Single-shot fast cinematic imaging during merging process of multiple electron filaments in electrostatic potential well

For the first time, details of the spatial and temporal acceptable evolution of the merging process of co-rotating electron vortices in a potential well are successfully captured using a "single-shot method" with a high temporal resolution of 10 µs. Four-electron filaments are trapped inside the Beam eXperiment-Upgrade linear trap [H. Himura, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 811, 100 (2016)] with a uniform axial magnetic field and co-axial multi-ring electrodes. Images of non-emitting electron filaments are captured using a high-speed camera with up to 1 000 000 fps, a microchannel plate, a fast-decay phosphor screen of which fluorescence duration is 0.15 µs, and a super fine metallic mesh with an open area ratio of 89%. Images captured every 10 µs clearly show the growth of multiple short-wave instabilities in the wing trailing electron vortices. The experimental methods and measurement techniques presented in this paper can contribute to revealing exactly how small vortices evolve into a large structure or turbulence in a potential well through complex processes.

Antibacterial effect of Ag-containing hydroxyapatite thin film fabricated by sputtering

BACKGROUND

Infections related to joint prosthesis are still a major concern for orthopedic surgeons. Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a useful biocompatible material because of its good osteocompatibility. Antibacterial HA coatings have been fabricated with addition of antibacterial agents such as Ag to HA using the plasma spraying method. However, the plasma-sprayed HA coating suffers from fractures at large thicknesses. The sputter-coated HA thin film has a high density, and has been applied clinically for dental implants. However, there are no extensive studies on Ag-containing HA thin films.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to prepare an Ag-containing HA thin film by sputtering, and evaluate its antibacterial effect and cytotoxicity.

METHODS

The Ag-containing HA thin films were prepared by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering. The films were characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The antibacterial activities and cytotoxicities of the films were also evaluated.

RESULTS

The Ag/Ca molar ratio of the films increased with the Ag ratio in the target. The SEM observation of the hydrothermally treated films showed surfaces covered with globular particles. All Ag-containing HA films exhibited an antibacterial effect against E. Coli. The number of cells of the films decreased with the Ag ratio. The films subjected to the hydrothermal treatment exhibited a higher number of cells than the as-sputtered films.

CONCLUSION

The Ag-containing HA thin film was effective in terms of antibacterial effect, and had a low cytotoxicity in the proliferation of osteoblast cells at a low Ag ratio in the target.

Erratum: Search for Cosmic-Ray Boosted Sub-GeV Dark Matter Using Recoil Protons at Super-Kamiokande [Phys. Rev. Lett. 130, 031802 (2023)]

This corrects the article DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.130.031802.

Incidence and Prognostic Factors of Painful Vertebral Compression Fracture Caused by Spine Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S)

Most studies of vertebral compression fracture (VCF) caused by stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) do not mention the symptoms. We aimed herein to determine the rate and prognostic factors of painful VCF caused by SBRT for spinal metastasis.

MATERIALS/METHODS

Between August 2013 and December 2021, spinal segments with VCF were retrospectively identified in patients treated with spine SBRT. Iatrogenic VCFs, excluding pathological fractures, were classified into a modified group and graded using CTCAE v5.0 as grade 1 (painless), grade 2 (mildly painful), or grade 3 (intensely painful, requiring hospitalization or surgery). The primary endpoint was the rate of painful VCF (grades 2-3). Moreover, various factors specific to the patient, tumor, and treatment were evaluated to determine their value in predicting the rate of painful VCF.

RESULTS

In total, 934 spinal segments in 387 patients were analyzed. The median follow-up after SBRT was 14 (range: 0-107) months. Sixty iatrogenic fractures (6.4%) comprising 31 de novo fractures and 29 existing VCF progressions were identified. The patients' median age was 68 (range: 38-79) years, and 31 (52%) spinal segments had a history of radiotherapy. Grade 1, 2, and 3 VCFs were confirmed in 41, four, and 15 segments, respectively. The rate of grade 3 VCF was 2.0% (19 / 934) of the spinal segments treated with SBRT. Eight (0.9%) VCFs required surgery for stabilization or decompression of spinal canal stenosis. None of the 17 VCFs treated with posterior decompression and fixation before SBRT developed into a painful VCF. On univariate analysis, the painful VCF rate was significantly higher in patients with no posterolateral tumor involvement than in those with bilateral or unilateral involvement (56.3% vs 22.7%; p = 0.026). Other spinal instability neoplastic score (SINS) components (Location, Pain, Bone lesion, Alignment, Vertebral body collapse), SINS (Stable/ Potentially unstable vs Unstable), age, number of spinal levels, radiation history, existing VCF, and interval between SBRT and VCF showed no significant correlation with painful VCF.

CONCLUSION

Although VCF is a known adverse effect of spine SBRT, 68% of the cases examined were painless (grade 1). Intensely painful VCFs (grade 3) were confirmed in only 1.6% of all the treated spinal segments. The absence of posterolateral tumor involvement was significantly associated with painful VCF.

Prospective Dosimetric Comparison Study Between Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy and Intracavitary Brachytherapy for Cervical Cancer

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S)

Although volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) boost can achieve highly conformal dose distributions for cervical cancer, VMAT has the disadvantage of requiring set-up and organ motion margins. This study prospectively recruited patients with the cervical cancer and compared VMAT plan with intracavitary brachytherapy (ICBT) plan.

MATERIALS/METHODS

All patients treated with ICBT for locally advanced cervical cancer between April 2020 and September 2022 were enrolled. Patients had whole-pelvis radiotherapy, followed by CT scans with and without the tandem and ovoid in the same session (for the planning of ICBT and VMAT, respectively). ICBT planning characterizes the high-risk clinical target volume (HR-CTV) as the target volume and the bladder, rectum, sigmoid colon and small bowel loop as the organ at risk (OAR). VMAT planning defines the HR-CTV + 3 mm as the target volume and bladder, rectum + 3 mm (planning organ at risk volume (PRV) rectum), sigmoid colon + 3 mm (PRV sigmoid) and bowel bag as the OAR to account for set-up and organ motion. ICBT and VMAT plans were optimized for maximal dose received by at least 90% (D90%) of the target volume without impairing the dose constraints for the OARs. The prescribed dose (PD) was 26 Gy in 4 fractions. The dose constraints were determined as 25.2 Gy for D2 ml in the bladder and 20 Gy for D2 ml in the other OARs. The D90% and D100% of the target volume and D2 ml of OARs were compared between 2 plans using paired two-tailed Student's t test.

RESULTS

Seventeen patients were enrolled. Dose and volume parameters for the 2 plans are shown in Table 1. Of the 17 patients, D90% of the target volume received 100% PD in 4 cases with ICBT plans, in 6 cases for VMAT plans, and in 2 cases with both methods. For D90% of the target volume, ICBT plans were greater than VMAT plans in 4 cases, with a maximum difference of 5.6 Gy (ICBT: 26.0 Gy, SBRT: 20.4 Gy). VMAT plans were higher than ICBT plans in 11 cases, with a maximum difference of 10.3 Gy (ICBT: 14.5 Gy, SBRT: 24.8 Gy). The dose-limiting OARs to attain D90% of target volume were bladder in 12 cases and small bowel loop in 1 case for ICBT plans, while PRV rectum in 11 cases, PRV sigmoid in 4 cases and bowel bag in 1 case for VMAT plans.

CONCLUSION

This prospective study with 17 ICBT-eligible patients revealed D90% of the target volume demonstrated no substantial difference between VMAT and ICBT plans, while D100% showed a significant increase in VMAT plan compared to ICBT plan. Even with a set-up and organ motion margins on the HR-CTV and OARs, VMAT may have a dosimetric advantage over ICBT if the target geometry is complicated and close to the OARs.

Measurements of neutrino oscillation parameters from the T2K experiment using 3.6×1021 protons on target

The T2K experiment presents new measurements of neutrino oscillation parameters using 19.7 ( 16.3 ) × 10 20 protons on target (POT) in (anti-)neutrino mode at the far detector (FD). Compared to the previous analysis, an additional 4.7 × 10 20 POT neutrino data was collected at the FD. Significant improvements were made to the analysis methodology, with the near-detector analysis introducing new selections and using more than double the data. Additionally, this is the first T2K oscillation analysis to use NA61/SHINE data on a replica of the T2K target to tune the neutrino flux model, and the neutrino interaction model was improved to include new nuclear effects and calculations. Frequentist and Bayesian analyses are presented, including results on sin 2 θ 13 and the impact of priors on the δ CP measurement. Both analyses prefer the normal mass ordering and upper octant of sin 2 θ 23 with a nearly maximally CP-violating phase. Assuming the normal ordering and using the constraint on sin 2 θ 13 from reactors, sin 2 θ 23 = 0 . 561 - 0.032 + 0.021 using Feldman-Cousins corrected intervals, and Δ m 32 2 = 2 . 494 - 0.058 + 0.041 × 10 - 3 eV 2 using constant Δ χ 2 intervals. The CP-violating phase is constrained to δ CP = - 1 . 97 - 0.70 + 0.97 using Feldman-Cousins corrected intervals, and δ CP = 0 , π is excluded at more than 90% confidence level. A Jarlskog invariant of zero is excluded at more than 2 σ credible level using a flat prior in δ CP , and just below 2 σ using a flat prior in sin δ CP . When the external constraint on sin 2 θ 13 is removed, sin 2 θ 13 = 28 . 0 - 6.5 + 2.8 × 10 - 3 , in agreement with measurements from reactor experiments. These results are consistent with previous T2K analyses.

Collective excitations in a melt of fast phase change material GeCu2Te3

Inelastic x-ray scattering measurements have been carried out to investigate atomic dynamics in a melt of fast phase change material GeCu₂Te₃. The dynamic structure factor was analysed using the model function with three damped harmonic oscillator components. By investigating the correlation between the excitation energy and the linewidth, and that between the excitation energy and the intensity on contour maps of a relative approximate probability distribution function proportional toexp(-χ2/N), we could judge the reliability of each inelastic excitation in the dynamic structure factor. The results indicate that there are two inelastic excitation modes besides the longitudinal acoustic one in the liquid. The lower energy excitation could be assigned to the transverse acoustic one whereas the higher energy one disperses like fast sound. The latter result may imply that the liquid ternary alloy exhibits a microscopic phase separation tendency.

Multicenter registry of the Watchman left atrial appendage closure device for patients with atrial fibrillation in Japan: The TERMINATOR registry

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: Private grant(s) and/or Sponsorship. Main funding source(s): Boston Scientific Japan

Background

Transcatheter left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) provides an alternative to oral anticoagulation for thromboembolic risk reduction in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (AF). A meta-analysis of previous two randomized trials reported improved rates of hemorrhagic stroke, cardiovascular/unexplained death, and nonprocedural bleeding compared to warfarin (1). Recently, the next-generation LAAC device, the Watchman FLX system, became available, and showed a low incidence of adverse events and a high incidence of anatomic closure (2). This transcatheter stroke prevention has already been approved in Asian countries. However, there is little data of LAAC in Asian population.

Purpose

This study sought to assess efficacy and safety of LAAC for patients with nonvalvular AF in Asia.

Methods

The TERMINATOR (Transcatheter Modification of Left Atrial Appendage by Obliteration with Device) registry is a multicenter nonrandomized study in Japan. This enrolled patients who underwent LAAC in 23 Japanese institutions. The LAAC was indicated for patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation in whom oral anticoagulation is required, but who have a risk of bleeding (history of BARC type 3 bleeding or HAS-BLED score ≥3 points). Baseline patient and procedural characteristics and clinical outcomes were evaluated.

Results

A total of 729 patients were enrolled between September 2019 and November 2021. The mean age was 74.9±8.8 years and the mean CHA2DS2-VASc score was 4.7±1.5. The Watchman generation 2.5 and FLX system were used in 469 (64.3%) and 260 patients (35.7%), respectively. Procedural success was achieved in 722 patients (99.0%). In-hospital adverse events were as follows; 6 tamponades (0.8%), 3 pericardial effusion (0.4%), 2 device embolization (0.3%), no stroke (0%), and no death (0%). During follow-up, device-related thrombus and all-cause death were reported in 16 (2.2%) and 23 patients (3.2%), respectively.

Conclusions

LAAC with the Watchman system provides compatible efficacy and safety outcomes in Asian population.

Search for Cosmic-Ray Boosted Sub-GeV Dark Matter Using Recoil Protons at Super-Kamiokande

We report a search for cosmic-ray boosted dark matter with protons using the 0.37  megaton×years data collected at Super-Kamiokande experiment during the 1996-2018 period (SKI-IV phase). We searched for an excess of proton recoils above the atmospheric neutrino background from the vicinity of the Galactic Center. No such excess is observed, and limits are calculated for two reference models of dark matter with either a constant interaction cross section or through a scalar mediator. This is the first experimental search for boosted dark matter with hadrons using directional information. The results present the most stringent limits on cosmic-ray boosted dark matter and exclude the dark matter-nucleon elastic scattering cross section between 10^{-33}cm^{2} and 10^{-27}cm^{2} for dark matter mass from 1  MeV/c^{2} to 300  MeV/c^{2}.

Low energy excitation in liquid Sb and liquid Bi observed in inelastic x-ray scattering spectra

The dynamic structure factorS(Q,E), whereQandEare momentum and energy transfer, respectively, has been measured for liquid Sb, using inelastic x-ray scattering. A modified damped harmonic oscillator model function was applied to analyseS(Q,E) of liquid Sb and also to that of liquid Bi by Inuiet al(2015Phys. Rev.B92, 054206). The obtained excitation energy was in fairly good agreement with that predicted byab initiomolecular dynamics simulations on these liquid semi-metals. The excitation energy of the longitudinal acoustic mode in liquid Sb and liquid Bi exhibits flat-toppedQdependence whereas the lower excitation energy below the longitudinal acoustic excitation showsQ-gap behaviour. From the viscosity estimated from theQ-gap experimentally obtained, it is inferred that the lower energy excitation arises from the transverse acoustic excitation in the liquids.

Developmental potential of cryopreserved gonadal germ cells from 7-day-old chick embryos recovered using the PBS(-) method

1. A series of experiments were conducted to examine the developmental potential of cryopreserved gonadal germ cells (GGCs) recovered from both males and females on embryo day 7 (7 d-GGCs) using the PBS(-) method. Germline chimeras were produced by transferring 200 frozen/unfrozen 7 d-GGCs recovered from female/male Rhode Island Red (RIR) embryos into the dorsal aorta of 2-day-old female and male white leghorn (WL) embryos.2. Germ-cell recipient embryos were hatched and raised to sexual maturity and progeny testing was conducted by mating with RIR of the opposite sex. Brown-feathered progeny chicks were hatched in all eight possible progeny testing combinations, except for male GGC recipients produced by transferring female GGCs. Furthermore, brown-feathered progeny chicks were hatched when frozen-thawed sperm from male germline chimeras, produced by transferring unfrozen 7d-GGCs, were inseminated in normal female RIR and female WL germline chimeras.3. The results indicated that cryopreserved female/male GGCs from 7-day-old chick embryos, recovered using the PBS(-) method, were fully capable of developing into normal spermatozoa and ova in the gonad of recipient embryos under appropriate GGC donor/recipient combinations.

Search for Electron Antineutrino Appearance in a Long-Baseline Muon Antineutrino Beam

Electron antineutrino appearance is measured by the T2K experiment in an accelerator-produced antineutrino beam, using additional neutrino beam operation to constrain parameters of the Pontecorvo-Maki-Nakagawa-Sakata (PMNS) mixing matrix. T2K observes 15 candidate electron antineutrino events with a background expectation of 9.3 events. Including information from the kinematic distribution of observed events, the hypothesis of no electron antineutrino appearance is disfavored with a significance of 2.40σ and no discrepancy between data and PMNS predictions is found. A complementary analysis that introduces an additional free parameter which allows non-PMNS values of electron neutrino and antineutrino appearance also finds no discrepancy between data and PMNS predictions.

An anatomical hypothesis: a "concentric-structured model" for the theoretical understanding of the surgical anatomy in the upper mediastinum required for esophagectomy with radical mediastinal lymph node dissection

Understanding the surgical anatomy is the key to reducing surgical invasiveness especially in the upper mediastinal dissection for esophageal cancer, which is supposed to have a significant impact on curability and morbidity. However, there is no theoretical recognition regarding the surgical anatomy required for esophagectomy, although the surgical anatomy in abdominal digestive surgery has been developed on the basis of embryological findings of intestinal rotation and fusion fascia. Therefore, we developed a hypothesis of a 'concentric-structured model' of the surgical anatomy in the upper mediastinum based on human embryonic development. This model was characterized by three factors: (1) a concentric and symmetric three-layer structure, (2) bilateral vascular distribution, and (3) an 'inter-layer potential space' composed of loose connective tissue. The concentric three-layer structure consists of the 'visceral layer', the 'vascular layer', and the 'parietal layer': the visceral layer containing the esophagus, trachea, and recurrent laryngeal nerves as the central core, the vascular layer of major blood vessels surrounding the visceral core to maintain the circulation, and the parietal layer as the outer frame of the body. The bilateral vascular distribution consists of the inferior thyroid arteries and bronchial arteries originating from the bilateral dorsal aortae in an embryo. This bilateral vascular distribution may be related to the formation of the proper mesentery of the esophagus and frequent lymph node metastasis observed in the visceral layer around recurrent laryngeal nerves. The three concentric layers are bordered by loose connective tissue called the 'inter-layer potential space'. This inter-layer potential space is the fundamental factor of our concentric-structured model as the appropriate surgical plane of dissection. The peripheral blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics transition between each layer, thereby penetrating this loose connective tissue forming the inter-layer potential space. Recurrent laryngeal nerves also transition from the vascular layer after branching off from the vagal nerves and then ascend consistently in the visceral layer. We investigated the validity of this concentric-structured model, confirming the intraoperative images and the surgical outcomes of thoracoscopic esophagectomy in a prone position (TSEP) before and after the introduction of this hypothetical anatomy model. A total of 226 patients with esophageal cancer underwent TSEP from January 2015 to December 2016. After the introduction of this model, the surgical outcomes in 105 patients clearly improved for the operation time of the thoracoscopic procedure (160 min vs. 182 min, P = 0.01) and the incidence of recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy (19.0% vs. 36.4%, P = 0.004). Moreover, we were able to identify the concentric and symmetric layer structure through surgical dissection along the inter-layer potential space between the visceral and vascular layers ('viscero-vascular space') in all 105 cases after introduction of the hypothetical model. The concentric-structured model based on embryonic development is clinically beneficial for achieving less-invasive esophagectomy by ensuring a theoretical understanding of the surgical anatomy in the upper mediastinum.

Efficiency of leukocyte depletion filters and micro-aggregate filters following intra-operative cell salvage during cesarean delivery

BACKGROUND

Intra-operative cell salvage is not routinely used during cesarean delivery because it is not cost-effective for patients at low risk of hemorrhage and there are theoretical concerns about amniotic fluid embolism. Some guidelines recommend using leukocyte depletion filters to decrease the risk of amniotic fluid embolism before re-infusing salvaged blood, but these filters are not available in Japan. We compared the efficacy and safety of leukocyte depletion and micro-aggregate filters in combination with intra-operative cell salvage during cesarean delivery.

METHODS

Blood was collected in a Cell Saver 5 reservoir during cesarean delivery. Four samples were collected: pre-wash, post-wash, post-filtration with a leukocyte depletion filter and post-filtration with a micro-aggregate filter. Each sample was analyzed for amniotic fluid markers of zinc coproporphyrin-1 and sialyl-Tn, for fetal hemoglobin, and the sample underwent pathological examination for white blood cells and squamous cells. Post-filtration samples were compared using paired t-tests with P <0.05 indicating statistical significance.

RESULTS

Zinc coproporphyrin-1 and sialyl-Tn were negative at almost all sample points. Squamous cells decreased by 59.1% post-wash and 91.2% post-filtration using a leukocyte depletion filter. Leukocyte depletion filters removed 99.7% of white blood cells and were more effective in removing white blood cells than micro-aggregate filters (P=0.02).

CONCLUSION

Leucocyte depletion filters are more effective in removing white blood cells and squamous cells than micro-aggregate filters, and their introduction for intra-operative cell salvage during cesarean delivery should be considered in Japanese clinical practice.

Hyperglycaemia augments lipopolysaccharide-induced reduction in rat and human macrophage phagocytosis via the endoplasmic stress-C/EBP homologous protein pathway

BACKGROUND

Macrophage phagocytosis constitutes an essential part of the host defence against microbes and the resolution of inflammation. Hyperglycaemia during sepsis is reported to reduce macrophage function, and thus, potentiate inflammatory deterioration. We investigated whether high-glucose concentrations augment lipopolysaccharide-induced reduction in macrophage phagocytosis via the endoplasmic stress-C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) pathway using animal and laboratory investigations.

METHODS

Peritoneal macrophages of artificially ventilated male Wistar rats, divided into four groups based on target blood glucose concentrations achieved by glucose administration with or without lipopolysaccharide, were obtained after 24 h. Human macrophages were also cultured in normal or high glucose with or without lipopolysaccharide exposure for 72 h. Changes in the phagocytic activity, intranuclear CHOP expression, and intracellular Akt phosphorylation status of macrophages were evaluated. These changes were also evaluated in human macrophages after genetic knock-down of CHOP by specific siRNA transfection or resolvin D2 treatment.

RESULTS

Lipopolysaccharide impaired phagocytosis, increased intranuclear expression of CHOP, and inhibited Akt phosphorylation in both rat peritoneal and human macrophages. Hyperglycaemic glucose concentrations augmented these changes. Genetic knock-down of CHOP restored phagocytic ability and Akt phosphorylation in human macrophages. Furthermore, resolvin D2 co-incubation restored the inhibited phagocytosis and Akt phosphorylation along with the inhibition of intranuclear CHOP expression in human macrophages.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings imply that controlling endoplasmic reticulum stress might provide new strategies for restoring reduced macrophage phagocytosis in sepsis-induced hyperglycaemia.

Changes in platelet Bax levels contribute to impaired platelet response to thrombin after cardiopulmonary bypass: prospective observational clinical and laboratory investigations

Background

Anucleate platelets can undergo apoptosis in response to various stimuli, as do nucleated cells. Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) causes platelet dysfunction and can also activate platelet apoptotic pathways. We therefore evaluated time-dependent changes in blood platelet Bax (a pro-apoptotic molecule) levels and platelet dysfunction after cardiac surgery.

Methods

We assessed blood samples obtained from subjects having on-pump or off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery ( n =20 each). We also evaluated the in vitro effects of platelet Bax increase in eight healthy volunteers.

Results

Thrombin-induced platelet calcium mobilisation and platelet-surface glycoprotein Ib (GPIb) expression were lowest at weaning from CPB and did not recover on postoperative day one. On-pump surgery increased platelet expression of Bax, especially the oligomerised form, along with translocation of Bax from the cytosol to mitochondria and platelet-surface tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)-converting enzyme (TACE) expression. In contrast, mitochondrial cytochrome c expression was reduced. While similar in direction, the magnitude of the observed changes was smaller in patients having off-pump surgery. In vitro , a cell-permeable Bax peptide increased platelet Bax expression to the same extent seen during bypass and produced similar platelet changes. These apoptotic-like changes were largely reversed by Bcl-xL pre-administration, and were completely reversed by combined application of inhibitors that stabilise outer mitochondrial membrane permeability and TACE.

Conclusions

CPB increases platelet Bax expression, which contributes to reduced platelet-surface GPIb expression and thrombin-induced platelet calcium changes. These changes in platelet apoptotic signalling might contribute to platelet dysfunction after CPB.

Clinical trial registration

UMIN Clinical Trials Registry (number UMIN000006033).

Static and dynamic structures of liquid Ba8Ga16Sn30: a melt of the thermoelectric clathrate compounds

X-ray diffraction and inelastic x-ray scattering measurements of liquid Ba₈Ga₁₆Sn₃₀ have been carried out to investigate local structure and atomic dynamics in the liquid. The pair distribution function shows shorter and longer interatomic distances in the first coordination shell. The dynamic structure factor exhibits the inelastic excitations on both sides of the quasielastic central peak. The inelastic excitations disperse with increasing the momentum transfer, suggesting the longitudinal acoustic mode. We found a low energy excitation in addition to the longitudinal acoustic excitation in the dynamic structure factor and it reminds us a strong relationship with a rattling motion of a guest (Ba) atom in the solid state. The temperature dependence of the pair distribution function and the longitudinal acoustic excitation energy is very weak in a range from 600 to 900 °C. The result suggests that Ba and other atoms in the melt are located around minimum positions of the effective pair potential approximated as a harmonic one.

Search for CP Violation in Neutrino and Antineutrino Oscillations by the T2K Experiment with 2.2×10^{21} Protons on Target

The T2K experiment measures muon neutrino disappearance and electron neutrino appearance in accelerator-produced neutrino and antineutrino beams. With an exposure of 14.7(7.6)×10^{20} protons on target in the neutrino (antineutrino) mode, 89 ν_{e} candidates and seven anti-ν_{e} candidates are observed, while 67.5 and 9.0 are expected for δ_{CP}=0 and normal mass ordering. The obtained 2σ confidence interval for the CP-violating phase, δ_{CP}, does not include the CP-conserving cases (δ_{CP}=0, π). The best-fit values of other parameters are sin^{2}θ_{23}=0.526_{-0.036}^{+0.032} and Δm_{32}^{2}=2.463_{-0.070}^{+0.071}×10^{-3}  eV^{2}/c^{4}.

Increased metabolite production by deletion of an HDA1-type histone deacetylase in the phytopathogenic fungi, Magnaporthe oryzae (Pyricularia oryzae) and Fusarium asiaticum

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) play an important role in the regulation of chromatin structure and gene expression. We found that dark pigmentation of Magnaporthe oryzae (anamorph Pyricularia oryzae) ΔMohda1, a mutant strain in which an orthologue of the yeast HDA1 was disrupted by double cross-over homologous recombination, was significantly stimulated in liquid culture. Analysis of metabolites in a ΔMohda1 mutant culture revealed that the accumulation of shunt products of the 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene melanin and ergosterol pathways were significantly enhanced compared to the wild-type strain. Northern blot analysis of the ΔMohda1 mutant revealed transcriptional activation of three melanin genes that are dispersed throughout the genome of M. oryzae. The effect of deletion of the yeast HDA1 orthologue was also observed in Fusarium asiaticum from the Fusarium graminearum species complex; the HDF2 deletion mutant produced increased levels of nivalenol-type trichothecenes. These results suggest that histone modification via HDA1-type HDAC regulates the production of natural products in filamentous fungi.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

Natural products of fungi have significant impacts on human welfare, in both detrimental and beneficial ways. Although HDA1-type histone deacetylase is not essential for vegetative growth, deletion of the gene affects the expression of clustered secondary metabolite genes in some fungi. Here, we report that such phenomena are also observed in physically unlinked genes required for melanin biosynthesis in the rice blast fungus. In addition, production of Fusarium trichothecenes, previously reported to be unaffected by HDA1 deletion, was significantly upregulated in another Fusarium species. Thus, the HDA1-inactivation strategy may be regarded as a general approach for overproduction and/or discovery of fungal metabolites.

Evolution of the Reactor Antineutrino Flux and Spectrum at Daya Bay

The Daya Bay experiment has observed correlations between reactor core fuel evolution and changes in the reactor antineutrino flux and energy spectrum. Four antineutrino detectors in two experimental halls were used to identify 2.2 million inverse beta decays (IBDs) over 1230 days spanning multiple fuel cycles for each of six 2.9 GW_{th} reactor cores at the Daya Bay and Ling Ao nuclear power plants. Using detector data spanning effective ^{239}Pu fission fractions F_{239} from 0.25 to 0.35, Daya Bay measures an average IBD yield σ[over ¯]_{f} of (5.90±0.13)×10^{-43}  cm^{2}/fission and a fuel-dependent variation in the IBD yield, dσ_{f}/dF_{239}, of (-1.86±0.18)×10^{-43}  cm^{2}/fission. This observation rejects the hypothesis of a constant antineutrino flux as a function of the ^{239}Pu fission fraction at 10 standard deviations. The variation in IBD yield is found to be energy dependent, rejecting the hypothesis of a constant antineutrino energy spectrum at 5.1 standard deviations. While measurements of the evolution in the IBD spectrum show general agreement with predictions from recent reactor models, the measured evolution in total IBD yield disagrees with recent predictions at 3.1σ. This discrepancy indicates that an overall deficit in the measured flux with respect to predictions does not result from equal fractional deficits from the primary fission isotopes ^{235}U, ^{239}Pu, ^{238}U, and ^{241}Pu. Based on measured IBD yield variations, yields of (6.17±0.17) and (4.27±0.26)×10^{-43}  cm^{2}/fission have been determined for the two dominant fission parent isotopes ^{235}U and ^{239}Pu. A 7.8% discrepancy between the observed and predicted ^{235}U yields suggests that this isotope may be the primary contributor to the reactor antineutrino anomaly.

Diagnostic test accuracy of antigenaemia assay for PCR-proven cytomegalovirus infection-systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVES

We aimed to assess diagnostic test accuracy of antigenaemia assay for PCR-proven cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection.

METHODS

We systematically searched studies that provide data both on sensitivity and specificity of the CMV antigenaemia assay using the PCR as the reference standard. Adults, children, infants, individuals who were immunocompromised for any reason, symptomatic patients and asymptomatic individuals were all included. A hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristics model was used for diagnostic meta-analysis. Study quality was assessed by Revised Tool for the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies. Protocol registration identification is CRD42016035892.

RESULTS

We identified 75 eligible articles including 9058 CMV PCR-positive individuals and 22 232 PCR-negative individuals. The diagnostic odds ratio for positive antigenaemia was 30 (95% CI 24-38, I² = 28%) and the area under the hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.86 (95% CI 0.83-0.88). The summary estimates of sensitivity and specificity were 0.65 (95% CI 0.59-0.70) and 0.94 (95% CI 0.93-0.95), respectively. The positive likelihood ratio of 10.9 (95% CI 8.5-14.0) suggested that a positive result from the antigenaemia assay greatly increased the probability of PCR-proven CMV infection, but a negative likelihood ratio of 0.38 (95% CI 0.32-0.44) indicated that a negative result led to a small decrease in the probability of PCR-proven CMV infection. Sensitivity and subgroup analyses replicated these results.

CONCLUSIONS

The antigenaemia assay overlooked 35% of PCR-proven CMV infections; hence, a negative result of an antigenaemia assay could not rule out a CMV infection.

Correlation between luminescence intensity and cytotoxicity in cell-based cytotoxicity assay using luciferase

The luciferase reporter assay has become one of the conventional methods for cytotoxicity evaluation. Typically, the decrease of luminescence expressed by a constitutive promoter is used as an index of cytotoxicity. However, to our knowledge, there have been no reports of the correlation between cytotoxicity and luminescence intensity. In this study, to accurately verify the correlation between them, beetle luciferase was stably expressed in human hepatoma HepG2 cells harboring the multi-integrase mouse artificial chromosome vector. We showed that the cytotoxicity assay using luciferase does not depend on the stability of luciferase protein and the kind of constitutive promoter. Next, HepG2 cells in which green-emitting beetle luciferase was expressed under the control of CAG promoter were exposed to 58 compounds. The luminescence intensity and cytotoxicity curves of cells exposed to 48 compounds showed similar tendencies, whereas those of cells exposed to 10 compounds did not do so, although the curves gradually approached each other with increasing exposure time. Finally, we demonstrated that luciferase expressed under the control of a constitutive promoter can be utilized both as an internal control reporter for normalizing a test reporter and for monitoring cytotoxicity when two kinds of luciferases are simultaneously used in the cytotoxicity assay.

Serum ferritin level is a prognostic marker in patients with peripheral T-cell lymphoma

INTRODUCTION

The prognostic value of serum ferritin level in patients with peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) remains unknown.

METHODS

We retrospectively analyzed clinical data from 78 consecutive patients with newly diagnosed PTCL that were treated with anthracycline-containing regimens between 1998 and 2011.

RESULTS

The patients consisted of 50 males and 28 females with a median age of 64 years (range, 16-83 years). The subtypes of PTCL were 39 PTCL, not otherwise specified and 39 angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL). The median observation period for the surviving patients was 50 months. The overall survival (OS) was poorer in patients with serum ferritin level above the upper normal limit (n = 28), compared with patients with serum ferritin level within normal range (n = 50; 4-year OS: 23% vs. 72%; P < 0.001). In the multivariate analysis, poor performance status (P = 0.006) and elevated serum ferritin level (P = 0.018) were independent risk factors for poor OS.

CONCLUSION

Serum ferritin level is a useful prognostic marker for PTCL.

Limits on Active to Sterile Neutrino Oscillations from Disappearance Searches in the MINOS, Daya Bay, and Bugey-3 Experiments

Searches for a light sterile neutrino have been performed independently by the MINOS and the Daya Bay experiments using the muon (anti)neutrino and electron antineutrino disappearance channels, respectively. In this Letter, results from both experiments are combined with those from the Bugey-3 reactor neutrino experiment to constrain oscillations into light sterile neutrinos. The three experiments are sensitive to complementary regions of parameter space, enabling the combined analysis to probe regions allowed by the Liquid Scintillator Neutrino Detector (LSND) and MiniBooNE experiments in a minimally extended four-neutrino flavor framework. Stringent limits on sin^{2}2θ_{μe} are set over 6 orders of magnitude in the sterile mass-squared splitting Δm_{41}^{2}. The sterile-neutrino mixing phase space allowed by the LSND and MiniBooNE experiments is excluded for Δm_{41}^{2}<0.8  eV^{2} at 95%  CL_{s}.

Improved Search for a Light Sterile Neutrino with the Full Configuration of the Daya Bay Experiment

This Letter reports an improved search for light sterile neutrino mixing in the electron antineutrino disappearance channel with the full configuration of the Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment. With an additional 404 days of data collected in eight antineutrino detectors, this search benefits from 3.6 times the statistics available to the previous publication, as well as from improvements in energy calibration and background reduction. A relative comparison of the rate and energy spectrum of reactor antineutrinos in the three experimental halls yields no evidence of sterile neutrino mixing in the 2×10^{-4}≲|Δm_{41}^{2}|≲0.3  eV^{2} mass range. The resulting limits on sin^{2}2θ_{14} are improved by approx imately a factor of 2 over previous results and constitute the most stringent constraints to date in the |Δm_{41}^{2}|≲0.2  eV^{2} region.

Measurement of the Reactor Antineutrino Flux and Spectrum at Daya Bay

This Letter reports a measurement of the flux and energy spectrum of electron antineutrinos from six 2.9 GWth nuclear reactors with six detectors deployed in two near (effective baselines 512 and 561 m) and one far (1579 m) underground experimental halls in the Daya Bay experiment. Using 217 days of data, 296 721 and 41 589 inverse β decay (IBD) candidates were detected in the near and far halls, respectively. The measured IBD yield is (1.55±0.04) ×10(-18)  cm(2) GW(-1) day(-1) or (5.92±0.14) ×10(-43)  cm(2) fission(-1). This flux measurement is consistent with previous short-baseline reactor antineutrino experiments and is 0.946±0.022 (0.991±0.023) relative to the flux predicted with the Huber-Mueller (ILL-Vogel) fissile antineutrino model. The measured IBD positron energy spectrum deviates from both spectral predictions by more than 2σ over the full energy range with a local significance of up to ∼4σ between 4-6 MeV. A reactor antineutrino spectrum of IBD reactions is extracted from the measured positron energy spectrum for model-independent predictions.

Olefin hydrosilylation catalyzed by cationic nickel(ii) allyl complexes: a non-innocent allyl ligand-assisted mechanism

Cationic nickel allyl complexes catalyse selective monohydrosilylation of α-olefins with sec-silanes via a unique mechanism assisted by a non-innocent allyl ligand.

New measurement of antineutrino oscillation with the full detector configuration at Daya Bay

We report a new measurement of electron antineutrino disappearance using the fully constructed Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment. The final two of eight antineutrino detectors were installed in the summer of 2012. Including the 404 days of data collected from October 2012 to November 2013 resulted in a total exposure of 6.9×10^{5} GW_{th}  ton days, a 3.6 times increase over our previous results. Improvements in energy calibration limited variations between detectors to 0.2%. Removal of six ^{241}Am-^{13}C radioactive calibration sources reduced the background by a factor of 2 for the detectors in the experimental hall furthest from the reactors. Direct prediction of the antineutrino signal in the far detectors based on the measurements in the near detectors explicitly minimized the dependence of the measurement on models of reactor antineutrino emission. The uncertainties in our estimates of sin^{2}2θ_{13} and |Δm_{ee}^{2}| were halved as a result of these improvements. An analysis of the relative antineutrino rates and energy spectra between detectors gave sin^{2}2θ_{13}=0.084±0.005 and |Δm_{ee}^{2}|=(2.42±0.11)×10^{-3}  eV^{2} in the three-neutrino framework.