is urgently needed. A national project of Community-based Collaborative Innovation HBV (CCI-HBV) demonstration areas has optimized the existing community healthcare resources and obtained initial results in HBV control. Methods Based on the existing community healthcare network, CCI-HBV project combined the community health management and health contract signing service for long-staying residents in hepatitis B screening. Moreover, HBV field research strategy was popularized in CCI-HBV areas. After screening, patients with seropositive results were enrolled in corresponding cohorts and received treatment at an early stage. And the uninfected people received medical supports including health education through new media, behavior intervention and HBV vaccinations. In this process, a cloud-based National Information Platform (NIP) was established to collect and store residents’ epidemiological data. In addition, a special quality control team was set up for CCI project. Results After two rounds of screening, HBsAg positive rate dropped from 5.05% (with 5,173,003 people screened) to 4.57% (with 3,819,675 people screened), while the rate of new HBV infections was 0.28 per 100 person-years in the fixed cohorts of 2,584,322 people. The quality control team completed PPS sampling simultaneously and established the serum sample database with 2,800,000 serum samples for unified testing. Conclusions CCI-HBV project has established a large-scale field research to conduct whole-population screening and intervention. We analyzed the HBsAg prevalence and new infection rate of HBV in the fixed population for the epidemic trend and intervention effect. The purpose of CCI-HBV project is to establish and evaluate a practical model of grid management and field strategy, to realize the new goal to control hepatitis B in China. To provide policymakers with a feasible model, our results are directly applicable. Trial registration The project was funded by the Major Projects of Science Research for the 11th and 12th five-year plans of China, entitled “The prevention and control of AIDS, viral hepatitis and other major infectious diseases”, Grant Nos. 2009ZX10004901, 2011ZX10004901, 2013ZX10004904, 2014ZX10004007 and 2014ZX10004008.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Ruan
- The State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No.79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhixin Yu
- The State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No.79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shigui Yang
- The State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No.79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kaijin Xu
- The State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No.79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Ren
- The State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No.79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Yao
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nanping Wu
- The State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No.79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chengbo Yu
- The State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No.79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Deng
- The State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No.79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tiansheng Xie
- The State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No.79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ping Chen
- The State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No.79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chencheng Wang
- The State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No.79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiping Li
- The State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No.79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanhong Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No.79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jifang Sheng
- The State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No.79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunde Hou
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zunyou Wu
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Shuigao Jin
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Fengcai Zhu
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | | | | | - Xinghuo Pang
- Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Lu
- Yunnan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, China
| | - Wen Yang
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhengan Yuan
- Shanghai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Aiqiang Xu
- Shandong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Zizhao Li
- Henan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mingjian Ni
- Xinjiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Urumchi, China
| | - Yongping Yan
- The Forth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Qiu Zhong
- The Center of Tuberculosis control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- The Center of Tuberculosis control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guojian Li
- Guangxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Qun Meng
- National Statistical Information Center of China, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Hu
- National Statistical Information Center of China, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- National Statistical Information Center of China, Beijing, China
| | | | - Dexin Li
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- The Digital Medical and Health Technology Research Institute of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qing Li
- National Health and Family Planning Commission of China, Beijing, China
| | - Peixin Wu
- National Health and Family Planning Commission of China, Beijing, China
| | - Ruoqi Xing
- National Health and Family Planning Commission of China, Beijing, China
| | - Jinhui Gu
- National Health and Family Planning Commission of China, Beijing, China
| | - Di Gao
- National Health and Family Planning Commission of China, Beijing, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- The State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No.79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, China.
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Yang M, Zhou Y, Liu L, Wang S, Jiang J, Shang Q, Yu H, Xiang X, Pang X, Li T, Zhao P. Decreased A20 expression on circulating CD56 bright NK cells contributes to a worse disease status in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Clin Exp Immunol 2019; 198:1-10. [PMID: 31206174 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A20, a pivotal anti-inflammatory protein, preserves immune homeostasis and regulates prolonged inflammation. A previous study has shown that A20 expression levels are down-regulated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). However, the precise role of A20 in reducing autoimmune disorders needs to be further elucidated. In this study, A20 expression was found to be preferentially reduced on circulating CD56bright natural killer (NK) cells in patients with AS, and its level was negatively correlated with that of proinflammatory cytokines. Further investigation demonstrated that A20 reduces interferon (IFN)-γ and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α production in CD56bright NK cells after stimulation with monokines or phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)/ionomycin(P/I). Furthermore, CD56bright NK cells isolated from AS patients promote TNF-α secretion by autologous monocytes, and increasing the A20 expression level partially attenuates this process. More importantly, decreased A20 expression on circulating CD56bright NK cells is associated with worse disease status in patients with AS. Our findings reveal that A20 participates in the pathogenesis of AS by negatively regulating CD56bright NK cells and that its reduced expression contributes to a worsened disease status in patients with AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yang
- Department of Radiology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Y Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - L Liu
- Center of Translational Medicine, Zibo Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Zibo, China
| | - S Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, Zibo Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Zibo, China
| | - J Jiang
- Department of Radiology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Q Shang
- Center of Translational Medicine, Zibo Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Zibo, China
| | - H Yu
- Center of Translational Medicine, Zibo Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Zibo, China
| | - X Xiang
- Center of Translational Medicine, Zibo Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Zibo, China
| | - X Pang
- Center of Translational Medicine, Zibo Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Zibo, China
| | - T Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - P Zhao
- Center of Translational Medicine, Zibo Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Zibo, China
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Ma R, Lu L, Suo L, Zhangzhu J, Chen M, Pang X. Evaluation of the adequacy of measles laboratory diagnostic tests in the era of accelerating measles elimination in Beijing, China. Vaccine 2019; 37:3804-3809. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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25
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Li C, Pang X, liu R, Shi B. The key factors of mesenchymal β-catenin/f-actin played in palatal elevation. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2019.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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26
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Dou X, Chen M, Li S, Chen Y, Pang X, Wang Q. Epidemiological characteristics of the Manchurian plague pandemic of 1910-1911. Access Microbiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1099/acmi.ac2019.po0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfeng Dou
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Chen
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yanwei Chen
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xinghuo Pang
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Quanyi Wang
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
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Wang H, Gao P, Chen W, Bai S, Lv M, Ji W, Pang X, Wu J. Changing epidemiological characteristics of Hepatitis A and warning of Anti-HAV immunity in Beijing, China: a comparison of prevalence from 1990 to 2017. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 15:420-425. [PMID: 30260275 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1529128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgroud: Beijing was hyper-endemic for hepatitis A until the 1990s and has been vaccinating against hepatitis A since 1994. The objective is to study the epidemiology and changes of antibody level of hepatitis A from 1990 to 2017. METHODS A multistage randomized cluster sampling serological cross-sectional study was conducted in individuals over one year old in 1992, 2006 and 2014 in Beijing. Venous blood samples were collected to test anti-HAV antibody. The incidence data of hepatitis A were obtained from National Notifiable Disease Reporting System (NNDRS) and CDC statistics in Beijing. The vaccination data of hepatitis A immunization were acquired from Beijing Immune Information System. RESULTS From 1990 to 2017, the reported incidence rate of HAV in Beijing declined from 59.41/100,000 in 1990 to 0.80/100,000 in 2017. The average age of HAV infection was postponed from individuals under 20 years old to individuals over 20 years old. After hepatitis A vaccine was introduced to Beijing, the outbreak of hepatitis A decreased sharply. Adjusted anti-HAV positive rate in general population was 68.23%, 81.73% and 82.47% respectively in 1992, 2006 and 2014. Due to hepatitis A vaccination conducted in children, the anti-HAV positive rate in individuals under 20 years old increased from 1992 to 2014, while in individuals over 20, this rate was barely changed. The coverage rate in target population was higher than 99% after hepatitis A vaccine was integrated into Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI). CONCLUSION Incidence rate of hepatitis A in Beijing has decreased dramatically from 1990 to 2017. Hepatitis A vaccine plays an important role in protecting individuals under 20 years old. A higher proportion of adults will be susceptible to hepatitis A virus due to the decay of antibodies as they grow up from childhood to adulthood, which may result in possible outbreak of hepatitis A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai Wang
- a Department of immunization , Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control , Beijing , China
| | - Pei Gao
- a Department of immunization , Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control , Beijing , China
| | - Weixin Chen
- a Department of immunization , Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control , Beijing , China
| | - Shuang Bai
- a Department of immunization , Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control , Beijing , China
| | - Min Lv
- a Department of immunization , Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control , Beijing , China
| | - Wenyan Ji
- a Department of immunization , Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control , Beijing , China
| | - Xinghuo Pang
- a Department of immunization , Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control , Beijing , China
| | - Jiang Wu
- a Department of immunization , Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control , Beijing , China
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Gao GQ, Jin C, Zheng WC, Pang X, Zheng DX, Bai HL. Strain-mediated magnetic properties of epitaxial cobalt ferrite thin films on flexible muscovite. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1209/0295-5075/123/17002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Little data are available on the overall incidence and characteristics of herpes zoster (HZ) in China, thus a community-based retrospective survey was conducted during December 2012 to March 2013 to collect HZ incident data over the past year in selected districts of Beijing, China. A total of 237 incident HZ cases were identified from 118,220 residents and majority of HZ patients (219/237, 92.4%) sought healthcare. Annual HZ incident rates were 1.90/1000 after adjusted and higher among females (2.4/1000) than males (1.7/1000). HZ rates increased with age and with a sharply rise among those aged ≥50 years particular for female. 217 cases were available for interview with 193 (88.9%) primary, 24 (11.1%) recurrent and 10 (4.6%) postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) cases respectively. No difference was shown between the primary and recurrent HZ cases in sex (P = 0.42), age (P = 0.72), times of healthcare seeking (P = 0.45), number of dermatome (P = 0.72), pain degree (P = 0.54), and hospitalization (P = 1.0). According to the survey, it can be speculated that disease burden of HZ is serious and caused at least 2.77 million cases annually in China. The recurrent HZ cases has similar characteristics to primary HZ cases. High proportion of healthcare seeking reminds that HIS records would be a feasible source for HZ surveillance to evaluate the trends and changes in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lu
- a Beijing Municipal Center for Disease Prevention and Control , Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine , Beijing China
| | - Luodan Suo
- a Beijing Municipal Center for Disease Prevention and Control , Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine , Beijing China
| | - Juan Li
- a Beijing Municipal Center for Disease Prevention and Control , Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine , Beijing China
| | - Xinghuo Pang
- a Beijing Municipal Center for Disease Prevention and Control , Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine , Beijing China
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Zhao X, Pang X, Wang F, Cui F, Wang L, Zhang W. Maternal folic acid supplementation and antibody persistence 5 years after hepatitis B vaccination among infants. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:2478-2484. [PMID: 29923793 PMCID: PMC6284482 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1482168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal exposure to dietary factors during pregnancy may modulate the immunity of offspring by epigenetic programming. But the relationship between intrauterine environment and persistence of protective antibody after hepatitis B vaccination has not been reported. This study was to investigate the 5-year persistence of protective antibody response after primary hepatitis B vaccination, and its relationship with maternal folic acid supplementation. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 1461 children who completed a 3-dose 10 μg recombinant hepatitis B vaccine at birth and did not infect hepatitis B virus were followed up. Logistic regression and mediation analysis was used to explore the relationship between 5-year persistence of protective antibody and maternal nutrition. RESULTS Of 1403 children who did not revaccinated during the follow-up, 76.1% had protective hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) levels. Twenty percent of mothers did not take folate during pregnancy. Mediation analysis showed a total effect of folic acid supplementation on good persistence (odds ratio: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.03-1.17, p = 0.0010), a direct effect was 1.07 (95% CI: 1.01-1.13, p = 0.0128) and an indirect effect was 1.03 (95% CI: 1.00-1.06, p = 0.0672); the proportion of good persistence mediated by primary response was 30.3%. CONCLUSION This study indicated a good protective anti-HBs persistence at year 5 after 10 μg recombination hepatitis B vaccination in infants. Maternal folic acid supplementation may improve the persistence of protective antibodies through other pathways. Multi-center cohort studies should be conducted to verify this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhao
- Dept of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xinghuo Pang
- Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Fuzhen Wang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Fuqiang Cui
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Li Wang
- Dept of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Ma R, Lu L, Zhou T, Pan J, Chen M, Pang X. Mumps disease in Beijing in the era of two-dose vaccination policy, 2005-2016. Vaccine 2018; 36:2589-2595. [PMID: 29653850 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.03.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the introduction of mumps-containing vaccines (MuCV) in 1995 in Beijing, two-dose MuCV vaccination policy has been used, with the 1st and 2nd doses given at 18 months and 6 years of age, respectively. METHODS Mumps epidemiology during 2005-2016 was described using surveillance data. Vaccine effectiveness (VE) of MuCV against disease was estimated for cases born during 2002-2009 and reported in 2016. VE against complications was estimated for all cases. MuCV coverage was estimated for children born during 1999-2015 using data from Beijing Immunization Information System. RESULTS Overall mumps incidence decreased from 30.38/100,000 persons in 2005 to 10.26/100,000 persons in 2016. Incidence declines in children aged <15 years. No significant incidence change occurred in adults aged ≥20 years. Incidence in persons aged 15-19 years increased by 132.73% in 2012 when compared with in 2005. Rates of meningitis/encephalitis, orchitis, and other complications among cases decreased during 2005-2016. The majority (97%) of outbreaks occurred in schools. Total number of outbreaks and average outbreak size decreased during 2005-2016. Among outbreak-related cases, 69.54%, 29.67% and 0.79% had received 0 dose, 1dose and 2 doses of MuCV, respectively. Coverage of the 1st MuCV dose at 2-5 years of age increased by 42.75% during 2005-2016. Coverage of the 2nd MuCV dose at 6-14 years of age increased by 12.87% during 2013-2016. Overall VE estimates of MuCV against mumps disease were 74.51% (95% CI: 65.57-81.34%) for 1 dose and 83.16% (95% CI: 78.60-86.31%) for 2 doses. Both VE estimates increased by birth cohorts. VE estimate against complications for 2-dose MuCV was higher than for 1 dose. CONCLUSIONS Increasing MuCV coverage achieved declining mumps incidence and complication rate. Current epidemiology supported 2-dose MuCV vaccination policy. The incidence rise in persons aged 15-19 years in 2012 and waning immunity for the 2nd MuCV dose merited close follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ma
- EPI Department, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100013, PR China
| | - Li Lu
- EPI Department, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100013, PR China.
| | - Tao Zhou
- EPI Department, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100013, PR China
| | - Jingbin Pan
- EPI Department, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100013, PR China
| | - Meng Chen
- EPI Department, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100013, PR China
| | - Xinghuo Pang
- EPI Department, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100013, PR China
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He L, Pang X, Liu H, Chai Y, Wu H, Yang T. Targeted next-generation sequencing and parental genotyping in sporadic Chinese Han deaf patients. Clin Genet 2018; 93:899-904. [PMID: 29178603 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The interpretation of the targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) results can be challenging for variants identified in the sporadic deaf patients. In this study, we performed targeted NGS of 143 deafness-associated genes in 44 sporadic deaf patients and use parental genotyping to test whether the candidate pathogenic variants complied with recessive or de novo pattern. Of 29 recessive candidate variants with minor allele frequencies (MAFs) less than 0.005, 3 pairs of apparent compound heterozygous variants were inherited from the same parental allele, ruling out their pathogenic roles. In addition, non-segregation of an OTOA p.Gln293Arg variant led to the discovery of a genomic microdeletion of OTOA on the opposite allele by copy number variation analysis. Overall, 13 pairs of recessive candidate variants were deemed causative in 13 patients. Of the 28 dominant candidate variants with MAFs less than 0.0005, none occurred de novo, suggesting that they were not disease causing. Our results revealed that targeted NGS in sporadic deaf patients may generate a significant false-positive rate. Parental genotyping is a simple but effective step toward minimizing the false-positive results. Our study also showed that de novo variants in dominant deafness genes may not be a common cause for sporadic deafness.
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Affiliation(s)
- L He
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Ear Institute, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chengdu Integrated TCM&Western Medicine Hospital, Sichuan, China
| | - X Pang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taizhou People's Hospital, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
| | - H Liu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Jiangxi, China
| | - Y Chai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Ear Institute, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - H Wu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Ear Institute, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - T Yang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Ear Institute, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China
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Yang P, Dunzhu C, Widdowson MA, Wu S, Ciren P, Duoji D, Pingcuo W, Dun B, Ma C, Li J, Pang X, Wang Q. Infectious disease-specific health literacy in Tibet, China. Health Promot Int 2018; 33:84-91. [PMID: 27476868 PMCID: PMC5831159 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daw054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed to develop an instrument to assess infectious disease-specific health literacy (IDSHL) in the general population of Tibet, China and identify the association between IDSHL and reported infectious disease-related symptoms. A survey using a standardized questionnaire, which included 25 questions on knowledge, behaviors and skills regarding infectious diseases, was conducted in the general population of Tibet, China between September 2011 and November 2011. The 25 questions formed the index system of the instrument assessing IDSHL (total scores: 25 scores). Factors associated with index scores of IDSHL were identified by general linear model. The association between the index score of IDSHL and the occurrence of the five selected infectious disease symptoms (fever, diarrhea, rash, jaundice or conjunctivitis) were investigated using multivariate unconditional logistic regression. Among 5717 eligible participants in the survey, 4631 participants completed all of the 25 questions in the instrument. The instrument was reliable and valid as measured by the Cronbach's alpha coefficient and split-half coefficient, and the confirmatory factor analysis. Only 1.0% (48/4631) answered ≥80% of the 25 questions correctly (score ≥ 20). Significant factors associated with lower health literacy score included female gender, older age, Tibetan group, lower education level, underlying diseases and more undeveloped area. For each increasing score of IDSHL, reports of fever, diarrhea or jaundice in the prior year were significantly decreased by 3% (p = 0.015), 4% (p = 0.004) and 16% (p < 0.001), respectively. Accurately measuring IDSHL could help identify those individuals with poor IDSHL, who could be targeted with specific interventions to improve health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yang
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
- Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing
- School of Public Health, Captial Medical University, Beijing
| | - Ciren Dunzhu
- Tibet Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Tibet, China
| | - Marc-Alain Widdowson
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shuangsheng Wu
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
- Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing
- School of Public Health, Captial Medical University, Beijing
| | - Pengcuo Ciren
- Tibet Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Tibet, China
| | - Dunzhu Duoji
- Tibet Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Tibet, China
| | | | - Bian Dun
- Pulan County Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Tibet, China
| | - Chunna Ma
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
- Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing
- School of Public Health, Captial Medical University, Beijing
| | - Jie Li
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
- Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing
- School of Public Health, Captial Medical University, Beijing
| | - Xinghuo Pang
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
- Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing
- School of Public Health, Captial Medical University, Beijing
| | - Quanyi Wang
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
- Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing
- School of Public Health, Captial Medical University, Beijing
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Peng B, Yang L, Yang C, Pang X, Chen X, Wu Y. The effectiveness of anterior cervical decompression and fusion for the relief of dizziness in patients with cervical spondylosis: a multicentre prospective cohort study. Bone Joint J 2018; 100-B:81-87. [PMID: 29305455 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.100b1.bjj-2017-0650.r2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Cervical spondylosis is often accompanied by dizziness. It has recently been shown that the ingrowth of Ruffini corpuscles into diseased cervical discs may be related to cervicogenic dizziness. In order to evaluate whether cervicogenic dizziness stems from the diseased cervical disc, we performed a prospective cohort study to assess the effectiveness of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion on the relief of dizziness. PATIENTS AND METHODS Of 145 patients with cervical spondylosis and dizziness, 116 underwent anterior cervical decompression and fusion and 29 underwent conservative treatment. All were followed up for one year. The primary outcomes were measures of the intensity and frequency of dizziness. Secondary outcomes were changes in the modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association (mJOA) score and a visual analogue scale score for neck pain. RESULTS There were significantly lower scores for the intensity and frequency of dizziness in the surgical group compared with the conservative group at different time points during the one-year follow-up period (p = 0.001). There was a significant improvement in mJOA scores in the surgical group. CONCLUSION This study indicates that anterior cervical surgery can relieve dizziness in patients with cervical spondylosis and that dizziness is an accompanying manifestation of cervical spondylosis. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B:81-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Peng
- General Hospital of Armed Police Force, 69 Yongding Road, Beijing 100039, China
| | - L Yang
- General Hospital of Armed Police Force, 69 Yongding Road, Beijing 100039, China
| | - C Yang
- Changzheng Hospital, 415 Fengyang Rd, Huangpu Qu, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - X Pang
- General Hospital of Armed Police Force, 69 Yongding Road, Beijing 100039, China
| | - X Chen
- Changzheng Hospital, 415 Fengyang Rd, Huangpu Qu, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Y Wu
- 304th Hospital, 28 Fuxing Rd, Haidian Qu, Beijing 100853, China
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Wang H, Cai B, Rao D, Liu M, Li Y, Liang X, Cui F, Zhang G, Wang F, Pang X, Nie L, Qiu Q, Wu J, Li L, Huang F, Zhang W. Rapid immunization effects of a new type of 60 μg hepatitis B vaccine compared with traditional 20 μg hepatitis B vaccines in adults. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 12:2921-2926. [PMID: 27648684 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1206676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The widely recommended standard schedule of hepatitis B vaccine for adults is months 0, 1 and 6, which takes 6 months to complete. Rapid completion of one vaccination schedule is important to adults because of its low compliance with follow-up doses. A new type of 60 μg Hepatitis B vaccine, made by Shenzhen Kangtai Biological Products Co., LTD., is originally recommended for low or non-responders. The objective of this clinical trial was to test whether this 60 μg hepatitis B vaccine could be used in primary immune population and what is its level of immunogenicity and safety compared with other hepatitis B vaccines. METHODS This is a 2-center randomized controlled study. A total of 1169 healthy adults aged between 25 and 55 who tested negative for HBsAg, anti-HBs, and anti-HBc were eligible for the study and were enrolled from relatively fixed and stable sites, such as villages, schools and large enterprises et al in Xuanhua county in Hebei province and Huaibei county in Anhui province. They were randomized to group A (20 μg Engerix-B® with 0, 1, 6 month intervals), group B (20 μg Kangtai hepatitis B vaccine with 0, 1, 6 month intervals), group C (60 μg Kangtai hepatitis B vaccine with 0, 2 month intervals) and group D (20 μg Huabei hepatitis B vaccine made by recombinant DNA techniques in CHO cell with 0, 1, 6 month intervals). In group A, B and D, every study object's blood sample was collected in the second month after their final injection to test the anti-HBs levels; while in group C, the blood sample was collected in the second month after the first and the second injection to test the anti-HBs levels. Adverse events were collected after each dose to assess the vaccines' safety. RESULTS The seroprotection rates were 93.17%, 97.23%, 93.54% and 98.98% respectively and the geometric mean titers (GMTs) were 1033.38 mIU/ml, 600.75 mIU/ml, 265.69 mIU/ml and 1627.05 mIU/ml in group A,B,C and D respectively. The difference of seroprotection rate among the 4 groups was statistically significant (χ2 = 17.26, P<0.05). The difference of titers of anti-HBs among the 4 groups was statistically significant (H = 162.42, P<0.05). BMI, age (older than 40) and smoking were the influence factors of anti-HBs levels on 60 μg hepatitis B vaccine. CONCLUSION 60 μg hepatitis B vaccine has a satisfactory safety and seroprotection rate in adult, It could be used in rapid adult hepatitis B immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai Wang
- a Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , China
| | - Binyu Cai
- b Xuanhua District Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Hebei , China
| | - Delong Rao
- c Huaibei District Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Anhui , China
| | - Min Liu
- c Huaibei District Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Anhui , China
| | - Yabin Li
- b Xuanhua District Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Hebei , China
| | - Xiaofeng Liang
- d Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , China
| | - Fuqiang Cui
- d Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , China
| | - Guomin Zhang
- d Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , China
| | - Fuzhen Wang
- d Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , China
| | - Xinghuo Pang
- a Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , China
| | - Li Nie
- a Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , China
| | - Qian Qiu
- a Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , China
| | - Jiang Wu
- a Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , China
| | - Liqiu Li
- a Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , China
| | - Fang Huang
- a Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , China
| | - Wei Zhang
- a Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , China
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Zhao P, Zhang J, Pang X, Zhao L, Li Q, Cao B. Effect of apatinib combined with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) on proliferation, apoptosis and invasiveness of gastric cancer cells. Ann Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx361.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Gu W, Shi D, Mi N, Pang X, Liu W. Physician, Beware! Drug Fever Without Skin Rashes Can Be Caused by Minocycline. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2017; 27:268-269. [PMID: 28731416 DOI: 10.18176/jiaci.0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- W Gu
- Department of Dermatology, General Hospital of Air Force, Beijing, China
| | - D Shi
- Department of Dermatology, General Hospital of Air Force, Beijing, China
| | - N Mi
- Hospital of Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - X Pang
- Department of Dermatology, General Hospital of Air Force, Beijing, China
| | - W Liu
- Department of Dermatology, General Hospital of Air Force, Beijing, China
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Suo L, Lu L, Wang Q, Yang F, Wang X, Pang X, Marin M, Wang C. Varicella outbreak in a highly-vaccinated school population in Beijing, China during the voluntary two-dose era. Vaccine 2017; 35:4368-4373. [PMID: 28684165 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.06.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two-dose varicella vaccination has been available in Beijing since 2012 in the private sector. We investigated a varicella outbreak in a highly vaccinated elementary school population. METHODS A cohort study was carried out and a varicella case was defined as an acute onset of generalized maculopapulovesicular rash without other apparent cause in a student attending the school from March 29 through May 17, 2015. Breakthrough varicella was defined as varicella >42days after the last vaccine dose among both 1- or 2-dose varicella vaccine recipients. Vaccination information was collected from immunization records; information on prior varicella and clinical presentations was collected by surveying students' parents. RESULTS Of the 1056 students in the school, 1027 (97.3%) reported no history of varicella. Prior to the outbreak, 98.6% of students had received ≥1 dose of varicella vaccine, and most (63.2%) students received two doses. Twenty varicella cases were identified for an overall attack rate of 2.0%. Half of the cases occurred in the classroom of the index case-patient, a two-dose recipient who was not isolated after symptom onset. Breakthrough varicella accounted for 95% of cases (19/20) with attack rates of 14.3% (1/7), 1.6% (6/362) and 2.0% (13/649) among unvaccinated, one-dose, and two-dose students, respectively. Most case-patients (18/20, 90%) had <50 lesions. No difference in clinical presentations was found between one-dose and two-dose recipients with breakthrough varicella. CONCLUSION Moderate two-dose varicella vaccine coverage was insufficient to prevent a varicella outbreak. Two-dose recipients with breakthrough varicella are contagious. High two-dose varicella vaccine coverage and timely isolation of cases may be needed for varicella outbreak prevention in the two-dose era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luodan Suo
- Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Li Lu
- Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
| | - Qinghai Wang
- Xicheng District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Xicheng District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xinghuo Pang
- Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Mona Marin
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chengbin Wang
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Suo L, Lu L, Li J, Sun M, Wang H, Peng X, Yang F, Pang X, Marin M, Wang C. A case control study on family history as a risk factor for herpes zoster and associated outcomes, Beijing, China. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:334. [PMID: 28486993 PMCID: PMC5423417 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2416-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hospital-based case control studies have found family history of herpes zoster (HZ) was associated with risk of HZ, but the role of family history is not fully examined for other HZ-associated outcomes such as recurrent HZ, occurrence of postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), and HZ with different pain severities. METHODS We conducted a population-based matched case control study. HZ cases that occurred during December 1, 2011 to November 30, 2012 were identified by face-to-face interview with all residents of eight selected communities/villages from three districts of Beijing, China. Medical records were reviewed for those who sought healthcare for HZ. For each case-patient, three, age-matched controls (±5 years) without HZ were enrolled from the same community/village of the matched case. Data on family history of HZ were collected by interview and only defined among first-degree relatives. RESULTS A total of 227 case-patients and 678 matched controls were enrolled. Case-patients were more likely to report a family history of HZ [odds ratio (OR) =2.4, P = 0.002]. Compared with controls, association of family history decreased from HZ with PHN to HZ without PHN (OR = 6.0 and 2.3, respectively; P = 0.002 for trend), from recurrent HZ to primary HZ (OR = 9.4 and 2.2, respectively; P = 0.005 for trend), and from HZ with moderate or severe pain to HZ with mild or no pain (OR = 3.2 and 0.8, respectively; P < 0.001 for trend). CONCLUSIONS Family history of HZ was associated with HZ occurrence and was more likely in HZ case-patients with PHN, recurrences, and painful HZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luodan Suo
- Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Li Lu
- Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Li
- Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
| | - Mu Sun
- Xicheng District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Haihong Wang
- Changping District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xinhui Peng
- Miyun District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xinghuo Pang
- Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Mona Marin
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chengbin Wang
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Ma R, Lu L, Suo L, Li X, Yang F, Zhou T, Zhai L, Bai H, Pang X. An expensive adult measles outbreak and response in office buildings during the era of accelerated measles elimination, Beijing, China. Vaccine 2017; 35:1117-1123. [PMID: 28131395 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few measles outbreaks among adults are reported in China, and outbreak response costs are seldom documented. We report an adult measles outbreak and response in 4 linked office buildings in Beijing and its associated costs. METHOD The World Health Organization measles case definitions were used to determine suspected and confirmed measles cases. Surveillance data were used to describe the outbreak, and records and interviews of response staff were used to describe the response. Costs were determined by use of retrospective surveys of cases, review of records, and interviews of staff. RESULTS The outbreak lasted 19days, and involved 22 cases aged 23-49years. Nineteen cases had a local household registration. All cases were employed by 8 companies in 4 linked office buildings. Among the 22 cases, 8 had temperature less than 38.5 degree, 18 had no Koplik spots and none had complications or hospitalizations. A total of 7930 contacts were identified, and of these, 6869 were employees in the office buildings. All the child contacts aged 8months-14years had been up-to-date for measles-containing vaccine (MCV); no adult could document their vaccination or measles history. Of contacts, about 96% were offered post-exposure vaccination. The total household costs were $13,298, or $605 per case. Control costs were $384,594, or $17,481 per case. Involved companies paid for 90.7% of control costs. CONCLUSION Office buildings provide a mechanism for measles transmission. Timely control activities were challenged by the highly infectious nature of measles and mild presentations of cases. The outbreak response was very costly. Financial support by involved companies can provide needed resources for outbreak management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ma
- EPI Department, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100013, PR China
| | - Li Lu
- EPI Department, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100013, PR China.
| | - Luodan Suo
- EPI Department, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100013, PR China
| | - Xiaomei Li
- EPI Department, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100013, PR China
| | - Fan Yang
- EPI Department, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100013, PR China
| | - Tao Zhou
- EPI Department, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100013, PR China
| | - Lijun Zhai
- EPI Department, Dongcheng District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 101300, PR China
| | - Hongwei Bai
- EPI Department, Dongcheng District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 101300, PR China
| | - Xinghuo Pang
- EPI Department, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100013, PR China
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Yang P, Lou X, Zheng Y, Shi W, Li Y, Dong Y, Han Y, Pang X, Liu S, Wang Q. Cytokines and chemokines in mild/asymptomatic cases infected with avian influenza A (H7N9) virus. J Med Microbiol 2016; 65:1232-1235. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yang
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Lou
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Weixian Shi
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yang Li
- Beijing Protein Innovation, Beijing, PR China
| | | | - Yuning Han
- Beijing Protein Innovation, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xinghuo Pang
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Siqi Liu
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Quanyi Wang
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
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Pang X, He Y, Jung J, Lin Z. 1D nanocrystals with precisely controlled dimensions, compositions, and architectures. Science 2016; 353:1268-72. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aad8279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Pang X, Ding J. P-238A NOVEL HYBRID TECHNIQUE FOR LOCALIZATION OF SUBCENTIMETER LUNG NODULES. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivw260.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Xue L, Ding J, Wang Q, Pang X, Fan H. F-128RISK FACTORS OF MYASTHENIC CRISIS AFTER TOTAL THYMECTOMY FOR PATIENTS WITH THYMOMA AND MYASTHENIA GRAVIS. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivw260.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Zhang J, Huang K, O'Neill KL, Pang X, Luo X. Bax/Bak activation in the absence of Bid, Bim, Puma, and p53. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2266. [PMID: 27310874 PMCID: PMC5143395 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
How BH3-only proteins activate Bax/Bak, the two gateway proteins of the mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathway, remains incompletely understood. Although all pro-apoptotic BH3-only proteins are known to bind/neutralize the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins, the three most potent ones, Bid (tBid), Bim, and Puma, possess an additional activity of directly activating Bax/Bak in vitro. This latter activity has been proposed to be responsible for triggering Bax/Bak activation following apoptotic stimulation. To test this hypothesis, we generated Bid−/−Bim−/−Puma−/− (TKO), TKO/Bax−/−/Bak−/− (PentaKO), and PentaKO/Mcl-1−/− (HexaKO) HCT116 cells through gene editing. Surprisingly, although the TKO cells were resistant to several apoptotic stimuli, robust apoptosis was induced upon the simultaneous inactivation of Bcl-xL and Mcl-1, two anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins known to suppress Bax/Bak activation and activity. Importantly, such apoptotic activity was completely abolished in the PentaKO cells. In addition, ABT-737, a BH3 mimetic that inhibits Bcl-xL/Bcl-w/Bcl-2, induced Bax activation in HexaKO cells reconstituted with endogenous level of GFP-Bax. Further, by generating TKO/p53−/− (QKO) cells, we demonstrated that p53, a tumor suppressor postulated to directly activate Bax, is not required for Bid/Bim/Puma-independent Bax/Bak activation. Together, these results strongly suggest that the direct activation activities of Bid (tBid), Bim, Puma, and p53 are not essential for activating Bax/Bak once the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins are neutralized.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhang
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-7696, USA.,Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - K Huang
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-7696, USA
| | - K L O'Neill
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-7696, USA
| | - X Pang
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-7696, USA
| | - X Luo
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-7696, USA
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Wu Y, Wang X, Chang S, Lu W, Liu M, Pang X. -Lapachone Induces NAD(P)H:Quinone Oxidoreductase-1- and Oxidative Stress-Dependent Heat Shock Protein 90 Cleavage and Inhibits Tumor Growth and Angiogenesis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 357:466-475. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.232694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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Qin Y, Zhang Y, Wu P, Feng S, Zheng J, Yang P, Pan Y, Wang Q, Feng L, Pang X, Puig-Barberà J, Yu H, Cowling BJ. Influenza vaccine effectiveness in preventing hospitalization among Beijing residents in China, 2013-15. Vaccine 2016; 34:2329-33. [PMID: 27026147 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estimates of influenza vaccination effectiveness (VE) are valuable for populations where the vaccine has been promoted in order to support vaccination policy and to permit evaluation of vaccination strategies. Such studies would be important for China due to limited data available during seasons when the vaccine strains matched or mismatched the circulating viruses. METHODS We conducted a test-negative study in hospitals in Beijing. Patients admitted to five hospitals in the city were enrolled during the winter influenza seasons of 2013-14 and 2014-15. Influenza virus infections were determined by PCR, and influenza vaccination records were extracted from a centralized electronic immunization registry. Influenza VE was estimated by logistic regression adjusting for age group, sex and chronic conditions, and matched by calendar week. RESULTS A total of 2368 inpatients were recruited during the study period with a vaccination coverage in the control group of 12.8%. The overall estimate of influenza VE was 46.9% (95% CI: -20.4%, 76.6%) for the 2013-14 season and 5.0% (95% CI: -53.0%, 41.0%) for the 2014-15 season. Estimates of VE were relatively higher in children aged 6-17 years than older persons across two influenza seasons while estimates of VE for both adults and elderly were relatively low. CONCLUSIONS Our findings were consistent with expected influenza vaccination effectiveness in seasons when the vaccine matched or mismatched circulating viruses. Strategies to increase influenza vaccine coverage could provide a public health benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Qin
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Wu
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Shuo Feng
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Jiandong Zheng
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Pan
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Quanyi Wang
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Luzhao Feng
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xinghuo Pang
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Joan Puig-Barberà
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencia Region FISABIO - Public Health, Valencia, Spain
| | - Hongjie Yu
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
| | - Benjamin J Cowling
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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Li T, Lv M, Lei T, Wu J, Pang X, Deng Y, Xie Z. Who benefits most from influenza vaccination policy: a study among the elderly in Beijing, China. Int J Equity Health 2016; 15:45. [PMID: 26956154 PMCID: PMC4784370 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-016-0332-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza continues to have a major impact on vulnerable populations worldwide, particularly among the elderly (≥60 years of age). Vaccination for targeted groups is recommended by the WHO as the most effective way to control influenza infections. Since 2009, the Beijing municipal government has provided influenza vaccination to the elderly at no out-of-pocket cost to reduce influenza threats and improve related health equality. The study aims to evaluate the equality of the policy, and to analyze factors that bring influences to equality. Methods Based on data from a household survey, concentration index (CI) was calculated to measure the socioeconomic inequality in influenza vaccination. A Logit regression model was used to decompose CI, in which the contribution of each determinant was calculated and the percentages of these contribution were obtained. Results Free influenza vaccination at point of use shows significant pro-poor distribution among the elderly in Beijing (CI = −0.115). After the decomposition of CI, the elderly with lower income, higher education, and living in rural areas were more likely to get the influenza vaccination, in which place of residence (contribution percentage = 57 %) held the most contribution of variance. Conclusions Beijing’s free influenza vaccination strategy at point of use could provide the poor elderly with equal opportunities to receive preventive health service, showing a significant pro-poor distribution. The poor elderly, who live in rural areas with high education, benefit most from the policy. Further policy interventions should target the population living in urban areas in order to improve the utilization of public health services and health equality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Li
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P.R. China
| | - Min Lv
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, 100013, P.R. China
| | - Trudy Lei
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Jiang Wu
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, 100013, P.R. China
| | - Xinghuo Pang
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, 100013, P.R. China
| | - Ying Deng
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, 100013, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Xie
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P.R. China.
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